Phylum
Ciliaphora (ciliates)
examples
Paramecium (lives symbiotically
with green algae)
Environment
-
Mud and aquatic
environment
Characteristics Paramecium:
- Unicellular
- Cilia: numerous small hair like
projections ( used for either
movement or feeding or both)
- Pellicle : outer covering
- Ectoplasm: a layer under the
pellicle for extra protection
- Trichocysts: embedded in the
ectoplasm and produce spindle
like structures for anchoring,
capturing and defense
- Endoplasm: a layer under
ectoplasm
- Oral groove: acts as a mouth
(cilia assist to move food inside)
- Gullet: food enters gullet to
enter, a food vacuole and
enzymes are released there
- Wastes excreted through anal
pore
- Contractile vacuole: collects
excess water and expels it out
of the cell ( due to paramecia
Protozoans ( Animal like protists)
Sarcodina
Apicomplexa
(sporazoans)
amoeba
Plasmodium ( causes
malaria in humans)
- saltwater and
- parasitic (needs
freshwater Muddy
host)
bottom of ponds and
- plasmodium
damp patches
inhabits two
hosts
Amoeba:
Plasmodium:
- unicellular
- unicellular
- pseudopods: temporary - no contractile
extension of the
vacuole
cytoplasm which
- no methods of
envelops smaller
locomotion
organisms and then
- respiration and
digestive enzymes are
excretion happen
secreted
through cellular
- contractile vacuole
transport
- no anal pore (waste
Malaria:
products and oxygen
- The gametes enter
enter or leave by
the gut of the
diffusion and osmosis)
mosquito after the
- some have tests: hard
mosquito biting an
shell like outer covering
infected human
ex:
- A zygote develops
 foraminifera:
and the sporozoites
have calcium
travel to the salivary
carbonate
gland of the
test
mosquito
 radiolarians: - The mosquito bites a
have silica
healthy human and
test
Zoomastigina
Zoofllagelates
-
-
free living and
parasitic
Use flagella for
movement
Trypanosome (parasitic
genus of zoomastigina)
- One species causes
Chagas’ disease
(American sleeping
sickness)
 Have two hosts (
reduviid bug +
human)
 The feces of the
insect have the
protists which can
enter the human
host through a
cut and damage
the heart liver
and spleen
- The second species
cause African
sleeping sickness
-
living in hypotonic solution
environment) usually have 2 or
3 to maintain homeostasis
Micronucleus: assist in
conjugation
macronucleus: main nuclease
that controls organism
-

transfer the
sporozoites
Sporozoites travel to
liver
Merozoites exit the
liver to enter the
blood and break
down RBCs


Reproduction
and sexual
process
-
-
Conjugation in paramecium:
exchange of the micronucleus
through cytoplasmic bridge
- reproduction through mitosis
-
Reproduce by Mitosis
Some become cysts
during harsh
environments
-
Through host
-
Passed thrugh
tsetse fly
The fly feed on
an infected
mammal or
human and
transfers by a
bite
Causes fever,
inflammation of
lymph nodes
and damage to
nervous system
Through host