including
...
3
•
Complete
EC~E . P.racticeTests
Exam Tips & Strategies
24 Model Essays (2 for each test)
24 extra Writing topics with key points
Justification of the correct and wrong
Answers for the Reading section
TIME
SECTION
ITEMS
35-40 minutes
Listening
so
Part I (multiple choice)
A short conversation followed by three statements. Candidates are expected
to choose the statement that is true based on what they have heard.
Part II (multiple choice)
A recorded question followed by three answer choices. Candidates choose
the one that answers the question best.
Part Ill (multiple choice)
Three talks (e.g. radio programs etc.), each followed by comprehension
questions. Candidates are expected to choose the correct answer from
the answer choices provided.
75 minutes
Grammar, Cloze, Vocabulary, Reading
40
Cloze (multiple choice)
Candidates are given a passage from which words have been removed. They
are given four answer choices and they have to choose the word that fits best.
Grammar and vocabulary are both tested in this exercise.
20
Vocabulary (multiple choice)
Reading (multiple choice)
Four reading texts followed by comprehensionquestions.
Writing
Candidates are required to write an essay based upon one of two topic
choices.
30-35 minutes
Speaking (New Format)
Candidates participate in a semistructured, multistage task involving two
examinees and two examiners.
© Andrew Betsis ELT
31 Pyrgou - 18542 - Greece
Tel.: 210 4920871, 4900735. Fax: 210 4933661. e-mail: orders@andrewbets1selt.gr. abets1s@otenet.gr
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retnevalsystem. or transmitted in
any form or by any means. electronic,mechanical, photocopying. recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission in writing of the publisher.
Succeed In Michigan ECPE-15-Tests-Companion-Teacher's Book ISBN· 978-960-413-4 16-8
Succeed m M1ch1ganECPE-15-Tests-Companion-Student'sBook ISBN 978-960-413-417-5
page 2
120
Grammar (multiple choice)
An incomplete sentence followed by a choice of four words or phrases to
complete it.
An incomplete sentence is followed by four choices of words to complete it.
30 minutes
:1
40
20
1
Contents
ECPE PRACTICE TESTS
Practice Test 13
page4
Practice Test 14
page 22
Practice Test 15
page 40
Speaking Test 13
page 58
Speaking Test 14
page 61
Speaking Test 15
page 64
II
COMPANION
Practice Test I
page 68
Practice Test 2
page 76
Practice Test 3
page 83
Practice Test 4
page 90
Practice Test 5
page 96
Practice Test 6
page 102
;1
,,
'
"
Practice Test 7
page 107
Practice Test 8
page 112
Practice Test 9
page 117
Practice Test I 0
page 122
Practice Test I I
page 127
Practice Test 12
page 135
Practice Test 13
page 142
Practice Test 14
page 153
Practice Test 15
page 165
page 3
I
W~itin9
I
A. WRITING PREPARATION
Write a composition on the fol/owing topic.
1. New York City officials want to ban smoking in the city's parks and EU countries have banned smoking in
all public places. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons.
Model Composition I
There are arguments both for and against banning smoking in public areas.
On one hand, the smoking industry provides a considerable amount of income
for governments via taxation. However on the other hand, the medical costs of
illnesses as a result of smoking and inhaling' second-hand smoke can counter
the revenue generated for central government through taxation of smoking.
Also, with the banning of smoking in public areas the result is probably that
more and more smokers decide to give up smoking thus reducing income via
smoking taxes but also reduces the probability of smokers developing diseases
related to frequent smoking such as lung and mouth cancer.
In my opinion, smoking should be banned in public places if not altogether in
order to safe guard the general population's health from the well known sideeffeccs of smoking. Not only is active smoking unhealthy to the individual. it is
also unhealthy for society in general due to the effect of second-hand smoke
which can be as damaging as active smoking. Not only is smoking unhealthy it is
also disgusting when cigarette end are strewn across pathways and other public
places.
However, smoking (and the smoking industry) does contribute towards the
general economy as well as paying for some of the damage that smoking causes
through taxation. Also, ic is the view of many smokers that it is their choice as
to whether they smoke or not and object to any legislation aimed at either
increasing the amount they have to pay in tax in order to smoke or where they
are allowed to smoke. The smokers are usually supported by the smoking
industry that claims that high taxation or any other limits on its product would
result in the loss of jobs or the collapse of the industry as a whole.
In conclusion, it is more beneficial in the long term to reduce smoking areas
such as in parks and public spaces in order to help protect the wider public's
health.
8. WRITING EXAM PRACTICE
Write a composition on the following topic which Is similar to the one above.
I. Those who are against smoking bans claim loss of revenue and layoff of employees. Smokers say that it is their
right to smoke. Business owners want to manage their enterprises as they think it is best. What do you think?
page 4
Succeed
in Michigan
A. WRITING PREPARATION
ECPE
- TEST
13
I Writin9
Write a composition on the fol/owing topic.
2. Going abroad for university study is an exciting option for many young students. Although it may have some
advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a student probably faces living in a
different culture. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Model Composition 2
Going to university In a different country can be an amazing life experience it usually comes with unique challenges and adversities that would
not be expected if you were to stay at home and study in your home
country. It is my personal view that it is better to study in your own
country of origin.
The advantages of studying abroad are indeed tempting. You are able
to experience a different culture to what you are used to, and by living in a
different culture you are able to experience some of what the world has
to offer. Also, universities abroad may be able to offer a course that is
more in line with what you want to study as well as have possibly better
student facilities.
However, when studying abroad, there are other issues involved that
might make day to day life more difficult on top of university studies. For
example, there may be a languagebarrier which may result in you not
being able to communicate properly. Also, once you have completed your
studies abroad and return home to find a job you may find that employers
do not recognize your qualifications because they don't know how to
compare them with the accepted standard qualifications of that country.
In conclusion, while studying abroad might be exciting, it can, in the
end after years of study, result in you having to work there as well because
your qualifications are not recognized by employers back home.
B. WRITING EXAM PRACTICE
Write a composition on the following topic which Is slm/lar to the one above.
2. To what extent should university courses be geared to the economic needs of society?
page 5
I
TEST
13
- Succeed in Michigan
ECPE
Listening t
The first part of the examination is a listening test that will assess your understanding of spoken English. The listening test has three parts. There are fifty questions. Mark all your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do
not make any stray marks on the answer sheet. If you change your mind about an answer, erase your first
answer completely.
Part I
In this part of the test, you will hear short conversations. From the answer choices given, choose the answer
which means the same thing as you hear. or that is true based on what you hear. For problems 1-17, mark your
answers on the separate answer sheet. No problems can be repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any
questions?
1. a) The woman is dying
b) The woman cannot hear very well
c) The woman doesn't know what happened to Mark
2.
a) The woman's birthday wasn't yesterday
bl The man's birthday wasn't yesterday
c) The man gave the woman a good idea
3.
a) The train was late
b) The taxi was too slow
c) She had to get a taxi
4.
a) The woman wants to stop the car
b) The man wants to drive
c) The woman is irritated by the man
5.
a) George guessed what happened
bl George told the woman what he did
c) The man knows what happened
9) a) The woman is being serious
b) The man and woman are sharing a joke
c) The man is not telling the truth
10) al The speakers are confident of their success
at the exam
b) The woman has seen a miracle
c) The woman thinks they should continue to study
11) a) The film is due for release on Sunday
b) Most people believe the film will be released on
Thursday
cl The film is to be released sooner than most
people think
12) a) The concert was a lot of fun
6) a) The man is anxious about the result of his exam
b) The woman is worried about her exam result
c) The woman always does well in her exams
b) The man did not like the concert
cl The woman thinks the concert could be enjoyable
13) al The man blames the local council
b) The local council is in doubt over what to do
c) The man doubts the local council is to blame
14) a) The man is suspicious of Kate
7)
a) Alfie is feeling cold
bl Alfie doesn't recognizes Jane's voice
c) Alfie has a bad cold
8) a) Mary thanked the man for telling Karl she liked him
b) Mary and Karl like each other
c) Mary and Karl are engaged
b) The woman expresses her doubts about Kate
c) The woman is defending Kate
Listening t
4
4
so
Succeed
in Michigan
ECPE
- TEST 13
A
Part II
In this part of the test, you will hear a question. From the answer choices given, choose the one that best
answers the question. For problems 18-35, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. No problems can be
repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any questions?
15: a) Sorry, I missed the bus.
b) It's 725.
c) I'll ask someone.
26: a) On the morning train.
b) Tomorrow at seven.
c) I might be late.
16: a) He leaves on the 23rd.
b) Sorry, he isn't here right now.
c) Wednesday, I think.
27: a) She didn't leave a message.
b) Around midday.
c) In a couple of hours.
17: a) I only eat vegetarian food.
b) I'm very busy today.
c) I'm meeting Mark.
28: a) I can't make it.
b) I was late.
c) It's at twelve o'clock.
18: a) Russia, I think.
b) I'll tidy it, don't worry.
c) Maybe, I'm not sure.
29: a) I wore jeans and a T-shirt.
b) It's on at ten.
c) Yes, the boss will be there.
19: a) I'll ask her.
b) It is a bit pricey.
c) Here's the price.
20: a) More than last year.
b) It was a big crowd.
c) I think so.
21: a) I couldn't hear him.
b) Sorry, my mind was elsewhere.
c) I don't remember.
22: a) I already phoned him.
b) My appointment was at twelve.
c) Take the week off work.
23: a) No, I'll do it myself.
b) A chocolate bar would be nice.
c) Here's the money.
24: a) Here are the keys.
b) No, I left it out front.
c) Yes, it's open
30: a) I called the plumber yesterday.
b) I think it might be broken.
c) I wasn't able to.
31: a) Twelve o'clock, as far as I know.
bl Take your pick, they're all delicious.
c) I wouldn't recommend it.
32: a) Not for someone with your skills.
b) Perhaps you're right.
c) It is a very good opportunity.
33: a) I first met him 12 years ago.
b) He still is kind and caring.
c) He seemed shy and reserved.
34: a) Nobody, of course.
bl You're the first.
c) Sorry sir, what has upset you?
35: a) He said he'd meet us outside.
bl I heard about that.
c) No, could you repeat it please?
25: a) I've always wanted to.
b) I think it's too expensive.
c) Make me an offer on it.
page 7
TEST
13 -
Succeed
in Michigan
Listening
ECPE
,..2#
®
43
'.J
$1¥4
Part Ill
In this part of the test. you will hear three segments from a radio program. From the answer choices given, choose the one that
best answers the question. Each talk lasts about two minutes. As you listen you may want to take notes to help you remember
information given in the talk. After each speaker talks, you will be asked some questions about what was said. From the three
answer choices given, you should choose the one which best answers the question according to the information you heard.
Remember, no problem can be repeated. For problems 36-50 mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do you have any
questions?
Segment 1
36. Whal has recently happened to chimpanzees which have
come m contact with humans in the Congo?
a. They have become more mild-natured.
b. They appear to be getting more aggressive.
c. No noticeable change has been observed in their behavior.
39. What prediction do scientists make about the river troop
of chimpanzees?
a. They will definitely develop into a new subspecies.
b. They will be walking much like humans in less than 50 years.
c. Their forest territory will become a marshland.
37. When did scientists begin to get a better understanding
of the lost troops of the Congo?
a. More than a century ago.
b. About 75 years ago.
c. Within the last 25 years.
40. What is described as a necessary evil?
a. The negative effects of the contact scientists have with chimps.
b. The culling of chimps due to overpopulation.
c. The serious cause for alarm scientists have about chimp
behavior.
38. What happened to the territory of the river troop?
a. It was captured by a group of rival chimps.
b. It became marshland due to persistent flooding.
c. It rs very difficult terrain to cross.
Segment 2
41. What happened to Patrick L..arrington at the US Open?
a. He lost from a winning position.
b. He coped with the pressure and won his third major.
c. He retained the title he'd won the previous year.
44. What happened to Dave at the Masters?
a. He couldn't hold on to a five shot lead.
b. He won by five shots.
c. He lost by five shots.
42. What is said about Patrick L..arrington's influence
on teens?
a. He is an honest, hard-working man.
b. He is a regrettable role model who makes a lot of
misjudgements and mistakes.
c. He is one of the few good role models today.
45. How do ordinary
a. They think he is a
b. They hope he can
c. They think he can
people feel about Patrick L..arrington?
poor role model for teens.
recover from the difficult loss he had.
win his first major tournament.
43. Who is Dave Clarke?
a. A retired golfer who conmentates for a television company.
b. An up-and-corning golfer today.
c. A former golfer who won many major titles and had a lot
of success.
Segment 3
46. What does the first caller say about Mr. Perine?
a. He rs a global ambassador for sport.
b. He owes the American people a debt of gratitude.
c. He is a good speaker and a great representative for his
country.
4 7. What is said will prove Mr. Perine's domestic success or
failure?
a. His aura of calm and confidence.
b. Whether or not the economy has recovered.
c. His popularity ratings.
48. What talent is Mr. Perine said to possess?
a. A talent for diplomacy.
b. A talent for dealing with economic problems.
c. A talent for dealing with domestic issues.
page 8
49. On what basis will the American people judge Mr. Perine?
a. On whether his popularity ratings remain high.
b. On whether they are better or worse off financially.
c. On whether he performs on the international stage.
50. What does all the evidence suggest about the economy?
a. There has been some improvement in the economic conditions.
b. The people are satisfied with the country's progress.
c. The economy is getting worse and more people are going
to lose their jobs.
I
I Grammarl
a
.
Succeed
in Michigan
EXAM TIPS
51 'Did you remember to lock the door
this time?' 'Oh yes,
a once
b for once
c only once
d at once
52
ECPE · TEST I J
a c
I did.'
Most important of all, you should
read all the answer choices, even if
you think the first or second choice
is the correct answer. Some of the
choices may be very similar and it is
easy to make a careless mistake if
you don't read all the possible
answers carefully.
Once you have selected what you
think is the correct answer, make
all his work and family problems,
he'll have a nervous breakdown one of
these days.
a What as
b What if
c What for
d What with
53 'What else did he say?' 'Other
that
he'd be away for a month, nothing.'
a than
b except
c from
d for
54 I feel washed out. I
more work.
a think I won't
b think I wouldn't
c don't think I
d don't think I'll
do any
55 'Do they still take John to school in
their car?' 'No, he's
now to ride his
own bike to school.'
a quite old enough
b very old
c too old
d enough old
56 I think that the tourist industry will lose most
of its workers
the oil industry.'
a in
b from
c to
d by
sure your answer fits. If the answer
doesn't sound right, it probably isn't.
If you have no idea which answer is
correct, have a guess and follow
your intuition. Whichever one sounds
best may well be the correct
answer.
Do not spend too much time on
each question.
57 I've had bad news of Joseph's
the company.
a given the sack
b having been given the sack
c sacking
d having sacked
58 The idea of killing animals for food is
abhorrent
a to
b for
cat
din
me.'
59 I can't afford a new suit of clothes,
a new car!'
a let alone
b leave alone
c only alone
d but alone
60 Heavy industry has rapidly developed in
that country since it abounds
raw materials.
a in
b of
cat
d from
by
TEST
I3
-
Succeed
in Michigan
ECPE
Grammar
4 4
E ~¥
66 The cost of living has soared to dizzying
61 'What did you ask them?'
---
J
heights. Each time I buy things I seem
__ more and more money.
of them knew the formula.'
a Who
b Which
a spend
c Whose
d What
b to spend
c spending
d to be spending
62 'The classroom door won't open.'
fool must have locked it.'
67 'Haven't you finished your thesis yet?'
a Some
'Not yet. I'm still working
a for
bA
c One
bat
d The
con
d with
63 'I think we should make amendments
to the plan.' 'There always seems
room for improvement.'
a is
_
68 The discontent
from Jack's dismissal
has affected the performance of his colleagues.
a raising
b arousing
b being
c be
c arising
d rousing
d to be
64 'Have you finished?' ' _
a Not quite
b I think not so
c l am afraid have
d Not already
69 'The driveway is covered in snow.'
Why don't you
a have
your son to shovel it?'
b make
c get
d put
65 'Do you think I can learn Chinese in a year?'
'It's not
a as
b just as
c only so
d all that
page 10
it.'
easy.'
70 'In my opinion, he is an imbecile, to
___ it mildly.'
a put
b place
c say
d mention
Succeed in Michigan
I
71 'Can one believe him?'
___
what he says is true.'
Grammar
'Well, I've seen it
a Much of
a being done
b A lot
b having done
c Much
c doing so
d Many of
d done
_
77 They've run into financial difficulties and
they've had to reduce their workforce
choose?'
'The one you like
_, of course.'
___ half.
a better
a by
b best
bin
c very much
c from
d more
d at
73 'What is your brother interested in
studying?' 'Aeronautics. It's a field that
is quite
to him.'
78 She was the only one
a surviving
---
c survive
b attracted
d having survived
c attracting
79 'Who did you invite to dinner?'
d attractively
'No one
'Will you come and work for us?'
than Robert and his wife.'
a besides
b rather
me well and I will.'
a If you pay
c except
b Should you pay
d other
c Must you pay
80 'How come Susan dared do a thing like that?'
d Pay
75 A lot of the people
the crash.
b to survive
a attractive
---
- TEST 13
76 'Do you know anything about glass-blowing?'
72 'Which of the three shirts should I
74
ECPE
'I don't know. It's not
here find it
difficult to cope with the pollution.
her to do such
things.'
a unlike
a live
b same
b lived
c like
c living
d similar
d were living
page 11
TEST
I3
-
Succeed
in Michigan
ECPE
Grammar
%244
81 'Is he to be believed?'
'No,
a Longer
b no matter how
b Far
c however hard
c Sooner
d as regards to
d Rather
82 If I hadn't left my job, I
twice as
'
&( '
87 'We'll have to work overtime this week.'
much as I do now.
'Who
a might have had
a told so
b could have been
b said
c would have earned
c said so
d would have been earning
d told that
,,
88 Kevin suggested
83 'I'm surprised Tina didn't win the race.'
better trained.'
a to take
b would she have been
b that we will take
c had she been
c to be taken
d she had been
d taking
84 'let's have the party at your place.'
'Well, there could be some problems
some extra food
just in case.
a if she had had
89 'Her son is very rude.'
that.'
'You're right; he has no manners
a in doing
a wherever
b to do
b whatsoever
c for us doing
c however
d were we done
d evermore
85 'Can I go home now?'
needed here; you may go.'
90 There are many disadvantages
_
__
a life spent in crowded surroundings.
a not longer
a to
b no longer
b for
c no long
c in
d not long
d about
page 12
µ
___ from it. He was quite pleased.'
a no matter what
'You are
'®
86 'Did he get angry at the remark?'
he says.'
'She would have,
(
I
Cloze
I
Succeed in Michigan
Beavers are the most accomplished engineers of all the
mammals,_
(91) from man. They live in a lodge, half-submerged in the center or on the banks of a lake, and if no lake
is at _ (92), they create one
(93) building a dam across a
stream or river.
These
(94) can be made entirely of mud, but are usually
I
felled trees and branches weighed down with stones and plastered with mud. An adull beaver can
(95) a tree, 120mm (5
inches) in diameter, in_
(96) than half an hour using its
strong teeth as chisels. They also cut tall trees into shorter
lengths and float them down canals
(97) they have dug
specially for that purpose.
However, beaver dams also serve as a pantry
(98) the
hard winter months when the lake is frozen. Beavers feed
(99) on woody maple, aspen and willow stems, and cut
extra branches to store underwater in the mud. The water acts
as a refrigerator, keeping the wood at a
(100) just above
o·c and preserving its nutritional value. These underwater
larders allow beavers to stay away from land and their predators for long stretches.
It is no secret that when Congress selected the bald eagle as
the United States' national symbol on June 20, I 782, Ben
Franklin was not pleased,
(101) instead for the turkey. He
wrote to his daughter, Sarah, that the bald eagle 'is a bird of
bad moral character and a(n)
(I 02) coward.'
Ornithologists disagree
(103) its cowardice.
(104)
for its moral character, who can say? Bald eagles are thought
to
(105) for life and may live together for twenty-five years
often
(106) to the same neighborhood to improve upon
the same nest year
(107) year. The magnificent bald eagle,
actually not bald at all, but having white head feathers, is the
second largest bird of
(108) in North America. He or,
more rightly, she,
(109) the female bird is the larger and
more aggressive. may soon be the largest if the California condor is
(110) to extinction, as seems possible.
After serving elegantly as the American seal and symbol for
over 200 years, the eagle has its day now. June 20 has officially
been proclaimed as Bald Eagle Day.
I
a besides
b next
c apart
d except
92
a disposal
b hand
c random
d large
93
a by
b for
cin
d with
94
a rivers
h lakes
c streams
d dams
95
a fall
b fell
c drop
d sling
96
a less
b fewer
c much
d more
97
a where
b who
c whose
d which
98
a for
b if
c during
d but
99
a highly
b scarcely
c sparsely
d largely
100 a rate
101
b scale
c temperature
d pulse
a opting
b opposing
c choosing
d siding
102 a utter
b optional
103 a as
b for
c to
don
c Whereas
d About
105 a suit
c manage
d mate
b bear
106 a returning
b for
108 a pray
It's a good idea to have a quick
look at the verb tenses in a cloze
passage, in order to get
a feel for the text. Look to see if
one tense dominates the text or if
there is a wide variety of tenses.
Quite often, different paragraphs
are dominated by different tenses.
Consider if the verbs are passive
or active. This will help you to
answer grammar-based questions
that test your knowledge of verbs
at sentence level.
c downright
d upright
104 a But
b As
107 a out
EXAM TIPS
• TEST 13
91
b remaining
What is tested in the cloze test?
One aspect of testing in the cloze
test is that of sentence structure.
This is where the candidate must
determine the part of speech of
the missing word. This could take
the form of a verb, adjective,
adverb, modal, preposition etc. By
reading the whole sentence you
can quickly decide what is needed.
Often the missing word will be
part of a phrasal verb, fixed
phrase, idiom or collocation.
ECPE
b prey
109 a even
b despite
110 a regarded
b drawn
c being
d slaying
c after
din
c praise
d prairie
c although
d since
c driven
d taken
page 13
TEST
13
-
Succeed
in Michigan
ECPE
Vocabulary
111 He was most
by the new idea
of saving endangered species.
a intimidated
b intrigued
c restrained
d infuriated
116 The thirsty boy drank his coke in
one gulp and began to
on it.
a strangle
b smother
c bulge
d choke
112 He knew from experience how
it was lo argue with his parents.
a futile
b commendable
c appalling
d rigorous
117 You might find it convenient to
ignorance as an excuse.
a bleed
b plead
c flee
d lead
_
113 Mr. Connors was
at the police
station until his lawyer arrived.
a relinquished
b entreated
c deterred
d detained
114 The manager was annoyed by
the
manners of the young
employee.
a uncouth
b radiant
c vigorous
d. courteous
115 He found it all the more difficult to
get by on his
wages.
a frugal
b deficient
c meager
d crumbling
118 His initial failure did not
a daunt
b taunt
c flaunt
d vaunt
119 What I resent about her is that she
invariably tries to make herself
___
at parties.
a contagious
b conspicuous
c abundant
d disputable
120 The trouble of getting to the winter
resort was
by the beauty of
the scenery.
a counteracted
b overrated
c offset
d indulged
EXAM TIPS
One way to increase your vocabulary is to learn words in groups or
categories. For example, if you
come across the verb 'to glimpse
something' you could create a word
group containing lexis for ways of
seeing or looking at things. This
could include words such as stare,
glance, peer, watch, observe etc.
Idiomatic expressions often come
up in the exam.
page 14
him.
There are thousands of idioms in
English and it is impossible to learn
them all. The exam will only test
idioms that have a high frequency
of use. It is important to look out
and listen for idioms.
Listening to conversations and dis·
cussions whether it be from reallif e conversations, movies, songs or
television, will help you familiarize
yourself with idiomatic expressions.
--
~~~~~~-~~-
I
Vocabulary
Succeed
I
121 Beggars are not allowed lo
in
public.
a plead
b besiege
c solicit
d taunt
122 Ever since l insulted him, I've
in Michigan
ECPE
- TEST 13
126 If you auction this stamp, it will
at least $1,000.
a land
blend
c fetch
d command
127 How did you
his displeasure.
a occurred
b entailed
c ensued
d incurred
a come
b come
c come
d come
alJ this furniture?
round
by
about
off
128 He has the
123 He looked with
food on his plate.
a hunch
b premonition
c awe
d misgiving
at the strange
the other students
because he works harder.
a edge on
b rip off
c run up
d drop out
129 1t
12A The goods were __
a dispatched
b dispersed
c dissected
d dispensed
yesterday.
125 How many cars did you say the factory
a day?
a turns out
b turns up
c turns over
d turns down
me to have to clean the
house every day.
a exhilarates
b balances
c despises
dirks
to the
130 Education should be
children's needs and abilities.
a administered
b reflected
c organized
d geared
page 15
TEST
IJ
- Succeed in Michigan
ECPE
Vocabulary
p
131 Jn
__
of fire, you are advised to
use the emergency exits.
137 Only a few of the candidates were
seriously
a revised
a the event
b the case
b commented
c likelihood
c reviewed
d chance
d considered
132 She kept
the fact that she was
138 The judge didn't believe any of the
married.
made by the accused.
a back
a distortions
b down
b conclusions
c away
c complications
d out
d assertions
133 Any
glue must be removed at
139 You certainly shouldn't
a surmise
a Jose
b surfeit
b regret
c surplus
c forget
d surmount
d miss
134 He died after a
i IIncss.
a cunning
140 It's a bit
close the window?
b lingering
a showery
c marginal
b foggy
d loitering
c chilly
135 We can't go ahead unless we
the committee's approval first.
a inquire
b secure
c insecure
d inquest
136 My camera was out of focus when I
took these pictures. All of them have
a blurred
b blurted
c blasted
d blunt
__
seeing
this wonderful film.
once.
come out
for that post.
d rainy
in here. Why don't we
0
I.
Vocabulary
141 The Mayan civilization
Succeed
I
_
around
the year 1200 A.D.
a annihilated
b decimated
c vanished
d exterminated
142 He was a
__ man and never spent
a cent.
a dingy
b dinghy
c stingy
d stringy
143 She is a
in Michigan
ECPE
- TEST 13
146 l wonder which questions will
__
in the exam this year.
a go up
b come up
cask
d examine
147 Coffee is a main
of business in
Brazil.
a staple
b stable
c downright
d solemn
businesswoman.
a shrew
b shrewd
c shred
d sheer
144 He's a healthy, __
148 Their marriage was .
within 24
hours.
a abolished
b annulled
c repealed
d revoked
young man who
never gets tired.
a obese
b frail
c senile
d sturdy
149 There was a striking
between
the two accounts.
a coincidence
b discrimination
c consensus
d discrepancy
145 I don't like eating there because the size
of the servings is too
a meager
b ample
c grubby
d vicious
150 They were
in conversation and
didn't notice me leaving the room.
a thorough
b solidly
c deep
d fast
page 17
TEST
13
-
Succeed
Reading
4
A
l OU
in Michigan
ECPE
.
t
TEXT 1
~ ~
.
'
..._
,.
The Egyptian vulture is a rather scruffy-looking. white and brown bird, about the size of a chicken, found in
parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. It has a remarkable trick for getting at the rich food inside an ostrich's egg: standing erect above the egg, the vulture can pick up a large stone in its bill and repeatedly hurl it until the thick shell
smashes. The technique is not used by alt Egyptian vultures; it is found only in isolated local populations. It seems,
therefore, to be something learned by imitation, rather than an innate ability.
An even more ingenious tool-user is the woodpecker finch, found only on certain of the Galapagos Islands. This
sparrow-sized bird searchesfor insects on trees, prizing off the bark like a woodpecker.When it fails to find food
in this way, it collects a cactus spine or small twig. If the twig has any awkwardly projecting stems, it will remove
them.
On returning to the tree, the finch holds its chosen tool in its bill and uses it in one of three ways. It may
employ it as a poker to push or drag an insect from a hole; as a spear to impale a grub or other slow-moving
insect; or as a goad to harass and drive out a particularly active or reluctant quarry. When it has forced its prey out
onto the surface, it transfers the spine or twig to one of its feet and quickly snaps up the insect in its bill.
Chimpanzeesselect small branches to probe into crevices or termite nests as a kind of fishing rod. When enough
insects are clinging to the branch. the chimp withdraws it and licks them off. Like the woodpecker finch, the chimpanzee may trim off inconvenient stems from its chosen branch. Animals not only use cools; in their own rudimentary but very effective way some also make them.
151 The Egyptian vulture
a is fond of picking large stones in its bill.
b will repeatedly throw a large stone at
an ostrich egg to break it open.
c uses a technique adopted by all vultures.
d can ordy be found in Egypt.
152 The technique used by the Egyptian vulture
a seems to be acquired rather that inborn.
b is a quality the vulture is born with.
c has been passed on to several
other mammals and birds.
d is used by all vultures worldwide.
153 The woodpecker finch
a invariably removes the outer covering of
tree-trunks the way a woodpecker does.
b can't get a grub or insect from a hole
unless it pierces it through first.
c knows how to entice a reluctant prey into
or out of a hole.
d uses a sharp needle-like part of a tree or
a small branch in more than one way.
154 What is the common technique shared
between woodpecker finches and chimpanzees?
a Both of them use small branches as
fishing rods.
page 18
b They both go at or harass reluctant preys only.
c They both use small branches without any uneven
or irregular parts.
d They both use twigs as spears.
155 A chimpanzee
a may use a stick to scratch inaccessible areas.
b will eat the insects clinging to the branch by
moving its tongue across it.
c will first trim off a branch by licking it.
d can use a fishing rod as effectively as
any human.
EXAM TIPS
over lhe woole passage so that you
can get a feel for the passage and
There are two ways in which you
rts content and tone. This also grves
can approach the reading tasks.
you an idea about where certain
Either you can read the whole pas· information is discussed in the text
sage through Quickly to get a
so that you can locate it quickly
good idea of what it rs about, or,
when answenng the questions.
you may prefer to read the questions Scanning is when you look more
first to decide what information
carefully at the passage in order to
you are looking for. Use whichever frnd specific information such as
method works best for you.You
names. dates, frgures. When you
need to learn two main reading
have pinPointed these details, you
skills. The first is skimmlnc to
can look at the information around
get the main idea and lhe second these words to answer the quesis scanning to find specrfrc details. tions.
Skimminc involves looking quickly
~
TEXT 2
-~,,
Succeed
in Michigan
----1
ECPE
- TEST 13
Reading ~
An avalanche is born when a mass of snow accumulated on a slope is overloaded with large amounts of new snow,
or changes internally so that its bond with the slope beneath is loosened. The mass can be so unstable that the weight
of a single skier can break the delicate cohesion, sending a mountainside hurtling down.
At the start, an avalanche slab breaks off and fractures. As it gains speed, the descending mass breaks up into a river
of flowing snow, generating a cloud of snow dust that may roll upward hundreds of feet. Inside the avalanche the dense
core picks up more snow as it advances, accelerating in growth and speed. Fully developed, an avalanche may attain a
mass of a million tons. As velocity increases, the onrushing mass may rise and become airborne, riding almost friction
free atop a cushion of air. In flight it can attain a speed of 200 miles an hour, twice that of a free-falling sky-diver. The
greatest known avalanche disaster occurred in 1970, when an earthquake-triggered ice slide obliterated the town of
Yungay in Peru, killing 18,000. The worst U.S. avalanche buried two snowbound trains near Stevens Pass in Washington
in 1910, taking 96 lives.
The most bizarre devastation, however, occurred during World War I, when avalanches became weapons of war. In
1916 Italian and Austrian troops were fighting for control of the Dolomite Mountains. Erwin Aichinger, then 22, was a
lieutenant in an Austrian ski troop. 'It was December,' the old soldier recalled, and we had three days of snow. Gale
winds packed the snow into the slopes where avalanches form. When the storm stopped, the fighting resumed. Both
sides noticed that their shellfire triggered avalanches. A dreadful idea took hold. Gunners raised their sights to the
mountaintops, where the great snow masses hung, and sent them crashing down. The terrified soldiers below retreated to their shelters, but the avalanches destroyed them. Rescuers were killed, too. In 48 hours 6,000 Austrian troops
died. The Italians ... who knows how many perished.' (An estimated 18,000 men died on both sides in those days.)
156 M avalanche
a won't occu as long as its bond with the slope
beneath is not disturbed.
b is bolJld to occu if a slope is loaded with large
amounts of snow.
c may occur if a skier hurls large amounts of
snow down a slope.
d may loosen a mountainside.
157 As an avalanche gains speed and advances,
a slabs break off and fractue,
b a river of flowing snow generates dust.
c its central part gathers more snow around it.
d its weight is diminished.
159 The result of the greatest known avalanche
disaster was that
a a whole town was completely destroyed.
b it triggered off an earthquake.
c two snowbound trains were buried.
d an earthquake totally destroyed a town.
160 The most bizarre devastation ever occurred,
involving an avalanche
a was caused by an old soldier.
b was W! to gale wirds packing soow on tre sopes
c claimed victims on the Austrian troops only.
d claimed victims on both sides.
158 Ire rnre speedy an avalaoche becores, tre rrore
a it sticks to the ground.
b it may be carried about in the air.
c it reminds you of a cushion of air.
d friction it creates.
page 19
TEST 13
- Succeed in Michigan ECPE
Reading
TEXT 3
f
In the late 1860s, settlers of the American West began to cultivate crops on what had been virgin grassland.
The government favored the development of settled agriculture, but cattle ranchers had been grazing their herds
across the unfenced prairies, and the ranchers and new farmers soon came into conflict. Wood was too scarce
and expensive for fencing, and the kinds of wire available tended to snap in the cold winters of the prairies. The
most effective barriers were hedges made of prickly shrubs. As these took time to grow, the race was on to manufacture a durable wire to do the same job.
Several patents for forms of barbed wire had already been filed when Joseph Glidden, a farmer in De Kalb,
Illinois, came up with his version in 1873. in which spikes or 'spurs' were held in place along a double-stranded
wire. Glidden made no claim to have thought up the idea of using 'spurs' himself, but his wire had enough original
features to be granted a patent the following year. Since the 'Glidden fence' was the first that could be mass produced, he is often credited as the inventor of barbed wire. The invention was to have consequences far beyond
the concerns of neighboring farmers and cattlemen. Without it, the government's policy of encouraging permanent
settlers would have been difficult to enforce - one of its immediate effects was to help bring the open, lawless
prairies into the domain of private property.
Even more dramatic was barbed wire's influence on the character of modern warfare. Military strategists soon
realized that a form of fencing that kept out cattle could also stop advancing horses and men. During the First
World War, troops dug Into trenches behind barbed wire entanglements were able to resist almost any offensive.
This created a military stalemate that neither side would accept, prolonging the war at the cost of the lives of millions of young soldiers. Barbed wire had changed the course of history.
161 The ranchers and new farmers soon came into
conflict because
a the former wanted to cultivate virgin grassland.
b the former wanted to let their cattle graze freely
in the wide grassy plains.
c the latter were in favor of unfenced prairies.
d both sides had different views on how to cultivate
the land.
163 Joseph Glidden was the first man
a to use twisted wire coupled with long sharp
points.
b to file a patent for a new I orm of barbed wire.
c to be granted a patent in the late 1860s.
d to produce barbed wire massively.
164According to the passage, the government wanted
a to restrict the open prairies.
162 Before the outbreak of the conflict between ranchers
and new farmers
a there was no fencing at all.
b wire hadn't been in use.
c the cold winters of the prairies discouraged cattle
from grazing freely.
d rows of bushes grown round the edges of fields
were thought of as most effective.
b to enforce the law in the American West.
c to foster private ownership of the land.
d to turn farmers into cattlemen.
165 Barbed wire changed the character of the
First World War in that
a it was used to encircle trenches.
b defense was improved and attack easier to resist.
c it succeeded in bringing the war to a standstill.
d neither side would accept its use in trenches.
page 20
TEXT 4
Succeed in Michigan
I
ECPE
- TEST 13
Reading
IS
!(
+
;zcz;c:;:::;:c
~
,
Before the age of space flight, weightlessne.ss was thought of by scientists as an exhilarating experience, humanity's release from the bonds of gravity. Astronauts have found that this is true - but only for a short while. They have
also found associated discomforts and dangers that threaten to limit the prospects for long-distance space travel.
One of the immediate effects of weightlessnessis a sudden rush of blood to the head. The body's main arteries
are equipped with organs, called baroreceptors, that ensure that the heart pumps the right amount of blood to the
head. In conditions of weightlessness, the baroreceptors think there is not enough blood in the upper body, and
allow extra blood to move upwards from the legs. This makes the face puff out and causes nasal stuffiness.
Furthermore, the brain thinks the extra blood in the head means there is too much fluid in the body. It therefore
releases hormones that tell the kidneys to discharge more urine, causing dehydration, and to lower the number of
red cells in the blood, resulting in anemia.
Bones, too, react to a release from gravity. On Earth, bones regulate their uptake of calcium from the blood
according to the stresses of bearing weight. In the absence of these habitual stresses, the bones lose calcium, most
of which is discharged in the urine. Unless countermeasures are taken, the bones could become dangerously brittle
and painful kidney stones could form from the discharged calcium.
Russian cosmonauts, some of whom have remained in orbit for more than a year, perform exercises that simulate the normal effects of gravity on the body. The Russianshave recently experimented with a device that stimulates the muscles with electrical pulses and a special garment, known as a 'penguin suit', which demands constant
muscular exertion from the wearer, even to stand upright ..
166 Before the advent of space age, weightlessness
was thought of by scientists
a to produce cheerful and exciting feelings in the
human body.
b to release gravity in the body.
c to be associated with discomforts and dangers.
d to limit long-distance travel.
169 As far as bones are concerned
a the discharge of calcium makes them more
effective in bearing weight.
b they absorb more calcium.
c they may be broken more easily.
d they form painful stones.
170 One way of solving the problem of the absence of
167 One of the effects of weightlessness is that
a there is not enough inflow of blood to the head
b the heart pumps the right ernoint of blood to
the head.
c there is not enough blood in the upper body.
d certain organs in the human body become
disorientated and malfunction.
habitual stresses is
a to exercise casually while in a spaceship.
b to remain in orbit for more than a year.
c to experiment with electrical pulses.
d to use a piece of clothing that causes muscles
to use great effort when they function.
168 Another effect of weightlessness is
a the increase of fluids in the body.
b the loss of water from the body.
c the loss of blood.
d the discharge of urine from the red cells.
page 21
&
I
Writing
I
A. WRITING PREPARATION
, Write a compositionon the following topic.
I. Children should never be educated at home by their parents. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Model Composition I
Home education is generally inadvisable when conducted as a general rule.
However, there are certain conditions for which it is better to educate a child
at home; for example, if they have severe learning difficulties or if they are disrupting the education of their fellow classmates.
If it was the standard that everyone was given home education, then the
results would be extremely varied. While presumably a majority would be
able to do the basics of reading, writing and maths, it would be difficult to be
able to test each child's actual ability or to ensure that every child had a similar level of ability in other areas such as history, science, art or music. This is
due to the fact that different parents have different priorities on which subjects that they want their child to focus on. Also, parents have different views
on how their child should learn a subject as well as what topic should be
focused on, for example, should they teach their child about the Holocaust in
historyat home.
However, if there is an education system (be it government-run or privately) then home education does in some situations become a viable alternative
to school education. For example, if a child has major learning difficulties and
is not given the support needed in order to be given a fair chance with the
other students then it may be better if that child is allowed to be taken out of
public schooling and is given one-to-one tuition at home. Also, if a student is
disruptive to the whole class then it may be better if that child is sent home in
order to study.This then gives the rest of the class the chance to study without so much disruption. While this may be extreme, it has to be judged if it is
better that one child is removed in order to allow the rest of the class the
chance to succeed without constant disruption.
In conclusion, it is my opinion that home education is not ideal for the
majority of students but can be used in certain circumstances.
B. WRITING EXAM PRACTICE
Write a composition on the following topic which Is similar to the one above.
Children learn best by observing behavior of adults and copying it. To what extent do you agree or disagree
with this statement?
I.
page 22
Succeed in Michigan
A. WRITING PREPARATION
ECPE
I
- TEST 14
Writing
Write a composition on the fol/owing topic.
2. In a lot of wealthy European countries. when someone gets old. they often go to live in a home for the elderly
where there are nurses to look after them and usually the state has to pay for this care. Who should be responsible
for our old people? Give reasons.
Model Composition 2
The issue of how to best care of the elderly is an increasingly important
issue in many western nations. Due to better health care and healthier life
styles, more and more people are living well into retirement.
The issue of how to care for the elderly is an expensive issue as the cost of
putting a relative into a care home is expensive for a family without some
sort of government assistanceto help with the cost. The alternatives to
placing an elderly relative into a care home is to have either relatives or
helpers frequently visit in order to help with getting dressed. washing and
other basic day to day items. or, have elderly family relatives move in with
dose relatives.
Neither of these options works for everyone and each individual's circumstances are different. The issue of who should be responsible for the elderly
is, in my personal experience. best left to the families of the elderly to
decide what the best arrangement is. This decision should of course take
into account the wishes of the elderly relative but also how to ensure that
the elderly is able to live with an acceptable level of comfort. Once it has
been decided, then the government should provide assistancebe it funds to
help with the costs of a care home, or a nurse to visit in order to help with
getting dressed or washing in the mornings or evenings.
In conclusion, it should be the responsibility of the relatives of the elderly to
ensure that the old are able to spend the rest of their lives with a good
standard of living. Furthermore, it should also be the responsibility of the
government to help ensure that the elderly are well cared for and are given
any assistance required be it financial or in terms of practical help.
B. WRITING EXAM PRACTICE
Write a composition on the fol/owing topic which Is similar to the one above.
2. Do you think that older people should be looked after by their children or this is not realistically possible in
today's society? Discuss.
page 23
I
TEST
14
- Succeed
in Michigan
ECPE
Listening t
ti
J
S
I
The first part of the examination is a listening test that will assess your understanding of spoken English. The listening test has three parts. There are fifty questions. Mark all your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do
not make any stray marks on the answer sheet. If you change your mind about an answer, erase your first
answer completely.
Part I
In this part of the test, you will hear short conversations. From the answer choices given, choose the answer
which means the same thing as you hear, or that is true based on what you hear. For problems 1-17, mark your
answers on the separate answer sheet. No problems can be repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any
questions?
1)
a) The woman doesn't want to go to work
b) The woman doesn't want to practice
c) The woman thinks the man's suggestion is impractical
10) a) The woman is pregnant with a baby boy
b) The woman is delighted to hear the man's news
c) The man learned the baby's sex a few days ago
2)
a) The man and woman are in agreement
b) The man is thinking about the woman
c) The woman wants to leave
3)
a) The man wants the woman to forget what happened
b) The woman thinks it is easy to forget what happened
c) The man cannot forget what happened
11) a) The woman is grateful for the man's help
b) The woman has been in a similar situation to the man
before
c) The man can't thank the woman for her help
12) a) The man and woman can't stop talking to each other
b) The man and woman agree
c) The woman thinks the man is talking too much
4)
a) The woman trusts Anna
b) The man wants to know why the woman doesn't
trust Anna
c) The woman and man agree that Anna shouldn't be
trusted
5)
a) The woman is a very good actress
b) The man thinks the woman is exaggerating
c) The woman thinks the man is being dramatic
6)
a) The man and woman are unimpressed
b) The woman won an award
c) The man is a genius
7)
a) Toby has gone for a cigarette break
b) Toby is a hard worker who never makes excuses
c) The man and woman think Toby is lazy
8)
a) The man is not surprised
bl The man is shocked
c) John seems very nice
9)
a) The woman is trying to comfort the man
b) The man is innocent
c) The man is being hard on the woman
page 24
13) a) The woman is getting married
b) The man proposed to the woman
c) The man is getting married
14) a) The woman did all she could to help
b) The woman thinks the man tried his best to help
c) The man wants to help more
r Listeniij~ l
Succeed
in Michigan
ECPE
- TEST 14
Part II
In this part of the test, you will hear a question. From the answer choices given, choose the one that best
answers the question. For problems 18-35, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. No problems can be
repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any questions?
15: a) Easier said than done.
b) We didn't have time.
c) I didn't want to.
26: a) They dined out to experience the local cuisine.
b) Much, the city has lots of hidden treasures.
c) The monuments were very nice.
16: a) I did it yesterday.
b) We should take it in turns.
c) Perhaps tomorrow.
27: a) We often behave that way.
b) She behaved badly.
c) Seldom, if ever.
17: a) He came down with the flu.
bl He might not want to.
c) He feels much better now.
28: a) I think of myself as a team player.
b) I worked alone on the project.
c) The team worked better.
18: a) There's no smoke without fire.
b) I wasn't surprised.
c} It might be.
29: a) You expected too much.
b) Without a doubt.
c) I expect a lot from you.
19: a) I'll try my best.
b) I haven't seen it before.
c) I can't say I do.
30: a) We are going to holiday in Vancouver.
b) I last fell on vacation about three years ago.
c) We went to Yellow Stone Park to see the wolves.
20: a) We flew out this morning.
b) We are due to arrive later today.
c) The plane leaves at midday.
31: a) Washington Street is a one way street.
b) It sells lots of bits and pieces.
c) I can't be certain but I think so.
21: a) He is on his way.
b) The train broke down.
c) He seldom works late.
32: a) There are three turn offs on North Earl's road.
b) Two bocks up on the left hand side.
c} You can't turn off North Earl's road; it's
a one way street.
22: a) Pretty well, I'd say, you got a standing ovation.
b) I am very excited about it.
c) Don't worry, it will go very well, I'm sure.
23: a) Yes, she should have been.
b) Perhaps, we were quite rude.
c) She was polite to them.
24: a) I wasn't able to understand the controls.
b} I don't think it did.
c} I didn't see the record.
25: a) We would lose our deposit.
b} We could still go.
c) We haven't enough money .
..
33: a) I am not sure why she upset me.
b} Because I don't trust her.
c) I am not upset at all.
34: a} Contact customer service if you want to claim on
your warranty.
b} Yes, this product does have a warranty.
c) The warranty expires two years after purchase.
35: a) We already refunded you.
b) Yes, for unwanted goods you can exchange.
c) No, our policy is to accept cash only.
~----....--..---------------.....""""'------...... ...
.....~._ ....._ ..,..,..~",_.............
...,.._. ,....,......_.,_.......~~~
page 25
TEST 14
- Succeed in Michigan
Listening
ECPE
ewe;
Part Ill
In this part of the test, you will hear three segments from a radio program. From the answer choices given, choose the one that
best answers the question. Each talk lasts about two minutes. As you listen you may want to take notes to help you remember
information given in the talk. After each speaker talks, you will be asked some questions about what was said. From the three
answer choices given, you should choose the one which best answers the question according to the information you heard.
Remember, no problem can be repeated. For problems 36-50 mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do you have any
questions?
Segment I
36. What do many market analysts say about the recovery
from the financial crisis?
a. It will be a slow process.
b. It is not underway just yet.
c. The pain has already subsided.
39. What is being done to ensure the economic crisis is not
repeated?
a. The political system is being reformed.
b. Corporate bosses are getting bigger bonuses.
c. Tighter controls are being put in place.
37. Who were hardest hit by the economic downturn?
a. The working class.
b. Ordinary, middle class Amencans.
c. The financial services sector.
40. How did banks act dunng the crisis?
a. The banks acted responsibly.
b. The banks were afraid of the cascade effect.
c. The banks generated instability and panic set in.
38. Why
a. They
b. They
c. They
do rogue traders have a lot to answer for?
created panic in the market.
were deeply insecure.
were able to limit their losses.
Segment 2
44. How could the pirate websites fund the payment of
royalties?
a. Through advertising sales.
b. By shutting down their main business activity.
c. By increasing their prices by 79%.
41. What is MIRA?
a. A pirate music website.
b. A group representing musicians.
c. A web-based music vendor.
42. How much lost revenue is accounted for
by illegal downloads?
a. 2 million dollars.
b. 20 million dollars.
c. No more than 3% of the total revenue of the music industry.
43. How
a. Most
b. Most
c. Most
45. Who will suffer most if MIRA and the pirate websites do not
come to an agreement?
a. The music-loving consumer.
b. Musicians.
c. The pirate website owners.
do the people surveyed feel about MIRA?
are sympathetic towards MIRA.
feel it should settle out of court.
feel it should take pirate websites to court.
-
Segment
3
-
46. Why are protestors rallying in Toronto?
a. To complain about the government's economic policy.
b. To complain about the overabundance of seals.
c. To complain about the once yearly seal hunt.
47. What do wildlife agencies claim the government is doing?
a. Backing the seal cull because it is financially lucrative.
b. Performing a necessary evil.
c. Condemning the seal cull.
48. What does the government say about the seal cull?
a. It creates a lot of money and jobs.
b. It is barbaric and evil.
c. It should be stopped at once.
page 26
49. How does Greenpeace
a. The government should
b. The government should
for the seal cull.
c. The government should
propose to create jobs?
hire more police patrol officers.
employ twice the number of people
hire wardens and wildlife officers.
50. Who does the American president sympathize with?
a. The government.
b. The Mexican prime minister.
c. The protestors.
I
l :Grammar]
51 'Have you found out anything about their
secret society?'
Succeed in Michigan
ECPE - TEST 14
56 I had a lot of trouble
my car this
morning.
a starting
'If I do, you will be the first person
a to know
b to start
b who knows
c beginning
c who knew
d to begin
d will know
57 1 was never good at l\Aath wtlle I was at scboot'
52 'Don't they know how insolvent he is?'
'They do;
'I wasn't good,
they still do business with him.'
a either
a moreover
b neither
b therefore
c finally
c as well
d too
d nevertheless
58 'I didn't think much of their singing.'
53 'What did he finally do with his car?'
'He sold it
'Well, they sang .
it was recently bought.'
they could.'
a as much as
a in spite of
bas more as
b even though
c as better as
c in addition
d as well as
d provided
59 'He hasn't heard the news yet.'
54 'Father looks upset. What's wrong with him?'
'He can't find his car keys. He
them.'
'Do you think I
tell him?'
a might
a always loses
b would
b always lost
c ought
c is always losing
d should
d has always lost
60 There are four cardiologists in town and
55 'Did all the members turn out at the meeting?'
Dr Grey, everybody else was there.'
he has consulted
of them.
a every
a Except
b everyone
b Except for
c every one
c Apart for
d anyone
d Beside
page 27
TEST
UW4!!
61
'Did you arrive at the theater early?'
'Oh, yes. We got there in
time.'
better.'
a Somehow
b bad
b Somewhat
c early
c Something
d short
d Sometime
of him as a doctor.
'
66 'How are you feeling?'
a good
62 People think
I
Grammar
14 - Succeed in Michigan ECPE
67 'Do you like the elephant I've drawn?'
a greatly
'Your drawing looks
b largely
a nothing like
c highly
b nothing but
d much
c nothing else
an elephant.'
d nothing as
63 'Did Pete go to sea
at ter
'No, he decided
all?'
an army career, I think.'
a for
68 'Shall I drive the car?'
'No, I prefer driving the car myself
b on
a than having it driven
c to
b from having it driven
d at
c to have been driven
64 I'm not
of a cook, but I'll do my best.'
d to being driven
a such
b that
69 'Are you sure it is the right job for you?'
c much
'I am not quite certain
d this
I'm suited for it.'
a whereas
b as regards
65 Mr. Jordan is an avid reader. He reads any
book he comes across
it good or bad.
c as to what
d as to whether
a even if
b regardless
70 I must be off soon. I only have an hour or
c be
d was
to get to the airport.'
a so
b such
c less
d more
page 28
I Grammar I
cs
Succeed
in Michigan
ECPE
- TEST
14
•
71 'Were the kids amused by the clowns?'
'For sure. They were
76 What we need to keep us going
themselves with
funds.
a is
laughter.'
a beside
bare
b besides
c was
c aside
d were
d apart
77 'He is in a predicament, I hear.'
'Yes, he's just
72 'ls that Sarah's car?'
the gravity of the
situation.'
'No, hers is the
a one red big
a begins to realize
b big one red
b beginning realizing
c big red
c beginning to realize
d big red one
d begins to realizing
of the eye-witnesses gave an accurate
73
78 'Is the whisky enough to go round?'
'I'm afraid we have
description of the robbers.
a Nearly not
a nearly
b No one
b almost
c Hardly some
c hardly
d Almost none
d never
74 How did he react to the bad news?
79 'Did she give you all the books I asked
1
1
'At first he was
enough.'
a loss for words!
her to?'
'Yes, but there's
a for
bat
a a too many
c in
b one too many
d to
c too many one
d too one many
75 My father is very strict. He won't
late.
a hear me coming
in
80 The book you lent me was
intriguing and easy to read.
b hear of me coming
a for instance
c hear me come
b once in a while
d come to hear me
c for once
d at once
page 29
TEST 14
- Succeed
Grammar
ECPE
in Michigan
I
81 'He ate three kilos of lamb chops at the
party.' 'Did he really eat
86
_
_
I
home set my mother's heart at ease.
a My returning
?'
a very much
b Be returning
b too much
c Return
c that much
d Returned
d much so
87 'What's happened to her?'
82 I hear Chris wants to go to sea but
his father _
'Coming back from work, _
a
_
a car knocked her down
a doesn't
b an accident happened
b doesn't want
c a policeman stopped her
c doesn't want him
d she was knocked down by a car
d doesn't want him to
88 __
83 If you _
_
sit in the draft, you're bound
_ the participants, Miss Arizona is
the most beautiful.
a Of all
to catch a cold.
a will
b All from
b must
c From all
c had
ti All of
d insist
89 Susan's parents will never consent __
84 'Why is your father so late?'
'I don't know _ _
be.'
that fortune-hunter.
a her to marry
a· what can the reason
b to her marrying
b the reason can be
c to marrying
c the reason
d to marry
d what the reason can
90 Deserts experience extremes of temperature.
85 'I think we should make for home.'
that?'
·--a Is it very late for
It is hot in the day, but
cold at night.
a on the contrary
b Is it too late so
b in contrast
c Is it as late as
c whereas
d unlike
d Is it late enough so
page 30
it is very
I
I
Cloze
Succeed
91
The invention of paper is traditionally attributed to a Chinese
government minister in AD 1.05. _
(91) it is not surprising that
92
China also introduced the first paper currency in J\D 650. The
in Michigan
ECPE
- TEST
14
a So
c However
h That
d Although
aAt
b For
c Even
a abuse
c unemployment
d consideration
d By
Chinese nicknamed their paper notes 'flying money' because it was
so easy lo move around._
(92) the 12th century. there were
enough notes in circulation to cause serious
marveled_
94
c rule
d heyday
a for
CIO
bat
din
96
a domain
b territory
c border
d country
97
a catch
c go
b get
d set
a matter
b effect
c actually
a for
b to
cat
d with
95
(96).
Europe was slow to
(97) up with China's advanced financial
methods. From about 1400, bankers in Barcelona, Genoa and
Florence began to honor 'bills of exchange', in_
(98). a form of
private paper money. Out it is the Swedes who arc credited
(99) issuing the first proper European bank notes. A private
98
banker in Stockholm, Johan Palmstruck. began printing notes in
1661. Lamentably, his novel venture went
a viceroy
b control
(94) of the great Kumblai Khan, he
(95) the sophisticated use of paper money through-
out the emperor's
b inflation
(93).
When the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo visited China from
1275 to 1292, during the
93
d retrospect
(100) within six years.
99
In the industrialized world, the problem concerning accommodation is not materials for building but limited space as well as the
100
a liquidations
c bankrupt
c assets
d mortgage
a more
clonger
d higher
prohibitive price of land. The answer in most industrial cities has
been 'the skyscraper· building up
(IOI) than out. But
(102)
IOI
b rather
can be done in an overcrowded city like Tokyo, where earthquakes
prevent real skyscrapers
world's most costly real
(103) making economic use of the
(104)?
The Japanese arc thinking of turning the world
(105) down.
The government is financing two business corporations, Taisei and
Shimuzu to plan huge underground cities to accommodate 100.000
people.
(106) with offices, theaters, hotels. sports centers, and
a complete transport network.
Taisei have christened their
underground city is technically
c that
103 a from
b to
cthan
din
104 a estate
b property
eland
d ground
lOS a downright
c upside
d upright
b outright
(107) Alice City. after Lewis
Carroll's heroine who found a 'Wonderland' in a rabbit hole. The
psychological barrier to
102 a still
b even
(108) but there is a massive
(109). Will people be able to cope with
living away from the sun and sky?
(110) down to a workplace and being buried in an office for
eight hours may not seem an attractive idea.
dwhat
106 a across
b besides
c along
d providing
107 a estate
b ambition
c prospect
d project
108
c intractable
d invincible
a feasible
b palpable
109 a overtake
b overcome
c overrate
d overdo
110 a Competing
b Sitting
c Commuting
d Compelling
page 31
TEST
14
-
Succeed
in Michigan
I
Vocabulary
ECPE
ea
111 I'd like to return home. T
family and friends.
for my
117 The President's
was sentenced to
death.
a yearn
a executioner
b yawn
c spawn
b assassin
c felon
d yield
d perjurer
112 Everything else is
to the need of
preserving the environment.
118 Let's take a short
a way
a substandard
broad
b subordinate
c cut
c submissive
d turn
across this field.
d subsequent
119 Some people would have been shocked,
113 He has a
for the right choice of words.
a frail
but she knows how to take adversities
in
her
b hang
a grievance
c swing
d flair
b plight
c path
d stride
114 The invention of the computer has
revolutionary
changes in everyday life.
120 He
a defected
his brains trying to work out
a solution to the problem.
b affected
c effected
a racked
b ruined
d deflected
c plagued
d afflicted
115 Courts
justice.
a administer
b disperse
c adjourn
d adhere
116 Without the use of fertilizers the
per acre would be very small.
a barter
b yield
c segment
d fervent
page 32
_
Vocabulary f
Succeed in Michigan ECPE - TEST 14
121 A treacherous friend is most likely to
you.
127 They were shocked by the _
charge they quoted to them.
a uphold
a inaccessible
b subsidize
b affordable
c betray
c exorbitant
d transfer
d moderate
122 I can't help thinking how ingenuous and
he is.
128 The crash
several hours.
a naive
a inhibited
b shrewd
b obstructed
c ingenious
c prevented
d flexible
d hindered
123 This is a task for industrial experts
rather than for a(n)
by a
child running across the road.
a deterred
b oculist
b distracted
c usurer
c deferred
d layman
d engrossed
thing.
130 This road is
a insignificant
a liable
b precious
b susceptible
c obscene
c illicit
d obscure
d unprotected
125 Our country is
the highway for
129 The driver's attention was
a intruder
124 To me friendship is a(n)
hotel
to floods in winter.
for its climate.
a celebrated
b cordial
c imminent
d infamous
126 The old lady was becoming increasingly
affected by
a animosity
b virility
c senility
d spontaneity
page 33
TEST 14
- Succeed
in Michigan
Vocabulary
ECPE
p
131 Her beauty
a captivated
everybody present.
137 He was
for driving
3
without a
license.
b recapitulated
a persecuted
c capitulated
b prosecuted
d stipulated
c banned
d prohibited
132 I am not in the right
of mind
for riddles, Tina.
138 Several high-ranking officers were
___
in the bribery scandal.
a cast
b mood
a implicated
c line
b complicated
d frame
c dedicated
133 The public transport strike brought the
city to a
a stationery
d amputated
139 The situation came
---
b standstill
c stationary
refused to negotiate.
d stationed
b to grips with
when they
a to terms
c up to scratch
134 They live in a
little house.
d to a head
a choosy
b cozy
140 The company was
c posh
governmental funds.
d snag
a subsisted
b subsided
135 The thought caused him to
a shatter
c sustained
d subsidized
b shrivel
c shudder
d shrink
136 r did all I could to
a amuse
b abolish
c entertain
d revenge
page 34
his fears.
by
I
Vocabulary:
141 I intend to
I
him for damages.
Succeed
ECPE
- TEST 14
146 The building of the extension to the school
a sue
has been
b ensue
authorities.
c issue
d incur
in Michigan
approval by the
a confronted with
b complied with
c met with
142 She
about in the kitchen trying
d filled with
to get things ready.
a bustled
147 When you see your car tire
• it
usually means that you have got a
puncture.
b hustled
c jostled
a respiring
d rustled
143 Mark's contribution lo the project was
almost --a comprehensible
b illegible
c negligible
d eligible
b aspiring
c deflating
d inflating
148 After his son's death, he had
drinking.
to
a resource
b recourse
144 The possibility of further changes being
made to the original plan may as well
be
--a laid out
b ruled out
c remorse
d resort
149 The King saw himself obliged to
_
a abdicate
c paid out
b forsake
d set out
c abandon
d relinquish
145 The chairman responded to the vote
of
by offering his resignation.
a censorship
150 Sterne used for building purposes usually
comes from
_
b census
a quests
c consensus
b inquests
d censure
c queries
d quarries
page 35
I
TEST 14
- Succeed in Michigan ECPE
TEXT 1
R_e_a_d_i_n_g----.
.--I
-.
It seems likely that the plague pandemic of the 14th century originated somewhere in the hinterland of Cenrral
Asia, where a reservoir of infection persists among the wild rodents of the steppes. From there it was carried on
shipboard and within a few years it swept over the European continent.
Panic was the first reaction to the appearance of the Black Death and salvation was sought in night. The
ancient idea that pestilence was a sign of divine wrath prevailed widely, and many felt that their only recourse was
to prayer and penance. Secondly, communitiesrefused admission to persons from areas where plague raged. The
chief defense was avoidance of infection; as a result, the principle of isolation underwent a rapid and general development. Patients were examined and isolated in their houses for the duration of the illness. Every house containing
a plague victim was placed under a ban. Food and other necessities were provided by the municipal authorities
through special messengers. The dead were removed from the city in carts, and buried outside the walls. When a
plague patient died, the rooms were aired and fumigated, and his effects were burned.
The method employed to safeguardunstricken communities was to isolate and observe all suspected persons
and objects for a specified period under stringent conditions. From this endeavor grew the institution of quarantine.
Public authorities set up a system for segregating suspected ships. goods and persons. They ordered a 40-day period of isolation for persons coming from plague-stricken areas. This period was called quarantenaria. hence the
term quarantine.
Public officials in Italy and France created a system of sanitary control to combat contagious diseases with
observation stations, isolation hospitals and disinfection procedures. This system was adopted and developed from
the Renaissance onward and is still a part of the public health practice, although in a more rigorously defined form.
151 In all likelihood, the plague originated in the
hinterland of Central Asia as
a there were a lot of reservoirs there at the time.
b small animals such as rats, squirrels and beavers
formed a constant source of infection.
c
d
there were a lot of wild steppes.
pandemics invariably occurred there.
152 Many people afflicted with the disease thought that
a the disease was a sign of God's punishment for
b
man's sins.
their only means of salvation was to fly.
c
the appearance of the Black Death was seized
with panic.
d
it was due to an ancient lingering idea.
153 Civic authorities in their effort to combat the disease
a removed all suspects from cities in carts.
b examined and isolated all houses.
c
d
rationed off food with special messengers.
kept plague victims in strict isolation
154 The institution of quarantine was established in order to
a safeguard unstricken communities.
b
c
d
locate plague-stricken areas.
confiscate all imported goods.
segregate all foreign ships.
155 The development of the system of sanitary
control aimed at
a
b
disinfecting all ships, foods and people.
eliminating all plague-stricken areas.
c
controlling diseases spreading by contact.
establishing isolation hospitals.
d
TEXT 2
Succeed in Michigan ECPE
- TEST 14
Reading
The Kani People belong to one of the poorest tribes in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Rain-forest dwellers. they
live in flimsy shacks, sleeping each night with the fear that a passing herd of wild elephants could trample them to
death. But even in poverty, the Kanis haven't forgotten their mythical past. They believe they are the descendants of
Agastya, chief physician to the gods. and that his wisdom of healing has passed down to them through the ages. This
wisdom may turn out to be the Kanis' modern-day salvation. One of their medicinal discoveries has been developed
as an energy powder by a team of Indian scientists, who have agreed to pay the tribe a portion of royalties they
receive from commercial drug companies.
It all began around I 0 years ago when two tribesmen were hired as guides for botanists on a research trip in the
coastal hills. The trek was arduous - the hills are known for their gluttonous leeches - and the exhausted scientists
kept pausing for breath. Their guides, though, were unaffected by the exertions. Asked why, the tribesmen produced
a stash of pale-green berries and offered them around. The botanists decided to check the plant for its medicinal
properties. Initially. the Kanis were reluctant to identify the plant but the biologists eventually·persuaded them to do
so, arguing that the imparted knowledge would help thousands of unhappy and sick people. They also promised that
if the plant were put to commercial use, the Kanis would share any profits.
local people eventually identified the plant as a previously unknown subspecies of a type of shrub that grows
only in the hills of coastal Kerala state. Tests proved that the fruit has anti-fatigue properties. In 1996, after eight years
of research, a drug called Jeevani (life source) was produced, which is said to reduce stress and exhaustion. An Indian
pharmaceutical company paid the institute $25,000 for the formula and agreed to hand over 5% of all future sales.
The scientists decided to transfer to the Kanis half of that payout. This proved very difficult. They were scattered in
the forest and lived in tiny hamlets. They didn't even have a bank account. As soon as other tribesmen heard about
the money. a flood of claimants turned up. The two tribesmen were accused of bartering away their Kani heritage
and were nearly banished from the tribe.
156 The Kalli people live with the fear that one night
a they might be overwhelmed with floods.
b
c
d
157
a
b
c
d
they might be killed by elephants stepping
heavily on their bodies.
their flimsy shacks might collapse.
their herds of elephants might meet with death.
Their salvation from poverty
could be the help coming from Royalty.
might originate from scientists interested in
their behavior.
could benefit the two parties involved.
may come from a low bush growing in their area.
159 The medicinal properties of the pale green
berries reduced
a gluttony.
b fatigue.
c destitution.
d sloth.
160 When it was decided that half of the payout be
transferred to the Kanis
a they found out that this was not easy to effect.
b many more claimants turned up.
c the two people were exiled from the tribe.
d the Kanis scattered in the forests.
158 During the long, hard journey up the coastal hill, the
scientists
a gave up half way.
b found the journey so arduous that few of them
were able to attain the top.
c had to cope with little wormlike creatures sucking
blood
d
were made to eat pale-green berries.
page 37
TEST 14
f
- Succeed in Michigan ECPE
Reading
l
TEXT 3
The Trans-Siberian Railway is the heart of Russia binding the enormous country together, just as Czar Alexander Ill
had envisioned in 1891 when he decreed that construction begin. An early foreign critic disparaged the railway as
'rusty streaks of iron through the vastness of nothing to the extremities of nowhere.' But the railway opened up
Siberia's trove of natural resources - including timber, gold, and coal - and hastened the colonization of the great
swath of territory between the Ural Mountains and the Pacific.
Although the once unshakable railway system is showing signs of decay - from rusty rolling stock to poor worker
morale - it has hung on as a disciplined, centralized organization while nearly all other state-run enterprises. including the national airline, Aeroflot, have been privatized and chopped into pieces. The railroad mystery employs 1.5
million people, rivaled only by the armed forces, and still owns a vast network of schools, hospitals and apartments. Workers refer to the railroads as 'a state within a state.'
However, the recent social and economic upheavals have spread to Russia's railways and the Trans-Siberian itself,
leading to a precipitous drop in traffic. The number of passenger trips nationwide fell from 2.7 billion in 1991 to
1.2 billion in 1997, the result of higher ticket prices, less disposable income among the public, and a fall-off in travel
to and from the other former Soviet states. Freight has tumbled from two billion tons to less than one billion in
roughly the same period.
Even so, it's striking how important trains still are in Russia. They carry half of all passenger traffic, compared with
less than one percent in the U.S. And while about one-third of all freight in the U.S. goes by rail, in Russia it's more
than 70 percent.
161 Shortly after the construction of the Trans-Siberian
Railway, a foreign critic
a held the construction in very low esteem.
b had a high opinion of it.
c pointed towards its vastness and extremities.
d thought the streaks of iron were rusty.
162The vast territory was rapidly colonized because
a there was no transcontinental highway.
b peasant farmers had to migrate there.
c it turned out to be a treasure depot of natural
resources.
d people could easily travel from European Russia
to Siberia.
163 Russia's railways and the Trans-Siberian itself
a employ exactly the same number of people as the
armed forces.
b are a profitable and an ever expanding business.
c own most schools and hospitals in the country.
d have been affected by various great and sudden
changes.
page 38
164 Nowadays the Siberian Railway system
a is as glamorous as it used to be.
b has been privatized.
c is deteriorating.
d offers an infernally bumpy journey.
165 What has diminished since 1991?
a The number of passengers.
b The number of passengers and the amounts of
goods carried.
c The centralization of the organization.
d The precipitous drop in traffic.
"'
Succeed in Michigan ECPE
TEXT 4
- TEST 14
Reading
e;
c;ze
au
The common cold is an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. It is one of the most familiar ailments
which afflicts mankind, yet its specific cause is little understood. Susceptibility to colds is almost universal, particularly among children. The cold is highly contagious and places where groups of people congregate are excellent
transmission spots for the infection.
The lack of resistance to another similar infection following a cold is short. Studies made on animals show that it
lasts less than a month. An extensive investigation made in human beings indicated that it was probably between
two and three weeks.
Colds are definitely communicable and are transmitted either by direct contact or by spread of the infected
droplets of discharge. The common cold is due to any of severalviruses. Scientists believe that these viruses are
generally present in the throat but become active only when the body resistance is lowered. When the activated
cold virus attacks the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, these tissues are weakened and become susceptible to infection by bacteria which are also generally found in the body. It has been demonstrated that sudden
changes in temperature and excessive chilling or wetting of the skin promote conditions of the mucous membranes
that permit the virus to invade some individuals and from them to spread throughout the community. Chilling alone
will not produce a cold, since the organism necessary for the infection must also be present.
The bacteria are secondary invaders and the virus paves the way for their entry into the mucous membranes.
Although they are not responsible for the common cold. the bacteria may initiate a secondary infection which
either intensifies the local inflammation present or causes new complications such as otitis, an inflammation of the
ear. Infants and young children appear to be more susceptible to these secondary infectionsthan adults.
--·---- ·--
...,.
__ --~·-·~·---~·--·-----------
166 What is universal about common cold is the
fact that
a everybody is likely to be affected by and
suffer from it.
b some children irrespective of age fall prey
to it.
c its causes can easily be understood.
d infection is little if not at all contagious.
167 What is an excellent transmission factor in
the spread of the disease?
a Susceptibility to disease.
b Heavy congregation of people.
c Face tissues.
d Absence of inoculation.
··--·- -------
169 A person comes down with a cold when
a certain bacteria and viruses invade the body.
b the mucous membranes can't resist
certain viruses.
c body resistance is lowered and viruses
become activated.
d the body experiences excessive wetting.
170 Bacteria may intensify
a complications.
b or terminate secondary infections.
c otitis.
d the already existing swelling and soreness
of the nose and throat.
168 What lasts between two and three weeks?
a Infection.
b Susceptibility.
c Immunity.
d Transmission.
page 39
l
I
I
l
I
I
l
I
l
I
I
Writing
I
A. WRITING PREPARATION
Write a composition on the fol/owing topic.
Journalists decide what to broadcast on TV and what lo print in newspapers. What factors do you think influence
their decisions'!
l.
Model Composition I
Newspaper editors and TV broadcasters have to apply a basic principle to
every story or article that could be broadcast or primed. "Is this story going
to get more viewers/sell more papers?" it's the basic principle of the media
industry. A newspaper is not going to headline with a story about global
warming if there has been a general election and the winner has only just
been announced! A newspaper will not survive for long if it cannot attract
customers to buy the paper. For example, earlier this year the Daily
Telegraph in the United Kingdom printed a story on how members of parliament had been making outrageous claims on their Parliamentary expenses at
a time of global recession. The story ran for over a month and every day.
more MPs were discredited for making outrageous claims for expenses that
they were not entitled to. The story resulted in the Daily Telegraph making
large numbers of extra sales as its competitors were unable to produce the
same information.
Another consideration is what angle the newspaper may take on a particular issue. On political issues for example a newspaper might take a more supportive position of the government on an issue that it has been criticized for.
this may be simply due to the fact that some Newspaper editors or broadcasters have slight political leanings and may effect the tone of the stories that
they print/broadcast. For example the UK newspapers the Times and the
Daily Telegraph are more conservative while The Sun, The Daily Mail or the
News of the World are seen as being more being of a more socialist leaning.
B. WRITING EXAM PRACTICE
Write a composition on the fol/owing topic which Is similar to the one above.
I. The mass media have great influence in shaping people's ideas. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Give reasons for your answer.
page 40
Succeed
in Michigan
A. WRITING PREPARATION
ECPE
- TEST
IS
I \Xlriting
4
J
-
I
4
Write a composition on the fol/owing topic.
2. In China couples arc allowed to have only one child. In your opinion should government intervene in the rights of
the individual with regard to family planning?
Model Composition2
Governments should take an intervening role when it comes to the
issue of controlling population growth. In China there is an enforced
one-child policy which is controlled through the use of taking away
grants if a family has more than one child and through encouraging contraception and sterilization. While this does contravene an individual's
right to have more than one child, it must also be considered that
China has, in the last decade, seen a major boom in terms of its population size as it has become more industrialized. Furthermore, the
impact of this population boom has resulted in an increased pressure
on China's agriculture and water sources in order to feed such a large
population.
China is an example where the government has taken a more
direct role in family planning in order to control population growth. In
most western nations, population growth is more subtle with the
encouragement of contraception and proper family planning rather
than withdrawing state assistance if you have more than one child! This
approach by most western nations while still helping to control population growth, still allows the individual to make an informed decision of
whether to have more than one child.
B. WRITING EXAM PRACTICE
Write a composition on the fol/owing topic which Is slmllar to the one above.
2. Do you think that the traditional male role changed in the last 50 years?
%1
I
TEST
IS
-
Succeed in Michigan
ECPE
Listening
I
WC
IX
:WA.
CAY
The first part of the examination is a listening test that will assess your understanding of spoken English. The listening test has three parts. There are fifty questions. Mark all your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do
not make any stray marks on the answer sheet. If you change your mind about an answer, erase your first
answer completely.
Part I
In this part of the test, you will hear short conversations. From the answer choices given, choose the answer
which means the same thing as you hear, or that is true based on what you hear. For problems 1-17, mark your
answers on the separate answer sheet. No problems can be repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any
questions?
1.
a) The man's performance showed a lot of desire
bl The woman was impressed by the man's performance
c) The woman thinks the man's performance could
be much improved
10) a) The woman's weekend was uneventful
b) The woman's weekend was a disaster
c) The man's weekend was a disaster
2.
a) The man and woman had a fight in the meeting
b) The woman defended her point of view in the meeting
c) The woman stood up to the man in the meeting
11) a) The woman plans to skydive again
bl The woman found skydiving difficult
c) The woman went for a walk in the park at the
weekend
3.
a) The man offered the woman his help
b) The woman was too embarrassed to accept the
man's help
c) The woman was too embarrassed to ask for help
12) a) The woman is making good progress in her
Korean lessons
b) The woman doesn't sympathize with her teacher
c) The woman finds her progress slow
4.
a) The woman learned a valuable lesson
b) The man regrets his actions
c) The woman would do things differently next time
13) a) The woman is sure of the time of the party
b) The man asked Frank at what time the party was on
c) Neither speaker is sure of the time of the party
5.
a) The man does not want help
b) The woman is annoyed at the man's offer
c) The man is helping the woman with her business
6)
a) The man believes the woman overreacted
b) The woman is overreacting to what the man said
c} The man believes the woman acted appropriately
14) a) The Leighton case meant a lot to the woman
b) The woman was impressed with the man's work
on the case
c) The man is appreciative of the woman's efforts
on the case
7)
a) The man expects to get off work early
b) The man will probably be home very late
c) The woman wilt be home on time
8)
a) The man is patient with Dave because Dave is new
bl The woman thinks the man should treat Dave better
c) The woman wants the man to give Dave a chance
9)
a) The holiday is very good value for money
b) The holiday is rather expensive
c) The man thinks the holiday will happen
page 42
I:
Listening
4
I
Succeed
in Michigan
ECPE
- TEST 15
Part II
In this part of the test, you will hear a question. From the answer choices given, choose the one that best
answers the question. For problems 18-35, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. No problems can be
repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any questions?
15: a) Just about. we barely made it.
b) He doesn't manage them anymore.
c) The ticket office is open until 8 p.m.
26: a) I don't think anyone expected it.
b) I expect they will play very well.
c) They expect to win.
16: a) He has a terrific reputation.
b) I couldn't agree more.
c) I certainly will.
27: a) It has never happened to me.
b) I saw it with my own two eyes.
c) No. but I will be.
17: a) Don't remind me, ten and counting.
b) I am not very good at tying knots.
c) About a week ago.
28: a) He is just an attention seeker.
b) That's his point of view.
c) We never appointed him.
18: a) I would rather not.
b) Of course, feel free.
c) Perhaps it is a little personal.
29: a) I'll do it later.
b) I'm not Quite sure but it worked!
c) I think it's fixed.
19: a) I'll try my best.
bl I can't make it on Thursday.
c) No, it's still a work in progress.
30: a) We bought a map of Europe.
b) A few weeks ago.
c) The people weren't very friendly.
20: a) Once or twice.
b) I haven't done anything.
c) I will do it tomorrow.
31: a) I guess I've a short term memory.
b) Of course I won't.
c) You're not bad at all.
21: a) Now and again.
b) I joined before work.
c) It's very kind of you to offer.
32: a) I expected it yesterday.
b) The project finished late.
c) In a day or two.
22: a) Not far now, about 10 more minutes.
b) Very long ago.
c) We've no choice, we have to go.
33: a) She borrowed it yesterday.
b) You can't have it.
c) I wouldn't say no.
23: a) There's no one else I'd want to take.
b) Jane was sick and couldn't make it.
c) Jane has already been.
34: a) It's the truth, I swear.
b) I believe you.
c) I made up with her yesterday.
24: a) I don't want to go.
b) I quite like him actually.
c) I was sad when he left.
35: a) I found it later.
b) Yes I was.
c) I had some business to attend to.
25: a) I will give you ten dollars for it.
b) That's a very kind offer.
c) I have no advice to offer.
page 43
TEST
I 5 - Succeed in Michigan
Listening
ECPE
Part Ill
In this part of the test, you will hear three segments from a radio program. From the answer choices given. choose the one that
best answers the question. Each talk lasts about two minutes. As you listen you may want to take notes to help you remember
information given in the talk. After each speaker talks, you will be asked some questions about what was said. From the three
answer choices given, you should choose the one which best answers the question according to the information you heard.
Remember, no problem can be repeated. For problems 36-50 mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do you have any
questions?
Segment 1
36. What did Europeans think when they first saw pictures of
a platypus?
a. They thought the animal was shy and reclusive.
b. They thought it was a trick.
c. They were baffled.
39. What feature of the platypus is of most interest to
scientists?
a. Its broad, flat tail.
b. Its webbed feet.
c. Its rubbery snout.
37. What does the platypus do that only four other
mammals can?
a. Live on land and in water.
b. Use electroreception.
c. Lay eggs.
40. What other surprising discovery did scientists make
about platypuses?
a. The males are venomous.
b. The females are venomous.
c. Platypuses use venom to kill their prey.
38. Whal does the platypus use its tail for?
a. Locating prey.
b. Storing fat reserves.
c. Electroreception.
Segment 2
41. Who is Dr. Thames?
a. A representative of the Korean community.
b. A professor at the University of British Columbia.
c. A student at the center for integration.
44. In what way are older Koreans different to younger ones?
a. They are more respectful and well-mannered.
b. They are more reserved and don't express their emotions.
c. They are much more westernized.
42. What is the biggest thing Koreans have to deal with when
they arrive in Canada?
a. The language barrier.
b. The social habits of Canadians.
c. Homesickness.
45. What is similar about Korean and Canadian society?
a. Both are very hierarchical.
b. Both societies place a great deal of importance
on social events.
c. Both societies show a lack of respect for the elderly.
43. What is said about the pace of hfe in Canada?
a. It is very similar to the Korean pace of life.
b. It is much more relaxed than in Korea.
c. It is much faster than in Korea.
Segment 3
46. What rs said about the plot of Schnider's new play?
a. It is a very strong storyline.
b. The storyline is shaky.
c. There is an unexpected plot twist.
49. What were the reviews of Schnider's play like?
a. The critics felt the theme was rather gloomy.
b. The critics felt the play lacked humor.
c. The vast majority of critics were very positive.
47. What is said about Thornton's performance?
a. He gave a shaky performance.
b. He gave a very accomplished performance.
c. He deserves credit as it was his first stage role.
50. What does Schnider do best according to one of the
speakers?
a. Witty social commentaries.
b. Gloomy productions.
c. Satisfy his core fan base.
48. What are Schnider plays normally synonymous with?
a. They are known for their humor.
b. They are renowned for their somber and
dark themes.
c. They are synonymous with great acting.
page 44
I Grammar I
Succeed in Michigan ECPE
51 'When will you finish painting the wall?'
'I will have finished it
- TEST 15
56 'Would you like to eat now?'
early
'I'm starving and dinner sure smells
afternoon.'
a badly
a since
b well
b for
c good
c until
d horribly
d by
57
52 'Do you think the exam is difficult?'
'Undoubtedly, but
they must put their best foot
forward if they want to scrape through
I'll still sit for it.'
the exam.
a all the same
a Needless to say
b although
b Needless it is said
c however
c There is no point in saying
d no matter
d It's no use saying
53 What my kids enjoy most
water
sports and swimming.
58 'Jack is going parachuting.'
'I can't imagine _
a are
a to do
bis
b doing
c be
c to have done
dis being
d to be doing
54 'Do you still remember her?'
'I'll never forget the day
anything more terrifying.'
59 He's one of the stupidest men
we first met.'
ever met.
a when
a which
b that
b whom
c which
c who
d where
d that
55 He's a very strict teacher who comes
his students very severely.
I've
60 We travelled there
_
my father's car.
a by
a up with
b with
b down with
c in
c down on
d along
d up against
page 45
15 - Succeed in Michigan
TEST
I
ECPE
61 'Are you sure he's a good doctor?'
'Yes,
a that I know of
a as
b that I know
b like
c who I know
c as to
d who I know of
d unlike
'Yes, he has been sent --a in
t -
67 What if I told everyone what I thought of them?'
already.'
that, conversation would be impossible.'
a Were you to do
b Should you to do
c for
c Did you have to do
don
d Did you need to do
63 'He packed a coat for a holiday in Egypt.'
_
$
having one right now.'
b up
'It isn't
-
66 'Would you care for a coffee?'
'I don't feel
62 'Have you called a doctor yet?'
Grammarl
for that, is it?'
68 l tried to talk to her, but she-~
listen.
a wouldn't
a too cold
b shouldn't
b so cold
c hadn't
c very cold
d needn't
d cold enough
69 'Did you enjoy the concert?'
64 'What was he doing?'
'I found him busy --polishing
'It was
the silver.'
_good as any I had seen before.'
a more
a
b very
b to polish
c as
c polished
d much
d have polished
70 Claire doesn't believe
65 'The boys are still playing around the house.'
___
them get ready for school.'
children have their way.
a to
a Put
bat
b Tell
c for
c Get
din
d Have
page 46
__ letting
Succeed
71 'I had to work late yesterday.'
one?' 'The
- TEST 15
one.'
a old
b had I
bolder
cI
did
coldest
d did I
d elder
72 I clearly remember
that the results
wouldn't be out until next Monday.
77 A house
marble probably costs a
fortune.
a built
me
of
b his telling me
b having built
c told
c built
me
d having told me
d building of
73 'Eugene would like to study music.'
78 I've already taught little Jane
a
is Vienna.'
a Where
ECPE
76 'Which of your two daughters is the married
'So --a I had
a telling
in Michigan
---
swimming
b to swimming
he should go
b What he should do
chow to swim
c That he should go
d Which town he should go
d how she swims
79 'Do you still recall your grandmother?'
74 Would you be so kind-~
to help me
weep when I do.'
a but
with my luggage?
a
'I can't help
b also
that
c too
b so
c as
d except
d if
80 'It's almost noon and Joe is still in bed.'
75 'Has the weather cleared up at home?'
'No, it's
a ever
cold.'
so
'It's impossible for him --a to sleep
b to be sleeping
b never so
c to have slept
c hardly
d to have been sleeping
ever
all this time.'
d ever hardly
page 47
TEST
81
15
- Succeed
ECPE
in Michigan
1.
'It's unusual to see you on a bike.'
Grammar!
86 The District Attorney ordered that all of the
'Well, my car
youngsters arrested
a is repaired
a be released
b is being repaired
b are released
c had to repair
c should release
d is about to repair
d couldn't release
82 'Did you hear about the plane crash?'
'Yes, wasn't it a terrible thing
,,
expensive a watch would you like
87
to buy?
a for happening
a How
b that happened
b How much
c happening
c As much
d to happen
d What
83 This is a piece of excellent workmanship.
Every piece of wood
in it is carved
by hand.
88 'How many participants were there?'
'There were about ten
Dr. Gray.'
a apart for
a used
b except from
b was used
c besides
c using
d beside
d that used
89 He was punished by
84 'Did you have a good time in Morocco?'
a demoting
'Well, the weather was rather too hot for us,
b being demoted
but
c been demoting
it was OK.'
a other that
d was demoted
b other than that
c that other
90 'I can't finish all this work by myself.'
d none other than
I helped you with it?'
a As if
85 'How do you like your steak?'
'It's
too bad.'
a no one
b nothing
c not
d neither
page 48
b That if
c What if
d However
I
C/oze
Succeed in Michigan ECPE - TEST IS
Early British colonists 10 America found that the climate of the
91
Southern colonies was ideal for cotton growing. But since there were
no
(91) in America, the raw cotton was sent to England. Cloth
was_
manufacturing
machinery were carefully guarded by the British to
preserve the
(93). Samuel Slater, who had worked in English
mills. was able to_
machinery.
in
92
(92) there and resold in the colonies. The secrets of cotton
93
94
c plants
b saws
d seeds
a
c woven
trodden
b sewn
d knitted
a
c market
d monopoly
taxes
a recall
b reconstruct
1790.
The growth of American mills, mostly
(95) by water power.
was rapid. Eli Whitney, a New Englander._
1794.
mills
b income
(94) from memory the cotton manufacturing
He built the first American cotton mill in Rhode Island.
a
(97) the invention of this machine. cotton seed was sepa-
rated from the lint hy hand, which was
a
95
(96) the cotton gin in
96
very slow process. One per-
c retreat
d reuse
a SCI
b controlled
c run
a patented
b purchased
c negotiated
a
b Before
c Prior
d During
a
c scarce
d fixed
d hankered
son could clean only about a pound of cotton a day. Whitney'sgin
could clean 50 pounds a day, making_
(98) the widespread use of
97
couon cloth.
Cotton was one of the contributing factors leading to the Civil
War. Plantation owners of the Southern States
98
_ (99) opposed a
high tariff that protected the products of northern factories but not
99
the raw materials exported from the South. 'Cotton is King· became
a Southern slogan. the planters_
100
The most significant agricultural crops have been grasses for
thousands of years: barley, wheat. rice. etc. In antiquity.
these
(101) quickly became the staple of life, so valuable that
(102) every early religion had a specific god who could bc
(103) 10 guarantee the grain harvest. In Western civilization
which explains
(104) was the Roman goddess Ceres,
(105) the Wheaties, Corn Flakes. and Rice
(106) today more than 70 percent of all cultivated
devoted lo cereal grains. These crops provide the _
Traders and travelers_
land is
(107) of
raised on grains.
(108) local crops around the world,
and these green emigrants often
native
a
c sourly
largely
b solely
d bitterly
a deliberately
c repulsively
h erratically
d erroneously
102 a always
b hardly
c seldom
d almost
103
c sacrificed
d sanctified
(109) in their new homes, a
America and seen there oceans of waving wheat: a plant
(HO) the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in
what is now Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Lebanon.
a invoked
b evoked
104 a eternity
b dcity
c divine
105 a why
b that
c well
d briefly
106 a So
c Even
d However
b Almost
d master
107 a amount
b quantity
c
108 a
c transformed
d transacted
transpired
b transplanted
fact obvious 10 anyone who has traveled through the central plains
of North
d handful
c core
d methods
Most of the calorics we consume come from
grain or from eating animals
b possible
101 a wheat
b grains
the
Krispies we cat in the morning are known as 'cereal'.
human nutrition.
probable
(100) believing that the North
could not carry on a war without southern cotton.
most important grain_
After
109 a flourished
b enriched
110
a in
b to
bulk
d number
c expanded
d arose
cat
d about
page 49
TEST IS
- Succeed in Michigan
Vocabulary
ECPE
.t
111 Homicide
a felony
a alluding
b misdemeanor
b allotting
c forgery
c inferring
d juvenile
e
to me?
117 Are you
is a
v
d implying
delinquency
the law.
112 The role of the police is to
a inflict
118 Anyone who
the first ten years
of married life seems to be all right.
b reform
a weathers
c enforce
b loathes
d infringe
c inspires
d tackles
113 The army was prepared for an
immediate
_
against the enemy.
a resurrection
119 We had to pay $50 for a lousy dinner,
of which I
them every cent.
b aversion
a skimp on
c retaliation
b drudge
d accumulation
c grudge
d badge
114 He is always
complaints to
120 The first vagrancy Jaw was
himself under his breath.
a shouting
1349 making the giving
b muttering
unemployed
c screaming
mind a crime.
d groaning
a defied
c encamped
d empowered
a pray
b sermon
c dressing
d carcass
116 He was in no way
crimes and therefore
a complicated
b implicated
c instigated
d invaded
page 50
in war
released.
of alms to any
person of sound body and
b enacted
115 The tigers devoured the
111
Vocabulary
s
tt
121
a
&
Occasionally
we experience
buc the
I
Succeed in Michigan ECPE - TEST 15
easterly winds,
ones are from North-East.
127 He
the country.
a fled
a prevailing
b plead
b domineering
c flea
c existing
d plot
d docile
128 Does anybody
122 You will
your eyes reading in
such bad light.
a sprain
claim
to this book?
a lay
b lie
c put
b strain
c drain
d make
d brain
129 I found it
a indigent
123 She was
organizing
___
_
the responsibility
of
to pursue the subject.
b indignant
c indiscreet
the event.
a committed with
d indistinct
b accounted for
c ascribed to
d entrusted
130 The dispute between the two warring
with
nations was settled through
the_
of the United Nations.
a came up with
a convention
b conviction
c intervention
b put it down to
d medication
124 Harry came home looking moody, hut
just
the fact that he was tired.
c handed it down
d went down with
125 Unemployment
workers are
means that more and more
_
a held off
b put off
c laid off
d gone off
126 At this level, students should be able to
come to
with literary
texts.
a lengths
b blows
c grasps
d grips
page 51
TEST
15
-
Succeed
in Michigan
that
131 We all knew from the very
the plan stood no chance of success.
a outcome
b outset
c onset
d output
132 The people there were _
ignorance, prejudice and vice.
Vocabulary
ECPE
in
a dipped
b devout
c depleted
d steeped
133 This year's poor harvest will cause great
among the farmers.
a distress
b regress
c depress
137 Everybody is afraid of his
a awe
b wreath
c wreck
d wrath
138 She spends a lot of time reading. Never
have I met a more
reader than her.
a greedy
b avaricious
c avid
d lucrative
139 You've still got time to send in your
application. The
is tomorrow.
a deadlock
b deadline
c padlock
d dead-pan
d oppress
140 As yet the criminal
134 The missionary tried to
pagans to Christianity.
a revert
b avert
c convert
d pervert
the
135 He's our baseball
a couch
b coach
c crawl
d crouch
136 He
abuse at all those present at
the meeting.
a hurled
b hurtled
c cast
d slang
page 52
a traced
b truce
c trance
d tracked
has not been
Vocabulary
a
141 Jeremy would like to
I
Succeed in Michigan
_ that house.
a lease
147 That best-seller
reputation
a enchant
c leech
b enlarge
c ensue
d enhance
142 He's a
football
supporter
- TEST IS
will certainly
the
of the writer.
b leash
d leak
ECPE
of the local
team.
148 The poor man had had several
a pious
b starchy
operations
and
a lapses
b elapses
c relapses
c stout
d staunch
d collapses
143 The judge decided to
the trial.
a adapt
149 Tigers
__
through the forest in
search of their prey.
b adjust
c adjourn
a parole
d adopt
b sprawl
c prowl
144 On account of the government's
austerity
measures
d spawn
many workers have
become
150 He had sworn to
a redundant
a upshot
b superficial
b denounce
c superfluous
e upkeep
d indolent
d uphold
the law.
145 The farmer was told that he would have
to
his house for the bank loan.
a purchase
b mortgage
c pawn
d stock
146 Working on a computer
once you get the
can be quite easy
of it.
a flair
b hang
c rope
d nick
page 53
TEST
I
1
15
-
Succeed
Reading
in Michigan
ECPE
I
TEXT 1
The so-called 'Ediacaran' fossils are considered to be the oldest living creatures discovered on Earth, dating back
to 600 million years ago. They had no legs, no mouths, no digestive tracks, nothing to suggest they were animals.
They must have been immobile, jelly-filled organisms, and unable to eat, they absorbed sunlight or nutrients from
seawater. Now they are classified as an extinct kingdom of life - as different from modem animalsas creatures from Mars
might be.
A billion years ago all the continents were glued together into a single enormous realm called Rodinia, a totally
barren landscape with scant quantities of oxygen. the vital gas that sustains life. It was a drab world of rock and sand.
About 750 million years ago Rodinia started tearing apart at the seams. breaking into smaller continental chunks.
These convulsions triggered five ice ages, coating much of Earth with ice.
The shattering of Rodinia had profound effects on the evolution of life. It eventually infused the seas with oxygen.
allowing organisms to break through the size barrier. As oxygen levels rose, there was the potential for the proliferation of animal life. In just a few million years, a hiccup in geologic time, the oceans filled with representatives of
almost all modern phyla - the forebears of clams and crabs, starfish and snails, and even animals with the hint of a
backbone.
Not long afterward, the pace of life escalated. Creatures developed shells and skeletons, teeth and claws, legs
and tails. Animals began chasing one another. The strong ate the weak. Aggression was born. No one knows what
caused this frenzied evolution of animal life. Someday we may find an answer. While exploring a distant planet, we
may come across a world where evolution never took a turn. a world where life remained placid, a world where
'the Ediacarans' continue to reign.
151 According to the text the 'Ediacaran
creatures'
a were unable to move and got their food
from the sea.
b were able to digest their food easily though
they looked like jelly-filled organisms.
c are the oldest living creatures recently to
become extinct.
d used to be hardened remains of living
organisms imprinted on rock.
152 As far as oxygen was concerned, one billion
years ago, its existence on the planet was to
sustain lite.
a plentiful
b adequate
c inadequate
d ample
153· The evolution of life on Earth was profoundly
affected when
a as many as five ice ages coated much of
the Earth.
b the breaking of Rodinia into smaller pieces
filled the seas with oxygen.
c the first green scum appeared in lakes and ponds.
d the first mountain ranges were formed.
page 54
154 Shortly after the appearance of the first
spineless animals,
a the evolutionary process rose sharply and
became widespread.
b aggressive wars broke out among them.
c there was an uncontrollable proliferation of
different species.
d many species among them began having hiccups.
155 While exploring a distant planet in the future,
a we may encounter forms of life similar to ours.
b we are bound to meet less fast and fierce
animals.
c evolution may take a turn for the worse.
d we may come across forms of lite as
calm and peaceful as the oldest fossilized
creatures on Earth.
TEXT 2
Succeed in Michigan
ECPE - TEST IS
w:
Reading
a
ms
Ford's great strength was the manufacturing process - not invention. Long before he started a car company, he was an
inveterate tinker. known for picking up loose scraps of metal and wire and turning them into machines. His first automobile,
the Model
T, showed
the world just how innovative Ford was at combining technology and markets.
The company's assembly line alone threw America's Industrial Revolution into overdrive. Instead of having workers put
together the entire car, Ford organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line. By 1914 the
world's first automatic conveyor belt could churn out a car every 93 minutes.
The same year, Henry Ford shocked the world with what probably stands as his greatest contribution ever: the $5-a-day
minimum wage scheme. The average wage in the auto industry then was $2.34 for a 9-hr. shift. Ford not only doubled that,
he also shaved an hour off the workday. In those years it was unthinkable that a guy could be paid that much for doing
something that didn't involve an awful lot of training or education.
But as the wage increased later to a daily $IO. it proved a critical component of Ford's quest to make the automobile
accessible to all. The critics were too stupid to comprehend that because Ford had lowered his costs per car, the higher
wages didn't matter - except for making it feasible for more people to buy cars.
Ford wanted to do everything his way. By the late 1920s his company was completely self-sufficient. Ford controlled rubber
plantations in Brazil, a fleet of ships, a railroad, 16 coal mines, and thousands of acres of timberland in Minnesota. All this
was combined at the gigantic River Rouge plant, a sprawling city of a place where more that I 00,000 men worked.
156 Long before Ford set up his car company,
a he was fond of gathering scrap.
b he liked collecting cars.
c he would damage anything he lay his hands on.
d he couldn't help making new apparatus.
157 Which word or phrase is closely associated
with Ford's innovation in car manufacture?
·59 The wage increase to a daily $10
a greatly mattered as to the final price of the car.
b made his critics incomprehensible.
c made his car affordable to still more people.
d put Ford in a fix.
160 The general impression created on Ford from
the text is that he was
a a mere inventive tinkerer with cars.
a Overdrive.
b Assembly line.
b a stubborn man as he wanted everything his way.
c Industrial Revolution.
d Wage scheme.
c an enterprising as well as determined man.
d resourceful enough to silence his critics.
158 The auto industry was shocked when Ford
a increased the wages and reduced the hours
of work.
b doubled the shift hours.
c employed workers without any training
or education.
d started committing economic crimes.
page 55
t
15
TEST
- Succeed in Michigan ECPE
Reading
I
I
t
TEXT 3-·
- -~- --- -~ . ..
l
-
"The horses which were fastened in their stalls were greatly agitated, leapt up, and tried to break the halters with
which they were attached to the mangers. The cats were frightened, and tried to hide, or their hair bristled up wildly." Thus a survivor of the great Naples earthquake of 1805 described what had occurred minutes before the shocks
were felt.
Animals are often credited with supernatural powers when they are really just using their senses. Horses may be
able to hear the low rumbles that foretell an earthquake and cats may be responding to vibrations in the Earth, but
it is equally possible that they sense changes in the Earth's magnetic field or the electrostatic charges produced in
the Earth.
Accounts of animals' ability to sense an impending earthquake come from every part of the world where earthquakes are common. There are reports of dogs howling in chorus. donkeys braying and even of rats climbing onto
telegraph lines. In China and Japan. pheasants have long been recognized as reliable indicators of seismic activity as
they seem to be very sensitive to vibrations: in Britain, during the Second World War, it was noticed that pheasants
frequently reacted to the sound of distant bombing - inaudible to human ears - with agitated alarm calls.
Many experts remain skeptical about these tales. They point out that many of the supposed warning signalswould
turn out to be false alarms - animals are known to become agitated for apparently no reason at all. However, the
best results in laboratory tests were obtained not with animals but with catfish, which appear to sense increases in
static electricity. Japanese scientists observing catfish reported that they behaved abnormally before 85 percent of
the earthquake tremors that were felt by human beings. This ties in curiously with the Japanese folk tradition that
earthquakes are caused by the movements of a gigantic underground catfish.
161 The horses were so agitated that
a they had to be fastened in their stalls.
b they leapt over their mangers.
c they tried to break out of their stable.
d they proceeded snorting on the roads.
164 Many scientists are doubtful of the animals'
a
b
c
162 The cats' hair bristled up wildly because
a that could be their response to the vibrations they sensed in the Earth.
b it was affected by the Earth's magnetic
field.
c they might have heard the low rumbles
preceding an earthquake.
d they could evaluate the electrostatic
charges produced by strains in the Earth.
163 Of all the animals, the ones on which there is
reliable evidence that they can sense an
impending earthquake are
a dogs.
b donkeys.
c rats.
d pheasants.
page 56
d
ability to predict earthquakes because
their state of anxiety is not necessarily
associated with an impending danger.
they don't always give the same warnings.
no conclusive experiments have been carried
out so far.
their abnormal behavior invariably translates
itself into false alarms.
165 According to the last paragraph
a the animals' warning system remains
infallible even in the event of major earthquakes
not being preceded by minor tremors.
b there are laboratory tests which are in
agreement with a popular legend.
c the Japanese place absolute reliance on
animals' predictability.
d the catfish felt all the tremors exactly
like human beings.
Succeed in Michigan
TEXT 4
ECPE
- TEST 15
Reading!
-
;;;;;::;:::s:z:
Pirates are international outlaws operating without being under the jurisdiction of any state. They are subject to extermination, in battle or. if captured. usually to death by hanging after trial and conviction. Their property is co be confiscated.
A privateer, on the other hand, operates a privately owned armed vessel and carries a permit to commit acts at sea against
anyone deemed an enemy of the licensing government.
Piracy is as old as travel by sea. Pirates harried the commerce of Phoenicia. the world's first maritime nation. and piracy persisted well into the middle of the 19th century when it rapidly declined. When the naval forces of maritime nations
became able to protect merchant shipping effectively, piracy became too dangerous and unprofitable a business.
The early Greeks practiced piracy on a large scale and took pride in selling their booty in the marketplace, although
brigandage on land carried severe punishment. Under Rome the Mediterranean. though known as Mare Nostrum. was
infested with pirates. They became so formidable that, in the case of the Cilician pirates, there were quasi-nations of
them. having fortified towns and strongholds along the coast. It was they who captured and held young Julius Caesar for
ransom in 78 B.C. and against whom Pompey the Great sent a fleet of 270 ships to subdue them.
Men became pirates for a variety of reasons. Many took to piracy for easy profits. They saw less chance of capture. a
freer existence, and boisterous living. Some took it up because they became surplus seamen when wars ended, others
because they found the life of the common worker or seaman unbearably harsh and unrewarding. Other factors which
nurtured the pirate trade were the lack of international law. the inability to communicate rapidly. and the fact that pirate
ships were as seaworthy as any others and their gunnery better than most. The decline of piracy in the 19th century was
due to the disappearance or amelioration of these conditions.
166 What is the difference between a pirate
a
b
c
d
167
and a privateer?
The former needs to be under a state's
jurisdiction to commit felonies on the high seas.
The latter are subject to extermination or
long term imprisonment.
The for mer can be convicted by any of their
national courts.
The latter are given official permission by
their government to commit criminal acts.
Piracy declined only after
a pirates had harried the commerce of Phoenicia.
b the advent of the 19th century.
c the appearance of maritime nations.
d the naval forces of maritime nations were
strong enough to deal with it effectively.
169 During the Roman Empire, piracy grew so
a
b
c
d
strong that
certain cities became virtually nations within
the Empire.
towns had to be fortified.
bands of pirates roamed in the cities.
kidnapped people had to pay huge amounts
of money to be set free.
170 Many people took to piracy at the time
because a pirate's life
a was more carefree and rewarding.
b offered less chance of capture regardless
of profits.
c was not aft ected by economic depressions
and surplus workforce.
d was unbearably harsh and unrewarding.
168 In ancient Greece, piracy stood high unlike
a privateering.
b robberies and thefts occurring in the country.
c those of other states.
d the selling of booty.
page 57
Time devoted to oral assessment: approximately 25 minutes. Candidates are exannned m pairs by two Examiners.
The Test contains five stages as follows:
Stage I: Introduction
and Small Talk (3-5 minutes)
In this stage you will be asked non-sensitive, factual background information (e.g. family, school,
occupation, hobbies) or questions relating to the theme of the speaking task.
Potential questions:
• What are your hobbies?
• What would you hke to study 1f vou had the time and money?
• Have vou ever studied a subject just because you hked 1t and not in order to get a 1ob?
Stage 2: Summarizing and Recommending (S-7
minutes)
In this stage the topic of the speaking task will be introduced and instructions will be provided.
Examiner 1: You work for the local city councrl and you have been asked to select an onhne adult learrung course that the
city will offer to the local residents. Your task rs to decide on the best course. from a choice of tour. The course should be rel
evant and responsive to the needs of the mdivldoals and the crtv, cverse, flexible and open to all. You will each be given a
sheet with bnel notes about only two of the courses. You will have about 2 mtnutes to read your sheet and prepare a summary of each course. Then you will
present these two courses to your partner You may look at your sheet at any time, but you are not allowed to read your
partner's sheet. Remember that you do not need to memonze anythmg and that you may take notes, 11 you wish. but there rs
no need for notes since you are free at any time to ask your partner to repeat or clarify any of the mtormation he/she rs presenting. If you have any questions about the lnstructnms, please feet free to ask.
(Examiner J hands out information sheets.)
Examiner 1: When you are presenting each of your courses to your partner, you should use your own words and provide as
much detail as you can. based on the rnfor matron you have been given. Listen carefully to your partner so that you can give
him/her your recommendation of the best course of the two he/she will present to you
(Candidate 1 presents his/her courses and Candidate 2 reconunends one of these courses and vice verse}
Examiner 1: Choose one of your two courses and think of reasons why you believe 1t is better. Remember that either course
is good, but you need to select only one.
(Candidates present the" ctoce and exp/am their reasons.)
Stage 3: Consensus
Reaching (S-7 minutes)
In this stage you will work with your partner to choose the best course by comparing and contrasting the two
courses, requesting and supplying information. negotlating and providing reasons.
Examiner 1: Now you w1 compare and contrast the cow se you have chosen with the one your partner has selected You will
need to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each course Your goal rs to choose the best course. Remember that either
course rs good, but you need to select only one. You also need to give the reasons lor your final decision and explain why they are
important. Remember that you are not allowed to look at each other's sheet. (Candidates wor« togetner and interact.)
Stage 4: Presenting and
Convincing (5-7 minutes)
In this stage you will formally present your final decision to Examiner 2.
Examiner l: Now, you will formally present your final decision to [xam111er 2 who play<; the role of the person tn charge of Adult
Learning courses m the crty council. You will each need to present two d1ffere11t reasons and explam why they are important. You
will also need to convince Exanuner 2 that your choice rs the best. After your presentation. Examiner 2 wdl ask you some questions
about yol6 decision. You can take 2·3 minutes to plan your presentation and which reasons you will each present. You may at this
point read each other's sheet. (Candidates prepare a presentation of tbe« recommendation and decide on the reasons eoch will
present.) (Examiner 1 introduces Exemmer 2.)
2: I 1111de1 stand /11at you nave 1eached a decision and vou would like to give me yoLN recommendation.
(Candidates present tne« recommendation. Each presents two reasons and 1usttf1es them)
Examiner
Stage 5: Justifyingand Defending (5-7
minutes)
In this stage you will be asked questions about the reasons you have provided to justify
final decision. Questions will depend on your responses.
(Ex.aminer 2 a.•;ks ouestions]
(Candidates resoond.)
(Examiner 2 closes the speaking test and //r,1nks the candidates for tbe«
I ..
pteseatetton]
and defend your
Succeed in Michigan
ECPE Speaking
SPEAKING TEST 13
Personal Development Courses
Candidate 1
Information Sheet
Fundamentals of Photography Made Easy
Below there rs a list with the main features of the photography course:
Key Features:
•Direct feedback on your photos from world-acclaimed, professional photographers.
•You can learn photography onhne from anywhere in the world
•Learn at your pace, with structure.
•Be guided by a real pro instructor.
•Get your photos critiqued every week.
•Join students from around the world.
• Go far beyond any book or DVD.
•Reasonable prices, $60 for a two-month subscription
Course in Short Story Writing
Below there rs a list with the main features of the Short Story Writing course:
Key Features:
• All study materials included
• Full Tutor and Admin support
• The course fees are only $100
• Course fees must be paid in full at the point of enrolment
• No experience or previous qualifications required for enrolment on this course
• On completion of your course, you will receive a diploma
• Learn how to create the character, a setting and a plot in a short story
page 59
SPEAKING TEST 13
Personal Development Courses
Candidate 2
Information Sheet
Learn to cook now!
Below there rs a hst of the key features of an mtenswe onhne culinary course:
Key Features:
•Each course duration: 30 days.
•Includes videos, texts, web links, chat, forum
• Homework assignment. quizzes
•Instructor support
•Food Safety and Knife Skills
•Learn the most important cookmg fundamentals
•Sauce Making Fundamentals
• Unhm1ted access to filmed recipes
•Only $19 per month.
Course on Health and Nutrition
Below there is a list of the key features of a Nutrition course:
Key Features:
•Ideal for a complete beginner with an interest m food and health
•Free in-depth textbook on Nutrition
•Easy to follow
scrennnc explanations are covered m great detail to help m
your understanding of the many functions of all the nutrients.
•Detailed mstructional study guide
• Free deep relaxation CD
•This course covers many areas of current nutritional issues:
Vitamins - Energy needs • Nutriuon and food habits
•A bit expensive: $2,000 for a 3-month subscription
page 60
S eakin
Time devoted lo oral assessment· approximately 25 minutes. Candidates are exanuned 1n pairs by two Exanuners.
The Test contains five stages as follows:
Stage I: Introduction and Small
Talk (3-5 minutes)
In this stage you will be asked non-sensitive, factual background information (e.g. family, school, occupation,
hobbies) or questions relating to the theme of the speaking task
Potential questions:
e Do you hve on your own or with your parents?
• Have you ever rented a flat'
• Is 11 expensive to rent an apartment m your areJ'
• Do you hke to hve tn a big city or 111 the countryside?
Stage 2: Summarizing and Recommending
(5-7 minutes)
In this stage the topic of the speaking task will be introduced and instructions will be provided.
Examiner 1: You have been asked by a friend of yours, who 1 planning to move to New York for a few months, to find hirn
an apartment that he could rent. Your friend would hke to finrl an apartment which .s not too expensive but rt rs conveniently
located so that he can use the subway to go to work. Your task rs to decide on the best apartment, from a choice of lout.
You WLI each be given a sheet with brief notes about only two of these books. You will have about 2 minutes to read your
sheet and prepare a summary for each apartment. Then you will present these apanments to you: partner. You may look at
your sheet at any time. bul you are not allowed to read your partner's sheet. Remember that you do not need to memorize
anything and that you may take notes. 1f you wish. but there rs no need for notes since you are free at any time to ask your
partner to repeat or clarify any of the mtormanon he/she rs presentmg. If you have any questions about the mstructlous,
please feel free to ask. (Examiner I hands out mtormsuo« sheets.}
Examiner 1: When you are presenting each of your apartments to your partner, you should use your own words and provide
as much detail as you can, based on the information you have been given. l.Jsten carefully to your partner so that you can give
him/her vour recommendation of the best apartment of the two he/she will present to you.
(Candidate 1 txesents his/her apartments and Candidate 2 recommends one of these apartments and vice versa.)
Examiner 1: Choose one of your two apartments and think of reasons why you believe rt rs better. Remember that either
apartment rs good. but you need to select only one,
(Cumildates present tbeu choice and e"'plam tne« reasons.)
Stage 3: Consensus
Reaching (5-7 minutes)
In this stage you will work with your partner to choose the best apartment by comparing and contrasting
the two apartments. requesting and supplying information, negotiating and providing reasons.
Examiner 1: Now you will compare and contrast the apartment you have chosen with the one your par ·11e1 has selected. You
will need to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each apartment. Your goal rs to choose the best apartment.
Remember that either apartment rs good. but you need to select only one. You also need to give the reasons for vour final
decision and explain why they are nnoortaot. Remember that you are not allowed to look at each other's sheet.
(Candidates work togethe1 and mterect.)
Stage 4: Presenting
and Convincing (5-7 minutes)
In this stage you will formally present your final decision to the Examiner 2.
Examiner 1: Now, you will formally present your final decrsion to the Examiner 2 who play·. the role or your friend who rs
planning to move to New York. You will each need to present two different reasons and ex~la:1 why they are important. You
will also need to convince Examiner 2 that your choice rs the best. After your presentation. Examiner 2 will ask you some uuesuons about your decision. You can take 2·3 minutes to plan your presentation and wh1ct1 reasons you will each present You
may at this point read each other's sheet. (Candidates prepare a presentation of their tecottunendetton and decide on tne ressons eech will present] (Examiner 1 uttroduces Exammer 2.)
Examiner 2: I understand that you have reached a decision and you would like to give me your recommendation.
(Candidates present tbeu recommendation. Each presents two reasons end 1ustrf1es llle111.)
Stage 5: Justifying and Defending
(5-7 minutes)
In this stage you will be asked questions about the reasons you have provided to justify and defend your
final decision. Questions will depend on your responses.
(Examiner 2 asks questions.)
(Candidates respond)
(Examiner 2 closes the spesiang test and thanks the candidates for tbe« presentation.)
SPEAKING TEST 14
Houses for rent
Candidate 1
Information Sheet
Apartment Just Steps Away
from Central Park
Key Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Residence Type: Single Family Home
1 Bedroom, I Bath
Very Reasonable Price: Sl.100 Per Month
Pets Allowed
Perfect apartment for anyone who loves Central Park
Not very close to trains or superrnarkets
Beautiful new stainless steel appliances in the entire kitchen
Non-Srnokmg
The living area has a bay window with a street view
Hardwood floors throughout the apartment
New York, 4th Floor Brownstone Apt.
Key Features
• 2 Bedrooms. 2 Baths
• Expensive • Price: $1,980 Per Month
• No Pets Allowed
• Fireplace, Outside Smoking OK
• Bright & airy 4th floor brownstone apartment
• Half a block from Riverside Park
very convenient to buses & trains
• Full kitchen High ceilings. fireplace. hardwood floors. tile bath, large closets
• Free tugh-speed internet
• Gas included
page 62
Succeed In Mlchlaan ECPE Speaking
SPEAKING TEST 14
Houses for rent
Candidate 2
Information Sheet
Condo in New York
Key Features
• Residence Type: Condo - 2 Bedroom, 1 Bath
• Very Low Rent • Price: $800 Per Month
• No Pets Allowed
• Very small rooms
• Old building
• Smoking OK
• Washer & Dryer and Air Cond1t1onmg
• Quite far from trains and buses
• Needs rnaior repairs
New York, Upper West Side 10024
Key Features
• Fully furnished luxunous 3 bedroom / 2 bathroom apartment
• Very Expensive· Pnce: $2,000 Per Month
• Tiled bathroom equipped with a toilet. a sink and a bathtub with shower.
• Transportation: 8 and C trains run at 86th Street Station/
Central Park West,
three blocks from the bu1ld1ng.
• Extra cleaning and laptop services can be provided for an additional fee
• Dogs allowed
• Smoking outside Only
• Kitchen • Refrigerator · Dishwasher • M:crowave · Stove · Garbage Disposal
• Free covered parking
T une devoted to oi Cll assessment: appronrnat- 'I 25 minutes
The Test contains five stages as follows.
Candidates me examined in parrs by two Exarmners.
Stage I: Introduction and Small Talk (3-5
minutes)
In this stage you will be asked non-sensitive, tactual background information
hobbies) or questions relating to the theme of the speaking task.
(e.g. family,
school, occupation,
Potential questions:
• Have you ever attended a summer course? • What kind of holidays do you prefer?
• Do you speak any foreign languages?
• What foreign language, apart from Englrsh, would you like to learn and why?
Stage 2: Summarizing
and Recommending (S-7 minutes)
In this stage the topic of the speaking task will be introduced and instructions will be provided.
Examiner 1: You work as a teacher in a scnoot Your task rs to decide on the best summer language course for your students from a chorce of four. You will each be given a sheet with brief notes about only two of these language courses. You will
have about 2 minutes to read your sheet and prepare a summary of each language course. Then you will present these two
language courses to your partner. You may look at your sheet at any time. but you are not allowed to read your partner's
sheet Remember that you do not need to memor ize anything and that you may take notes. 1f you wrsh, but there rs no need
for notes smce you are free at any time to ask your partner to repeat or clarify any of the information he/she rs presenting. If
you have any questions about the mstructrons, please feel free to ask. (Examiner 1 hands out intotmetton sheets.)
Examiner 1: When you are presenting each of your language courses lo yo111 p.Jrtner, you should use your own words and
provide as much detail as you can. based on the mtorrnanon you have been given l.Jsten car efJlly to your par Iner so that you
can give him/her your recommendation of the best language course from the two he/she wrll present to you.
(Candidate 1 presents l11slller courses and Candidate 2 recommends one of these courses and Vice versa.)
Examiner 1: Choose one of your two ranguage courses and tlunk of reasons why you believe 1t rs better. Remember that
either course rs good. but you need to select only one. (Candidate$ present their choice end exp/am tneu reasons.)
Stage 3: Consensus
Reaching (S-7 minutes)
In this stage you will work with your partner to choose the best course by comparing and contrasting the
two courses, requesting and supplying information, negotiating and providing reasons.
Examiner 1: Now you will compare and contrast the language course you have chosen with the one your partner has select·
ed You will need to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each course. Your goal rs to choose the best language
course. Remember that either course rs good, but you reed to select only one. You also need to give the reasons for your final
decisron and explain why they are imper rant Remember that you are not allowed to look at each other's sheet. (Candidates
work together and interact)
Stage 4: Presenting
and Convincing (5-7 minutes)
In this stage you will formally present your final decision to Examiner 2.
Examiner 1: Now. you will formally present your frnal decrsron to Examiner 2 who plays the role of the school's headmaster.
You wrll each need to present two different reasons and explain why they are important. You will also need to convince
Examiner 2 that your choice is the best. After your presentation, Examiner 2 will ask vou some questions about your decsron
You can take 2 3 minutes to plan your presentation and which reasons you will each present You may at this point read each
other's sheet. (Candidates prepare a inesentetion of their recommendation and aecute on the reasons each will present.)
{b.anuner 1 mtroduces Exammer 2.J
Examiner 2: I understand that you have reached a decision and you would like to give me vour recommendation.
(Candidates present tnen reconmendston. Eacli presents two reasons and tusuue: tliem.J
Stage 5: Justifying
and Defending (S-7 minutes)
In this stage you will be asked questions about the reasons you have provided
final decision. Questions will depend on your responses.
(Exammer 2 asks quesl1cms.)
(Candidates tesuora)
(Examiner 2 closes the speaking test and thanks the candidates
page 64
tot ttien presenteuon]
to justify
and defend your
Succeed in Michigan ECPE Speaking
SPEAKING TEST 15
Summer Course
Candidate 1
Information Sheet
Spanish Summer Course in Barcelona
Below there rs a list of the key features of the Spanish language course:
•A lot of social ac twines that help students make friends during the course
•Course based
in
Barcelona, an exciting city, full of culture and history
= On-stte residence in a pleasant area of the city
= Excellent leisure tacinnes for students
•Extensive cultural program, offering many activities and tnos around Catalonia
•Native, Spanish speaking teachers provide an interesting Spanish course
•Reasonable prices lot tuition and accommodation
German and football course in Munich
Below there is a hst of the key features of the German language/football course:
• Football training sessions and supervised games with professional coaches;
you'll leave Germany a much better player!
• German classes with native teachers. all of whom have years of experience
in teaching German to foreign students
• Lessons run at a range of levels, so the course is suitable for beginners
and long-time German language students alike
• Full-board accommodation is on-site, so you don't have to travel to class!
• An extensive activmes program makes sure that you enioy your time
in
Germany
• The classes are made up of a maximum of 15 young students
• A bit expensive for a three-week course
page 65
SPEAKING TEST 15
Summer Course
Candidate 2
Information Sheet
Paris French course for Young Students
Below there is a hst of the key features of the French language course:
•School 1s ideally situated. within easy reach of central Pans
•On-site residence and excellent facihttes at the school
• H1ghly-quahf1ed, native teachers
•Extensive range of organized activities and excursions
• 24-hour supervrsion
•The course consists of 20 French lessons per week, with each lesson lasting 45 minutes
•Students share a room with three or four fellow students
•Very expensive
Learn Italian in Venice
Below there is a list of the key features of the Italian language course:
•High quality Italian course in the heart of Venice
•Excellent range of cultural ecnvmes. guided visrts and excursions
•All accommodation on the island of Venice within walking distance of the school
•Personal attention given to each and every student
•Exceptionally welcoming, supportive staff in the school
-Locatec in a renovated 18th century palace
• uving with an Italian host (self-catering)
•Very reasonable prices
page 66
page 67
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
Practice Test 1
page 68
COMPANION • T11st I
• take into one's head (suddenly decide to do something that does
not seem sensible] uou µnafvei 010 µuaM: He took it into his
Pages 8,9 - Composition
head to learn Russian.
high and low (everywhere) novrco: I've searched high and low
for that book.
sharply /'fo:ph/ adv. (suddenly and quickly] onorouo; Prices of
household goods have risen sharply over the past year.
hold good [be true no matter what the situation is) iaxuw,
a>.l']Seuw: What you said holds good in most cases.
premeditated /prir'medrterud/ adj. [thought of and planned in
advance; deliberate] npoµe>.ell']µtvo<;, eK npoµeAtlll<;: He was
found guilty of premeditated murder.
at length [in detail; taking a long time] >.emoµepw<;. 61e~o61K6:
She told us at length about her accident.
at liberty [no longer imprisoned or confined) e>.eu8epo<;,
0Moµeut0<;: The escaped convicts still remain at liberty.
Page 13 - Grammar
: make of phrasal verb (understand by or from something] pya(w
overcast /auva'ko:st/ adj. (cloudy] ouvveemouevoc.
! ouunspcouc: What do you make of her decision to stop supportnegotiation / ntgaujr'eijan/ noun [(usually plural) a discussion
! ing our effort?
aiming at an agreement between people with different interests]
! make out phrasal verb [write or fill in) ypaq>w, ouµn>.l']pwvw: The
6tanpayµ6teuOI']: We were all disappointed when the negotiations : doctor made out a prescttption.
reached an impasse.
: make for phrasal verb (go, head towards) 1papw via: We're mak•
crack of dawn (very early in the morning] xapaµa, auyl'J: We left : ing for home; will you join us?
at the crack of dawn to avoid traffic.
:
produce /'prodju:s/ noun [something that is produced, especial- : Page 15 - Cloze
ly on farms] (yewpy1K6) noorov: A lot of farmers sell their produce: monumental I monju'mentl/ adj. [of great size, scale or imporin open-air markets.
: tance] µvnµe1w61']<;: His discovery was a monumental contribution
obstruct /ab'slrAkt/ verb [prevent or delay progress or move: to the fieldof engineering.
ment] (nap)eµno6((w: He did everything in his power to obstruct : fertile /'f3:ta1I/ adj. [able to produce fruit. children or young]
the adoption of the proposal.
• y6v1µ0<;, Kapnep6<;: The soils around here are extremely fertile
revert /ri'v3:t/ verb [go back to a previous habit, state, point,
and crops are abundant.
etc.) enavtpxoµai: Unfortunately, he reverted to drinking again.
manipulate /ma'mpjuleu/ verb [cause something to develop or
clumsy /'klAmz1/ adj. [awkward in movement] aM~10<;: He's
operate in a particular way] xe1pi(oµa1: I congratulated him on the
very clumsy; he's always dropping things. ·
way he manipulated this crucial situation.
irrigation /rrt'gei] an/ noun [the act of providing land or crops
with water] 6p6euOI']: A large irrigation system is now supplying
Page 14 - Grammar
previously
infertile areas with water.
dispirited /dr'sprrrud/ adj. [sad and discouraged]
maintenance
/'memtanans/ noun [the process of keeping
an0Kap61wµtvo<;: After having tried to solve the problem for
something
in
good
condition) ouVTiiPllOl'J, 61ali)pfJOfJ: Maintenance
hours, he felt quite dispirited and unwilling to go on.
of
school
buildings
is the minister's top priority.
come to nothing [fail] 6ev !ptpvw cnorexeouo. vauay<il: His
bumper
/'hAmpa/
adj. [exceptionally large] nxoumoc, ceaovoc:
ambitious plans came to nothing, much to his disappointment.
We
had
a
bumper
crop
of cherries last year.
decrepit /dr'krepu/ adj. [old and in bad condition] untPYllPO<: I
silty
/'s11t1/
adj.
[full
of
fine sand and mud which is left behind by
epemeuevoc: The decrepit old buildings were a sorry sight.
flowing
water]
e>.0061']<;.
>.aanw61'
]<;.
to the full [to the greatest possible extent] 600 yive101
timber
/'11mba/
noun
[wood,
especially
for building] ~u>.e(a: The
neotocorepo: My advice to you is to enjoy life to the full.
old
boats
are
of
timber
construction.
in full [completely) n>.(Jpwc;, o>.oyp6q>w<;: Write your name in full
ore 1-:J:! noun [any mineral, rock, etc. from which a metal is
at the bottom of the page.
at full tilt [at full speed] o>.01oxw<;: He rushed down the street at obtained] µenW,euµa.
masted /'mo:st1d/ adj. [(of a ship) having long poles that carry
full tilt.
the sails) us «rrdpnc.
(from) force of habit [because one is used to doing something]
stylized /'sta1la1zd/ adj. [using various conventions in order to
one ouv(J8e1a: He took a cigarette from force of habit.
create an effect and not including any natural detail)
habitation /heebr'tetjn? noun [the act of living in a place, build01u>.1~ap1oµtvo<;, acpuatKO<;, CJXT1µ0TIK6<;: I think his performance
ing, etc.; a house or place to live in] Kmo(Kl'JOl'J 1 OlEYll, KOlOtKia:
There was no sign of habitation in the area. These houses will pro- was highly stylized and didn't convey any strong feelings.
epic /'ep1k/ adj. [full of great deeds and brave actions) en1K6<;:
vide habitation tor the homeless.
Epic films became very popular in the '50s.
for all [in spite of) nooo: For all her excellent qualifications, she
tot up verb Ladd upJ a8poi(w: He totted up the figures on the bill.
didn't get the job.
come In handy [be useful) cpa(voµm,ano6e1Kvuoµm xp(Jmµo<;: I'll trendy /'trend1/ adj. [following the latest fashions) uovreovoc,
mu oupuou; This new cafe is one of the trendiest places in town.
keep these bottles - they might come in handy.
urge /3:d3/ noun (a strong desire or need] nap6pµ11011. svrovn
em8uµfa: His behaviour was so insulting that I felt an urge to hit
him.
scenic /'s1n1k/ adj. [having beautiful natural scenery] ypaq>1K6<;,
ue 6µopcpa tontc: The scenic beauty of the mountain was outstanding and it certainly deserved the eight-hour hike.
:
multiform /'nv.l11f:>:m/ adj. (having many forms; of many types] :
no>.Uµopcpo<;, no1Kf>.Ao<;: The multiform changes in the structure of:
the company have created serious problems.
:
avert /a'v3:l/ verb [prevent something unpleasant from happen- :
ing) cnoroene: The accident could have been averted had he not :
been driving so recklessly.
:
:
15 nN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
page 69
irrigate /'rrrge1t/ verb (provide land or crops with water. especially by canals or other artificial means) ap6euw.
administer /od'mmrsta/ verb (govern or manage) ot0xe1pi<oµm:
He administers the finances of the company.
scanty /'skren11/ adj. [smaller than necessary in size or quantity]
>.1yoot6c;, avenapKiJ<;: I haven't got the scantiest knowledge on
economic subjects.
scarce /skeas/ adj. [not many or enough in number or quantity
and difficult to obtain] >.1yoot6c;, onciv1oc;: Food was scarce and
the local population suffered from malnutrition.
arouse /a'rauz/ verb [cause or give rise to) ~tOTIK<i>Vw: His
extravagant lifestyle has aroused the suspicions of his colleagues.
arise /a'ra1z/ verb -p.t, arose, p.p. arisen- [come into being or
begin to happen) npoKumw: These problems have arisen as a
result of your carelessness.
resolve 1 n'zol v I verb [make a firm decision to do something]
anoq>ao!<w: He has resolved to go and nothing will stop him.
dissolve I d1 'zolv I verb [(of something solid) melt or made to
melt when mixed with water] 01a>.uw: He dissolved the pills with
water.
revolve /rr'volv/ verb [move, roll or tum around a central point in
circles) nep1otptQ>W/-oµm: The Earth revolves both about the Sun
and on its axis.
evolve /r'volv/ verb [(cause to) develop gradually) e~e>.ioooµm,
cvorrruooer-oucc According to Darwin, man evolved from the
apes.He has evolved a style of writing which is considered
unique.
recite /rr'sart/ verb [repeat aloud from memory] anayyt>.w: The
little girl recited her poem so wonderfully that we were all
amazed.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
Page 16 - Vocabulary
swell /swell adj. [very good] q>(voc;, wpaioc;: You look swell in
:
that dress!
:
distraction /di'straikjan/ noun [something that diverts one's
:
•
attention from what one is doing] neoumcouoc: There are too
many distractions here to allow someone to work properly.
appeal /a'pi:l/ verb [be pleasing, interesting and attractive]
aptaw, t>.Kw: The idea of working with such a prominent scientist
definitely appeals to me.
revoke /n'vauk/ verb [cancel a decision. contract or title so that
it is no longer legal or effective] aKupcilvw, avaKa>.w: His work per-.
mil was revoked.
:
provoke /pra'vauk/ verb [cause a sudden and often extreme
:
reaction] npoKa>.<i>: His insults provoked an aggressive response. :
lure /lua, ljua/ verb [attract] 0€>.yw: The bright lights of the city :
lured him away from home.
:
can't make head or tail of [be unable to understand] oev
:
KOTa>.apaivw,
pya<w dKpT]: I can't make head or tail (out) of
:
••
this diagram; can you help me?
obscene /ab'si:n/ adj. [offensive in a sexual way] nosuvoc,
:
np6otuxoc;: He was expelled from school for making an obscene :
gesture at the headmaster.
:
strenuous /'strenjuas/ adj. [requiring effort, strength or energy] :
enmovoc, Koupaot1K6~: It was a strenuous climb, but the view
:
from the top was rewarding.
:
intriguing 1In'tri:g11J/ adj. (very interesting especially because of :
being unusual or mysterious] ouvnonuoruoc, YOTJTtuTtK6c;: It was :
such an intriguing film that I couldn't take my eyes off the screen. :
oe
•
COMPANION - Test I
consumption /kan'sxrnpjan/ noun [the act of eating, drinking or
using up (energy, fuel, etc.)] Kmava>.wari: Excessive consumption
of read meat can cause serious health problems.
conception /kan'sepfan/ noun [a general idea or understanding
about something or the process of forming an idea in one's mind)
aVTiATJtlnl I ouAAT]t1n1: I don't quite understand your conception of
honesty. Your plan is certainly very innovative in conception.
momentous /mau'mentas/ adj. [very important and serious,
especially because it influences the future) J3<)puofJµaVToc;: They
decided on a cease-tire. It was a momentous decision.
momentary /'maumantarr/ adj. [lasting tor a very short time)
onyµ1aioc;: There was a momentary pause in the conversation.
solitary /'solllarr/ adj. [without companions; being alone by
habit or preference) µovaxtK6<;: She's a rather solitary person who
rarely enjoys the company of others.
gregarious /grr'geanas/ adj. [friendly and fond of other people's
company] K01vwv1K6<;: He's the kind of intelligent and gregarious
young person who is tun to be with.
withdrawn/wr6'dr:>:n. wr0'dr:>:n/ adj. [shy, quiet and not
responsive] ouveota>.µtvoc;: Rose is a withdrawn young woman
and it takes a lot to make her talk.
gallop /'g~lap/ verb [(of a horse) run fast with all four hooves
leaving the ground simultaneously] KOAna<w: We watched the little
ponies gallop on the beach.
graze /grerz/ verb [(of animals) eat grass) a6oKw.
inhibit /m'hrbrt? verb [be unable to relax and express one's feelings in an open and natural way) eµnooi<w. oriµtoupy<i>
avaotoMc;: The sudden political changes inhibited development.
missionary /'m1fanan/ noun [a person who is sent to teach and
spread a particular religion] 1epan6oto>.oc;: She spent ten years as
a missionary in South America.
pagan /'pe1gan1 noun (a person who does not belong to any of
the major religions] e1ow>.oMTpT]c;: Pagans were at one time
severely persecuted for their beliefs.
pervert /ps'vsn/ verb (deliberately change something in a way
which is wrong or harmful / lead someone to crime or to evil or
(sexually) immoral acts] otaotpea>.wvw, 61aotptq>w / 61aq>0e!pw:
Perverting nature can have destructive results. The man was
accused of trying to pervert children.
convert /kan'vs.t/ verb [change and put to a different use;
change or persuade someone to change his opinion or religious
beliefs] ueronore, uernrpene I µeTaotptq>w, npoOTjAUTi(w: They
converted the old mill into a beautiful summer house.Many
natives were converted to Christianity.
invert /m'vs.t/ verb (tum upside down or reverse the order]
avaotptq>w: When a sentence begins with a negative word, we
invert the normal word order.
cluttered /'klAtad/ adj. [filled with things in a way that looks
untidy] ncoceoorousvoc: This room is too cluttered for my taste.
cluster /'klAsta/ verb (form a small group especially around a
central point] µa<euoµm, ouvweouµm: A group of youngsters
clustered outside the video arcade.
flustered /'fl11stad/ adj. [excited, confused and nervous)
oconouevoc, Tapayµtvoc;: She got really flustered when all these
guests arrived unexpectedly.
flattered /'flretad/ verb (pleased because of being praised or
admired] KOAOKtuµtvoc;: I felt very flattered when I saw my octure in the newspaper.
battle /'brefal/ verb (puzzle or contuse) <a>.i<w. µnepoeuw: The
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page
students were all baffled by the difficult problem.
elevate /'elave1t/ verb (raise to a higher position I improve or
make more important] npop1pa(w I e~Ulj}<ilvw: We must do everything in our power to elevate the standards of primary education.
spurn /sps.n/ verb [refuse to accept something especially
because of pride] anoKpouw. anopp(mw (nep1q>pOVTJt1Ka):
Despite being in a difficult position, she spurned all offers of help.
edifice /'ed1f1s/ noun ((formal) a building, usually large and
impressive] 01KoMµ11µa: The new opera house is a magnificent
edifice.
stringent /'stnnd3ant1 adj. [strict or severe; that must be
obeyed) OUOTf1Pd<:: Nowadays, most governments take stringent
measures against smoking in public places.
strident / 'straidant/ adj. [unpleasantly loud or harsh] otp1yK6<;.
61anepa0t1K6<;: She always talks in such a strident voice.
lenlent /'li:n1anll adj. [merciful or not strict when punishing
someone] eme1K(J<;: I think you are much too lenient with your
students and they take advantage of you.
obsolete /'obsali:t/ adj. [no longer in use, especially because
something new and more efficient has been invented]
OnTJpxa1wµevo<;, ~enepaoµtvo<;: I'm afraid these computer programs are now obsolete.
hover /'h.wa, 'hova/ verb [remain in the air without moving in
any direction or move around while still remaining in the same
place) atwpouµm I tp1yup[<w: The helicopter was hovering over
the burning building.I wish you'd stop hovering round me and go
away.
specter /'spekta/ noun [a ghost] envmouo; The specter of
unemployment looms largein the country.
speculation /spekju'leijan/ noun [the act of guessing the cossible aspects of something without knowing all the facts involved)
e1Kaoia, unoason; There was great speculation as to what was
happening.
flicker /'f11ka/ noun (an unsteady light or flame] q>w<; nou
tpeµona((e1: We could see the flicker of an oil lamp behind the
closed window.
sprinkle /'sprtl)kl/ noun [a light rain; rain slightly! "'1x6Aa 1
"''XnA((w: The sprinkle has turned the roads into dangerous
traps.It's sprinkling outside.
wrinkle /'rt1Jkl/ noun [a small crease on the skin) puli!';a:
Despite his relatively young age, his face is full of wrinkles.
trickle /'trikl/ noun [a thin flow of liquid) otd~1µ0, Aent(J po(): A
trickle of tears rolled down her face.
grievance /'gri:vans/ noun [a cause or reason for complaint]
napdnovo: The list of grievances from the customers was becoming longer and longer.
outcry /'autkra1/ noun fa show of disapproval especially by the
general public) KamKpauy(J, (yev1K(J) anolioK1µaoia: There was a
great outcry about the inadequate train service.
embezzle /1m'bezl/ verb [dishonestly take money from the place
where you work) Kmaxpwµm: As the firm's accountant, he
embezzled $200,000 in two years.
oust /aust/v [force sb to leave a place, job, etc.] anoµaKpuvw:
He was ousted from his job, due to his bad behavior.
obscure /ab'skjua/ adj. (difficult to understand) liuovorito<;,
0Kote1v6<;: It was an obscure poem and f had difficulty in analyzing it.
impudent /'1mpjudant/ adj. [rude; disrespectful) avmli(Jc;: I
refuse to tolerate such impudent behaviour in my school.
70
COMPANION • Test I
tenacious /ta'ne1Jas/ adj. (determined to do something and not
giving up easily) eruuovoc, ovunorepnroc; He is very tenacious
when it comes to defending his rights.
clandestine /klscn'desun/ adj. [secret or hidden. especially
because of being illegal) µuat1K6<;, Kpucp6<;: We know nothing of
the clandestine activities of the organization.
brand /bramd/ verb [attach permanent disgrace to someone,
often unfairly! 0t1yµmi(w: You can't brand everyone as an idiot
just because they don't agree withyou.
: stain /stem/ verb (ruin someone's good name. reputation or hon: our) KllAtli<ilvw: I don't know if he was guilty, but his reputation
: has certainly been stained for life.
:
: Page 17 - Vocabulary
topical t'top1kal/ adj. [interesting because it deals with something that is currently important] en!Katpo<;: This new talk show
deals with topical subjects.
nominal /'nominal/ adj. [in name only, not in reality) xor'ovouo:
Jefferson is the real power of the company while Karson is only
the nominal head.
• memorable /'memarablt adj. [worthy of being remembered)
0~1oµv11µ6veutoc;, aAll01.16VTJTO<;: The opening of the new Science
Center was certainly a memorable event.
trivial /'tnv1al/ adj. (of very little importance] conucvroc,
µ11liaµ1v6<;. oveu onµao[a<;: Why do you always fuss about such
trivial matters?
subsidize /'s"bs1da1z/ verb [(of a government) give money to an
industry, farmers, etc. to help them keep the price of their products low] emliotw, emxopriyw: Some industries wouldn't have
survived the recession if they hadn't been subsidizedby the government.
subside /sab'said/ verb [decrease gradually! µe1<.i>voµa1,
KOTGAay1a<w: They stayed anchored in the harbor until the wind
subsided.
soothe /su:Ot verb (calm, comfort or quieten] ripeµw: She was
•• so upset that it took some time to soothe her.
: incline /ru'klam/ verb (cause or have a tendency or slight desire
•: to do something] npoli1a8ttw, te(vw, ptnw: Sheila is inclined to
: laziness.
: decline 1d1'kla111/ verb (become worse in quantity, quality or
: importance: refuse an invitation politely] q>9[vw I covoeuor His
: health has declined recently. We had to decline their invitation as
: we had another engagement.
: deviate l'di:v1e1t/ verb [change from what one used to believe or
: do or from what people consider acceptable] rtapeKKkivw: Nothing
: will make her deviate from her daily routine.
: aversion /a'v3:Jan, a'v;i:3an/ noun (a strong feeling of dislike]
: onoorpocn, av1m68et0: Jack definitelyhas an aversion to work; I
: can't believe he's so lazy.
: perversion /pa'vs.jon, pe'vs.yan/ noun [unnatural and unac•• ceptable sexual behaviour; the act of changing something good
•: into something wrong, unreasonable, or unacceptable) 01a0tpocp(J
: / !';taatptPAW<JTI: Her testimony was sheer perversion of the truth.
: diversion /dar'va.jan. dar'vs.jon/ noun la change of direction:
: a distraction] nap6Kaµtp11. ouionaon: Diversion of the flow of the
: river certainly saved the area from serious flooding. Two of the
: robbers created a diversion while the third was emptying the till.
: deviation 1di:vi'e1fan/ noun la change from what is normal or
: expected) naptKKAt<JTI: Any deviation from the norms will be pun-
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 71
ished severe}y.
taciturn /'tresus:n I adj. (saying very little and therefore appearing
to be unfriendly] >.1yoµ!Aritoc;, enupu>.amK6<;: Joshua is so teaturn and reserved that you never know whether he is pleased or
not.
stammer /'strema/ verb [speak with a lot of pauses or repeated
sounds because of a speech defect, fright, nervousness, etc.]
•
•:
tpau>.i(w: All he did was stammer an apology.
meticulous /ma'ukjulas/ adj. [extremely careful about small
:
details and always seeing that everything is done properly]
:
crxo>.aOTIK6c;: She takes meticulous care of her garden.
:
voluble / 'vnljubl/ adj. [talking a lot usually in an enthusiastic
:
manner] oµt.ArinK6Tatoc;, eucppalinc;: Professor Brook is a voluble :
speaker and always manages to captivate the interest of his stu- :
dents.
:
bulky /'bAlk1/ adj. [large in size, awkward to carry, etc.J
:
oyKwliric;: This parcel is too bulky to send by post.
:
a bright spark (an intelligent and lively person: often used humor- :
ously about someone who has done something stupid] "orupro", :
£~unvc1Klac;: Some bright spark at the office was messing with my :
computer and deleted most of my files.
:
a stick in the mud [a person who is slow in moving; a person
:
who has a stubbornly unprogressive attitude and who refuses to :
do anything new or unusual] apyoKiVflTOC: I "Ko>.Ariµtvoc;",
:
OUVTflPTITLK6c;: He's such a stick in the mud! Nothing can move
:
him from his conservative opinions.
:
prevalent / 'prevalent/ adj. [widespread or commonly happen- :
ing] litalielioµtvoc:, emKpanilv: Strong eastern winds are preva- :
lent in this part of the country.
:
potential /pa'tenJal/ adj. [possible; that may be developed in the :
thing mentioned] evliex6µevoc;. m9av6c;: That hole in the road is a
potential danger to vehicles.
Intensive /rn'tensiv/ adj. [involving a lot of activity, effort, or
attention concentrated in a short period of time] £VTOTIK6c;: The
police began an intensive search for the murderer.
comprehensive /komprr'hensrv/ adj. (including all the things
that are essential and necessary; thorough] nep1&Kt1K6c;: His studies on the recent political history are extremely comprehensive
and students will find them very helpful.
apprehensive 1 repn 'hensiv 1 adj. [anxious and fearful) avi;ouxoc;,
cpo~1oµtvoc;: She feels quite apprehensive about the exams as
they are bound to be difficult.
•
oppressive /a'presiv I adj. [cruel, unjust and hard to bear]
:
«rmmeoruoc. tupavv1K6c;: The oppressive military regime was :
overthrown by the guerillas.
:
grant /gro:nt/ noun [money given, especially by the government, :
for a particular purpose] emxopl'JVflOfl, en(lioµa: He was awarded :
a grant tor studying abroad.
:
subsidy / 'sxbssdi I noun [money given by a government or
:
authority to help pay for sth] emMTT1ori: Transportation has been :
improved with the help of subsidies.
:
•
alimony /'rehmani. 'sehmaorn/ noun (money that a court may •
order someone to pay to their ex-wife or ex-husband following a
divorce] limtpo(pl'J: She could hardly make ends meet on the mes- :
ger alimony she received.
:
rudder /'rAda/ noun (a flat piece of wood, metal, etc. fixed to the :
back of the boat for steering) nriM>.10.
:
bladder / 'bleeda/ noun [the bag-like part of the body in which the :
urine collects] oupoMxoc: KUOTfl.
:
!
•
COMPANION • Test I
mast /mo:st/ noun [a long upright pole carrying the sails of a
ship) «rtcpu, 1at6c;: They couldn't continue the race as one of the
masts broke.
compass /'kAmpos/ noun -- (an instrument with a magnetized
needle, used to find direction] nu~ilia: If we had taken a compass
with us, we wouldn't have lost our way on the hills.
omnivorous /om'mveras/ adj. !(of animals) feeding on both
plants and animal flesh] naµq>dyoc;.
omnipotent /om'mpaiant/ adj. [having unlimited power; able to
do everything] ncvroouvcpoc; God is omnipotent.
herbivorous /hsrbrvaras/ adj. [(of animals) plant eating]
xoptocpayoc;.
carnivorous /ko:'nivaras/ adj. ((of animals) flesh eating]
oapKoipayoc;.
supercilious /su.po'silios/ adj. [behaving in a manner which lndicates that one is more important than others] oneponruoc: He
tried to explain the situation to her but her supercilious look
enraged him.
superfluous /surps.flues? adj. [unnecessary; more than is needed or wanted] n>.eova(wv, neorrroc: Certain subjects taught were
found to be superfluous so they were removed from the syllabus.
ostensible /o'stensrbl/ adj. (apparent, but not necessarily true)
q>mvoµev1K6<;: Illness was the ostensible reason for his absence.
but in fact he wanted to have a long weekend.
ostentatious 1 ostan'teijas/ adj. (behaving, done, made, etc. in
such a way as to impress] en1lie1KnK6c;: Their style of lite is very
ostentatious.The ostentatious hotel attracted numerous famous
guests.
covet /'k,w31/ verb (desire strongly, especially something
belonging to someone else) £nO!p90>.µ1w: She coveted her friend's
stunning fur coat.
consent tkan'scnt/ verb (agree to do or give permission for
something) ouyKmmi8eµm, ouvmv<il: His parents reluctantly consented to his going abroad.
contend tkan'tcnd/ verb (struggle against someone so as to
gain something] µaxoµai: Last year we contended for the World
Championship, but we only made it to the third place.
court /k:>:t/ verb (try to gain something such as support, admiralion, etc.] em(ritw: They are courting support from the local
authorities in order to proceed with their plan.
reassurance I na'[cerans/ noun (the act of making someone feel
calm by taking away their doubts or fears] Ka8riouxaoµ6c;: The
doctor gave me his reassurance that these pills have no sideeffects.
temptation / ternp'teijan/ noun (a desire to do or have something one should, in fact, avoid) ne1paoµ6c;: She gave in to the
temptation and bought that extravagant dress.
vengeance /'vend3ans/ noun [harm done in return for injury
received; revenge) ~KliiKl'JOfl: He was driven by a desire tor
vengeance after they unfairly dismissed him from his job.
exposure /ik'sp3u3a/ noun [the state of leaving or being unprotected from a dangerous situation] eK8£0fl: The film was
destroyed through exposure to the light.
overtake /aova'teik/ verb (pass a vehicle while driving]
npoonepve: He overtook the police car at full speed.
undertake 1 Anda'te1k/ verb (accept a duty, job or responsibility)
ava>.aµ~dvw: He undertook the job willingly although he knew it
was going to be very demanding.
futile /'fju:ta11/ adj. [useless or lacking purpose] µcnmoc;: He
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 72
gave up after several futile attempts.
congenital /kan'djerutl/ adj. [(of disease) existing from birth]
cruyyevi)<;, EK yevell'l<;: Janet was born with a congenital heart
disease.
eloquent /'elakwant/ verb [having the power to express one's
feelings or thoughts in words that impress or move other people]
euyXwno<;, eucppa6(J<;: He is such an eloquent speaker that he
managed to hofd the audience's interest alive throughout his
lengthy speech.
prosperous 1 'pros paras/ adj. [successful, especially in business, •
and rich) nwixriµtvo<;. EUKaTdOTaTo<;: we have to work hard if :
we want to have a prosperous business.
bounce /bauns/ verb [hit against a surface and spring back]
:
avanri6<i>. Kdvw yKtX: The bafl bounced several times before land- :
ing on the window pane.
:
tread /tred/ verb -p.t, trod, p.p, trodden- (place one's foot on
:
.
h'I
lki
l
·
M'
d
.1
t
d
th
t
•
1
someth mg w 1 e wa ng note: m you. 0 on rea on a
•
b k
I.
•
ro en g ass.
:
~ade /~'e1~/ _verb [go or wal~ thro~gh water, mu~, etc. some- :
ttmes with drfflculty~ u6popatw, Pa61~w OTO v~p6 n OTfl_Mcrnri: He :
wade~ acr?ss ~he nver t.o reach th~ boat, which had drifted away.. :
grueling I gru.aluj? adJ. [exhausting] E~OVlWTlK6<;, E~OVlAf1TtK6<; .•
Trekking knee-deep in snow for two hours was a most grueling :
experience.
:
assignment /a'sammanll noun [work given to someone to do) :
spvooto: f have to hand in this history assignment on Monday and :
I haven't even rooked at it yet.
:
rigorous /'rtgaras/ adj. (strict, severe and thorough] au0Tflp6<;: :
Since the last bomb scare we've been running rigorous checks on:
everyone and everything that enters the building.
:
overcast /auva'ko:st/ adj. [cloudy] auvve(Jltaoµtvo<;: It wifl be :
overcast tomorrow and it may even rain.
:
vigorous 1 'vigaras/ adj. (energetic or powerful] pwµaMo<;,
•
<wrip6<;: He's a vigorous advocate of world peace.
underhand / xnda'heend/ adj. [dishonest] unouXo<;: I don't like
his underhand methods.
in the red [owing money, esp. to a bank] Efµm XPEWµtvo<;: The
bank won't lend me anymore money as I'm already in the red.
out of the blue [suddenly and wtthout warning; unexpectedly)
~aq>vtKa, cncoeeononrc: They arrived out of the blue, without
phoning first.
once in a blue moon (very seldom) µia OTO rooo, OTf1 xacrri Kat
OTfl <Pl~n: He visits his parents once in a blue moon.
•
inconsolate /m'konsalal/ adj. [so sad that nothing can be of
comfort] cnconvoonroc. The little girl was inconsolate after the
death of her pet cat.
insulate /'rnsjule1t/ verb [protect or keep away from unpleasant
!
snuanons or their harmful ~ffects] npooimeuw: anoµovwvw: His
parents were over protect/Ve and he has been msulated from anything unpleasant.
desolate /'desalel/ adj. [(of a place) empty and miserable]
spnuoc; We drove. t~roug~ desolate vif/ages which had been
abandoned ~Y the" mh?bltants a_tter the war.
.
desultory t desaltarr. dez-/ ad1. [(formal) done without any plan
or for a particular purpose and without enthusiasm] avopydvwto<;,
aµe066euto<;: He made just a desultory effort to justify his
actions.
:
:
:
•
:
!
:
•
COMPANION • Teet I
Page 24 - Reading - TEXT 1
infliction /tn'f'lrkjan/ noun [the act of giving or imposing something unwanted or unpleasant) empoMi: The infliction of such a
severe punishment is unjustifiable.
incisive Im 'sarsrv t adj. (clear. direct and focusing at once on the
most important part of a subject] 61e106UltK6<;, Kaip10<;: He gave
us a clear and incisive presentation of the new technique.
retribution /retrr'bju:fan/ noun [severe punishment, especially
one that is des~rve.dJ (6!Ka1ri) Tlµw~(a: Relatives of the victims
deman~ed retribu~~on for the terronst
retaliation /rrteeli e1fn~ noun [the act of d?mg something
unpleasant to someon~ m re~um for something they have done to
you] avTan~6~crri. EKbtKfl(jfl. ff you attack someone, you should
~xpect r~taf1at10n.
•
.
mcapac1tatlon /1n.kapres1 te1fan/ n~un (the stat.e of being made
unabl
. e to work or. live properly, especially due to. illness or an
accident] avtKOVOTflTa, axpflOTla: The awful accident he was
involved in brought about his incapacitation.
violator /vara'lerta/ noun [a person who disobeys a law, agreementor principle] napaPdTfl<;: Violators of human rights should be
made to pay for their crimes.
deterrent /dr'terant/ noun (something meant as a threat to prevent someone from doing something] cnorpennsoc ncocvovrcc:
I don't think that the death penalty acts as an effective deterrent.
deterrence /dr'terans/ noun [the prevention of something especially through threat) cnoroonri. Deterrence of juvenile crime is
among the prime concerns of the government.
intimidation /tnttrm'deij'n/ noun [the act of frightening someone
by threatening violence so that one loses confidence) EK<POPtoµo<;,
rocuosocnc: Intimidationof the witness is something that is not
tolerated in most courts of justice.
reformation /ref's'rneijen/ noun (the act of improving one's way
of life by stopping doing things that are considered unacceptable)
avaµ6pcpwcrri: Reformation rather than punishment is what young
offenders need.
deviant /'di:v1ant/ adj. [(of behavior) strange and different from
what is considered acceptable] EKTpono<;, nou napEKK~ivet: I
wouldn't characterize having a few drinks as deviant behavior.
retributive /rr'inbjonv/ adj. (invotving severe but usually
deserved punishment] avrano6oTtK6<;, y1a ovnnowo.
aver /a'v3:. a'vs:r/ verb [(formal} state something firmly because
one is certain that it is true) bm~epmw: He averred that the proposed scheme had been thoroughly scrutinized.
penal l'pi:nl/ adj. [relating to the legal punishment of criminals]
notvtK6<;: The penal system is extremely severe with drug dealers.
correctional /ka'rekfanal/ adj. [intended to improve, usually by
punishment, the behavior of an offender. especially of a young
one] ow(j)povtOTtK6<;: Correctional institutions are supposed to
help young offenders become worhty members of society again.
reprisal 1 n 'prarzal/ noun -also reprisals- [a violent act of
revenge) uvnnowu: He didn't testify that he had seen the murderer for fear of reprisal.
repentance 1 rr'pentans/ noun [the state of showing remorse for
something wrong one has done) ustcvoro, µernµtXeta: He offered
his hum/est apologies as a demonstration of repentance.
oHender /a'fenda/ noun [someone who breaks the law]
napaPoTfl<;, KaKono16<;: He was caught stealing and was sent to
an institute for young offenders .
=:
.
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 73
COMPANION - Test I
perpetrate /.'p3:patre11/ verb [(formal) commit or be guilty of a : Page 26 - Reading - TEXT 3
: pitch /prtf I noun [degree of intensity] evrcon: His anger reached
crime, immoral act, error. etc.) 61anpanw (tyKA.nµa, aµapTT]µa,
KAn.): His documentary exposes the crimes perpetratedby dicta- • such a pitch that he started breaking everything around him.
foster /'fosta/ verb [encourage or promote the growth of feelings
torships all over the world.
or
ideas] Ka>J.tepyw, ev6uvaµ<.ilvw, ev8appuvw: The President's
overtly /ao'va.th / adv. [(formal) openly and in public without trytrip
to Japan will foster broader commercial relations between the
ing to hide anything] tK6ri>.a. avo1x1a: He opposed to the plan
two
countries.
overtly, much to the disappointment of his director.
notable / 'nautabl/ adj. (deserving to be noticed or mentioned
Page 25 _ Reading_ TEXT 2
because of being important. exciting, or unusual) a~1oonµe!w10c::
integral /'intagral/ adj. [being an essential part of something]
: Our research team has made notable advances during the past
ovonoonnotoc: Patienceand understanding are integral parts of : year.
: domestic /da'mesuk/ adj. [concerning one's private life or famibeing a parent.
: ly] 01KoyevetaK6<:: I wouldn't want to interfere in his domestic
take for granted {assume without checking) 0ewpw we:
problems.
6e6oµtvo: I took it for granted that you had been informed about
contentment /kan'tentmanl/ noun [the state of being satisfied
the meeting.
or quietly happy) 1Kavono(non: She was filled with contentment
capital /'ka:pnl/ noun {the money needed for an investment,
when she finally held her baby in her arms.
purchase, etc.] Ktcp6Aato: Your idea is great. but I don't know how robust /ra'bxst, 'raobxst? adj. [strong and healthy) ytp6c;,
we can find the capital.
1axup6c:: Mr. Ford is a robust 50-year-old man who's never had
devote /dr'vout? verb [give one's time, effort or energy in order
any health problems.
to do or achieve something] aq>1tpwvw: She has devoted her life
scrupulous /'skru:pjalas/ adj. (careful in attending to detail;
to helping handicapped children.
careful so as to always be honest and fair) axo>.aottK6<: I
substantially /sab'suenjoh/ adv. [considerably or essentially) oe eucuveionroc. He is extremely scrupulous in his handling of the
µeyd>.o ~a0µ6, CJT)µavttKa: His health condition has improvedsub- accounts.
stantiallysince he had the operation.
pimple /'prmpl/ noun [a small round swelling on the skin]
clearance /'kharans/ noun [the act of clearing or removing)
µmµniKt: He had a pimple on his nose.
(~t)Ka8ap1oµa: The clearance of these bushes from the front of
rash I rref I noun [tiny red spots on the skin] ava<1>u>.a~ia: I always
the window will give you more light.
come out in a rash when I eat eggs.
adversely /'a:dvg:sh/ adv. [negatively, unfavourably] apvnnKa,
ailment /'erlmant/ noun [an illness, usually not serious or dan6uoµevwc:: The government was adversely criticizedtor the new
gerous] a61aeecria: Children often have minor ailments.
,
• bilious /'b1llas/ adj. (bad-tempered and irritable) eut~amoc:: It's
1aw.
disposal /dr'spaozl/ noun [the act of getting rid of something]
his bilious temperament I can't stand.
an6ppupfl, li1a8eCJT): Any disposal of toxic waste is harmful to the
courtier /'b:ua, 'ko.rtrr? noun [someone who had an important
environment.
position among those who worked for or advised the royal people]
OUAIK6C:.
capacity /ka'psesau/ noun [ability] uovomro: He has an enorgame /ge11n/ noun [food which comes from animals which are
moos capacity for remembering tacts.
hunted and killed for sport] Kuvr'(y1.
externality /rksts.'nselen/ noun [the state or quality of being
: staple /'ste1pl/ adj. [being the most important part of somethingJ
external and thus not connected to a particular place or organiza- : ~aCJtK6<:: Electronic equipment is one of Japan's staple exports.
tion) (to) t~tpa, (to) eni nMov: Advertising costs once used to : purge 1 p3:d31 verb [(old-fashioned) take a medicine to clear
be considered an externality, but now they're an integral part of a : one's bowels] npoKa>.cl> KtvwCJT) µe Ka8apnK6.
company's budget.
: bleed /bli:d/ verb [remove blood from someone's body so as to
legislation /led31s'le1Jn/ noun (a law or group of laws concern- : treat a disease) K<lvw mpaiµa~n: In the past, doctors would bleed
ing a particular situation; the act of passing a law) vouoasoro: The : patients in order to cure them from a disease.
government will bring in legislationto restrict the sale of firearms. : bedevil /br'dexal? verb [(formal) constantly cause problems or
preserve /pn'z3:v/ verb (maintain in a good condition or keep
: difficulties for someone or something) napevox>.<i>, eµno61(w,
safe from harm] 6taTT]p<i>, OUVll'JP<il. npo(l)uMoow: These old man- e~opyi(w: Filling in my income tax form always bedevils me.
uscripts should be preserved; they're part of our local history.
misguided /mrs'gardid/ adj. [mistaken due to error of judgment
Integrity /m'tegrau/ noun [(formal) the state of being united as a or a misunderstanding] aotoxoc:, napan>.avriµevoc:: It was his
whole; honesty] aKepat6TT]Ta, cpnomto / evnuorntc: we must do misguidedjudgement that led us to economic disaster.
everything in our power to preserve our cultural integrity.
chaff / tf~:f I v~rb [(old fashioned) m~ke jokes about or fun of
internalize /rn'tamelarz/ verb [make something become part of • someone.'° a friendly manner] aot~teuoµm, Kdvw nMKa: ~e
one's attitude or way of thinking) Kdvw KliJµa µou uioStt<i>
: chaffed his colleagues but always ma well-mannered teshlon.
evowµatwvw: Despite being of Asian origin, he h~s totally fnter- : prescribe./ pn 'skratb/ verb (advise or o~der the use ?fj
. d th
t
t ,
• uno6e1Kvuw. Ka8opl<w: My doctor prescnbed some pills for my
naIue . e we~ em 1.,nes ~,e.
. .
: cold.
excessive ~ rk sesr~ I ad.J. [beyond what 1.s nght or. prope~]
. : remedy / 'remadr/ noun [a cure for an illness or the act of
un~~~oAtKo~: I do~ t qwte ~nderstand this excessve praise of his : improving an unsatisfactory situation] 0epaneia: I know an excelabillt1es; he s nothmg special.
: lent remedy for toothache.
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 74
COMPANION • Test I
• thing is true] KUPlOAEKTIK<i, En'OKPt.aw<: I TEAE[W<;, onoAl:nw<;:
rebuke /ri'bju.k/ verb [(formal) speak to someone severely
When I said I was going to hit him, I didn't mean it literally. I was
about something they have said or done wrong] emn.A.l']nw: He
literally
put off by his offensive behavior.
was rebuked by his teacher for misbehaving.
intake
/'1nle1k/
noun [amount taken in; number allowed to enter]
hinder /'hmda/ verb [make more difficult for someone to do
etooywy(j, Aoµaov6µevn nooornro: Low salt intake is essential to
something or for something to happenj eµnooi(w. ouaxepaivw:
maintainingyour heart in good condition.
Business expansion is often hindered by bureaucracy.
infancy /'1nfans1/ noun [the state or time of being a baby]
malady /'ma:lad1/ noun [(old use) an illness) ao0tv£ta: He is
~peq>tK~ l'}AtK!a: Proper nutritionduring infancy is essential to a
suffering from a strange malady.
child's well being.
condemn /kan'dem/ verb [(of circumstances) make it certain
delivery /dr'hvart/ noun [the process of giving birth to a child)
that someone will be afflicted by a particular harm] KOTOOLK<i(w:
TOKET6<;: My sister-in-law had a difficult delivery. but now both
They were condemned to a life of poverty and hardships.
denounce /dr'nauns/ verb [publicly express stong disapproval of she and her baby are perfectly all right.
irreversible I m'vs.sabl/ adj. [that cannot be reversed or
something one considers wrong, unlawful, etc.] KOTOyyt.A.w
revoked] µn avamptljltµo<;, aµeT<iKAT]to<;, avenav6p0wTO<;: The
oriµoom, onoKnpuoow: The opposition denounce the severity of
earthquake has caused irreversible damage to the old cathedral.
the new taxation law.
deficit /'def1s111 noun (the amount by which an amount is less
Page 27 - Reading - TEXT 4
than required or needed) t>J.etµµa: The doctors said that the child
malnutrition I meel nu.'trr] n I noun [the condition resulting from
was suffering from a serious deficit of vitamins.
lack of proper food] KOK(] 0101pocpl'], unoomouoc: The number of
impairment 11 m 'peemon t I noun [the state of being or the
children who suffer from malnutrition is shocking.
• process of making less good than it should be) e~oo8tv1on,
deprivation /depri'vetjan/ noun [the state of not having or not : K.A.ov10µ6<;, ~An~n: Smoking and drinking led to serious impairbeing allowed to have something you need] orepnon; Deprivation : ment of his health.
•
of a healthy home environment can lead to serious psychological : inadequate /m'sedrkwat/ adj. [not enough] avenapKI']<;:
problems.
• Inadequate equipment is the most serious problem hospitals are
nutritional /nju:'tnfanal/ adj. (of or relating to the process of
: faced with.
getting the right kind of food which ensures good health and devel-: nourishment /'nu1fmant. 'na.rtjmonr/ noun [(formal) food that
opment] 0101poq>tK6<;, TTJ<: OtOTpocpl']<;: The nutritional value of
: is necessary for health and growth] 1pocpl']: Plants draw nourishfresh fruit and vegetables is stressed by doctors.
: ment from the earth.
ultimately /'"lt1muth/ adv. [in the end; eventually] TEAtKO, ue TO : insufficient /1nsa'f1Jan1/ adj. (not enough] avenapKI']<;: He was
no>J.a: We hope ultimately to be able to buy a house of our own. : released due to insufficient evidence.
deficient /d1'f1fant/ adj. [lacking or not having enough of some- : privation /prar'voijan/ noun [(formal) the state of lacking or
thing; inadequate) £>J.uu']<;, avenap~<;: His knowledge of the
: having lost necessities such as food, warmth and accommodaissue is deficient and he can't represent us at the meeting.
: tion] OTtpnon. t>J.etlj/TJ: The privation of food was the worst they
water-logged I 'wo.ralogd/ adj. (full of or flooded in water]
: had to cope with duringthe war.
n>.nµµuptoµtvo<;, yeµdrn<; vspo: The area was waterlogged after : debatable /dr'benabl/ adj. [(of an issue) not clear because of
the recent floods and people had to evacuate their homes.
: too many different views being expressed about it] aµ~1o~rrn')o1µ0,
tissue /'t1fu:/ noun [substance of which cells are made]
: ou(nTl']oiµo: The value of nuclear weapons is debatable.
•: spell /spell verb [(of a situation or action) make one expect a
(KunoptK6<;) tOT6<;.
cell /sell noun [the smallest unit of living matter] xurropo: The
: particular result] oriµa(vw: Such a conflict would spell disaster for
human body is made up of cells.
: both our companies.
dilute /dar'lju.t? verb (lessen the strength of by mixing especially : sustenance /'s"stanans/ noun [(formal) food that helps keep one
with water or other liquid] 010Mw. apm<ilvw: You are supposed to : strong and healthy] 1pocpf}: The population is in need of sustedilute this paint with water.
: nance and medical supplies.
sustain /se'srern/ verb [give help, support or strength to or keep : condition /kan'dijan/ verb [accustom to or train] ennpea(w.
something going) unoITTT)pi(w. otaTT)p<il: The lecturere could not : e0i(w: Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to expect food at certain
sustain the audience's interest.
: times. Our behavior is often conditioned by the circumstances.
marasmus /rns'rezmes/ noun [a condtion of progressive wast- : immune /r'rnju.n/ adj. [protected against or naturally resistant to
ing away, especially in children, usually associated with malnutri- • a disease] ovoooc. anp6o~AT)To<;: This injection will make you
tion] ucpoouoc, nomn.
immune to infections.
starvation /stci'veijon? noun [the state of suffering greatly or
impressionable /rrn'prejanabl/ adj. [easily influenced]
dying from hunger] come, A1µ6<;: Thousands of children die of
£UKo.A.oennptaOTo<;: We have to protect children of an impresstarvation every year.
sionable age from harmful influences.
susceptible /sa'sepnbl/ adj. [likely to suffer from or be affected
by something such as a disease or a problem) emppenl']<;: People
in intensive car.e wards are highly susceptible to infections.
:
infectious 1111 'fekf as/ adj. [(of disease) likely to spread]
:
µoAuoµoTtK6<;: Measles is an infectious disease.
:
literally /'ht rah/ adv. [in a manner that corresponds exactly to :
the original meaning of something; used to emphasize that some- :
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
COMPANION • Test I
page 75
VocAbulAr!J
Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. The managers negotiated with the workers in an attempt to
B. invert
A. revert
2. How could anyone
A. denounce
3. His
a strike.
0. avert
C. subside
such a terrible crime?
B. perpetrate
C. purge
0. embezzle
effort resulted in his passing the exam.
A. monumental
C. impudent
B. gregarious
4. He is a man of great
so you can trust him.
B. integrity
A. deficit
5. We mustn't
A. deviate
D. voluble
C. retaliation
D. retribution
from the important points of the meeting.
B. covet
C. rebuke
0. recite
8. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. Be careful; that liquid is highly
2. It was a clear case of
MEDITATE
murder.
3. He's only suffering from a minor
AIL
.
4. The damage is
s.
FLAME
.
REVERSE
, there's nothing we can do.
It's
whether the new machines will be of much help or not.
DEBATE
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
clumsy
graze
baffle
spurn
prevalent
futile
1. He shouldn't have any problem doing that difficult job as he's a
2. The cattle were
3. She was
5. His
young man.
in the field.
by his strange behavior.
4. Don't let John carry those glasses; he's very
attempts ended in failure.
robust
!
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 76
by no means [definitely not] enoubevi, anoKAeieto1: He is by no
means coming to the party with us.
by means of [using) µtow: The prisoners escaped by means of a
secret tunnel.
by all means (yes, of course; definitely] cpuotK6., e>..eu8epa: If you
want to leave earlier. by all means do.
Practice Test 2
Pages 22-23 - Composition
unprecedented I xn'presrdenud/ adj. (never known to have happened before] npw10cpavf]<;, xwp!<; nponvoeuevo: It was the
unprecedented violenceof the crime that shocked everyone.
account for phrasal verb [be or give the reason for something)
efµai unomoc, e~nyw: Hard work and lack of proper sleep
account for his breakdown.
juvenile /'d3u:vana11/ adj. [related to young people, who are not
adults yet) ovi)AlKO<;, veovtK6<;: The rise in juvenile crime is worrying both the authoritiesand the general public.
delinquency /d1'h1Jkwans1/ noun [behaviour which is against the
law or the accepted moral principles, especially by young people]
eyl<AriµOTLKOTf'ltO: Juvenile delinquency is on the rise especially in
poor urban areas.
assessment /a'sesmanll noun [evaluation; opinion] eKtiµnon:
What is your assessment of the situation?
dominate /'dominen/ verb (have control of or a very strong
influence on (people, events, etc.)] Kup1opxw. <5eon6(w: She
a/Ways dominates the meetings;no one else has a chance to speak.
Page 27 - Grammar
drop out (of) phrasal verb (withdraw from a group, activity,
course of study or from the normal life of society] eyKOTOAeinw,
cnooupoucc Despite being an excellent student, she dropped out
of college and took up acting.
good-for-nothing adj. [lazy, unskilled and irresponsible) axpnato<;,
aKaµ6TI)<;: I'd fire him if I were you; he's a good-for-nothing.
creep /kri:p/ noun ((informal) a person that one detests]
oixaµtvo<;, OKouAi)Ki: Get out of my way, you awful creep.
Page 28 - Grammar
habitual /he'brtjual/ adj. (done regularly as a habit or having the
habit of doing something] au0Tf'lµOT1K6<;, Ka9't~1v: He's a habitual
gambler, which has caused his family great suffering.
make a habit of (decide to do something regularly) Kavw Kon
ouvf]8e1a, OuVflSl(w: He's made a habit of taking a walk before
going to bed.
get down to phrasal verb [finally begin to do something, especially something that requires a lot of time or energy] oroevoucc I
must get down to work as exams begin next week.
gel up to phrasal verb (do, especially something bad] µnMK0µ01:
Your teacher asked to see me. What did you get up to this time?
sympathize 1 's1mpa0a1z/ verb [feel pity or sorrow for a person in
trouble and express those feelings] ouµnov<i>: I can't sympathize
with someone who complains all the time.
grasp /gro:sp/ noun (the ability to understand] ovrfArilPrt: I'm
afraidthese notions are totally beyond my grasp.
convention/kan'venjan/ noun [an established and widely
accepted way of behaving, which is considered normal and right)
t0iµo, ouµ~aoe1<;: Shaking hands when meeting people is a normat convention in many countries.
intense /m'tens/ adj. (very strong] 6uv016<;, svrovoc: He did
nothing
to hide his intense hatred for me.
1
be intent on [concentrate on something that one is determined to
do) ncoonxeuevoc, anoq>oo1oµtvoc;: Laura is intent on finishing
her studies in June.
attentive /a'tenuv 1 adj. [giving notice and care] npooeKt1K6<;:
The children were very attentive when their teacher was speaking.
COMPANION • Tesl 2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Page 29 - C/oze
harvest /'ho:vast/ noun (the gathering of crops or the crops
gathered) µa(eµa 006e1a<;, oo6eul: This year's apple harvest was
rather poor due to bad weather conditions.
famine /'fa:mrn/ noun [very serious lack of food) Atµ6<;, neivo:
Famine still remains a massive killer in many African countries.
storage /'st:):nd3/ n [the act of storing or state of being stored)
ano8i)Keuon: We've put our furnitureinto storage at a warehouse.
distribution Id rstrt 'bju:f an I noun [the act of giving out or delivering, usually to a large number of people, companies, etc.; the
sharing of something among members of a group or society]
l>iavoµi) I Katavoµi): U.N. workers are helping with the distribution
of medicine and food to the refugees.Unfortunately, the distribulion of wealth can never be equal.
scourge /sk3:d3/ noun (a cause of great suffering to many people] µaauya: Drugs are a contemporary scourge of society.
colonize /'kolana1z/ verb [establish political control over a foreign country or part of it and send people to settle there] ano1K!(w:
The English colonizedNew England in 1620.
inhospitable /rnho'spuabl/ adj. [(of places) not easy for people
to live in because of harsh weather conditions or lack of shelter;
(of people) unfriendly with guests or visitors] acp!A6~evoc;: The
explorers struggled for days the inhospitable mountainous territory.
: The inhabitants of this village are quite inhospitable.
: inaccessible /rnek'sesobl/ adj. [difficult or impossible to
: approach, reach, or obtain) cnpoorroc; The village is inaccessible
by car because of heavy flooding.
swamp /swornp/ noun [(an area of) wet. marshy ground]
~6>..to<;: Crossing the swamp proved to be extremely difficult.
stockpile /'stnkparl/ verb [accumulate a supply of goods,
weapons, etc. to use in case of emergency] <51')µ1oupycil onoeeuc,
ouoowpeuw: Many countries all over the world are stockpiling
chemical weapons.
livestock /'larvstok/ noun (domestic animals, especially cattle,
sheep, pigs and horses] (wvtova: The severe floods killed most of
the farmers' livestock.
• takes its toll (on) [have a harmful effect on someone or some: thing usually over a long period of time] npo~eve( anw>..eie<; oe:
: Years of hard work have taken their toll on his health.
: toil 11~111 noun [hard and long work] µ6x9o<;: They were leading
: a life of toil in the fields.
: token /'taukan/ noun [a small symbol representing something)
: teKµ(Jp10, 6eiyµo: Please accept this token of my gratitude.
: decapitate /dt'ksepueu/ verb [cut a person's head off]
: anoKecpo>..!(w: In old times betrayors were often decapitated.
: annihilate /a'naralert/ verb [destroy a place or a group of people
: completely by using weapons) e~o>..o0peuw: Nuclear weapons
: could annihilate the entirehuman race.
: eradicate /r'reedrkeu? verb [destroy something, such as a dis: ease or social problem, completely) e~o>..eicpw: Many diseases
: have been totally eradicated thanks to progress in medicine.
: decimate /'des1me11/ verb [destroy a large part of a whole]
: anol>eKOTi(w: Disease and malnutrition had decimated the local
: population.
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 77
hush lhhf I verb (make someone stop speaking, shouting or crying) Kareuva~w. nouxa~w: Try to hush the baby; it's ten o'clock
and she's still awake.
prolong /pra'lotJ/ verb (intentionally make something last longer)
cmµ11Kuvw, napatcfvw: Please do not prolong the discussion
unnecessarily.
remainder /rr'mernda/ noun [the rest] unoxomo: The remainder
of the money will be paid in monthly installments.
remains 1 n'mornz/ noun (plural) [the parts of something that are
left over after the rest has been taken away or destroyed]
uno>.c(µµarn. anoµc1vapta, eoenuo: He ate the remains of the
dinner hungrily.Last summer we visited the ancient remains of
Faestos.
remnant /'remnant/ noun [(usually plural) a small amount of
something left over after the rest of it has been used, destroyed or
eaten) un6>.c1µµa, pcta>..1: The shop is selling remnants of cloth at
half price.
flourish / 'Ilxrr], 'fls.n] I noun [something such as a fancy or
extravagant detail or action) cpavcpapa, µcyaMnpcnn xc1povoµ(a: I
don't approve of flourishes especially when it comes to business
matters.
bloom /blu:m/ noun [the state of flowering) ovarian: The flowers
are in full bloom at this time of year.
thrive /0ra1v I verb -p.t. mrove, p.p. thriven- [prosper, grow
strong and healthy) cuOoK1µw, curiµcpw: Construction businesses
throve back in the '50s.
bud /b,..d/ noun [a shoot of a tree or plant, containing undeveloped leaves or flowers] unouunouxi: Are there any buds on the
rose bushes yet?
surplus /'s3:plas/ adj. [more than what is needed or can be used]
cni nMov, neptocio I nxeovcouc: Remove any surplus glue
before you stick this paper on the surface.
surfeit /'s3:f1t/ noun [too much of something; more than is needed] nseovoouc; There was a surfeit of food at the party.
liabilities /Iara'brlrtiz/ noun (plural) (the amount of debt that has
to be paid] oq>clA(f, 01Kovoµ1K(J unoxptwon: The company went
bankrupt as it was not able to meet its liabilities.
subtract /sab'trsekr/ verb [take a number or quantity from a larger one] acpmpw: We need to subtract expenses! to see what our
profit is.
Page 30 ~ Vocabulary
sedate 1s1'de11/ adj. [calm, serious and dignified] coscooc.
ya>.fiv10,: Mrs. Morris is a sedate, middle-aged woman.
sedimentary /sedi'mentari/ adj. for rocks that are formed from the
solid material that settles at the bottom of a river or sea
1~11µ01oycvrj~
look into phrasal verb [inspect or investigate] c~cta~w. epcuvw:
The manager will look into your complaint.
look up phrasal verb [improve] Ka>..utcpcuw: Things have been
looking up lately, and we all feel more optimistic.
look through phrasal verb [look for something among a pile of
things, in a drawer, etc.] IJlaxvw, pixvw µ10 µana: I've looked
through my drawers, but I can't find that certificate anywhere.
apprehend /eeprr'hend/ verb [(formal) arrest! ou>.>..aµpavw: The
terrorist was finally apprehended last night after en extensive
search that lasted tor days.
conceive /kan 'si:v I verb (understand something or form an idea
in one's mind] aVTIAaµ~avoµa1, ou>..>..aµpavw: I find it difficult to
conceive how he managed to escape. Who first conceived the
idea of flying?
COMPANION • Test 2
: comprehend /kompn'hend/ verb (understand, especially some: thing difficult] xorovoe, Kata>.a~aivw: Students are not able to
• comprehend such difficult texts yet.
infallible /in'frelabl/ adj. [never making a mistake] aMv9aoTO~:
No man is infallible.
impeccable /Jm'pekabl/ adj. [having a faultless appearance or
behavior) aµcµmo~: His manners were impeccable.She has
impeccable taste in clothes.
impervious /im'pa:vias/ adj. (not affected or influenced byl
avcnnptao10~: He seemed to be impervious to their criticism.
impudent /impju:danV adj. [disrespectful; slightly naughty) avat6J')~:
That impudent young man asked me if I'd buy him a beer!
• diligent /'d11Idg3ant/ adj. [conscientious and hard-working)
: cmµc>.J')~: Even the most diligent of teachers sometimes fall
: behind with marking.
: dingy /'d11Jd3i/ adj. (dark, dirty and in bad condition) ae>..10~.
: ~pc.ilµtKo~: Every single hotel was booked in the area and we had
: to spend the night in a dingy room.
: deferment /dr'farmant/ noun [the act of putting of or delaying]
: ava~oMJ, Ka9uo1tp1101r Deferment of taking a decision can be
: proved crucial; we must decide here and now.
: disobedience /drsa'bi.dians/
noun [the act of deliberately refus: ing to do what one is asked or commanded to do] cvunoson; You
: must be punished for your disobedience!
: deference /'defarans/ noun (submission of judgment to the
: opinion or judgment of another person especially because of
: respect] oc~aoµ6~: He always treats his elders with deference.
: elicit/ 1'1Is1t/ verb [succeed in obtaining information, a statement,
: etc. from a person usually with difficulty) CKµatcuw, cnoone: The
: police haven't managed to elicit a confession from the prime sus: peel yet.
: illicit ll'lls1t/ adj. !unlawful and forbidden] ncpnvouoc: He was
: sentences to five years in prison tor illicit gold trading.
: soluble /'soljubl/ adj. [able to be dissolved or made liquid; (of a
: problem) able to be solved] 01a>.UT6~ I cm>.Uoiµo~: This dye is
: soluble in water. This problem is far from being soluble.
: insolvent 1111 'solvant/ adj. (not having enough money to pay
: one's debtsJ XPCWKonnµtvo~: He declared that his company was
: insolvent by several million dollars.
: vague /verg/ adj. [unclear and imprecise by not saying exactly
: what one wants or means] aoacp(f~. uooioro« He is always very
: vague when making arrangements.
• illusory lr'lu:sari/ adj. [false and impossible but appearing to be
true) anaTflM~. IJlcunKo~: We can now understand how illusory
all those great ideas of his were.
enlivening /m'larvsnnj? adj. [making more lively or amusing]
cµIJluxwnK6~. nou olvc1 ~WVTdvta: The teacher's idea to have the
lesson in the school garden proved very enlivening.
appalling /a'p:>:lllJ/ adj. [horrifying or shocking; very bad]
cpp1K1aOT1K6,, cnosoouoruo« The appalling news about the terrorist attack caused widespread sensation.
invigorating /m'vrgareunj/ adj. [making one feel more energetic
and healthy] ava~woyovrinK6~: Walking in the fresh country air is
very invigorating.
renovate /'renavert/ verb [get something back in good condition
by repairing or improving it] avaKatvi~w: We're thinking of renovating our old house in the country.
expropriate /rk'spraoprieu/ verb [take away someone's property for public use] ana>..>..otp1wvw: Thousands of acres were expropriated to build the new airport.
appropriate /c'prouprieu/ verb [steal or take something for
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 78
one's own use] 01Ke1ono1ouµa1, ocpe1ep(<oµm: He was accused of :
appropriating the results of the research.
:
flounder /'flaunda/ verb [be unable to think about and decide on :
what to say or do) Koµmti(w, napaotpvw, µnMKoµm: When they :
asked her if she had ever met the suspect, she floundered tor a :
moment.
:
pamper /'prempa/ verb [look after someone too kindly]
napaxa"i?ieuw: Pets are usually pampered by their owners.
ponder /'pond a/ verb [consider a problem or difficulty seriously
and carefully) OKtmoµa1, ou>J.oyi(oµm, avaµe1pc.il: He pondered
on the suggestion tor days before making a decision.
submerged /seb'rns.djd/ adj. [covered with or sunk in water:
completely covered] pua1oµtvoc;, KaAuµµtvoc;: The ship crashed
into some submerged rocks.
•
distracted /dt'strtekud/ adj. [with one's attention drawn away :
from something] cnconcouevoc: She seems pretty distracted at :
the moment. It's probably because of the bad news.
:
prohibited 1 pra'hrbrud/ adj. [officially forbidden]
:
onovopsuuevoc: Smoking is prohibited in all communal areas of
the university.
cultivated /'kAlt1ve1t1d/ adj. [intelligent and educated)
KoM1epyriµtvoc;: It was a pleasure talking to such a cultivated
young man.
gorgeous I 'g:>:d3as/ adj. [extremely good-looking, attractive or
pleasurable] uneporoc, e~a(moc;: All male heads turned when a
gorgeous brunette walked into the hotel lounge.
:
avid /ai'vrd I adj. [eager to learn, listen to, etc something as
•
much as one can] axop10yoc;: Jennifer is an avid reader.
outsider /aut'satda/ adj. (a person who is not part of a group or
is not accepted as such) ~tvoc;, rorroc: I felt like a total outsider
when I first got this job.
mortal fmo:rtV noun (an ordinary human being] svnroc: Climbing
Mount Everest is an impossible task for most mortals.
proprietor /pra'praiata/ noun [a person who owns sth] 1010Kn'JlTlC::
He's the proprietor of several small shops.
inert /i'nnt/ adj. [not moving] 0KiVl']10c;: He lay, inert on the floor.
thrifty /9rifti/ adj. [careful with money) cuovnpoc; I'm quite a
thrifty person, so I can easily save money if I need too.
:
terse /tJ:s/ adj. [brief and exact in a way that seems rude)
:
>.0Kwv1K6c;, Koip16c;: Her terse answer stopped the journalist from :
asking her more personal questions.
plea /pli:/ noun (a prisoner's answer to a charge; an urgent
request! andVTIJOTl OE KOTIJYOPTJTI'Jpto I eKKAT(OTl: He made a plea
of "not guilfY''. The hospital sent out a plea for blood donors.
flee /fli:/ verb -p.t. & p.p. fled- [run away mainly to escape danger) rpenoucr oe cpuvn. Ota(l)euyw: By the time the police arrived,
the robbers had fled.
plead /pli:d/ verb [make an urgen request] EK>.mapw: She pleaded with her father to lend her his car.
Page 31 • Vocabulary
exposition /okspa'zrjan/ noun (a detailed explanation; an exhibi- •
lion of industrial goods] avtimu~ri. nopouotoon I eK9&CJT1: His
exposition of tne new methods was very informative.
extinction /ik'st11Jkfn1 noun [the state of no longer existing)
a(Jlav10µ6c;: Many species are faced with extinction because of the
destruction man has caused to their natural habitats.
unfounded hn'raund1d/ adj. [not based on true facts and therefore false) apaotµoc;: I won't stay here and listen to your untoundea accusations any longer.
•
fathomless t'fre3amlas/ adj. [too complex or obscure to under- :
•
COMPANION ·Test
2
stand or too deep to be measured] 0Ko1e1v6c;, ave~1xvia01oc;:
How he managed to escape was a fathomless mystery to us all.
idle /'a1dl/ adj. [having no effect or result and thus not being
taken seriously) Kevoc;: Those are just idle threats; they won't dare
fire us.
flinch /fl 1n1J I verb [avoid doing something because one does not
like it or fears it] ana<peuyw, unavaxwpc.il: He never flinches from
difficulties.
swerve lsw3:v I verb [turn away from a line or course, especially
quickly] >.o~o?ipoµc.il, napeKK>.ivw: She never swerved from her
purpose.
hurl /h3:1/ verb [throw something violently, especially when you
are angry] EKocpev6ovi(w. &KTO~euw: They hurled stones at the
embassy windows.
prone (to) /praun/ adj. [inclined, liable] smpoennc: He is prone
to illness.
prudent /'pru:dant I adj. [wise and careful] ouveroc, cpp6v1µoc;:
Do you consider it prudent to carry all that money with you?
superficial /su.pa'Irjal/ adj. [not thorough or profound; shallow]
rnupave10K6c;, prixoc;: He has only a supeticial knowledge of the
subject.
crucial /'kru:fal/ adj. [of great importance or involving a serious
decision] Kpimµoc;: The next match is crucial; if we lose it, we
lose the championship.
superfluous /su:'p3:fluas/ adj. [unnecessary or no longer needed)
neorrroc: You can have these things; they are superfluous to our
needs.
caress /ka'res/ verb [touch gently and lovingly) xa'il5euw: She
caressed her horse's neck.
cross /kros/ adj. [angry or annoyed] ronvnouevoc, auµwµtvoc;:
I get very cross when I lose something.
expose /rk'spaoz? verb [leave unprotected from) eK8t1w: I
wouldn't expose myself to such danger if I were you.
make off phrasal verb [escape quickly] to oKdw, 6pane1euw: The
thieves had made off with the money before the police arrived.
make into phrasal verb [change something so that it can be used
for a different purpose] uercrpene: We can make the old barn
into a playroom.
make out phrasal verb [barely see. hear or understand something) 6taKpivw: I can make out a light behind the trees.
sheer /J1a1adj. [absolute]an6>.u10~: Her singing was sheer delight.
put off phrasal verb [discourage or cause a person to feel disgust
or dislike] ano0appuvw, anwew: I wanted to go to the concert but
I was put off by the exorbitant price of the ticket.
put over phrasal verb [succeed in conveying an idea or feeling)
µe100!6w, Kavw xcrcvonro: The difficult part is how to put over all
these theories to young students.
put down phrasal verb [insult; humiliate] npoopillw, roneweve:
1 don't see why he had to put her down in public. He humiliated
her in front of her friends.
heed /hi:d/ noun [attention and serious consideration given to
something) noooom, onucoto: Please take heed of my warning
and don't act so foolishly.
prick 1 pn k I noun (a slight pain caused by something that pierces
the skin) 1oiµnriµa: Don't be afraid; you will just feel a slight prick.
fasting t'fo:st11J/ noun [the act of going without food, especially
for religious or medical reasons] Vl']OTEia: Prolonged tasting can
prove dangerous to one's health.
feasting /'fi:st11JI noun [the act of celebrating by having a large
meal] oounooio, y1opn'): Feasting went on until the early hours of
the morning .
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 79
carousing/ka'rauzuj/ noun [(literary) the act of taking part in a
noisy drinking session] µt8oK6miµa: The youngsters' carousing
annoyed the quiet neighborhood.
debauchery /dr'bo:tfan/ noun [too much indulgence in pleasures usually considered immoral, such as sexual activity and
excessive drinking] OKo>.aoia: He led a life of debauchery which
soon brought about the deteriorationof his health.
broach /braut], brnutJ 1 verb [mention an awkward or ernoarrassing subject in order to begin a discussion on it] Siyw: When
she broached the subject of extramarital affairs most of us floundered.
weep /wi:p/ verb -p.t. & p.p. wept- (cry because of being sad)
K>.aiw, xuvw OdKpua: She wept when she heard the terrible news.
swipe /swarp/ verb [hit hard] xwn6w ue Mvoµri: She swiped
the ball over the net.
warfare /'wo:fea/ noun [fighting in a war, often using particular
methods) n6>.tµo<;. tx0ponpa~it<;: Chemical warfare is disastrous to all living creatures.
restriction /n'stnkJan/ noun [a rule that limits or controls; the
act of limiting or controlling) neproprouoc: Even in a free democracy a person's behavior is subject to certain restrictions.
expectancy I rk'spektansi I noun [the state of hoping for or
expecting something pleasant] npooOoKfa: When I saw that look
of expectancy in her eyes, I couldn't resist givingher her present
at once.
reverse I ro'vs.s/ noun [(formal) a defeat; a piece of bad luck]
DnO, avanolit<i: Not persuadingthem to sign the contract would
be a serious reverse.
revulsion /n'vAlfan/ noun [a feeling of shock and disgust)
unoorooen: We all felt revulsion at the news of the atrocities.
novel /novl/ adj. (original and new] noerotunoc: We need to
think up some novel ideas to make it different.
conform /kan'Fo.m/ verb [comply with or be of the type that is
desired or required] ouµcpwvw, ouµµopq>wvoµm: If you want to fit
in at this school, you'll have to conform to its rules.
ascribe /a'skra1b/ verb (think of as done or caused by someone
or something; attribute to] a1100i0w: This painting is ascribedto El
Greco.
imply /im'pla1/ verb [suggest or hint without actually stating)
unovoe, unoivtoooum: Your absence implies a lack of interest in
the course.
comply (with) /kam'plai/ verb [act in the commanded or
requested way] ouµµopq>wvoµm npoc: You must comply with her
wishes if you want to save yourself from her wrath.
get-together 1 'get cageOa/ noun (a gathering of people for social
purposes or to discuss something) ouyKtvtpw01r We're having a
little get-together tomorrow night.
turnover /'t3:nauva/ noun [the amount of business done over a
period of time, measured in money) T~ipo<;, KUK>.o<; tpyooicilv:
They have a turnover of $40,000 a week. which is twice what it
was this time last year.
break-up I 'breikxp/ noun [the act of ending a relationship or of
separating a group or organization into smaller parts) xwp10µ6<;,
li1aµE>.10µ6<;: The financialimpasse fed to the break-up of the
company.
outcome /'autkhm/ noun (the result] tK~aon, Kata>.ri~n: What
was the outcome of your discussion?
make over phrasal verb [officially give one's property to someone
else) µtTO~t~a~w: He made over his whole fortune to a charitable
organization.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
•
•
Page 32 - Reading- TEXT 1
stereotyped /'stenatarpt/ adj. [based on a fixed image or idea
that a lot of people believe to be representative of a person. a
thing, a national thing, etc.] oreoeorunoc: The book gives a
stereotyped view of men's and women's roles.
portray/px'tret? verb [describe someone or something in a way
that reflects one's own opinion of them] anttKovi~w. ntp1yp6q>w:
The witnessportrayedthe murder as a maniac.
pursuit /pa'sju:t/ noun (a determined attempt at achieving something) tmOfw~n: The pursuit of happiness is what has always ruled
human life.
tedious /'1i:d1as/ adj. (boring and continuing for a long time)
~optt6<;: Correcting papers is such a tedious task.
stem from phrasal verb [originate or come as a result]
npoeproum. nrivo~w: Her feelings of insecurity stem from her
unhappy childhood.
delegation /dela'geijan/ noun [the act of assigning work or giving power to someone so that they can act on one's behalf; a group
of representatives) avaewn / ovnnoooeneto. Proper delegation
of work is essential to the smooth operation of the company.
detection /di'tekjan/ noun [the act of noticing or discovering,
especially something that cannot be perceived easily] av(xvtuCJll:
Detection of cancer at its early stages can save a patient's fife.
repression /n'prefan/ noun [the act of using force to control a
group of people or a country] «rrcrueon We are determined to
fight against all forms of repression.
patrol /pa'traul/ verb [watch or protect an area by continually
moving around or through it) ntpmo).w: Soldiers patrolled the
streets throughout the day.
skid row /skrd 'rau/ noun [an area of a city frequented by
tramps and people with no fixed homes) KOK6q>11µ11 ntp1oxJi: No
one dares to wander in the skid rows of the city.
Here the writer uses a pun; skid road instead of skid row.
vagrant /vergrent? noun [(formal) a person who has no fixed
home and often begs] neomxoveuevoc. aAJilll<:: Several vagrants
were arrested last night and taken to the town's precinct.
host 1 haost I noun [a very large number on nMSo<;: We receive a
host of complaints every day and we can't possiblydeal with all of
them at once.
regulatory/regju'lcuari/ adj. [(formal) intended to control a
process by rules] pu8µ1011K6<;: Several senators have proposed
regulatory legislation concerning the import of luxury goods.
by default [happening because nothing happened to prevent it]
tpJiµriv: Whether because of inadequate planning or by default, he
is to be held responsible for the mistake.
license /'la1sans/ verb [grant official permission for someone to
do something or for something to happen) Ofvw Mtto: Not all
restaurants are licensed to sell alcohol.
+ licensing functions: any function that requires a license such
as a wedding. selling alcohol, driving, etc.
referral /ri'f3:ral/ noun [a person or thing that is sent to a place
or person for information, advice, etc.] µttaq>tpSti<;, napam:µq>0Ei<;.
chore /tfo:/ noun [dull and hard work that one has to do regularly] ayyaptia: f don't know why I'm the one who gets to do all
kinds of chores at the office.
distinct /di'sunkt? adj. [clearly separate or different]
Ota(pOptttK6<;: Her technique as a painter is quite distinct from
that of her teacher's.
prevention /pn'venjan/ noun (the act of stopping something
such as crime or illness from occurring) np6Alltlni: Prevention is
better than cure.
+
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
•
•
•
COMPANION • Test 2
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 80
cast about/around for phrasal verb+prep [try to find something
to do or say] ava~nT<il, llJClxvw: He was casting about for someone
to help him move his wrecked car.
urban /'3:ban I adj. [related to a town or city) OO'TtKci~. tn~
n6>.n~: The increase of crime in urban areas is worrying the
authorities.
brag /brreg/ verb [(abouVof) talk with great pride] Kauxwµm:
He's been bragging about his new yacht.
entail 1111'tetl1 verb [involve or make necessary or inevitable)
ouvendyoµm, anami>: Writing a dictionaryentails a lot of hard work.
take on phrasal verb [undertake work or responsibility]
ava>.aµaavw: He took on the job even though he didn't feel very
confident about it.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
Page 37 - Reading - TEXT 2
alliance /a'la1ans/ noun [the act of being joined or the union
fonned especially between countries or organizations] ouµµaxia:
Thethree countries entered into an alliance so as to pursue their
interests in a more effective way.
sake /'sa:ki/ noun [a Japanese alcoholic drink made from rice)
06.Ke (y1anwvt~1Ko noro)
:
wax lyrical/romantic/etc. [to speak in the way mentioned) µ1Aliw :
µe >.up10µ6/poµaVTtK6/K>.n.: She waxed lyricalabout her trip to
:
South America.
:
lyrical /'lmkal/ adj. -also lyric- [beautifully and enthusiastically :
expressed) >.up1Kci~: His lyrical descriptions of nature are a pleas- :
ure to read.
:
affinity /a'f1na11/ noun (close relation or resemblance of qualities :
or characteristics] opoiornro. ouvdq>tta: There's an outstanding :
affinity between ancient Cycladic statuettes and modern sculpture. :
sic /sik? adv. [(Latin) written after a word that one quotes in
:
order to show that one knows it is spelled or used incorrectly and :
that that was the way it was originally spelled or used) ypdq>&Tat :
oe nopevsecn vm va 6ei~e1 on n nponyouµeVT) M(n txe1
:
eoKeµµtva ypaq>tei >.aveaoµtva: "Smoking is prohibiting" (sic)
:
the sign read.
:
reinforce /ri:m'fo:s/ verb [make an idea, opinion or belief
:
stronger by supporting it] ev1axuw: His confidence has been rein- :
forced by his recent professional success.
ministerial /rnuu'suarial/ adj. [associated with a goverment or a
minister) unoupvuoc, KuaepVT)nK6~: His ministerial duties kept
him away from the problems of his family.
defuse /di:'fju:z/ verb [make a situation less tense or dangerous
by effectively dealing with the causes) £K1ov<i>vw: They tried to
defuse the tension among the workers by promising an increase
in wages.
squabble /'skwobl/ noun [a noisy disagreement or quarrel, especially about something unimportant] q>IAovtK[a, Ka~yd~: The chi/aten's squabbles about all sorts of things make me mad.
protectionism /pra'tekjanrzm/ noun [the policy of helping the
country's industry and trade especially by taxing imported goods]
npoororeunoucc: Countries often base their development on
strict protectionism.
swell /swell verb -p.t. swelled, p.p. swollen- (move forcefully
upwards and forwards) ipouoKwvw: The sea swelled and covered
the sandy beach.(fig.) Technological advances have swollen the
tide of development.
bridgehead t'br1d3hed/ noun [a strong position that an army
has taken in enemy territory and from which it can go forward or
attack) npoyeq>upwµa: The soldiers had seizedbridgeheads on
both sides of the river.
--
---------
COMPANION ·Test
2
incentive /rn'senuv/ noun [motivation or encouragement to do
something, or something given for this purpose] KiVTJTpo: Hope of
promotion was an incentive to hard work.
reckon /'rekan/ verb [calculate; think or suppose] uno>.oyf~w I
unoOtTw, voµi~w: First we have to reckon the cost of the investment.
I reckon her to be the best actress our country has ever had.
intrigue /m'tri:g/ verb [arouse interest or curiosity, especially
because of being unusual or mysterious) Ktvcil lTJV nep1tpye1a,
vonrsue, tVTptyKapw: We were all intrigued by his allusions to a
secret plot.
persist /po'srsr/ verb (continue to exist; endure) eµµtvw:
Ignorance and superstition persist in some parts of the country.
repugnance I rr'pxgnans/ noun [(formal) a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) anoaTpoq>(], antxee1a: She was filled with repugnance at the idea of having to face her rapist in court.
remodel 1 ri:'modl/ verb [change the appearance or form of
something] avaµopqiwvw. a>J.<1~w: We have decided to remodel
the hotel's lounge.
initiate /1'n1s1e11/ verb (start, especially something important)
~eK1vw, tyKatvtd~w: The local authoritieshave inititated a scheme
to help old people with their shopping.
squabble /'skwobl/ noun (argument] Kauya~: The children often
have squabbles about silly things that they disagree about.
off-bounds adj. -also out of bounds- [prohibited: beyond limits)
anayopeuµtvo~: This area is off-bounds for unauthorizedpersonnel.
Page 38 - Reading - TEXT 3
assumption /a'sxrnpjan/ noun [something which is take or
accepted as true despite lack of evidence] uncieeon: On the
assumption that we can process and edit four pages an hour. the
work will be finished by tomorrow.
self-evident /self 'evrdant/ adj. [clear enough and requiring no
proof autan61ietKTo~. ourovonroc: That you have a better chance
of succeeding if you study hard is self-evident.
discontented /diskan'tenud/ adj. [dissatisfied or unhappy]
6uoapeOlT)µtvo~: She's discontented with her new job, but
there's nothing she can do about it at the moment.
cherish t 'tf en] I verb [have. keep alive (hope. ambition, feelings,
etc.)J Tptq>w evMµuxa (16te~. qi!Ao6o~ie~. KAn): Don't cherish
the illusion that I will always be here to help you out.
excel llk'sel/ verb (stand out beyond others in quality or performance] litaKpivoµat, 61anptnw, apiaTtuw: He has always
excelled at sports.
extenuate /rk'stcnjucu/ verb [make a wrong action seem and
be judged as less serious by offering reasons for it] µe1p1d~w.
e>.aqipuvw: Nothing can extenuate such a horrible crime.
inherit /m'heru/ verb [have an appearance or character that
resembles that of one's parents] K>.npovoµtil: She has inherited
her mother's good taste.
strain tstrem/ noun (a state of anxiety or worry especially when
having to deal with a problem or hard work) evrcon, ncooncsem.
(6p1: She's under a lot of strain at the moment because of her
husband's illness.
impose /rrn'paoz/ verb [force oneself, one's opinions, etc. on a
person] em~a>.>.w: The headmaster likes to impose his authority
on the teachers.
enlighten I in 'Ian n I verb [ (fonnal) give more knowledge or information about something or improve someone's understanding of
something) 61aq>wTf~w. eVT)µepwvw: This article enlightens the
reader as to the real extent of the environmental damage we
cause to the planet.
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 81
COMPANION ·Test 2
ostracize t'ostrasa1z/ verb [stop accepting someone as a mem- : from social, political or religious restrictions that are degrading]
ber of a group or the society] e~oOTpaKf<w: When the scandal was : xetpaq>tT11on. ane).eu0tpwon: The emancipation of women is still
revealed, he was ostracized from the local society.
not a reality in many parts of the world.
debilitate /d1'bJ11tc11/ verb {cause to become weaker; disable]
contemplative /kan'templauv, 'kontarnplernv/ adj. [thinking
KOTa~aMw, e~ao0evf<w: Ten days of fever have debilitated his
deeply. seriously and quietly] 0Toxa011K6<;, oKertTIK6<;: She was in
health.Economy had been debiHtated by enormous debts.
a contemplative mood and I didn't want to interrupt her thoughts.
perception /pa'sepfn/ noun (an idea or belief about something
latent /'le1tant/ adj. [hidden or not obvious, but that may develop
based on the way one understands it] avtiAJ]IPTJ: People's petcepin the future] ).av0avwv, Kpu~<;: I'm sure he has plenty of latent
tions of environmental problems differ greatly.
qualities, but he hasn't had the opportunity to reveal them yet.
detrimental /detrt'mental/ adj. (causing harm or damage]
conspicuously /kan'sprkjuash/ adv. [in a noticeable manner)
em(Jiµ10<;. eaoooncoc. Stress is detrimental to one's health.
eµcpav<i>c;, q>avepa: He is conspicuously successful as a businessexertion /1g'z3:Jan/ noun [great physical or mental effort]
man despite his young age.
noooncaeo. mson: I find the exertions of running my own busiunperceived I xnpa'si.vd/ adj. [not understood] µn OVTlAf"lm6<;:
ness too hard to bear.
The seriousness of the situation was still unperceived by most of
those involved.
grief I gri:f 1 noun [great sadness or unhappiness) 9Xll1Jf"I, ljJUXtKli
Page 39 - Reading- TEXT 4
radical l'ra!d1kal/ adj. [thorough, complete and having important o6uvn: She was tilled with grief at the news of her friend's death.
stricken /'stnkant adj. (deeply affected, overwhelmed or afflicted
effects] p1(1K6<;: During the last meeting, the marketing manager
•
proposed some radical changes in the way we promote our products. by something) rrunnuevoc, n).nye(<;: Panic-stricken crowds
rushed out of the blazing stadium.
discourse /'d1sk:>:s/ noun (a serious talk or formal writing about
acclaimed /a'klermd/ adj. [highly praised by a lot of people]
a particular subject] ouvo1(1Ae~n. npayµateia: Political parties are
ano6tKT6<;, nou eneuenuemn: Gene Hackman is a higl1ly
engrossed in prolonged discourse concerning the protection of
acclaimed actor.
the environment.
utterance l'Atarans/ noun [(formal) something a person says]
).eyoµevo, pnatv: Politicians' public utterances are no longer
taken seriously by the majority of people.
meditation /rnedr'teijn/ noun [oral or written expression of
:
profound and serious thoughts) µeMT11. crorocuoc; I find great :
interest in Dr. Martin's meditations on the role of democracy.
:
divine /dr'vain/ adj. [of or belonging to God] 0E:°iK6C:. 9e(oc;: He :
claims to have received a divine message.
:
inaugural I 1 'no.gjoral/ adj. [the first speech given by someone :
who has just been elected or appointed to an important post]
:
evapKTi)pto<;: J.F.Kennedy's inaugural address as a President is :
something America will always remember.
:
grandeur /'grrend3a. 'greendjar/ noun [a quality in something :
that makes it impressive and elegant; importance or social status] :
µeya).onptneia: The grandeur of the old cathedral was over:
whelming.
:
••
quote /kwaul/ verb [repeat someone's words exactly as they
were said or written] avaq>tpw. napa0ttw: She quoted an extract :
from the Bible to make her point clearer.
:
manifest /'mrenifest/ verb [(formal) express a feeling or belief) :
eKlif"IXci>vw. oeixvw Ka9apd: He manifested great stupidity by
:
deciding to proceed with this partnership.
:
influentially/influ'enfah/ adv. (in a way that influences or
affects others· actions] ouvaµ1K<i, iaxupa, µE eruppon; They were
influentiallypersuaded to adopt the new scheme.
crystallization /krrstalar'zeijon. krrstolr'zorjan/ noun (the
process during which an opinion or idea becomes clear and definite in one's mind) anoKpu01aAAwon: The crystallization of our
demands is essential if we want to persuade the management.
assign /a'sarn/ verb (name a time, place or reason for something) npooo1op(~w. anooiOw: We cannon! assign a date to this
statue but it must be at least two thousand years old.
dominant/'domrnanll adj. [more powerful, important or noticeable than others] Kupiapxoc;, unep1axuwv: The press plays a dominant role in the shaping of public opinion.
conviction /kan'vrkjan/ noun [a strong belien m:noi9non: It's
my conviction that inefficiency is the source of our problems.
•
emancipation /irneensr'pcrjan/ noun [the act of freeing someone:
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 82
COMPANION ·Test
2
Vocabulary Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. She is
a career in politics.
A. decimating
B. pursuing
2. The rioters
A. hurled
bottles and rocks at the police.
B. swerved
3. We need to paint this
A. invigorating
C. ostracizing
D. imposing
C. swiped
0. swelled
room to make it brighter.
B. vague
C. dingy
0. illicit
4. She didn't know how to
such a sensitive subject.
A. cherish
6. extenuate
C. brag
0. broach
5. Smoking is
A. detrimental
0. fathomless
to your health.
B. inaugural
C. tedious
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. The area was
was flooded.
ACCESS
by car during the storm because the road
2. You aren't
FAIL
; we all make mistakes.
3. I won't put up with your
4. We are working on the
their part of the project on time.
5
OBEY
any longer.
ASSUME
that everyone can finish
DELINQUENT
is growing amongst young people.
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
congregate
inhospitable
prolong
thrive
1. Tourism is
in this beautiful area.
2. She's a(n)
reader of horror stories.
3. Why are all those people
4. I'd hate to stay in such a(n)
5. Did you manage to
impervious
around that building?
place.
any important information from him?
elicit
avid
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 83
· PracticeTest
s
3
Page 43 - Cloze
Pages 36-37 - Composition
exert /1g'z3:11 verb [use one's power or influence on someone in
order to bring about a particular result] aoKw: I wouldn't exert so
much pressure on these students if I were you.
•
authoritative /:>:'Ooruattv. a10o:rate111v/ adj. (confident and
determined in a way that generates respect and obedience]
auTOPXtK6C:. tmTOKTlK6c;: He spoke in an authoritative voice and
no one dared to dispute his opinions.
expenditure /tk'spenduje/ noun [the act of spending or using or
the amount spent) 15onavl'j: We should cut down on the expenditure on equipment.
•
Page 41 - Grammar
fall behind with phrasal verb+prep. [not achieve the standards
that one is supposed to or that others do] µtvw niow, Ko6uorepcil:
Joshua has fallen behind with his reading due to his recent illness.
make up for lost time [work harder and faster because of having
fallen behind with one's work for some reason) KoXumw rov xaµtvo
xp6vo: We worked hard all weekend to make up for lost time.
I spring /spruJI verb -p.t. sprang & p.p. sprung- [move suddenly
and swiftly towards a particular direction] rtstnvoum, uva~oµm:
She sprang out of bed and ran downstairs to answer the door.
jump at the chance/opportunity/etc. [eagerly accept a chance,
opportunity, etc.] apn<i(w, 6p6noµa1: He leapt at the opportunity
to see his favorite group live.
mischief /'m1stf1f 1 noun [action or behavior that causes small
trouble or annoyance to others] ata~ia, 0KavtaX16: I don't know
what to do with that boy; he's always up to some mischief.
I
Page 42 - Grammar
smack /srnsek/ verb [strike smartly and loudly; slap] xnmcil.
xaorouKl~w: She smacked the child's hand.
lay (sb) off phr.v. [no longer employ sb because there is no job
for them) nXeova~wv, nsprrtoc: Fifty men have just been laid off
at the local factory.
pride oneself on [be proud of something one does well] eiµa1
nepn<1>avoc;: She prides herself on the way she handled the difticult situation.
prevail /prr'vetl/ verb [exist or be widespread: succeed after a
struggle] emKpatcil, unep1axuw: No matter what they do, justice
will prevail eventually.
recount /rr'kaont/ verb [(formal) tell a story in detail] C511'jyouµm,
O<i>l'JYOUµar: He recounted his adventures in India.
bail /be111 noun (money which is given in order to keep a person
accused of a crime out of prison until the time of his trial, and
whcih acts as security for his return] £YVUl'JCJ11: He was kept in
prison as his family could not pay the bail that the court had set.
resort tn'zJ:ll verb [use or do something bad as a way of solv- •
ing a problem, especially when other methods have failed)
npoo<1>euyw, KOTO(j)euyw: He couldn't persuade them to do what
he wanted, so he resorted to threats of violence.
get to verb (gradually start to] apx!(w Ti <1>tavw o'evo crriµelo
'I 01a610Ka: I'm sure you'll get to like the new teacher. She's really
very interesting.
fail /fell/ verb [stop working] xaMw, na6aivw PMPl'J: One of the :
airplane engines failed five minutes after take-off.
:
I
.
COMPANION·Test
.••
aviation /ervr'erjan/ noun [the industry concerned with the manufacturing or operation of aircraft] ceoornotc. I suppose that
many people were afraid to travel by plane in the first days of
commercial aviation.
civil l'srval/ adj. [related to ordinary people rather than the military: connected with the state or community] noXmK6C: I consoc;
After having served in the army for thirty years, civil life seemed
very quiet to him.
proprietor /pra'prarora/ noun [the owner of a business] 11'510K11'r01c::
He's the proprietor of a very successful catering business.
ecstasy /'ekstas1/ noun [great joy or other overwhelming emotion) £K01aol'j: When he looked at his newborn kid his expression
filled with ecstasy.
Idol 1 'aidl/ noun [a greatly loved person. thing, etc.] ei6wXo: The
singer was the idol of thousands of teenagers.
mass tmres/ adj. [involving or affecting a large number of people]
µa~1K6c;: Mass protests followed the government's decision to
raise taxes on household goods.
pioneer /pais'ma/ noun [a person who is the first to study some
new subject. or use or develop a new technique, etc.)
noeroncooc Uster was one of the pioneers of modern medicine.
reveal /n'vi:I/ verb (show something that was hidden: make
known] anoKaXumw, q>avepwvw: He's threatening to reveal the
truth about their affair to her husband.
inaugurate /r'n::i:gjure11/ verb [(of an event) Introduce an important change or period of time] eyKa1v1a(w, apxl(w: The agreement
between the two countries inaugurated a period of peace and
prosperity.
circulate /'s3:kjolc1t1 verb (go round In a fixed route; transmit or
distribute; make or become known] KUKXoq>opcil: Blood circulates
through the body.This magazine circulated for the first time ten
years ago. There's a rumor circulating that she's getting married.
gale 1ge1I/ noun [a strong wind] aveµo0ueXXa: Many trees were
blown down in the gate.
dawn /d~:n/ noun [the very beginning of the day) xapaµo, auy(j:
We must get up at dawn.
rebellious 1 rr'beljns/ adj. [opposing or fighting against those in
authority or disobeying the rules of normal behavior]
encvcorcmaevoc, onel9opxoc:: He is a rebellious child that gives
his parents a hard time.
sorrowful l'soraurall adj. ((literary) very sad] 6X1µµtvoc;,
orevoxwpl'jµ£voc;: He had a sorrowful expression on his face.
rapturous /'rreptJaras/ adj. [(formal) expressing great delight or
admiration] E:K010llK6c;: The champions were given a rapturous
reception.
captive 1'ka:p11v1 adj. [kept imprisoned or enclosed in a small
space] a1xµ0>.w10c;: The captive soldiers managed to escape.
vigor /'v1ga/ noun [mental or physical strength; energy! 0<1>piyoc;,
evepyl'JTtK6lllTO: He began his new job with enthusiasm and vigor.
dismiss /dts'rms/ verb [decide that something is not worth thinking about or considering] anoppimw, ayvow: The board dismissed
my proposal on the grounds that it was not financially feasible.
release /n'li:s/ verb !express feelings freely; set free or remove
from a fixed position) aneXeu0epwvw, E:K<PP<i(w I aneXeu0epwvw,
Xuvw: Walking is a good way of releasing stress.After a fair trial,
the prisoner was released.He released the t1andbrake and started
the engine.
dispatch /dr 'span]' 1 verb [send) OT£Xvw: The charity dispatched
letters asking for financial help.
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 84
emancipate /r'meenstpeu/ verb [free someone from social, polit-:
ical or religious restrictions that are considered degrading]
:
xe1paq>etw, ane>..eu0epwvw: Ethnic minorities all over the world :
are continuously struggling to be emancipated.
:
hysteria /hr'suana/ noun [uncontrolled excitement affecting a
:
crowd of people] uoreotc: The anti-smoking hysteria has reached :
the point of social discrimination.
:
hypocrisy /hr'pnkrast t noun [the act of pretending to be better :
than one is or to have feelings or beliefs that they do not actually :
have) unoKptoia: It's pure hypocrisy for him to say that he
:
believes in family values when we all know that he has an affair :
with his secretary.
:
deceit /dt'si:t/ noun [a lie or dishonest trick that intends to
deceive] oncrn; She was too honest to be capable of deceit.
pretense /pn'tens, 'pri.tens/ noun [an act of pretending that
something is true] npoonomon. np6axnµa, ncoecon; Under the
pretense of friendship, he persuaded her to follow him to this
strange gathering.
adroit /a'drou/ adj. [behaving quickly and skilfully] emi5t~10<;:
He's an adroit manager and he's certain to make the right moves.
knack /na:k/ noun [the ability to do something skilfully and easily, especially one gained through practice) K6>..no. IKOVOTf'lta,
ttxvn. to "KoME1": It took me a while to learn the knack of making
pancakes.
throb /0rob/ verb [beat heavily and regularly, especially faster
and stronger than usual; vibrate with a persistent rnythrn]
na>..>..0µ01, Oovouµm: His heart was throbbing with excitement.
vibrate /varbreu, var'breit/ verb [shake. tremble, or move rapidly with small movements] 6ovw/-ouµa1, nillw/-0µ01: Every
:
sound that we hear is making part of our ear vibrate.
:
concurrently /kan'ks.rentlr, kan'kxrantlr/ adv. [at the same
:
time J rcuroroovo: The two projects will have to be undertaken
:
concuffently.
:
subsequent /'sAbs1kwan1/ adj. [following or coming after)
:
ertouevoc, uersnerro: All subsequent flights will be delayed by at :
/east half an hour.
:
:
Page 44 • Vocabulary
I
:
troop /tru:p/ noun (a group of ordinary soldiers] orpnteuue: The :
enemy troops began to retreat alter the massive artillery attack. :
withhold /wio'haold? verb [keep back or refuse to give]
:
cnoouone. apvouµm va Owow, KataKpatw: He was accused of :
withholding crucial information from the police.
:
abdicate /rebd1'ke1t/ verb (give up an official position, especially :
that of a king, queen or president) noonrroupm one a~iwµa:
:
Following public opposition, the queen was forced to abdicate.
:
dlsplay /di'spler/ noun [the act of showing a particular quality, :
attitude, possession or feeling, often in a proud manner) enii5e1~11: :
She threw her arms around the little boy in a display of affection. :
dumbstruck /'d11mstr11k/ adj. [so surprised or shocked that you :
can't speak] nvouooc, d>..a>..o<;: He was dumbstruck when she
:
said she loved him as he'd had no idea.
•
extort /rk'ston? verb [obtain money by using threats or violence]
unoone (om Tf'l~ ara<;): He was sent to prison for extorting money
from elderly people.
drowsy /'drauzi/ adj. (sleepy] vuatayµtvo<;: I felt a bit drowsy so I
went to bed for an hour.
diverge /dar'vs.dj, d1'v3;d3/ verb (separate and go in different
directions] xwp((w: The roads diverge three miles further on.
:
arid t 'airtd/ adj. [dry and infertile] ~ep6<;, cvovoc: The soil is
:
••
rather arid and crops are difficult to grow.
•
COMPANION • Test 3
prowl /praol/ verb (move about stealthily in order to attack, steal,
etc.] nep1q>tpoµm oe ava(trrrion >.e!a<; ti seuotcc. A suspicious
man had been spotted prowling around the villa.
straggle /'stra:gl/ verb (grow or spread untidily) cputpwvw,
an>..<i>voµm osovovioro; The few houses straggled all over the
bare plain.His beard straggled over his chest.
struggle /'strAgll verb [make great efforts or try hard) µoxew.
aywvi(oµm: He's been struggling all his life to providefor his family.
conduct /kan'dxkt? verb [carry out a process) i51e~ayw: We've
decided to conduct a marketresearch to see what the response
to our products is.
caretaker /'koate1ko. 'kerterka/ noun [(of a government) that is
in power temporarily until a new one is elected] unnpemaK6<;: The
caretaker government will stay in office until the end of next
month.
undertaker l'Andate1ka. 'xndarterkar/ noun (a funeral director)
epyo>..aaoc:; Kni5etwv.
provincial I pro'vrn] al/ adj. [of parts of a country other than the
capital city) mapx1aK6<;: I grew up in a small provincial town in
the north of the country.
go-between /'gau bnwi.n? noun [a person who acts as a messenger between two people or groups that are unable or reluctant
to meet each other) Evo1dµeoo<;. µeoa(wv: I had the unpleasant
task of acting as a go-between in my brother's divorce.
reset /ri:'set/ verb -p.t, & p.p. reset- [put in position again]
encvoronoaere: The doctor reset my bone in its conect place.
beset /br'set / verb -p.t. & p.p. beset- [surround or trouble connnously with problems. difficulties or dangers] no>..topKw,
nep1KuK>..wvw: We are all beset by difficulties in our jobs.
dissect /dr'sekt. dar'sekr/ verb [cut up a dead body in order to
study it scientifically; examine something thoroughly and in detail]
avattµvw I e~eta(w xsrrroueoec: The marketing managers are
still dissecting the results of the survey.
precarious /prr'kearias/ adj. [uncertain or unsafe; likely to fall)
emocpa>..rj<;: When I first met him he was making a precarious /iving as an author.He was standing in a precarious position at the
edge of the cliff.
courteous /'k9:t1as/ adj. [polite, well-mannered and respectful]
Euyev1K6<;, app6<;: Our policy is to be courteous to our customers
regardless of how much money they spend.
contagious /ken'tetdjas/ adj. [(of a disease) spread by physical
conduct] uercoonsoc: Scarlet fever is contagious.
contiguous /kon'ugjuos/ adj. [be next to or near in time or order]
ouvexoµevo<;, napaKeiµEvo<;: These houses are contiguous.
conspicuous /kan'sprkjoas/ adj. [very noticeable, especially
because of being different) eµq>avfl<;. cpavepo<;: You look very conspicuous in that bright green hat.
orator / 'nrato/ noun [a person who makes public speeches,
especially very eloquent and persuasive ones) pnroon« He is one
of the best political orators this country has ever seen.
grab 1 greeb/ verb (seize, grasp or take suddenly] apnd(w: The
boy grabbed a biscuit and rushed out in the garden again to continue his play.
clasp /kla:sp/ verb (hold very tightly] oq>!yyw: She clasped the
bag in her hand and wouldn't let go.
cling /kliDf verb [hold tighty esp. because one is frightened]
Kpautµa1 o<ptXTO ono: Stop clinging on to my hand.
clutch tklAlf I verb (hold tightly especially in rear or pain] Kpatw
oq>1Xta: Tom clutched his new toy in his arms for fear that someone might take it away from him.
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 85
contend with phrasal verb [have to face a difficult or unpleasant
situation) aVltµetwn!(w: Throughout his career, he had to contend
with his opponent's severe criticism.
content /kon'tenr/ verb (be satisfied even though one does not
do or have what they really wanted) 1Kavono1ouµa1, apKouµm (os):
We'll have to content ourselves with what we've got at the
moment.
tackle ll<£kll verb [deal with or try to solve) enlhaµaavoµm,
avnµe1wni(w: He shows extreme efficiency in tackling even the
most complicated problems.
contempt /kan'tempt/ noun (a very low opinion; lack of respect)
nept(l)p6Vf10T]: She spoke with utter contempt of her husband's
behavior.
constructive 1 kon 'strxk 11v 1 verb [helpful and intended to
improve) eno1Ko6oµnnK6': Constructive criticism involves both
pointing out mistakes and suggesting ways of improvement.
instructive /rn'strxkuv/ adj. (giving knowledge or information)
616aKT1K6': He gave us an instructive talk about electricalrepair
work.
inclusive /rn'klu.srv/ adj. [including everything) m:plhaµaavwv.
nep1txwv: The charge for a single room is $50 a day, inclusive of
breakfast.
conclusive /ksn'klu.stv/ adj. [undoubtedly true and convincing)
a61aµ(j)1oarillltO': I will not prosecute him unless I have conclusive proof.
shrewd I fru:dl adj. (showing good judgement; wise) 6mµ6vto,,
euowxo,: He is a shrewd businessman that managed to build an
empire withinjust five years.
mop noun (long stick with material on the end, used to clean a
floor) oq>ouyyap(atpa: Use a mop to clean up that water on the
floor.
populace /'popjulas/ noun (sing.) [(formal) the ordinary people
of a country) -,..00,, n>.nauoµ6': You can't succeed unless you
have the support of the populace.
aggravation /~gra'veifan/ noun [the act of making worse)
emlieivwOT]: Exposure to the sun can lead to the aggravation of
your skin problem.
enhance lln'ha:ns/ verb [improve the appearance or quality of;
strengthen] KaAUtepeuw, ev1axuw: His public image was greatly
enhanced by his support for popular charities.
subdue /sab'dju:/ verb [conquer, overcome or bring under control) unorcooo: After months of fighting the rebels were subdued.
enchant /in'tfa:nt/ verb [cause someone to be delighted, interested and excited) voriteuw. µayeuw: The audience were enchanteo by her outstandingperformance as Karmen.
abstain /ab'stem/ verb [not do, take, etc.; refrain from indulging
in something) antxw: She abstained (from voting in the etectio~):He ab;tains from~/coho~. .
. .
.
a~1ding la ba1d1?/ adJ .. [c~ntinu1n~ f?r a l?ng tin:e. enduring)
uovuroc. orcaepoc: Ihelr: 1s an abiding fnendsh1p that has lasted
for more than twenty rears. . .
.
abject /'reb3ekt/ adi. ((of situations) wretched or depressing)
. a\
J; a ,
Th
h
b
n .
. b. t .
a /\to,, a..,10 PTJVflTO<;: " ey ave een 1ivmg m a 1ec misery
since their financial collapse.
downcast /'daunka:sV adj. [feeling sad and pessimistic] KOTflq>6<;:
Don't be so downcast: things will improve.
pretentious /prr'tenjas/ adj. (pompous and claiming to be more
important than one really is] Enlll]6euµtvoc;, ennouevoc: His
speech was pretentious; he, in tact, had nothing new to say.
tawdry /'t:>:dri/ adj. (showy but cheap] q>Tflv16p1Ko<;,
cpavlOXTEp6c;: This tawdry jewelry destroys her appearance.
COMPANION ·Test 3
: barter /'ba:ta/ verb [exchange one thing for another] aVlaMdoow:
• /bartered some shoes that I'd made tor a new pullover that my
friend had made.
banish /'brenif 1 verb (punish someone by forcing them to leave
the country and not allowing them to return) EKlOn((w, e~op(<w:
The famous writer was banished from his country because of his
political beliefs.
fabricate /'frebnkc1l/ verb [manufacture; deliberately invent
information or a story in order to deceive) KatOOKEua(w: We have
to fabricate this part from whateverspare parts we've got.The
accusations were fabricatedby his opponents.
coup d'etat /kurder'ro.z noun [a sudden and violent overthrow
of government by citizens or the army) npa~1K6miµa: The military
coup d'etat overthrew the elected government.
immature lima'tfua/ adj. (childish or behaving in a way inappropriate to one's age; not fully grown or developed) avc.iJp1µ0~ I
ayoupo,: Although he is twenty tive years old, he's still pretty
immature.
abrasive /a'breisiv/ adj. (unkind and rude) tpaxu,: You should
apologise for your abrasive remarks.
abortive /a'bo.uv I adj. [(of an action) unsuccessful; fruitless)
avemwxf),, 61mpno': They made an abbortive attempt to expand
the company's activities.
prosper /'prospa/ verb [do well and become rich] eunµep<i>:
After a long period of financial difficulties,his business is now
prospering again.
regress 1 rr'gres/ verb (return to an earlier and worse or more
• .immature condition ) na>.iv6poµc.iJ, omo0o6poµc.iJ: She gradually
regresses to infancy owing to her illness.
•
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
abound with/in /a'baund/ verb (contain a very large number or
quantity oD api0w, e(µm yeµatoc; ono: The nearby river abounds
in fish.
replenish /rr'pleru] I verb [(formal) fill up or supply again)
avavec.iJvw, ~avayeµi~w: We must replenish our stock of coal.
tonsils /'tonsil/ noun [eilher of the two lumps of tissue at the
back of the throat] aµuy6aA(J: He had to have his tonsils taken out.
tentacle /'tentakl/ noun [a long, thin. flexible arm-like part of a
sea creature. used to feel or grasp) nxosouc An octopus has eight
tentacles.
measles /'mi:zalZ/ noun (pl.) [an illness that gives you a lever and
red spots) lhapa
pincer/'pinsa/ noun !Part of a crab that it uses to hold or cut
things) 6ayKava
: Page 45 - Vocabulary
: stingy /'strnd311 adj. (mean or ungenerous] totyKOUVfl<;:
• Althoughhe is rather well-off, he is very stingy.
outspoken /aut'spaukan/ adj. [saying honestly and exactly what
one thinks) vrounooc. eu0uc;: Being outspokencan sometimes
b .
. d'"'
.t .
ring you tn a /11/CU11 pos! ton.
.1•
. .1.
di [ t' · d.
tf
t
suaerct ious 1 sups s1 ias1 ~ J. ~c 1~g in a rsrespec ~ 1 . way o
?ther_peopl~) unepom1K6<;._Don t give me that super~1/1ous look.1
impair l1_m pea/ verb [spoil. darnaqe or ~eaken) ~>.amw, . .
e~ao0evw: Long hours of work can tmps« your health and v1la/Jty.
wreck /rek/ verb [damage very badly or destroy} Kataatpt(j)w:
My car was totally wrecked in the accident.
insipid / 111 'sipid/ adj. [lacking a strong character or taste]
nvooroc I a616q>opoc;. ovonroc; His rendition of Hamlet was rather
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 86
COroA•ION
·Taal 3
insipid.insipidairplane food.
: so late.
dainty adj. [small and pretty) v1e?itK(1TO(;: She's a dainty girl.
: award /a'w:>:d/ verb [give someone what they deserve or have
astound /a'siaund/ verb [surprise greatly or shock) KatallAi)oow, : won] onoveue: They awarded her first prize.
ooKapw: I was astounded to hear of his imprisonment.
: praise I preiz/ verb [express approval or admiration, often in pubmonstrous /'monstras/ adj. (shocking because of being
: lie] enmv<i>: Our teacher doesn't praise us very easily.
extremely wrong, unfair or immoral] tepat<i>6ri': I won't believe
: ups and downs noun (a mixture of good and bad experiences that
any of these monstrous lies.
are part of every relationship or situation] oKaµnave~aoµma: We
yellow /'jclau/ adj. (cowardly or afraid] 6ct>i6~. <PO~trmapri~:
have our ups and downs like all companies.
Why don't you tell him what you think of him? Are you yellow or
down and out noun [someone who has no job, no money, nor a
what?
house) xoreorpcuuevoc. avepyo~. aotcyo~: After the floods. sevgreen tgri:n/ adj. [young and inexperienced] ouoaoc, anctpo~:
era! hotels offered to accommodate the down and outs of the city.
He is very green and he has no idea of the difficulties involved in
novelty /'novall1/ noun [something new and unusual]
this job.
KotVOTOµia, vewtcp10µ6~: Advertisers are always looking for novoutlook /'autluk/ noun (what is likely to happen In the future]
elties that will attract consumers.
nooorrnxn, np6~?icljlri: I know that we've been through a difficult • wear off phrasal verb [become less strong) ncpv<i>. ip8ivw: The
year. What interests me, though, is the outlook for the future.
: excitement of traveling soon wore off giving its place to tiredness.
homebound t'haumbaund/ adj. -atso homeward bound- (going : wear down phrasal verb [make or become smaller through use)
home) o6cuwv npoc ro onm: She was homebound when I met : <p8cipw: I have to buy new shoes; these ones have worn down.
her and she was rather in a hurry.
: wear on phrasal verb [(of time) seem to pass slowly] nepve,
homecoming /'haumk"m11J/ noun [the return home of a person : KUA<i>: We were all anxious as time wore on and we had no news
who has been away for some time] nC1A1w60T11ori. emorooeq; We: of the missing climbers.
had a big party to celebrate my uncle's homecoming.
: wear out phrasal verb [damage something by using it a lot: make
homestead /'haumsted/ noun (a farmhouse with the land around : someone feel exhausted) q>8elpw 1 t~avr?iouµat: This coat has worn
it] ayp6Klf"lµO
• out; I'll throw it away.I feel VIOrn out and I'll go to bed right now.
incision 1tn's13;m/ noun [a cut, especially one made in a perflourish /'flM~/ verb (grow: develop] curiµcp<i>: Business has
son's body by a surgeon] (xcipoupytKl'J) toµl'J.
flourished now that we have an excellent manager.
reception /rr'sepjan/ noun [the quality of radio or television sigcherish /'~er~/ verb (think sb/sth is very special or valuable] nµc.iJ:
nals] Al'lljlrt: Radio reception is poor in this area.
I cherish my best friends; they mean everything to me.
gust I g"st/ noun [a sudden rush of air) ptnl'J, ~aipvtK6 <puOT}µa: A infamous / 'mfamas/ adj. (well known for being bad or immoral;
sudden gust of wind blew the window open.
disgraceful) KOK6<Priµo~. cnovcilitaroc;: The infamous criminal has
bizarre /br'zo: I adj. [odd or very strange; eccentric) a>v\6Koto~:
been evading arrest for months now.
She was wearing a bizarre hat decorated withparrot-like feathers. cite /sa1t/ verb [mention something as an example or proof]
commonplace /'komanple1s/ adj. [very ordinary or uninteresting]
avaq>tpw, µVT)µoveuw: Che Guevara is often cited as one of the
K0tv6~: Havinga computerat home has now become commonplace. bravest revolutionaries of our century.
inadmissible /rna'drrusabl/ adj. ((formal) mat cannot be allowed full-length adj. [(of a book or film) having the normal length: (of a
or used, especially in a court of law] anapd6€KTO,, oventrpsnroc: mirror) showing the whole of a person: (of clothes) having the
The judge dismissed the evidence as inadmissible.
: greatest normal length) KavovtK6~ I oxooouoc I uoxpuc: She was
mundane I rnx n 'dei n I adj. (ordinary or uninteresting) KOtv6~,
: wearing a full-length evening dress.
a6taq>opo~: I was disappointed withthe film; the story was mun- : full-scale adj. [to the greatest extent possible) nA(Jpouc; tliµaKo~:
dane and unexciting.
: The enemy troops launched a full-scale attack in the early hours
spurn /sp3:(r)n/ verb (reject] onopp(mw: She spurned all his
: of the morning.
offers of friendship.
:
coax I kauks/ verb (persuade by flattery or by patient and gentle : Page 46 - Reading - TEXT 1
treatment] KC1Aom6.vw: He had to coax her into going to the dance : forgo (also forego) /fo:'gao. 'Io.r'gnu/ verb -p.t
with him.
: forwenVforewent & p.p. forgone/foregone- [(formal) decide not to
cuddle /kAdl/ verb [embrace. hold tenderly) ayKC1At6(w: She was : do, have or take something, especially something desirable]
sitting by the lire cuddling her baby.
: antxw: We had to forgo our vacation as we couldn't really afford
grabby l'grceb1/ adj. [having the tendency to grab; greedy] nou
the cost.
apn6.(tt, 6.llAriaro~: He's such a grabby person; he wants everyerupt / 1 'r" pt I verb [appear or come out suddenly or frighteningly;
thing for himself.
(of a volcano) explode) ~tonc.iJ, cKpl'Jyvuµm: An enthusiastic
vicious /'v1f as/ adj. (mean; cruel) µoxSripo~. cpou?io~: He
applause erupted from the audience.
received a vicious blow in the face from his attacker.
tidal wave noun [an enormous and destructive sea wave)
meager /'mi:ga/ adj. (small or inadequate} 1axvo~. avenapK11':
na>v\1poiK6 Kuµa: The eanhquake caused a huge tidal wave which
Unlonunately, the c/1arityappeal met witha meager response
ravagedseveral coastal cities.
from the public.
inundate /'1nande1t/ verb (flood a place) KataK?iu(w: The recent
breakthrough /'bre1kOru:/ noun (a sudden solution of a problem floods inundated thousands of acres of cultivated land.
leading to further advances, especially in science} mavamanKT')
sewer /'sjuvt noun [un underground pipe or channel for carrying
avaKOAUljlrt: The discovery of penicillin was a tremendous breakaway household or industrial waste matter] onorersunsoc
through for medicine.
aywy6~. unovouoc.
scold /skould/ verb [criticize or blame angrily and loudly]
painstakingly /'pe1nzte1k11Jll! adv. [carefully and thoroughly)
µa?i<i>vw, ernnxnrre: She scoldedher daughter for coming home
cmµe?i<i>~: All the evidence has been painstakingly examined and I
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 87
think we can issue a verdict.
inland /'inla:nd/ adj. [of the parts of a country that are away
from the seal µso6ys10<;, sow1sp1K6<;: Inland cities experience
vety high temperatures during the summer.
oil spill noun -also oil slick- [a floating layer of oil)
rt£Tps>.a10K1']hiOa: A huge oil spill is threatening the western
coasts of the count(}'.
ration /'reef an. 'reijan/ verb [control the supply of something by
allowing people to have only a certain amount at a time) µo1pa(w
ue Oe>.Tlo: During the oil shortage, petrol was rationed.
halt /h:>:ll/ verb [come to a complete stop) OTaµOTw,
OKIVflTOrtototiµm: The brakes squealed and the car hafted just in
time to avoid the crash.
brace /brers/ verb (prepare oneself for a difficult or unpleasant
situation that may arise) npoc101µ6(0µ01: Brace yourself before
COMPANION - Test 3
:
: Page 47 - Reading - TEXT 2
: blast /blo:st, blasst/ noun [a strong sudden stream of air)
: Ouva16 psuµa: We shivered in the blasts of cold air that swept the
• mountain.
motley /'mot Ii, 'mo.tli/ adj. [consisting of many different kinds
of people or things that do not seem to belong together) no1KO.o<:.
w:p6KA1']TO<;: A motley crowd had gathered for the party.
venture /'ventfa/ verb [risk going somewhere or doing something when an amount of risk is involved) ro>.µw, pujlOKtvOuvsuw:
They venturedin the dark forest although the group leader told
them not to.
huddle /'h,,dl/ verb [crowd closely together, especially because
of being cold or scared) mp1µwxvw/-oµm: The cows were huddled
together in the comer of the field.
steam grate / 'sti.m grert/ noun [a hole on a sidewalk covered
you look at t.he damage.
.
.
.
with a framework of iron bars through which steam from the subonslaught I onsb:ll noun [a fierce attack) emaeo_n: The regirr_ient ways or the hot water pipes of the city passes] axapo unoyeiou.
launched an, onslaught on the enemy troops early m the '!1°mmg. • vacant /'ve1kan1/ adj. [empty, unoccupied and available for
contamination/kenteerm'nerjan/ noun [the state of being
• someone to use or occupy] MelO<; Kev6<;: Are there any vacant
impure and dangerous to health because of containing chemicals • rooms in the hotel?
'
or poison) µ6>.uvOfl: ~he contami~ation of the town's water supply lot /lot/ noun [a plot of land used for a specific purpose such as
was due to the dumpmg of chemicals from the focal tecux».
parking, playground, etc.) Koµµan vri<:, oiK6neOo: There's a vacant
federal /'fedaral/ adj. [related to the central goverment of a
lot next to my house and they are thinking of building a sports
country that consists of different states. rather that the government center there.
of one of the states] ouoonovoicxoc: Federal laws are to be
warren /'woran/ n [a place with many narrow winding streets]
observed by all citizens.
>.apup1v80<;: I got lost in this awful warren of narrow roads.
foot the bill [pay for something especially when one does not
militancy /'m1htans1/ noun [the state of being aggressively or
want to) Mf]pwvw >.oyap100µ6, ta oncouevo: You caused all this violently active in order to achieve political or social change]
damage and now I'll have to foot the bill.
µaxl']nK6TTlTO, aywv1011K6T1']10: Their militancy has increased since
rubber /'rAba/ noun. adj. [(of) a strong elastic substance made
their leader was assassinated.
from the juice of certain plants. or a substitute for this! Mouxo.
plight /plait/ noun fa bad and serious situation] Ouaxep(J<; 8tOT1:
KOOUTOOUK: Wearyour robber boots because the garden is muddy.
The plight of the refugees can no longer be ignored.
boom /bu:m/ noun [a floating barrier across a river or harbour]
municipal /rnjurmsrpal? adj. [belonging or related to the adminn>.w16 q>payµo: They used booms to prevent the oil from spreading. istrative authorities of a town or city] 01']µouK6<;: The municipal
suck /sAk/ verb [(someone or something up/down/in etc.) pull
elections will be held next Sunday.
with great force of water or air) Tpapw, poucpw: The vacuum clean-: provision /pra'v13an/ noun [a condition included in a law or
er will suck up all the dirt from the carpet.
: agreement] oooc, 01<'.na~l']: This law includes a number of prov/vacuum hose J 'vrekj uam "va:kjum 'haoz/ noun [a plastic tube : sions that concern the financingof political parties.
which cleans by sucking up in the same way a vacuum cleaner
: target / 'ta:gatl verb [select as one's target] ororeoe: This antidoes] ow>.t1va<; nou onooocee. oav ri>.eKTpuo') oxouno.
: sm_oking, campaign is tsrqetea towards ~oung people.
. .
disperse /dr'sp3:s/ verb [scatter; cause to go in different direcshiver ( [rva/ ~erb (quiver or tremble with ~old. fear, etc.] Tptµw.
tions) (Ota)oKopnl(w: The groups of hooligans dispersed as soon
S?e shivered ~1th tear at the thought of ha~mg to travel by plane.
as the police made their appearance.
d1s~race /drs grc.•s/ noun [the state of being out of favor o~ of
turbulent/ 'ta.bjulant/ adj. [moving around in violent circular
having lost pe.ople s r.espect b.ecause ~f unacceptable b~hav1or]
movements] aue>.Acli01'J<: mpopt>.wOl']<;: we have come across
O~uµtv~t0: His notonous social behavior has brought disgrace to
•
.
his family.
some very turbulent waters on our sail here.
.
Appeals Court noun -also Court of Appeals- [one of the 12
tumble I txrnbl,' ve~ [fall rather suddenly and disor~erly]
courts In the US that reviews decisions taken from a lower court
Ka1paKuMw: She tnpped and tumble~ do~n the
or authority] eeereto. I am taking my case to the Appeals Court as
lock /lok/ noun (a part of a canal which rs closed with gates so : 1 believe there was a serious miscarriage of justice.
that the water level can be raised or lowered to move boats to a •
•
higher or lower section] uOaTOCppaKTTl<:. (l)payµa.
: Page 48 - Reading ~ TEXT 3
dike /dark/ noun -atso dyke- [a thick wall built as a barrier for
: innovative /'1na've1t1v/ adj. [introducing new methods or ideas;
sea or river waters] avaxwµa: The dike burst under the pressure : progressive] veunep1011K6<:: We're thinking of introducingan
of the water and the whole area flooded.
: innovative method which will hopefully increase productivity.
sterilize /'steralarz/ verb -also sterilise- [free from microbes]
: knit /nil/ verb [make people or things fit or work together suecnoorapeve; Surgical instruments must be regularly sterilized. : cessfully] ouvoua~w. evwvw: If we knit together their ideas and
placid t'pla:s1d/ adj. [calm and not easily disturbed or upset]
: ours, we are bound to succeed.
(Jpeµo<;: His placid nature helps him deal with difficulties vetv effi- : optimal /'opumal/ adj. -atso optimum- [the best possible]
cientfy.
: 10ov1K6<;, o Ka>.Un:po<;: What is the optimal temperature for
=:
:
•
15 nN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
page 88
storing cigars?
accelerate /ak'selareu/ verb [increase the speed at which
something moves or happens) tmtaxuvw: We need to accelerate
our present rate of expansion if we want to remain ahead of our
competitors.
substitute /'st.bstrtju:tl noun (a replacement for something one
previously used] unoscrcotoro: Guesswork is no substitute for
investigation.
unfold I AO'fauld/ verb [cause to be revealed or become known]
anoKa>..umw. uvcrrruoou; Readers were shocked when the
details of the horrible murder unfolded in the papers.
perceive /pa'si:v/ verb (understand, realize, or become aware of
something] aVTIAaµ~avoµm: I perceived a tone of irony in his
voice and I cut the discussion short.
massive l'mresrv I adj. [happening on a large scale) µa<1K6<;:
Massive missile attacks were launched dunng the day.
substitution /sxbsu'tju.jan/ noun [the act of replacing what one
previously used with something different or new) OVTIKOTdataon:
The substitution of robots tor workers in industry caused an
increase in unemployment.
fossil fuel /'fosal fju:all noun (fuel such as coal or oil that is
produced by the decay of animals or plants] q>UotK6 Kaumµo:
Ecologists declare that fossil fuels should be replaced by alternafive sources of energy.
draft animal noun (an animal such as a horse, bull or cow which
is used for pulling loads] uno(uy10: In the past farmers used draft
animals to plow their land.
boundless /'baundlas/ adj. [unlimited, Immense] ancp16p10toc;:
She has boundless energy; she never seems to get tired.
back-breaking / 'bsekbreiknj/ adj. (requiring great physical effort
and thus very tiring) e~OVTA1']TlK6<;: Building that shed in the garden proved a back-breaking job.
radically t'rred1kll/ adv. [thoroughly; in a way that brings about
important effects] p1~1Kd: The new beltway has improved traffic in
the city radically.
focal point /'faukal point/ adj. [the point that attracts most
attention) eonoso, Kup10 miµcio: Work is the focal point in his lite.
solely /'saul-11/ adv. (only) uovo, anoK>..ttOTtKd: I cannot be held
soleley responsible tor the way my child was brought up.
impeding /11n'pi:d11JI adj. [that prevents something from happening or progressing) avaataATlKO<;, nou 6nµ1oupyci K<.ilkuµa:
Inflation is an impeding factor in economic growth.
artificial 1 o:u 'f1Jal/ adj. [not natural] teXVT1t6<;: Those artificial
flowers look exactly like real.
scarcity /'skeas111/ noun [the state where there is not enough of
what is needed] tMcu11n, ovsnopsem: Scarcity of food and medical supplies had afflicted the cyclone-stricken area.
discernment /dr'ss.nrnanr/ noun ((formal) the ability to judge
correctly] 61opauK6Tl']TO, o~uMpKelO: He showed extreme discernment in investing the company's money.
taper l'te1pa/ verb [decrease in amount or stop gradually]
kiyoattuw, ap(Jvw 01ya-0tya: Production has been tapering off
lately and we need to take measures to improve it.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
•
•
:
••
.
•
•
•
•
••
•
•
•
•
•
••
•
COMPANION - Test 3
Page 49 - Reading - TEXT 4
eliminate /r'Inmnen/ verb (get rid of or kill; exclude] t~akt(<Pw I
anoKAeiw: We've managed to eliminate all faults in the data processing system.
adapt /a'drept/ verb l(of living creatures) change so as to
become adjusted to their natural environment] npooapµo(w/-oµm:
Desert plants have adapted to lack of water.
fall prey to [be the victim of; be taken over by] ntq>TW 9uµa,
ntq>Tw 010 vuxia: Don't fall prey to bogus job offers.
evolution ti:va'lu:fan, eva'lu.jan/ noun [the development of
animals and plants into higher, more complicated forms] E#At~l']:
According to Darwin's theory of evolution, man descended from a
monkey-likeanimal.
subject to /seb'djekt/ verb (cause to suffer, or submit (to sth))
uno~d>.Aw, -ouoi: He was subjected to cruel treatment.
succession /sak'sojan/ noun (people or things coming one after
the other; the act of rightfully taking over an office or position]
oc1pd, ouvtxem / i5mi5oxti: Today I had to cope with an incessant
succession of complaints.If the prince dies. then the succession
will pass to his first son.
voluntary /'volantan/ adj. (done out of willingness or choice and
wiUlout being forced) exouoioc. 01Kt109tJ..(J<;: Their action was
completely voluntary - no one asked them to do what they did.
trait /tre1ll noun (particular quality or characteristic)
xapaKTf]p10ttK6 yv<ilp1oµa: Generosity and hospitality are two of
his best traits.
diversity /dar'va.setr. di'vs.san/ noun [the quality of being varied] no1K1Aia: The diversity of the human species is one of the
qualities that makes it so unique.
mutation tmju:'te1fan1 noun (an alteration in the genetic structure of an animal or plant that can develop a variation] µtt6Ma~T]:
Important gene mutations have been observed in this type of
plants.
descendant /dr'sendsnt/ noun (a person or thing related to a
person that lived or a thing that existed a long time ago]
an6yovoc;: He claims to be the descendant of a historicByzantine
family.
adaptation /redrep'te1fn/ noun [the process by which living
organisms or species change in order to become adjusted to their
environment] npoocpuovri: Coakroaches have a remarkable
capacity toradaptation, which makes them resistant to insecticides.
exterminate /rk'starmmeu,' verb (destroy completely, usually a
disease or race) t~oko9ptuw. t~OVT<ilvw: Prejudices are not easy
to exterminate.
habitat /'hrebuat/ noun [the natural home of an animal or plant]
(qiumK6) ntp1~aMov: Destroying the habitats of wild animals can
only lead to their extinction.
shed Ifed/ verb -p.t. and p.p. shed- (get rid of] anopa>.>.w,
~e<papt<ilvoµm: We need to shed our prejudices and take a realistic look at the situation.
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 89
VocAbulAr!J
COMPANION • Test 3
Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or 0.
1. Don't .......... the idea without thinking about it first.
A. prevail
B. extort
C. dismiss
D. tackle
2. I'm trying to
A. banish
from smoking as it's so bad for my health.
B. fabricate
C. clutch
D. abstain
3. You'd better
A. brace
B. halt
yourself for some bad news.
C. cite
D. coax
4. I've managed to
A. unfold
a few kilos by dieting.
B. shed
C. huddle
D. shiver
5. The teacher .......... the naughty boy.
A. cherished
B. ventured
C. scolded
0. replenished
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. Only
criticism is of value.
2. His
CONSTRUCT
behavior annoys everyone.
3. These are very
PRETEND
INNOVATE
ideas.
4. We expect
COURTESY
behavior from our workers.
5. The evidence is
CONCLUDE
; he's definitely guilty.
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
exert
consume
1. I was
2. This machine
3. Who is that strange man,
4. Can't you
5. My head is
accede
circulate
throb
prowl
astound
by the shocking news.
a lot of electricity so only use it when you have to.
around the garden?
some influence on him?
Do you have an aspirin?
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 90
Practice Test 4
COMPANION - Tast 4
: racial I 'reijal/ adj. (of the various human races or the relation: ships between them] e8v1K6C:, ipuXtnK6<;: This area is inhabited by
: a great variety of racial groups.
tension l'tenfanln (mental strain or a state of mistrust and hostility
Pages 50-51 - Composition
between groups of people or countries) £v100T) I noXmKl'l evtcon;
sensibly /'sensablt t adv. [in a manner that shows wisdom and
Racial tension seems to be augmenting in this part of the world.
good judgement) XoytKd: You didn't behave sensibly and now
overburden /aova'ba.dn, novar'bs.rdn/ verb (give or have
you'll have to face the consequences of your actions.
more work or problems than one can cope with] unepcpopnilvw:
implication /rmpli'ketjan/ noun [a possible effect or result of a
He is overburdened with work at the moment and he cannot look
situation] ouvenosoxoueo: What are the implications of such a
into your request.
decision?
transit /'trrensu, 'trsenzit/ noun [the carrying or movement of
goods or passengers from place to place) perocopd,
Page 55 - Grammar
61aµe1aK6µtOT): The goods were damaged in transit.
untimely I An'la1ml1/ adj. [not happening at the right time; happreventive /pri'venuv/ adj. [intented to prevent something such
pening sooner than expected) dKmpo<;, npoepoc: Her untimely
• as crime or illness) npoX11mtK6<;: Preventive measures are necesdeath left her family in devastating grief.
perish / 'pert]I verb [be ruined or die especially because of hard : sary to reduce juvenile delinquency.
: haphazard /hrep'heezad/ adj. [happening in an unplanned or
conditions] rnpov[<oµm, m:0aivw: Thousands of children perish
casual way) TUXaioc:. cvooveveroc: Haphazard building is one of
because of malnutrion or lack of medical care every year.
rally /'ra:lt/ noun [a large public gathering of people who support the most serious problems of this city.
zoning /'zaun11JI noun [a system of selecting areas in a town to
a common political purpose or protest against sth) ouA>.C1A11tl'Jpto:
be developed for a particular purpose each) ouomuc (wv<i>v: This
Half a million people gathered tor the peace rally yesterday.
city was developed according to a system of zoning; that is areas
applicable /ap'ltkabl, 'eeplikabl/ adj. [relevant to or affecting a
of shops, residences. offices, etc. are clearly defined.
person, group or situation) eeopuoouioc; 1oxuwv: This law is not
convenient /kan'vi:niant/ adj. [suitable because of being near
applicable in my case.
or easy to reach] ~0X1K6<;: The little grocery store round the corlook over phrasal verb [examine something quickly and not in
ner is very convenient.
detail just to get the general idea) e~e16(w 010 ypJ1yopa: Can you
residential /rezi'denjl? adj. [referring to where people live] us
look over these documents? They might contain something useful.
KOTOtKiec:: This is a quiet residential area.
spoilt t'sp:ltlt/ adj. -aiso spoiled- (impolite and behaving badly
renewal In 'nju :al I noun Ithe act of replacing or improving old
because of being given whatever one wants or asks for)
buildings especially over a large area of a city] cvoveeon, ovoKoiKOKoµaenµtvoc:: I think she's terribly spoilt and it's definitely her
vtOT): The renewal of the old city center gave the city a new face.
parents' fault.
reclaim I rr'klerrn/ verb (make an area suitable for building or
ghastly /'go:stll/ adj. [very bad, ugly or unpleasant; horrible)
farming] a~tonot<il, eyye1o~eX11<i>vw: We will make every effort to
cpo~epoc:, ipp1x16c:: They live in a ghastly-looking block of flats.
reclaim this area of marshland.
blight /bla11/ verb (spoil, ruin) xaMw, KOTOOTptcpw: Our holiday
Page 56 - Grammar
was blighted by bad weather.
nasty /'na:sti, 'na:sti/ adj. [unfriendly or unpleasant!
adequacy /';cd1kwas1/ noun [the state of having enough of what
Ouodpemoc:, cvnncannsoc. Your talking about his wife's affair
is needed) mdpKeta: The adequacy of parking facilities in the city
was a nasty thing to do.
utterly 1•,..1alt/ adv. [completely, totally) eVTeXwc:: She was utterly center is questionable.
clog /klog/ verb [block and stop functioning properly] pouX<i>vw,
unaware of the danger.
q>pa(w: A pipe had clogged and the whole house flooded.
factually /'frektfuall/ adv. (according to the facts)
• clot /kloll verb l(of a liquid) form into half-soft lumpsj m'J<w:
TEKµ11p1wµtvo: This report is factually correct.
Most people's blood clots easily.
virtually /'v3:tJualtt adv. (more or less, though not strictly
random t'r<endam/ adj. [done without any particular plan or sysspeaking; in effect] oX£Mv I «n'ouoto: She found it virtually
tem; irregular] TUXO[oc;: The opinion poll was based on a random
impossible to understand his handwriting.
sample of adults.
stand In for phrasal verb + prep [do someone else's job or
haphazardly /ha::p'ha:zadlt/ adv. (in an unplanned or casual
replace them temporarily] ovnKa0101w: I'm workingovertime this
manner] TUXOia. ovopy6vw10: Books and newspapers were hapweek as I have to stand in for Jake.
hazardly spread all over the room.
stand up for phrasal verb +prep. [support or defend]
• aspect /'respek ti noun (one side or feature of a situation, idea.
unepaoni(oµm: You must stand up for your rights and not let
problem, etc.) nXwpd, 6nolJfri: The most terrifying aspect of the
them manipulate you.
drug problem is that it affects more and more young people.
spirits /'sp1rtts/ noun (plural) (a person's mood] 6u.'J0£0T): He's
with/in regard to [(formal) used to indicate what one is referring
in low: high : good spirits.
blow /blau/ noun jsomething unexpected that causes disappoint- to] oe 6,11 O(j)op6: Withregard to the victims of the earthquake,
ment or reduces one's confidence or prospects) x1unnµa, nMyµa: we will do everything possible to relieve their plight.
prospect /'prospekt/ noun (a possibility that something will hapThe fact that he was passed over for promotion was a serious
pen or something that one expects to happen] npoormsru What
blow to his ambitions.
are his prospects of promolion?The prospect of livingabroad
doesn't appeal to me.
Page 57 - C/oze
slum /slAml noun la house or an area in a city where poor peo- : engage (in) !ln'ge1d3/ verb (be involved in) eµnh¬ Koµo1,
: ouµµe1txw: He's engaged in various business activities and he's
ple live and which is unfit for human habitation] ip1wxovmov16:
After losing all their money, they had to leave their apartment and : sure to succeed.
: vow tveut verb, noun (declare solemnly; a solemn promise)
to go and live in a slum.
••
opKi(oµm I 6QKO<;: He vowed to be there tor her tor ever.
disparity /dr'speersn/ noun [(formal) an unfair or very noticeable
level /'levlt verb (pull down] yKp£µi(w. 1ooneOwvw: The bulldoz- difference between two things] 1ilatpopd, ovouoomtc: There is a
. ers leveled the derelict block of flats.
disparity between the two accounts; you should check them again.
erect /r'rckt/ verb [put up or build] 01iJvw. av£y£ipw: They plan
disperse /di'sp3'.S/ verb [make sth spread over a wide area]
to erect an office block where the old playground used to be.
1>m>.uw: The police dispersed the huge crowd of people and made
relieve /n'li:v/ verb [make sth such as pain or a problem less
them leave the area.
severe] avaKouip((w: A fund has been set up to relieve the refugees. • biased /'ba1ast/ adj. [having an opinion or feeling that strongly
pacify /'pres1 fa1 I verb [make calm or peaceful] E1p11veuw,
favors one side in an argument or one item in a group; prejudiced]
KOT£uva(w: She tried to pacify the quareling children.
npoKaret>.riµµtvoc;: This history book is certainly biased against all
undertake I Anda'teik/ verb [accept the responsibility to do sthJ
neighboring nations.
ava>.aµ~avw: You shouldn't have undertaken such a difficult job.
incite Ii n 'sai ll verb !intentionally encourage people to cause
trouble or uproar] uno1>au>.i(w, unoKtvliJ: He was accused of incitPage 58 - Vocabulary
ing the workers to act violently.
conceive /kan'si.v/ verb [become pregnant] ou>.>.aµ~dvw: From : curl /k3:1/ verb [twist or turn into small coils or rolls) oyoupa(vw:
the moment a woman conceives and during /he first montfls of
: My hair curls very easily.
pregnancy she should be extremely careful.
: curfew /'ke:fju:/ noun [an order forbidding people to circulate in
bare /bea/ adj. [uncovered or naked; (of land) not having any
: the streets after a certain hour] anay6pEUOTJ KUKAOq>opiac;: There's
vegetation] yuµv6<; I xwp(<; ~McmiOll: She walked around in bare : a curfew in force from ten o'clock tonight.
feet.Bare hills surrounded the village.
• curb /k3:b/ verb (control or try to limit something so as to prearid /''i!Jrid/ adj. [very dry (for land)] ~11p6c;: The desert is too arid : vent any harmful effects] n£p1opi(w, £>.tyxw: Sometimes I find it
for most plants to grow.
: difficult to curb my emotions.
barren /'b<eran/ adj. {unable to reproduce] crsfpoc: Exposure to : exhilarate /rg'zrlereu/ verb [make someone feel lively, happy
nuclear radiation can make a woman barren.
: and excited] ava(woyovw: We were all exhilarated by the brisk
whaling /'we11!1J/ noun [the activity of hunting and killing whales) : walk in the country.
q>a>.a1voe11pia: Whaling is illegal in many parts of the world.
: exhort /1g'z~:ll v [urge strongly and earnestly] npoTptnw: The manager
spark off phrasal verb [cause trouble, protest or violence to break : exhorted his staff to work on the project as hard as they could.
out] npoKa>.w, Oivw tvauoµo: Their action sparked off a major uproar. : extort Ilk 'st:>:ll verb [get sth from sb by unfair means] onoone
resumption /ri'zxmpjen? noun [(formal) the acting of starting
: ue EK~maµ6: The criminal extorts money from old people.
something again after pausing for a whilej £nava>.111J111,
• indispensable /rndr'spensabl/ adj. [absolutely important and
enav£KKiVTJ011: The resumption of hunting in this area has put
: essential so as to be impossible to do without it] onooormtoc A
many species in danger.
: dictionary is indispensable to any foreign language learner.
retail /rr'rorl? noun (the sale of goods to individual customers, in indiscreet /1nd1'skri:t/ adj. [careless about what one says or
shops] A.1ovtKri m.ilAllOll: The retail business is going through a dif- does. especially by revealing secrets] aOtdKPtTo<;: Talking about
ficult period.
our personnal affairs was an indiscreet thing to do.
Imbue /rm'bju.? verb (fill someone with a particular idea. feeling,
ingratiating /in'gre~ieiti!)/ adj. [trying to make people like you
. etc.) £VOTaA.M(w. 61ano1i(w: He always manages to imbue his
(negative meaning)] KOAOKEUTtK6<;: Nobody likes ingratiating
students with enthusiasm.
behaviour because it is false.
impart /rm'po.t? verb [give information, knowledge, etc. to
implement /rmpla'ment/ verb (put into effect] EKnAtlPWVW, ~d(w
someone] µern6i1>w: She said she had vital information to impart. oe £tpapµoyfi: Your plan cannot possibly be implemented at the
impair /im'pea/ verb [damage or make sth worse) e~ao8evi(w:
moment as it requires huge capitals.
The bang to his head has impaired his hearing.
curtail /ka'terl/ verb (reduce. especially the amount of money
incense /m'sens/ verb [make someone very angry] £~opy((w: He intended to be spent on something] n£ptK6mw: The government
was incensed by her outrageous insults.
is under pressure to curtail public expenditure.
rabble /reebl? noun [a noisy, disorderly crowd of people] ox>.oc;:
~xempt II.g'zempt/ ver~ [state that someone is under no obligaA rabble of youngsters tried to force their way into the stadium.
non to fulfill a duty or obliqation that they would normally have to]
rubble I rAbl/ noun [broken stones, bricks or other materials]
E~atpw: He was exempted from military service due to serious
xaMoµarn: The bombing left behind nothing but rubble.
health problems.
pebble /'pebl/ noun [small, round and usually smooth stone]
propriety /~ra'pra1at_il noun [(fo~mal) cor~ectness.of s~cial or
~6100>.o: The children strolled along the beach, collecting pebbles • moral behavior] eunoeneic, Kooµ10TflTO: Is 11 worth 1gnormg proand little shells.
: priety in order to tell him what you think of him?
raffle /'rrefl/ noun [a way of raising money by selling numbered : proponent /pro'paonant/ ~oun [a person who argu~s in f~vor of
tickets, one or more of which win a prize] >.otapia: We won this : somethingj ~ntpµaxoc:: He is a stron~ propo~e~t of li~era/Jsm.
Persian rug in a raffle.
• precedent I president/ noun (an off1c1al decision which can be
distress /dr'stres/ n (a feeling of extreme sadness or worry] cvn- : ~efe!re_d to in later.cases: s~mething that has .happened before and
ouxia, 8>.iip11: His friends lack of interest caused him great distress. • is similar to "!hat is happening now) nconvoeuevo: The tolerance
needy 1'ni:di1 adj. [not having enough food or money; poor]
: of the autho~1tles towards .gun hold~rs has created a dangerous
ip1wxoc:, £V6Eri\: We must help needy people. (also noun) we
: prece?ent.H1s ru~e behavior was w1thour prece~~nt.
must all provide tor the needy.
: surve1llanc~ /so vellans! ~oun [c~~~ful supervrs.on, especially
mitigate /'mr11ge1t/ v [reduce the serious, unpleasant or painful : ~hen watching out f~r crminai act1v1t1_es] emrnpnon; The suspect
nature of a situation] µ£Tpta(w. aµ~>.uvw: we must do everything : is under close surveillance as the oolice hope to trace the whole
in our power to mitigatethe harmful effects of industrial pollution. : ~an¥ through h1';1.·
.
.
,
detract (from) /d1'trrekt/ verb [make something seem worse or : mfr~nge ?" I 111 t rt nd3/. verb [intertere with .a p~rson s freed~m
less important than it really is] µe1wvw: The hostility of the press : or nghts; invade) ~~pa~ta(w: Your reporter~ mt:mge on my pnvadetracts from her popularity as an actress.
: cy and I am not willing to tolerate such a sltustton.
I
I
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 92
abide J>y verb [accept a law, rule or agreement and behave
accordingly] tTIPc.i>, ouµµopcpc.i>voµa1 ue: I have made it clear to
everyone here that they have to abide by the regulations.
border on verb [be very close to a particular state or condition]
n.>.nmo(w, oyyi(w 10 6p10: The teacher's strict behavior bordered
on brutality.
verge /v3:dl/ noun (narrow piece of ground by the side of the
road] 6KpT): Walk on the grass verge, not the road.
be full to the brim /bnm/ (be as full as possible] ~txei>.o,: The
glass was full to the brim and wine spilt the tablecloth.
:
precede /pn'si:d/ verb (go before someone or something in
:
time, place or order] nponvouµa1: Several bodyguards preceded :
the famous movie star into the concert hall.
•
••
recede /n'si:d/ verb [move back or away into the distance]
nnopnxpuvopm, unoxwpw: As tide receded, they were able to
:
explore the beach.
:
hallucination /halu.sr'neijon/ noun (the state of seeing some- :
thing which Is not really there] nupotoanon; When her brother
:
arrived home, after having been reported dead, she thought it was :
a hallucination.
:
fallacy /'frelasr/ noun [a false idea or belief which is based on
:
false reasoning but that many people believe to be true] nMVT),
>.ov0oaµtVT) 10¬ 0:Thinking that natural resources will last forever
is definitelya fallacy.
falsification /fa:ls1f1'ke1fan/ noun (the act of altering something
by adding false information or misinterpreting in order to deceive]
ncoonomon. otampt~>.wOT]: Falsification of official documents is
a serious offence.
•
proposition I prnpa'zr] an/ noun [a business or political sugges- :
lion which is put forward for discussion] &lmlYTJOTl, np61aOT]: The :
chairman of the board has made an interesting proposition con- •
cerning the expansion of the company.
:
proportion /pra'p~:Jan/ noun [the relation between two things or :
parts of the same thing in terms of how much there is of each
:
one] ova>.oyia: His earnings are small in proportion to the amount :
of work he does.
:
propulsion /prs'pxljon? noun [the power that moves a vehicle :
forward] nooeenon; We've made some alterations to the engine :
to achieve better propulsion.
•
:
Page 59 - Vocabulary
:
scuba diving /'sku:ba datvuj/ noun [the sport of swimming
under water using breathing equipment) KmMuOT] ue µnouKa>.&,.
+ The word scuba is an acronym made up of the initials of the
words: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
obscurity /ab'skjoerari/n [the state of not being known or of being
difficult to understand] acpliv&ta I (ro) ouovonro: He traveled all the
way fromobscurity to worldwiderecognitionin just a few years.
obstinacy 1 'obsnnesi I noun (an unreasonably strong determination and unwillingness to change one's mind; stubbornness]
iaxupoyvwµoouVT), netouo: His obstinacy in refusing to face the
facts has led him to all the wrong moves.
obscenity /ab'senau/ noun !behavior or language which is oftensive because of indecently referring to sex, violence, nudity, etc.]
OLoXPOTil'\'O, npocrwx1a: The film was X-rated due to its obscenity.
obsession /ab'sefn/ n [the continual occupation on one's mind
with only one thing) suuovn iota. IJJUXWOJ1, &µµovt): Your desire to
lose weight is becoming an obsession - you talk of nothing else!
ensue /m'sju:/ verb [happen afterwards, often as a result)
&naKo>.ouaw. npoKumw: She insulted him and a terrible argument ensued.
sue /su:/ verb [start a law case against someone, especially to
claim compensation) µnvuw, K6vw aywyij: We've decided to sue
the company for deliberately selling faulty goods.
reprove /n'pru:v/ verb !(formal) criticize someone for having
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
:
:
:
:
•
COMPANION·Teal
4
behaved wrongly or foolishlyj emKpivw, emnMnw: He was
reproved for not keeping the company files in order.
retrieve /r1'1ri:v/ verb [recover something which was lost, taken
away, etc.] &navoK1<i>: I finallyretrieved my suitcase from the
chaotic left-luggage office.
retreat /n'tri:t/ verb [move away or give up one's position especially because of embarrassment or defeat] oma0oxwpc.i>,
unoxwpc.i>: The army was forced to retreat.
retain /ra'torn/ v (keep something, especially desirable or useful)
Kpmc.i>, OLOTilP<il: They were fighting to retain their independence.
humility /hjut'rrulau/ noun [the quality of being modest and not
boast about oneseltl rnnetvocppoauvn. µe1p1ocppoauvn: H's a man
of adequate humility to understand his mistakes and imperfections.
salient /'se1liant1 adj. (the most important or striking] npoerev,
~exwp1m6,: Patience is one of her most salient features as a
teacher.
valiant /'va:liant/ adj. (brave, especially in a dangerous situalion) yewaio,, avop&io,: He made a valiant attempt to finish the
race although he was injured.
ardent /'o:dont/ adj. [showing strong feelings, enthusiasm and
determination; passionate] tv8&pµo,, &v8oumwon,, cp>.oy&p6':
He's an ardent supporter of socialism.
drop off phrasal verb !fall asleep) onosoaneum: He was very tired
and he dropped off on the couch while watching TV.
drop in phr. verb [arrlve informally to visit someone! nepv<i> vo
liro: Do drop in if you happen to be passing from the neighborhood.
confrontation /konfrxn'terjn? noun la disagreement; a serious
argument between two groups of people; a fight or battle)
ovaµtwnOTl. ovnneooeecn; The opposing views on nuclear
power will surely lead to confrontation.
apprehension /eepri'henjn/ noun [fear or worry about the future]
cp6~o,, OVT)auxia: The thought of having to stay alone in the cottage filled her with apprehension.
discrepancy /dr'skrepansr/ noun (difference between things that
should normally be the same] aouµcpwvia, 61acpop6: I want to see
the accountant as there are certain discrepancies in these
accounts.
appraisal /a'prerzal/ noun [assessment of the worth or quality of
something) &KliµT)OT], a~10MYT)OT]: The estate agent's appraisal of
the land was lower than we had expected.
approximation /aproksr'rnerjan/ noun [an object. description,
amount, number etc. that is similar or close to something else or
to what is correct] npoatyy10T), eK1(µ110J1 K0'\'6 npootyytOT]: We
can only give you a rough approximation of the cost at the moment.
be at a loss [be uncertain as to what to say or do] re txw
xaµtvo, &(µa1 occnouevoc: When he saw her after so many
years, he was at a loss for words.
obnoxious /ab'nokjas/ adj. [very unpleasant and hateful]
anexan,, ouoapemo,, cnoxpouoruoc: Thatobnoxious little man
robbed us of all we got.
noxious /'nokfas/ adj. lhannful or poisonous] em~>.a~(j': This
riverhas been contaminated with noxious chemicals.
predatory /'predatan/ adj. [trying to gain something out of sb's
weakness or suffering in a merciless manner I (of animals) that
attack and kill for food] >-nmp1K6' I apnaKUK6': You had better
watch her every movement; she is a predatory young woman.
pertinent /'p:i:tmant/ adj. ((formal) directly related to what is
being considered or discussed! ouvacpl'),, axenK6': After the end
of the peace negotiations, the reporters asked the President some
highly pertinent questions.
delegate /'delagert/ verb (give someone power, duties or
responsibilities so that they can act on your behalf] &~ouaiooo1<i>,
opi(w nvrmpooeno: The manager has delegated me to organize
the shareholders' annual meeting.
subtle /'sAtll adj. [delicate in quality and therefore difficult to
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 93
COMPANION • Taal 4
• or undeveloped] ~ao1K6<;, 0101xel<il611c; I unotunw611c;: Don't ask
notice or explainJ cvenctoentoc, >.em6c;: His subtle humor is
appreciated only by the more sophisticated.
me. My knowledge of the subject is rudimentary.I couldn't believe
meager /'mi:ga/ adj. [not being enough (of sth)] nev1xp6c;: I can't that they used such rudimentary equipment.
survive on such a meager amount of food.
elementary /ela'rnentari/ adj. [simple or basic, involving only
a trifle adv. [somewhat] K(mwc;, eAa<pplilc;: He seemed a trifle
the most basic or necessary features) ~ao1K6<;, 0101xe1w611c;: I
worried and I tried to take his mind off the situation.
would characterize their safety precautions rather elementary.
thresh /0rcf I verb [beat the grain out of wheat] aAwvi~w: The
fundamental I fAnda'mcntl/ adj. [of great importance; essential;
farmers were threshing corn by hand.
basic] ~ao1K6<;, 8eµeAt<il6nc;: Respect for law and order is fundathrust /Sr"sl/ verb -p.t, & p.p. thrust- [push suddenly or violent- • mental to a peaceful society.
ly] onpci>xvw: He thrust his way throughthe crowd.
:
thrash /0rref I verb (hit someone usually with a stick as a punish- : Page 60 - Reading - TEXT 1
ment] XTUn<i.l, Mpvw: He was an awful teacher who used to
: articulate /0:'11kjula1/ adj. [able to express one's ideas, espethrash his students.
: cially difficult ones, clear1y and effectively whether in speech or in
thread /Ored/ verb [pass a thread through) ~eAovta~w: The child : writing] eu~pa6f)c;. euKptvf]c;: She is an intelligent and articulate
was threading beads.
: young student.
be in a good/bad/the rightframe of mind [the mood one is in
: pecking order /'pek11J :>:da/ noun [(informal) a system of rankwhich causes them to have a particular attitude) nveuµanK()
: ing members of a human or animal group in order of power,
K01601aOI']: I can't decide now; I'm not in the right frame of mind. • importance, etc.J 1epapx(a: I'm very low in the pecking order to
predisposition /prkdrspa'ztjan/ noun [a natural mental or body : decide on such an important issue.
tendency) npo6ta0eori: There is an obvious predisposition in favor : rigid /'nd31d/ adj. [firm and strict] OKaµmoc;, au0TT1p6c;: His
of free enterprise.
: views on education are rigid and old-fashioned.
outright /aor'rau/ adj./adv. [clear and direct; openly and without
handmaiden t'hrendme1dan/ noun [(old-fashioned) a female
reservations! nueooc, avaµq>1o~r)Tl']toc; I 010 iota, anpoK<lAuma:
servant] urmoerom.
All I got was an outright refusal.I'm thinking of telling Mark outwalk out phrasal verb [stop working suddenly especially because
right what I think of him.
of being dissatisfied) anoxwpw euµwµtvoc;: He walked out of his
plunder /'plAnda/ verb [steal goods from people or a place,
job because none of his demands were satisfied.
often by force and usually during a war) AE:TJAOTc.iJ: The shops in
casualty (ward) noun -also emergency room- [a hospital section
the area were plundered by the enraged demonstrators.
which deals with injuries or sudden illnesses) mtpuya awx1wcnwv:
plummet /'plA111at/ verb [become lower or worse suddenly; dete- She now works in casualty and she gets awfully tired.
riorate] ~0!vw, xe1pon:peuw: Standards of production have plumrep /rep/ noun -abbreviation for 'reoresentanvev [a person who
meted recently.
represents a business, such as a traveling salesman. a computer
decimate /'desimeiV verb. (destroy) anooeKati~w: The fish in the salesman, etc.] cvrmoooonoc: Our sales rep is traveling all over
river were decimated by the oil.
• the country.
inaudibly/tn'o.dabh / adv. [not loudly enough to be heard]
throughput /'Oru:put/ noun [the amount of work that an organia06pu~a. avenafo01']ta: He was muttering inaudibly to himself.
zation, business, etc can deal with in a particular period of time]
inadvertently/rned'vs.tantlr/ adv. [unintentionally and without
01eKnepa[wOTJ, pu0µ6c; 61eKnepa(wOI']<;: Quick customer throughthinkingJ Kata M0oc;, onpocesro: He inadvertently made a
put is essential. The central port has a monthly throughput of
scratch on the table.
300,000 passengers.
verbal /'v:.i:bl/ adj. (spoken) pf'lµOnK6<;, npoq>op1K6<;: It was a
surly /'s3:li/ adj. [rude and unpleasant! ayevr)c;, ou01ponoc;: All I
verbal agreement and both parties promised to keep their word.
got from him was a surly response.
toll / 1aul/ noun [the number of people affected, injured or killed
privatize /'pra1vataiz/ verb (sell a national organization, Industry,
by a particular cause] eoooc a[µarnc;: The death toll in Greek
: etc. to an individual or a groupJ 101wnKonoi11011: The government
motorways is very heavy.
• have decided to privatize some major national services.
foil /f:>1l/ noun [a thin metal sheet] tAaoµa, q>u>J.o: Use some
: release /n'li:st noun [the feeling of being free from what previaluminum foil to wrap these sandwiches.
: ously caused worry or suffering] aneAeu0tpwori: Release from
pronounce I pra'nauns/ verb [announce officially or formally)
: tension can be achieved by exercising.
avaKotvwvw enioriµo: He pronounced judgement on the prisoner. : stimulation /sumju'lerjan/ noun [the act of encouraging somedenounce /dr'naons/ verb [inform the police or the authorities
: one by making them enthusiastic about something) tv0dppuvOI'].
about someone's illegal activities] Ka1ayytAw: He was denounced : napaKiVl']OI']: Young students need stimulation in order to achieve
to the police by his accomplice.
: a good performance.
proclaim /prs'klerm/ verb [announce or state publicly)
: in the raw [in a natural state without comforts or advantages but
avaKl']puoow, 6toKl)puoow: He was proclaimed the winner.
: involving cruelty and violence! "wµr) npayµattK6TTJta": He's very
demagogue /'demagog/ noun -demagog- [sb who gives pomical : spoilt and it's time he faced life in the raw.
speeches and tries to persuade people by appealing to their emo- : label /'te1bal/ verb [describe someone often in an incorrect or
tions or prejudices rather than their political opinion] 011µaywy6c;. • unfair way: a word or phrase that is used for this purpose! Ko>J.dw
mob /rnob/ noun (a large, noisy and violent crowd] 6XAO<;: Mob : taµnt>.a, xapaKTl']p!~w I taµntAa: She was unfairly labeled as an
violence has never been easy to curb.
• anarchist.
rouse /rauz/ verb [make more active, interested or excited)
qualify /'kwnhfa1/ verb [obtain the necessary knowledge or skill
~E:OTJK<ilvw, Oteyeipw: The protesters were roused to violence by
in order to do a particular job] anoKtc.iJ ta npooovrc: When he
the police's cruel behavior.
qualified as a doctor, he went to work for an international medical
rally /'rreh/ verb (come or bring together for a joint action or
organization in Africa.
effort) em01pmeuw/-oµa1. ouone1p<i>vw/-oµa1: The supporters rat- degrading /d1'gre1d11J/ adj. !causing loss of respect]
lied to save the club from collapse.
unonurmsoc, tane1vwnK6<;: Degrading forms of discipline will not
rudimentary /ru.dr'mentari/ adj. [not more than basic: primitive be tolerated in this school.
15 FIN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
page 94
joint /d3~in11 adj. [involving two or more people working together on something) an6 Kotvoli, KOtv6c;: The members of the charity
made a joint effort to persuade the public to donate money.
controversy /'kontrav3:si. kan'rrnvesi/ noun (a serious discussion or argument about something that has given rise to conflict·
ing opinions) 01tve~ri. 01aµaxri: At this stage. we had better avoid
controversy and try to find a commonly accepted solution.
Page 61 - Reading- TEXT 2
deplete /d1'pll:t1 verb (reduce (the amount of sth)) e~avT>.<i>: Our
food supplies have depleted dramatically now that your greedy
•
cousin is staying with us.
:
emit /i'miV verb [produce and send out a smell, gas. light, heat,
etc.) ava6!vw: The factories emit toxic smoke into the air.
salvation /s~l'vc1fan/ noun [the act of saving sb/sth from harm
or danger] OWlTlpia: The doctors' determination and skill were his
salvation as they refused to give up on him.
have sth at one's disposal (have sth ready and available for use
if it is needed) 0111 6ta9e01'} µou: Our holiday home is at your disposal if you want to use it at any time.
go to waste [not be used and so wasted) now xaµcvoc:: It's teatble how much food went to waste at the party; we shouldn't have
bought so much.
viable /'va1abl/ adj. [capable of doing what sth is intended for or
to do: realistic) Pt<i>mµoc;: His idea seems to be a viable solution
to the problem.
•
Page 62 - Reading - TEXT 3
spare /spca/ verb [save somebody from experiencing something
unpleasant) ana>.Moow, y>.unilvw: He was spared the trouble of
taking part in the annual meeting.
the mechanics of (doing) something [the way in which something operates or is constructed) µrixav10µ6c;. >.enoupyia: I'm still
not familiar with the mechanics of this particular market.
calculus /'krelkjulas/ noun [a particular mathematical method
which deals with changing quantities) >.oy10µ6c;.
vital /'vanal/ adj. [essential: of the greatest importance] ~wnK6<;:
Speed and efficiency are vital to the success of an ambitious plan.
essentially 11'senfah1 adv. [basically or in the true nature of
•
someone or something) aamKd, «rr'ouotc: Essentially, your idea
is very imaginative but I don't know if we can adopt it right now.
define /d1'fa111/ verb [explain the exact meaning of something)
opi<w: People define the idea of love in many different ways.
primitive /'pnm111v/ adj. [of or at an early stage of human evolution:
simple and unsophisticated) npo'ioTOptK6C:, npwT6yovoc:. O't0txe1<i>6ric::
The museum features a great collection of primitive weapons. He
had made a primitive boat out of some pieces of wood.
•
attach /o'uet] 1 verb [attribute: consider that something has a particular quality] ano6f6w, npooof6w: I wouldn't attach so much
importance to his declarations.
rationalize /'ncfanala1z/ verb [think reasons that can explain a
particular type of behavior, a belief or a mental state) crnoxove,
eK>.oytKeliw: We all try to rationalize our tears but it's not always
possible.
relish /'rely/ verb (get a lot of enjoyment from sthJ xoipoµat: I ref·
ish watching my grandchildren playing.
negligible /'neglid<ibal/ adj. [very small: insignificant] aµe>.nTeoc;:
Don't worry; the damage to the car was negligible.
•
coherence /kou'hrerans/ noun ((of ideas, arguments, etc.) the
quality of being reasonably related and easy to follow) ouvoxti.
e1pµ6c;: I can't find any coherence in his arguments.
intelligibility 11111cl1d3a'b1la111 noun [the state of being easily
understood] (To) KOTOVOT)t6, (To) eovcnto: Intelligibility of speech
COMPIUll81 .. Te1t 4
is an essential quality to a teacher.
Page 63 - Reading - TEXT 4
surreptitiously /~Arap'uJasl1/ adv. !secretly so that others do not
notice] Kpuq>a, >.a9pa(a: He looked at her surreptitiously trying to
detect her reaction.
legitimate /Ii'djrumot? adj. [(of children) born to legally married
parents] vouuioc. yvrjo1oc:: I am his legitimate son and I intend to
claim my birthright.
heir lea/ noun -feminine heiress /'e*r*s- [a person who by law
receives wealth, property, a title. etc. when the owner dies]
KAT)pov6µoc:: He's the heir to a priceless art collection left to him
by his aunt.
squeeze /skwi.z? verb [move or force by pressing tightly]
01p1µ<i>xvw/-oµa1. onp<i>xvw/-oµat: I managed to squeeze my way
into the crowded hall.
abuse /a'bju:s/ noun [the use of someone or something in a bad
way] Kataxpnori, KaKoµeraxeiptaf]: Removing the rights of the
individual is an abuse of power. This toy has been subjected to a
lot of abuse.
saintly /'se1ntli/ adj. [behaving in a good, honest, saint-like
manner) cvioc, euoear'Jc:: He is by all means a religious and
saintly person.
naturalist /'nret.faral1st/ noun [a person who studies plants. animals. insects, etc.] q>umo6iq>ric;: A team of naturalists have set up
this refuge for bears .
starling /'sto:lr1JI noun ljJap6vt, µauponoli>.t.
moorhen t'muahen/ noun [a small water-hen] veooxotc,
veponouM6a.
amateur /'a:mata/ noun, adj. [practising a sport or skill only for
pleasure and not as a job] eocorrervnc: His work is excellent.
considering he's only an amateur photographer.
give someone the benefit of the doubt [assume that someone is
innocent or truthful rather than guilty or lying when neither is
proved) 6ivw to n>.eoveKtTlµa me aµq>1ao>.!ac;: I'm not quite sure
that he's telling the truth, but I'll give him the benefit of tne doubt.
beak /bi:k/ n. [the hard, pointed part of a bird's mouthJ ooueoc,
dump /dxmp? verb [unload something unwanted and leave it]
~eq>opT<.i>vw. 11e1<.i>: Many rivers have become polluted because of
the toxic waste t11at is dumped into them.
foster /'Costa/ adj. [(of people) that are not connected by blood
but through nursing or bringing up) Be16c;: He had tne good luck
to be brought up by two loving foster parents.
hatch /ha.:1f 1 verb [produce young birds from eggs; break out of
the egg) enwo<w I eKKoA<lmoµat: You should see the little duck·
ling that have just hatched.
hedge one's bets [reduce one's risk of loss by supporting or taking
your chances on opposing people or t11ings) novrcpe oe 6>.a TO
Taµn>.<il: Try and hedge your bets by applying to various universities.
inevitable /rn'cvuabl/ adj. [certain to happen and unavoidable]
ovcnoesucroc: They have become alienated and divorce seems
inevitable.
cliche /'kli:fe11 noun (an idea, remark or way of behaving that is
used very often and has become almost meaningless] KAtoe.
cteoeoruno. xoworornc: Most politicians' speeches feature notbing but age-old cliches.
offspring /'nfsprilJ/ noun tsomeone's child or children or an anlmars baby or babies] ~>.aotdpt, nat6i: The cat took great care of
her numerous offspring.
cuckoldry I 'kAkald rr I noun [the act where a wife deceives her
husband by having sex with someone else; adultery) µotXEia.
clutch /klAcf t noun [a group of eggs or hatched birds]
intentionally I 111 'ten] a nail 1 adv. jdeliberatelyJ eoKeµµeva,
riBe>.riµcva, oxoruuo: He intentionally tried to cheat us.
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 95
Vocabulary
COMPANION • Tasl 4
Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. Water was slowly
A. clotting
2
through the ceiling.
B. seeping
C. perishing
D. impairing
your ticket, in case an inspector gets on the bus.
A. recede
B. exempt
C. spare
3. The hen will sit on the eggs until they
A. hatch
B. relish
4. He has such
A. valiant
5. He
to
A. vowed
0. retain
.
C. attach
0. delegate
views that it's impossible to make him listen to anyone else.
B. ingratiating
C. convenient
D. rigid
be there whenever she needed him.
C. curbed
B. pacified
D. preceded
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. Whal are the
IMPLY
of these results?
2. There are no factories in this
area.
3. We were shocked by his
death.
4. This rule is not
TIME
APPLY
to you.
5. The house has been under
with three police cars outside it.
RESIDE
all night,
SURVEY
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
clarify
blight
abide
sue
1. I hope the bad weather didn't
plummet
your holiday.
2. The plane
to the ground and exploded.
3. You must
by the rules of the school.
4. I'll
5. We need to
you if you damage my car.
a few confusing points.
dump
thread
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
COMPANION • Test 4
page 95
Vocabulary
Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or 0.
1. Water was slowly
A. clotting
2
through the ceiling.
B. seeping
C. perishing
0. impairing
your ticket, in case an inspector gets on the bus.
A. recede
B. exempt
C. spare
3. The hen will sit on the eggs until they
A. hatch
B. relish
4. He has such
A. valiant
D. retain
.
C. attach
D. delegate
views that it's impossible to make him listen to anyone else.
B. ingratiating
C. convenient
D. rigid
5. He
to be there whenever she needed him.
A. vowed
B. pacified
C. curbed
0. preceded
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. What are the
IMPLY
of these results?
2. There are no factories in this
area.
3. We were shocked by his
death.
4. This rule is not
TIME
APPLY
to you.
5. The house has been under
with three police cars outside it.
RESIDE
all night,
SURVEY
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
clarify
blight
abide
sue
1. I hope the bad weather didn't
plummet
your holiday.
2. The plane
to the ground and exploded.
3. You must
by the rules of the school.
4. I'll
S. We need to
you if you damage my car.
a few confusing points.
dump
thread
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 97
term /t:>:mf verb [(usually passive) name or describe someone :
or something using a particular word] ovoµa~w. xapaKUJPi~w: That :
kind of painting is termed "abstracf'.
:
nominate /'nom111e1t1 verb [suggest someone for possible election to a particular job, for a prize, etc.] nporefve, uno6etKvuw: He
has been nominated as a president of the Society.
conduct I 'knndxkt/ noun [behavior] auµm:ptcpopd: His conduct
at school was disgraceful.
behavioral /bi'hervjaral/ adj. [of or concerning behavior] UJ<:
auµnepupopa<;: Certain patients have demonstrated peculiar
behavioral patterns.
dominance /'dommans/ n [the state of having more control or of.
being more powerful than others) Kup1apx(a: I have to say that our :
competitors' dominance in the computer market is indisputable. •
affiliate /a'f1he1t/ verb [join a larger group as a member; associate] ouv6toµa1, yivoµm µt>.o<;: Our club has affiliated to the one
from the neighboring town.
legality /Ir'geeleu? noun [the state of being allowed by law]
voµ1µ6TTJta: The legality of the attack was seriously questioned.
Page 72 - Vocabulary
surface /'s3:f1s/ verb [come to the surface] ~ya(vw OTTJV
emcpave1a: There was a sigh of relief when the diver finally surfaced with the child in his hands.
refrain /rt'Irem/ verb [stop deliberately from or avoid doing
something) antxw, onocpeuyw: Please refrain from smoking.
restrain I ra'strem/ verb [control, especially behavior or feelings]
ouyKpatw, e>.tvxw: I could hardly restrain my anger.
merge /m9:d3/ verb (combine or join] ouvxwveliw/-0µ01: Our
software company has merged with one of the leading companies
in the field.
delude /dr'Iu.d/ verb [make someone believe something untrue,
usually without actually telling lies) e~on01ci>, ~eye>.w: She deluded herself into thinking that he cared for her.
aspire /a'spara/ verb (have a strong desire to do or become
something] enoq>0a>.µtlil, npoaPMnw: He has always aspiredto
become an actor.
allege /a'led3/ verb [say, especially in making a legal statement,
without giving proof) 1axupi(oµm, 6tate(voµm: He alleged that I
had been with the accused on the night of the murder.
assert /a'sg:t/ verb (state firmly) taxupi(oµa1, pepmwvw: He
asserted tf1at his client had nothing to do with the fraud.
hasten /'he1sn/ verb [move with speed or cause something to
happen sooner} (em)aneui'.iw: His downfall was hastened by the
financial scandal he was involved in.
augment /o.g'rnent/ verb [make or become greater in size,
value, etc.] au~avw/-0µ01, a~yoti(w: To augment his income. he
took on a second job as a waiter.
attribute /a'tnbju:t/ verb [to ascribe to, put down to: believe
something to be the result or work of) anoi'.iii'.iw: His success is
attributed to pure luck.
dissent /dr'sent/ verb [state one's disagreement with an official
opinion or decision, especially one that is widely accepted)
litioraµat, i'.ita<pwvw: Everyone has the right to dissent.
culminate /'kAlmrne1t/ v [reach the highest or most important
point] Kopucpwvoµat: The students' protest culminated in a riot.
gulp I gAlp/ verb [swallow eagerly or in large mouthfuls] xacptw,
KatePa(w: He gulped down a sandwich.
gurgle /'g3:gl/ verb [make a bubbling sound similar to that of
water flowing) Ke>.apu(w, youpyoup(~w: The stream was gurgling
down the smooth rocks.
saturated 1·s~tfare111d/ adj. [extremely wet] uouoxeuevoc: Even
COMPANION ·Teal 5
fully saturated, this sponge can stiff absorb more water.
be grounded in [be based on something] eiµm ~aoiaµtvo<;,
0eµe>.twµtvo<; oe: His principles are groundedin a strong
Christian belief.
overcome /auva'kxm/ verb ((usually passive) become weak,
unconscious or lose control) Kata~a>.>.w, auvtpi~w, nopo>.uw: She
was overcome with grief when she heard of her uncle's death.
notorious I nao'to.nas/ adj. [well known for something bad)
6to~6nt0<;. KOK6q>nµo<;: Al Capone was a notorious gangster.
miniature /'m1n11fa. 'mmietjor/ adj. [much smaller than normal) µtKPOOKOntK6<;: This miniature old camera would be a nice
gift for John.
nominal /'nominal/ adj. [{of a sum of money) very small and
much below the actual value of something] ouµ~o>.1K6<;,
conuovroc: We had to pay only a nominal fine.
barge into phrasal verb [enter a room or interrupt something
rudely] eio~a>.Aw: He barged in without knocking.
bump into phrasal verb [meet someone by accident] m:cptw navw
ce, auvovtlil KOT6 tum: I bumped into George on my way here.
drab /drreb/ adj. [dull and uninteresting to look at or experience}
uovorovoc, uouvroc: They led a drab life, isolated in a little
•provincial town.
droopy/'dru:pi/ adj. [hanging down with no finnness or strength)
Lots of men have a droopy moustache in Crete.
inflallon /m'Ileij'n? noun [a situation in economy where prices
keep increasing and the purchasing value of money drops; (also)
the rate of this increase) n>.newp10µ6': Unless we win the battle
against inflation. we have no hope of prosperity.
frugality /fru:'grelau/ noun [the practice of buying or spending
• only what is absolutely necessary) ouovouo, ~tt6TTJto: Their fru: gality is such that one would think they are destitute, which is not
: the case.
: austerity /::i:'sterat1/ noun [lack of comforts or money especially
: when a country's economy is weak} >.1t6TTJta: The austerity meas: ures have remained for too long and the public feels frustrated.
: rigidity /r1'd31da11/ noun [the state of being finn, strict and diffi: cult to change] OUOTTJPOtTJta, oKaµljJio: The rigidity of the school
: regulations made several parents take their children away.
: chip in phrasal verb [collect money in order to buy something by
: giving a small amount each) auve1aq>tpw, ~a(w •pe<pevt": Let's
: chip in and buy Samantha something for her birthday.
: cut in phrasal verb [interrupt] i'.itaK6mw: If you don't stop cutting
: in all the time. we won't be able to reach a conclusion.
: do in phrasal verb [(informal) kill} OKOT<ilvw: He was done in by
: one of his partners in crime.
: puppet l'pApall noun [a figure representing a person or animal
• moved by wires or strings : (fig.) a person or group whose acts
: are controlled by the will of someone else] uooioverro: He has no
: real power; he's just a puppet of the president.
: unscrupulous 1 xn'skru.pjales/ adj. [dishonest or immoral and
: having no feelings of doubt or hesitation about acting in this way)
: oouvel6rit0<;, ai'.i(OTaKTo,: He is a man that would use any
: unscrupulous method to get what he wants.
: bequeath /b1'kwi:(), b1'kwi:O/ verb [leave property or money to
: someone by stating so in one's will) acpr'jvw, K>.npo6orci>: She
: bequeathed all her property to her niece.
: manipulate I ma'm pjolen I verb [manage or influence cleverly
: and often dishonestly) enriped(w, µetoxe1pi(oµm: I'm sure that
: the lawyer manipulatedthe jury.
: frailty /'freilti/ noun [weakness] His frailty stopped him from hav: ing the strength to fight oft the attacker.
: conceit /knn'si.t/ noun [a high opinion of or too much pride in
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 98
one's abilities, looks, etc.) encoon; He's full of conceit about his
artistic ability.
lingering /'lr1Jgarr1JI adj. [remaining or lasting for a long time
before disappearing) noporerouevoc, rtou xpovi~e1: There was a
lingering sense of disappointment.
abiding /a'batduj/ adj. [lasting for a long time and not being likely to change) µ6v1µoc;, litopKJi<;: Theirs is a perfect example of an
abiding friendship.
loiter /'brta/ verb (proceed, wor1<, etc. slowly; stand about doing
nothing in particular] xaooµepw: Don't loiter in the mall after
school; go straight home.
adhere /ad'h1a/ verb [support or remain loyal to] eiµm onaMc;,
npooKo>..>..00µ01: She has always adhered to the beliefs advocated
by the political party to which she belongs.
paramount /'preramaunll adj. [superior or greater than anything
else) u1111aroc;, uneotoroc: Exercising is of paramount importance
to health.
prolific /pra'lrfrk/ adj. (producing a lot of offspring or a large
number of books, paintings, etc.) y6v1µ0<;. napaywytK6<;: Salvador
Dali was a prolific painter.
deferential /defa'renfal/ adj. (respectful towards someone's
opinions or wishes) n>.r'tpric; oe~aoµou: He has always been polite
and deferential and this is why he is so highly esteemed by everyone.
memorial /ma'mc.rial/ noun [a monument which commemorates someone or an event) µvnµeio: This is a memorial to the
men who fought and died during the war.
recapitulate /rhka'prtjuleu/ verb [repeat or summarize the main
points of a discussion, argument, etc.] avaKerpa>..mwvw: Let's
recapitulate what we have discussed so far.
commemorate /ka'memaren/ verb [honor the memory of an
important person or event by a solemn celebration] nµw lT1 µvfJµn:
A parade will take place to commemorate the town's millenium.
ramshackle /'rremfrekl/ adj. (in bad condition and likely to fall to
pieces) ~exop~a>..wµtvoc;: I don't know how he can still drive this
ramshackle car.
imposing /tm'paozuj? adj. [having an impressive appearance!
&mPX11TIK6<;, svrunexncscc: The new hotel is certainly an imposing building.
stately /'ste11li/ adj. (noble, dignified and impressive in appearance or manner] opxovr1K6<;: They live in a stately house that
once belonged to a duke.
Page 73 - Vocabulary
clamber /'klremba/ verb (climb by holding on with hands and
feet) oKapqia>..<i>vw, avapp1xciJµ0t: On the whole it was a smooth
climb, except for the last stretch when we had to clamber up to
the peak.
stroll /straul. straol/ verb [go for a short, gentle walk) Kdvw
~6>.ra: We strolled around the park for an hour or so.
nod /nod/ verb [move one's head as a greeting or to show
agreement) veuw: I asked him if he agreed and he nodded.
anticipate /ren't1s1pe1t1 v [expect sth to happen) npooooK<il,
nep1µtvw: We don't anticipate any opposition to our proposal.
forecast /'fo:ka:sl/ verb -p.t. & p.p. forecast or forecasted- (prediet what might happen based on present information) npo~Atnw,
npoMyw: They have forecast a slump in small businesses for the
next two years.
lease /li:s/ verb [use or give someone the right to use something
on payment of rent: the relevant agreement) &Kµto9wvw I
µio0wan: He is leasing the land from the local council. We have
signed a twenty-year lease on this office building.
:
:
:
:
:
COMPANION • Test 5
detain /dr'tem/ verb [officially make someone stay at a place)
KPOTW, 0tTW UTI6 Kp<itT']CJT]: The police detained him for further
questioning.
glare 1 glea/ noun [light which is too bright and unpleasant to
look at] A6µ1Pn: The actors were sweating under the glare of the
studio lights.
adjacent /a'd3e1sant1 adj. (lying next to] lim>..av6c;,
napaK&iµevoc;: They have bought the house adjacent to mine.
eminent /'emmanll adj. [distinguished and well-known]
enupavf)c;: He's an eminent and influential politician and he is
bound to bring about radical changes.
: shrink /frnJk 1 verb -p.t. shrank or shrunk & p.p. shrunk- [cause
: material, clothes, etc. to become smaller; become smaller in
: amount, size or value) µnaivw, µa<euw / oupptKv<ilvoµm: My
: pullover shrank in the wash and I can't wear it. The number of vol: unteers has shrunk lately.
: shrivel /'Jrrval/ verb [become smaller, wrinkled, or drier]
µapaivoµm, ~epa(voµm: We've left the grapes out in the sun to
shrivel.
wrinkle l'rr!Jkl/ verb [cause to become full of creases]
roa>..aK<ilvw, <apciJvw: The only problem with this blouse is that it
wrinkles very easily.
wither /'wiOar/ verb (become weak and die out; dry up or decay)
• rp0ivw / µapaivoµm, ~&paivoµac The plants in the garden had
withered after a long period of neglect.
make allowances (allow sb to behave in a way you would not normally approve of, because you know they have problems or difficulties] ouvxwpciJ, li&ixvw emeiKeta: You should make allowances
for Unda; she's been very stressed with her work lately.
frivolity /frr'volati/ noun [insensible and not serious behavior;
light-heartedness) enmoxmomro. &>..aqip6TT]rn: You must excuse
her frivolity. After all, she's only sixteen years old.
diligence /'d1lld3ans/ noun [the quality of being conscientious
and hard working) &mµt>..eto: He shows extreme diligence in trying to achieve his professional goals.
divulge /da1'vAld3. d1'vAld3/ verb (reveal, especially information
that is secret) anoKa>..umw: Somone has divulged the details of
our plan to our competitors.
resilience Irr 'zt Iians/ noun -aiso resiliency- [the ability to recover from a misfortune quickly and return to one's usual state I (of a
• material or object) strong and not easily damaged)
: nooooouoomomm, eue>..t~(a I e>..aartK6TT]TO: His powers of
: resilience have helped him through many difficulties.
: residue /'rezrdju:/ noun [a small amount of a substance that
: remains after most of it has gone or been taken away) KOT<i>..omo,
: i(11µ0: There was a residue of wine at the bottom of the bottle.
: advocate /'a:dvake1t1 verb (support something, especially pub: licly) ouvriyopw uneo, unoOTT]pl<w: He is one of the politicians
: that advocate the ban on nuclear testing.
• confine 1 kan 'fain/ v [keep someone in a small, enclosed space;
: restrict] 9ttw un6 neoiomouo I nep1opi<wf-oµm: It's cruel to con: fine animals in tiny cages.Please confine yourself to our subject.
: spontaneous/span'terruas/ adj. (said or done out of one's
: impulse and without pressure from others) au96pµritoc;: His invi: talion was quite spontaneous and I didn't know whether to take it
: seriously or not
: downright/'daunra1t/ adj., adv. [(of something undesirable)
: thorough or complete; thoroughly) nMp11c;. tt>..&1oc;, o>..oqidvepo~ I
: evre>..<i>c;: What he said was a downright lie.She was downright
: rude to me for no reason at all.
: volume /'volju:m/ noun (a large amount or quantity of sth)
: 6yKo<;: A large volume of work still remains to be done .
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 99
COMPANION - Test 5
in bulk [in large amounts; not packed in boxes or packets]
: piercing /'p1as11J/ adj. [(of eyes) bright and looking in an examinxovop1Kci I xuµa, xwpi<; ouoseuooto: If you buy goods in bulk, you : ing manner) 01ant:pa011K6<;, otetoou11K6<;: She gave him a piercget better prices.Do you buy rice in packets or in bulk?
: ing glance and he instantly knew that she could read his mind.
barrier I 'ba:rial noun [something that prevents or limits commu- : hue /hju:/ noun [a shade of colour) an6XPWOTl: The sky was
nication, progress or success) eµnooto, np6oKoµµa: At some
: filled with a purple hue as the sun was going down.
point we must break down the trade barriers between our two
: forcible /'f:>:sabl/ adj. [emphatic and convincing; involving pnvstcountries.
: cal force] m:t011K6<; I armo<;: His forcible argument convinced us
barricade /beerr'kerd/ noun (a barrier put up to block a street,
: all of the potential of his proposal. The police made a forcible entry
etc.] o06q>payµa: Police used barricades to seal off certain roads. : in the building.
boundary /'baundari/ noun [the outside limits of an area; the
mist I mist/ noun (a cloud of moisture which is very close to the
border] 6p10: Scientis continue to push back the boundaries of
ground and makes seeing difficult] oµiXATJ: The hills are covered in
knowledge.
thick mist. (fig.) There was a mist surrounding his personality.
hostility /ho'snlau/ noun [unfriendly and aggressive behavior)
exclusion /rk'sklu.yan/ noun [the act of preventing someone
ex0p1K6T111a: Whatamazed us was the hostility the child had
from sharing or taking part in an activity or being a member of an
towards strangers.
organization) anOKAEtoµo<;: Her exclusion from such an important
squash /sk wof 1 v (press, squeeze or crush] ouvaAraw, ~ou>.<.i>:
meeting made her furious.
The tomatoes got squashed flat at the bottom of the shopping bag.
fortify 1'f:>:t1fa11 verb [make stronger or firmer] EVtoxuw,
•• 6uvaµ<.ilvw: The recent unpleasant episode fortified our will to
consume /kan'sju:m/ verb [(of fire) destroy completely] Kaiw
OAOoXEP<.iJ<;: The building was consumed by the huge flames.
• defend our rights.
extinguish /rk'sungwi]? verb [(formal) put out) o~r;vw: Please
unintelligible /Anm'1elid31bl/ adj. [difficult or impossible to
extinguish your cigarettes.
understand] ouov6ri10<;, cscrovontoc: She muttered something
allegation /a:ll'ge1fan/ noun (a statement which may or may not unintelligible and left the room in a hurry.
be true; a claim] 1axup10µ6<;: He denied allegations of negligence
perplex lpa'plcks/ verb (cause someone to feel confused and
and demanded a formal apology.
worried, especially because of not understanding something)
propensity 1 proo'pensau/ noun [a natural tendency one has to • µnMKw, oaOTf~w: At first everything seemed clear, but his last
behave in a particular way) 10011, pon(J: He has a propensity for : remark perplexed me.
getting into debt.
: nonsensical /non'sensrkl/ adj. (unreasonable; not making
abhorrence /ab'horans/ noun [(formal) a strong feeling of hate : sense) ovonroc. napaAoyoc;: He gave me such a nonsensical
or disgust] antx8e1a, cnocrocen. We were all filled with
: explanation that I am wondering whether he is mentally stable.
abhorence at the sight of the slaughtered animals.
concise /kan'sais/ adj. [brief, clear and giving all the necessary
alleviation /ali.vi'erjan/ noun [the act of making something less information) ouvonruoc: His concise report made the situation
intense or severe) cvcxoucum; Our efforts aim at the alleviation of clear to the management.
tax payers.
ruler /'ru:la/ noun [someone who governs a country or area]
induce ltn'dju:s/ verb [urge or persuade someone to do someKU~EPV~T11<;: The rulers of seven countries are meething here next
· thing] nei0w, napaoupw: What on earth induced him to make
week.
such an embarrassing comment?
acquire /a'kwara/ verb [obtain or get) onomo; He quickly manextract /1k'strrekt/ verb (remove something from a place, espeaged to acquire a basic knowledge of Spanish.
cially by pulling it] ~vo<w: She extracted the cork from the bottle.
disdain /drs'dem/ verb [refuse to do something because of
insert Im 'ss.t/ verb [put or place something into or inside somebeing too proud to; show contempt and lack of respect for sb)
thing else) ~ci~w. napt:µ~ciMw: An extra chapter has been inserted ana~1<.il / nepuppov<.il: He disdained to comment on the rumors.
into the book.
They obviously disdain us and I do not intend to speak to them.
be bursting with (be full of a certain quality) ~EXEIAi(w ono:
intercourse /'rntak:>:s/ noun (social communication and
When I last saw him, he was bursting with enthusiasm about his
exchange of ideas. feelings, etc.) ouvaMayl'J, enceec: She's a shy
new job.
person that finds social intercourse rather difficult.
devoid /di'vord/ adj. [completely lacking something] KEv6<;.
demeanor /dr'rni.na/ noun (behavior and bodily attitude]
01ep11µtvo<;: He's a boring person completely devoid of humor.
ouµnt:ptq>opci, roonoc: Jack is a man of very modest demeanor.
unseemly / AO'si:mli/ adj. [(of behavior) impolite or inappropri: clownish /'klaunrf t adj. [silly; foolish) ovontoc. ooxM<;: I hadn't
ate) anpen(J<;, cvopuooroc; It is unseemly to go to church in that : expected such clownish behavior from a man of his age.
dress.
impress / rrn'pres/ verb [imprint or enforce an idea in someone's
••• mind)
svruneve, 1ovi(w: The teacher has impressed on her stu•: dents the
Page 74 - Reading - TEXT 1
necessity of revising.
stature l's1ic1fal noun [a person's size and height] avciOT11µa:
• awe I;,:/ n (a mixed feeling of respect, fear and wonder] oto<;:
He's a man of short stature.
: We all stood in awe in front of the enormity of the pyramids.
coarsely /'k:>:sll/ adv. [in an unrefined manner, using large and : conciliate /kan'srlreu/ verb [do something to stop people from
rough pieces of material) xovTpOKoµµtva: The room was scattered: arguing; win over or regain someone's support or friendship)
with coarsely made furniture.
: ouµq>t>.1<.i>vw/-oµm: If you want your wife to come back to you,
indicative /rn'drkanv/ adj. [(of a sign) showing that something : your only options to conciliate.
exists or is true) EVOEtKnK6<;: His sudden outbursts of anger are : affection /a'fekf ant noun (feelings of fondness and caring)
indicative of his character.
: rouceoomtc: She showed great affection towards her brother's
sagacity /sa'geesau/ noun [(formal) the quality of being intelligent : children.
and able to make good judgement) ouvson; He is a man of great : repulsive 1 ri'pxlsrv t adj. [horrible; disgusting) an0Kpou011K6<;: I
sagacity and we all consult him.
: found his rude behaviour towards his parents totally repulsive.
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 100
distinctly /dr'stujkth/ adv. (clearly) euKp1v<.i><;. ~eK6.9apa: I distinctly heard him promise that he would submit his proposal on
Friday.
flowery /'flauarr/ adj. [(of speech or writing) containing many
difficult words and complicated structures) neotrervoc.
ncoeeooreusvoc. Most of us found Prof. Martin's flowery speech
difficult to follow.
rhetorical /rr'ronkal/ adj. [expressed in a way that can persuade
or impress] PTJTOPtK6<;, 01oµcp<.i>li1K The speaker's rhetorical abili- :
ty didn't manage to persuade his audience.
:
inconclusive /mkan'klu:srv/ adj. [not leading to a decision or :
not proving anything) l.ITJ op1at1K6<:. l.ITJ ne1attK6<;: The negotiations:
have so tar been inconclusive. The judge dismissed the case due :
to inconclusive evidence.
:
:
Page 75 - Reading- TEXT 2
:
irrigate /'rrrge111Verb [supply land with water - here meaning to :
supply blood to the body]
nourish I 'nxn] I verb (provide with the necessary food or what is
needed in order to grow, live, etc.] tpecpw: You need to eat good
food to nourish your body and keep it healthy.
tissue /'ufu:/ noun [cells in the body that are similar to each
other and have the same function] 1016<;: Athletes have a lot of
muscle tissue.
1 back up phrasal verb [support] The emergency power supply
backs up the normal one if there is not enough power.
spinal cord noun (the thick cord of nerves in your spine that connects your brain to the nerves all over your body) veuntoc µueM<;
trigger /'lrrga/ verb [cause sth to start or happen] nupoliotw:
The terrible shock triggered a heart attack and he nearly died.
Page 7 - Reading - TEXT 3
dash /dref I verb [run quickly and suddenly) opµw: A man dashed
into the shop and asked to use the telephone.
scholar /'sknla/ noun [a person of great knowledge and learning]
Myto<;: Scholars don't approve of this new teaching method.
uphold / xp'haold? verb [defend or support a person's action;
confirm a law or judgement] unoITTTjpi(w I emKupwvw: His decision was upheld by the board of directors.
staunch /sto.nt] I adj. [firm, loyal and trustworthy) ruoroc,
oeooucuevoc; He's a staunch supporter of socialism.
reign 1 rein! n [the period during which a King or Queen rules)
~aot>.eia: His reign was a period of peace and development.
literary /'htararr/ adj. [related to or concerned with literature)
>.oyot£XVLK6<;: This is a perfect example of literary criticism.
concept /'knnsepll noun [an abstract idea formed in the mind]
ewoio, tMa, aVTiAnlJITJ: His design was a new concept in town
planning.He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics.
epitomize /r'puarnarz/ verb [be a perfect or typical example of
something) ouvoljli(w. anote>.<i> µtKpoypacpia: The failure of the
project epitomizes the Jack of organizationin the company.
groom /gru:m. grum/ verb (prepare someone for a job, position,
etc. through long training) npoe101µa(w (y1a Kapp1epa): The manager is grooming Paul to take over when he retires.
justification /d31.suf1'ke1Jan/ noun [an acceptable reason or
explanation for something) 61K0to>.oyia, Myo<;: I can see no justification why we should adopt such a costly method of production.
superiority /su:prarr'oratr/ noun [the state of being better, more
important or more powerful than someone else) oversoomto: He
definitely dese1Ved the first prize as the superiority of his talent
was obvious.
COMPANION - Test 5
gentility /d3en't1lat1/ noun [the quality of appearing to be socially superior and behave in an excessively polite way) wytveta,
apxoVTta, ap1010Kpa11K6lTlTO: She believes that being elegantly
eccentric is a mark of gentility.
end /end/ noun [the goal one hopes to achieve] oKon6<;,
emliiw~rt: They want to buy a house and they are saving money to
that end.
gentillesse /d3enta'les/ noun ((archaic) the quality of being gentie, or polite; courtesy; good breeding] euytve1a, KOAI') ovorooen.
vice /va1s/ noun [wicked behavior; a bad habit] oo~apo
eMnwµa, 61ampocpl'): Smoking is my only vice.
virtue /'v3:tfu:/ noun [moral goodness; an advantageous feature
that makes someone or something better] apell') I nporepqpo: The
house is small, but it has the virtue of being easy to clean.
vagueness /'vergnas/ noun [the quality of being unclear or
imperceptible) cooumo, aoacpe1a: The vagueness of his statement
left us all wondering about the outcome of the discussions.
dodo /'daudau/ noun (a large bird which could not fly and which
has become extinct)
abide (by) /a'baid/ verb [follow and obey, especially rules,
agreements, or the law] ouµµopcpwvoµm, unnsoue: The two countries declared that they would abide by the peace treaty.
clutches /klt.lf1z/ noun (plural) [the power, influence or control
that a person, group or system exercises) "vux1a": We fell into the
clutches of bureaucracy and it took us almost two months to
issue the necessary documents.
oblivious /a'bhvros/ adj. [unaware and not taking notice of what
is happening) nou liev txe1 enfyvwon. nou liev ouvmo9ave101: He
went on with his speech, oblivious of/to the negative reaction his
theories had caused.
forsake /fa'serk/ verb -p.t. forsook & p.p. forsaken- [desert;
leave forever) eyKa1a>.ein(I): The inconsiderate husband took to
drinking and soon forsook his wife and child.
Page 77 - Reading - TEXT 4
terrain /ta'rem/ noun [area of land) eliacpo<;: The terrain in that
area is difficult to suNive in.
undulating /'t.nd3ule1t11J/ adj. [having gentle curves or slopes)
Kuµauat6<;: We could see the undulating hills in the distance.
glaciated /'gleisieitid/ adj. [covered with ice] rev ncverevev: It
was difficult to climb the cold, glaciated mountain.
tectonically /tek'tonikli/ adv [having earthquakes) Greece is a
tectonically active country; it has many earthquakes every year.
sparsely /'spo:rslr/ adv [small in number or spread over a wide
area) apm6<;: This is a sparsely populated area with only a few
small villages.
indigenous /in'didymas? adj. [belonging to a particular area or
country] aut6x9wv, t9ayevf)<;: The indigenous people do not like
strangers living in their country.
semi-nomadic /serru nau'mredrk/ adj. [often travelling from
place to place to live) This is a semi-nomadic tribe; they don't live
in one place tor a very long time.
dwell /dwell verb [live (in a place)] KatOtK<.i>: In some places,
people still dwell in caves.
herd /h3:d/ verb [make animals move as a group) ~OOKw: The
boy herded the goats down the mountain.
rear t'ue! verb (keep and look after an animal] eK1pecpw: My
family has reared horses for many years.
barren /'breran/ adj. (dry. bare land with few or no plants]
oyovo<;: The desert is a barren place.
page 101
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
COMPANION ·Test
5
Vocabulary Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. The factories
A. suffocate
a lot of pollution into the air.
B. emit
C. trail
D. assent
2. He works in the evenings to
his salary from his daytime job.
A. augment
B. overcome
C. advocate
D. adhere
3. The forest was
A. fortified
0. consumed
by the fire.
B. deluded
C. constituted
4. He
that he'd had nothing to do with the incident.
A. asserted
B. culminated
C. nominated
5. I couldn't see properly because of the
A. resilience
B. glare
0. confronted
from the setting sun in my eyes.
C. rigidity
D. hue
8. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. He's very
, so they'll probably end up agreeing with him.
2. The time is
for some changes in the company.
PERSUADE
FAVOR
3. His bad mood is
of his unpredictability.
INDICATE
4. There can be no
for such bad behavior.
JUSTIFY
5. How can you explain her
towards us?
HOSTILE
C. Complete the sentences using the coned form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
fling
resume
merge
gurgle
clamber
detain
shrivel
1. We
up the steep hill.
2. The mother told her son not to
his drink.
3. Do you think the two companies will
4. She
S. The police
?
her toys on the floor when she's angry.
the man for questioning.
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
PracticeTest
page 102
&
Pages 78-79 • Composition
gulf I g.... rr I noun [a great difference between people, things or
groups) xaoµa, a~uoooc;: The gulf between the two countries was
difficult to be bridged.
be geared to [organized or designed in a way that serves a particular purpose) eiµm nooocouoouevoc, ovTanoKpivoµm oe: This
new course is geared to students who wish to pursue a career in
psychology.
stamina /'stremrna/ noun [strength or power to endure fatigue]
ovrnx!l: Long-distance runners require plenty of stamina.
Page 83 • Grammar
abstinence /'rebsunans/ noun [the state of not taking or doing
something; the act of refraining from something] anoxJ1: The doctor ordered total abstinence from alcohol.
frugal /'fru:gl/ adj. [buying, spending, eating, etc. only what is
absolutely necessary) ueronaevoc. >.110<5ianoc;: They led a frugal
life on the meager earnings of their farm.
scrape through phrasal verb [manage to do something with difficulty; only just avoid failing) TO Kamcptpvw us TO (6p1: Few students scraped through the exam.
desert /dr'za.t/ verb [run away, usually from the army, without
permission) >.momKT<i>: The soldier was shot tor trying to desert.
coward / 'kaoad I noun [a person who shows fear easily or is
easily frightened] q>o~tTOtt'.lpric;. 6e1Mc;: I'm such a coward - I hate
gaing to the dentist.
cowardly /'kauadh/ adj. [lacking courage or bravery] 6e1>.6<;: I
had never expected such cowardly behavior from him.
cowardice /'kaoadrs/ noun [the state of being cowardly] 6e1Aia:
His cowardice was what prevented him from making the right
decision.
daresay verb (suppose something is true or a fact] (To) ~Atnw
m0ov6, unoeere: "Will you be there? "Oh, I daresay."
indignant I rn 'drgnan t/ adj. (angry or shocked because of being
unfairly treated or blamed] t~aMoc;, ayavarnoµtvoc;: Jason
became indignant when his wife suggested that he should spend
less time at work.
sprawl /spro.l? verb (lie or fall with the arms and legs spread out
widely and carelessly] ~an>.<i>vw, revrevopo: 6.Toa>.o: Several
tired-looking people were sprawling in armchairs.
Page 84 • Grammar
wreck 1 rek/ noun (a person whose physical or mental health is in
poor condition] epe{mo: The constant competition has turned him
into a nervous wreck.
take in phrasal verb [understand and remember) µo0a!vw,
cnopooee: I don't think that my students have taken in today's
lesson.
take to phrasal verb [start a habit) onoKT<i> ouvfl0e10, TO "pixvw"
mo ... : He has recently taken to drinking a lot and his family are
very wonted.
run in phrasal verb [drive a car slowly and carefully when it is
new] CJTp<l>vw (auTOKiVT]TO): I can't drive any faster because I'm
still running in the engine.
dilapidated /di'lsepideutd/ adj. (old and about to fall to pieces]
epemwµtvoc;, oapo~a>.1aoµtvoc;: They must demolish that dilapidated building; it ruins the city center.
COMPANION • Test 8
: Page 85 • Cloze
: scroll /skraul/ noun [a long piece of parchment or paper that can
: be rolled up] poM xopnou nepyaµriv!lc;: These ancient scrolls
• were found in Egypt.
manuscript /'ma::njosknpt/ noun [a hand-written book or document] xeip6ypmpo: He has sent the manuscript of his new novel
to his publisher and is waiting for a reply.
scholarship /'skolaf1p/ noun [great knowledge; serious academic work and the methods involved] eupuµa0eia. >.oy16U)rn: His latest study on medieval poetry is a tine piece of scholarship.
ravine /ra'vi.n/ noun (a deep valley between mountains]
cpap6.yy1, >.ayKal\1: From the bottom of the ravine the mountains
: looked even more imposing.
: ascetic /a'seuk/ adj. (living without pleasures and basic com: forts, especially for religious reasons] aoKT]TtK6<;: Monks lead a
very ascetic lite.
Zealot / 'zelat/ noun (a member of a Jewish political faction that
resisted the Romans until 70 ADJ zn>.wT1'J<;.
faction /'fa::kfan/ noun [a group or party that belongs to, and
usually dissents from, a larger group) cpotpia, napci.Ta~ri: The conflict that has broken out between the factions of the party might
lead to a split.
commentary /'komantan/ noun [a set of notes or comments on
a book, film, etc.] axo>.10: His political commentaries are always
• sharp and to the point.
: excavation /eksa'veijan/ noun [the act of uncovering something,
: especially structures or objects remaining from earlier times, by
: digging) avaoKoq)l'J: He is a famous archaelogist who has con: ducted successful excavations in many Mediterraneancountries.
: acknowledge /a'knolld3/ verb (admit that something is a fact)
napoMxoµm, avayvwp((w: He refused to acknowledge his
responsibility despite the overwhelming evidence against him.
cast /as in: cast light on/onto /ko:st/ verb [make new intormation about something known] pixvw q>wc;: The recent survey has
cast light on the problems of the immigrants.
hail /her I/ verb [shout to someone in order to attract attention)
q>wvd(w: I heard someone hailing me from the floor above.
herd /h3:d/ verb [look after a group of animals that move and
graze together] ~6crKw: A young boy was herding his sheep at the
bottom of the hill.
donate /da'neu/ verb [give money, especially to a fund, charity
or other worthy cause) 6wpi(w, Kavw 6wpea: She donated all her
: property to a war relief fund.
: challenge /'tJrel0nd3/ verb (question someone's authority or
: right or the truth of a statement] aµq>1o~T]T<i>: They challenged the
: sincerity of his words.
contrive /kan'trarv/ verb [manage to do something; make or
arrange something in a clever way] KOToq>tpvw I <JKOpq>i(oµai: He
contrived to finish his assignment before deadline.
carve 1ka:v1 verb [make designs, shapes, etc. by cutting a piece
of wood or stone] oKo>.!(w: The statue was carved in fine white
marble.
• orientate oneself /':i:riantell/ verb -aiso orient· [find out one's
: position in relation to something else] npooavato>.i(oµm: The hiker
: tried to orientate himself before continuing his walk.
: fable /'fe1bl/ noun (a traditional story that teaches a moral lesson
: concerning human behavior) µu0oc;: All children seem to love
: Aesop's fables.
: account /a'kaunt/ noun (a written or spoken description or
: explanation of an event) cvoeoon, nep1ypaq>ti: Robert gave us an
: extensive account of his trip to Cuba.
n
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 103
rehearsal /r1'b3:sal/ noun fa performance done for practice]
np6pa: I want the whole cast at tonight's rehearsal.
legend /'led3and/ noun fa myth or traditional story, handed
down from generation to generation] 0pu>.oc;: Thelegend of King
Mhur still fascinates.
COMPANION ·Test 8
plaintive /'plernt1v I adj. [(of a sound) high-pitched and sorrowful] voepoc, >.urtTltep6c;: The plaintive cry of the injured animal
was heartbreaking.
plausible /'pb:zabl/ adj. [seeming reasonable or convincing]
a>.rieocpavl')c;: He had promised to support us so there is no plausible explanation for his sudden change of tack.
Page 86 - Vocabulary
: palpable !'prelpabal/ adj. [obvious and easily perceived; able to
posterity /po'sterrtr/ noun [all the future generations)
: be touched or felt] eµq>avl')c; I orrroc. xe1poma016c;: This is a palµeTOyev€01epo1, µe>J..oucrec; yev1tc;: These documents must be : pable error.A palpable atmosphere of anxiety filled the room.
preserved forposterity.
: tumble /tAmbl/ noun [the act of falling suddenly and disorderly)
forefather /'f:>:fa:6a/ noun [(usually plural) an ancestor, espe- : meon, roounc, KatpaK0>.10µ0: She took a backward tumble and
cially a male one] noovovoc: His forefathersare said to have been ; hurt her back.
men of great political power.
turmoil /'13:m:>1l/ noun [a state of great disturbance, excitement
prodigal /'prodigal/ adj. [extravagant; spending a lot of money]
or confusion] avatapaxri. ovootcreorr The city has been in great
coeroc: He spent his father's money profusely, just like the
turmoil since the financial scandal involving the local authorities
prodigal son in the Bible.
came to light.
callous /'klelas/ adj. [cruelly insensitive especially to other peoprogeria /prau'dyrana/ noun [a condition causing early aging}
pie's suffering] oK>.rip6<;, aouyK(VTJTO<;: The callous attitude of the
npoYT1p!a.
criminalshocked the court.
intellect/ 'mtalakt/ n [the thinking power of the mind] 61avo1a,
Industrious /m'dxsrnos? adj. (hard-working and diligent]
v6nCJTJ: The intellect of young children can be quite amazing.
epyattK6<;, emµe>.nc;: Peter is an industrious student and he will
enrich /rn'rrt] I v [improve the quality of sth) (eµ)n>.outi(w:
definitely win the scholarship.
Reading enriches the mind.Fertilizers enrich the soil.
thrifty /'0rtfl1/ adj. [careful about how much of something one
engross /rn'graos,' v [occupy all one's time, interest or attention]
spends or consumes] ouovouoc; She's a thrifty housewife, who
anoppoq>cil, anaaxo>..cil n>..()pwc;: She was totally engrossed in
never spends money on things that are not essential.
what she was reading and didn't hear us coming in.
shudder /'fAda/ verb (shake uncontrollably; dread something)
impoverish /rrn'povanj 1 verb [cause something to become
tpeµw, p1yw: Everybody shudders at the idea of death.
poorer or worse in quality; make someone very poor) q>twxa(vw,
shatter /'freta/ verb [destroy (dreams or hopes): break suddenly
ano6uvaµwvw: Excessive cultivation can impoverish the soil.
into small pieces] ouvtpi~w. TOOKi(w I 0puµµati(w: All his hopes : amenity /a'menatt, a'rnitnau/ noun [(usually plural) a feature of
were shattered when his proposal was rejected. The crystal orna- : a place that makes living there easy) av€oe1c;: Unfortunately,the
ment shattered into tiny bits.
: village lacks basic amenities.
capsize /'krepsa1z, keep'sarz/ verb (tum over or be turned over] • ambiguity /remb1'gju:at1/ noun [something that has more than
avano6oyupi(w: The boat capsizedand we all fell in the water.
one meaning and therefore is unclear and difficult to understand)
splinter /'splinta/ v [break into small, sharp pieces, esp. for wood] aoaq>eia, 6upopouµevri €vvo1a: We must make sure that there are
oKM0pa: The door splintered when the men knocked it down.
no ambiguities in his speech.
plague /plerg/ n [a very infectious illness that causes high fever
drop away phrasal verb (decrease In strength, level, or amount]
and swellings of the body often resulting in death] navol.iK>.a: The
µe1cilvoµa1. >.1yooteuw: It will be a while until public interest in the
plague killed thousands of people in Europe in the 14th century.
scandal drops away.
chivalrous /1ivalres/ adj. [polite, kind and sensitive, esp. towards shortcoming /'f:>:tkAm11J/ noun [a fault] eMmwµa, a6uvaµia,
women] mnottK6<;: The chivalrous man let the woman have his : e>J..etlj/ll: His inability to spell correctly is one of his major shortseat.
: comings as a student.
turn over phrasal verb [make an amount of money during a paroutlaw /'autb:/ noun (a person who has committed an illegal act
ticular period of time] 1(1papw, Kavw t((po: Our business turned
and is escaping arrest) nopovouoc, emKnpuyµtvoc;: Bands of outover $200,000 during the first two months.
laws used to attack and loot cities in the past.
consistent (with) /kan 'sistant/ adj. [in agreement with)
recluse I n'klu:s, 'reklu:s/ noun (someone who lives alone and
ouµcpwvoc; ue: I'm afraid that your witness's testimony is not con- avoids the company of others] anotpapnyµtvoc;, epnµ(tn<;: The
sistent with his earlier deposition.
writer of this book is a recluse who lives and works in a small cotinhibited/rn'hrbrttd/ adj. [not confident or relaxed to express
tage somewhere deep in the forest.
oneself spontaneously] vrponosoc, cruyKpanwevoc;. ue
reproach 1n'prautf1 verb [blame or criticize oneself or someone
ava010>.ec;: She replied to his compliments with an inhibited
else for failing to do something. especially in a way that shows
smile.
disappointment] µtµq>oµa1, emKpivw: The manager reproached
exorbitant /rg'zo.buant/ adj. [unreasonably high) uneppo>..1K6<;,
Jack for failing to meet the deadline.
unspusrpoc: The prices at this restaurant are exorbitant.
orderly /':>:dalt/ adj. [neatly arranged or organized] TOKTIK6<;,
make for phrasal verb [contribute to or be likely to make someouvuorouevoc: Her desk is so orderly that it seems practically
thing possible) ouµaa>J..w, Po110<i>: I think that such arguments do unused.
not make for a relaxed atmosphere.
• slovenly /'slAvanlt/ adj. [having an untidy, careless or dirty
make up phrasal verb [form] cruvettw, qmaxvw: This class is
appearance) onepmomroc, noousouneroc, apwµtKoc;: An old,
made up of students of different abilities.
slovenly woman ran the local hotel.
feasible /'fi:zabl/ adj. (able to be done or likely to work]
inert ll'n3:t/ adj. flacking the power to move or act; slow in
eq>1Kt6c;: Your suggestion is very imaginative but not financially
thought or action] a6pavnc;. vw0p6c;, ana0()c;: I can't believe that
feasible.
the management remained inert in the face of bankruptcy.
15 FIN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
Page 87 - Vocabulary
page 104
COMPANION ·Test
&
: place)) vnvevnc;, au16xewv, 18aye~c;: This plant is indigenous to
tardy /'ta:dr/ adj. [late or slow] opvonoonuevoc, apy6c;: Hurry :
up! I don't want us to be tardy for the meeting.
:
meticulous /ma'tikjulas/ adj. (doing things with great care and
:
paying attention to detail] oXOAa011K6c;: He's a meticulous worker. :
so he rarely makes a mistake.
:
incapacitating /rnkapeesr'tetuq/ adj. fthat makes sb unable to :
work or live properly) nou OXP1101£U£l, nou Ka8101a av(Kavo: His :
long incapacitating illness had taken a terrible toll on him.
:
futuristic /fjunja'rtsnk/ adj. [extremely modem or eccentric as
if coming from a future time) q>oUToup1011K6c;. EKK£vtp1Ka
uovrepvoc: It's the futuristic design of this building that has made
it so popular.
gaudy /'g::>:dr/ adj. [too bright in color, showy and cheap-looking] rnmnroc, cpavtaxu:p6c;: I think that her natural beauty is
ruined in these gaudy clothes.
trim /tnrn/ adj. [neat: in good shape] cppovnoµtvoc;, oe Ka>.n
Katd01aOT]: The dinner table looked neat and trim.
cast /as in: cast a spell on someone/ (use magic to transform sb
or to hold their attention] Kdvw µdyta: What's wrong with you?
Has he cast his spell on you and you can't see what's going on?
sling /slilJ/ verb -p.t. & p.p. slung- [support, hang or swing by
means of a strap] avaptci>, Kpeµci>: He had a camera and a pair of
binoculars slung round his neck.
do up phrasal verb [redecorate or repair] otaKooµci>, cpnaxvw:
We've done up the living room and it looks really nice.
do for phrasal verb (kill or cause the end of) ~£Kdvw: That attack
of flu almost did for him.
thwart 1ewa:1/ verb [stop or hinder someone from doing something) eµnooi(w: He was tnwenea in his plans by bad luck.
yield /ji:ld/ verb [produce] napayw, ano~tpw: Our vineyards
yield almost two tons of wine every year.
•
succumb /sa'kAm/ verb [stop resisting] unoKumw: He eventually
succumbed to his father's wishes.Unfortunately, the patient has
succumbed to his injuries.
perspire /pa'spara/ verb [sweat] topwvw: We were all perspiring
strongly after the difficult clamber up the hill.
conspire /kan'spara/ verb (plot or secretly make plans. especially harmful or illegal ones] ouvwµot<.L>: They conspired with the terrorists to overthrow the government.
rodent /'raudant/ noun [any of the type of animals with large
front teeth for gnawing] tpWKtlKd: Squi«els belong to the rodent
family.
:
incoherent /rnkao'hrarant/ adj. (difficult to understand because :
of being unclear or illogical) couvcomroc, avaK6Aou9oc;: We tried :
to follow his lecture but it was absolutely incoherent.
:
increment 1'11Jkromant/n [a regular increase. especially in salary] :
(npoo)au~rion: You will receive an increment of 10% each year. :
intelligible /in 'telrdjebal/ adj. [easily understood] euv61110c;,
:
«ncvonroc The speech was so stodgy it was hardly intelligible. :
obese /a'bi:s/ adj. [very fat to the point of being unhealthy)
:
naxuoapKoc;: Obese people usually face serious heart problems. :
humidity /hju:'mrdau/ noun [dampness; the amount of water :
that is contained in the air] (oXWK(t) uypaoia: This humidity
:
makes the heat unbearable.
:
draft /dro:ft/ noun [a current of cold air] oeeuo: Don't sit in the :
draft- you'll catch a cold.
:
indigestible /mdr'dyesubl/ adj. [not easily broken down in the :
stomach; difficult to understand) ouonemoc; I ouov61110c;: I find :
certain kinds of food totally indigestible.
:
indigenous /rn'drdyanas? adj. [native; belonging naturally (to a :
•
central Africa.
vicinity /vr'sman/ noun (a neighborhood or the area around a
place] ymov1a, nep1oxn. (ta) ntpt~: There aren't many cinemas
in the vicinity so we usually go downtown.
eternity /1'13:na11/ noun ((formal) time without end; (informal) a
seemingly endless time) mwv16TI]ta: Christian religion believes in
the eternity of soul.Waiting for the doctor seemed like an eternity.
devout /dr'vaot/ adj. [strongly religious] euoe~nc:. m016c;:
Thousands of devout Catholics gathered to welcome the Pope.
devour /dr'vaoa/ verb [eat up greedily] Kata~pox0i(w: She
devoured the chocolates in next to no time.
vindictive /vm'drkuv/ adj. [unforgiving and having the desire to
take revenge, especially when harmed or insulted) £KOlKllllK6c;: I
know I haven't always been fair to you, but you don't need to be
so vindictive.
hunch lhAntf / noun (an idea or belief based on one's feelings or
suspicions rather than on facts or evidence) npoa[o811µ0: I have a
hunch that they're not going to sign the contract after all.
prejudice /'pred3ud1s/ n [an opinion or feeling for or especially
against sth, formed unfairly or unreasonably) npoKOTOAllllJll: The
jury must listen to his statement without prejudice.
blunder / 'blxnda/ noun [a foolish mistake] yKacpa: A last-minute
blunder during the interview cost him the job.
cold-bloodedly /kaold 'blAdadl1/ adv. [in a cruel and pitiless
manner] sv ljluxpci>: The robber killed the guard cold-bloodedly.
benevolent /ba'nevalant/ adj. [kind, helpful and generous)
KaAoouvarnc;: Her benevolent smile makes it impossible to say
•no• to her.
willful /'w1lfal/ adj. [determined to have one's own way; intentional] iaxupoyvwµwv I EOKtµµtvoc;: She's such a willful child;
nothing can make her change her mind.
Page 88 - Reading - TEXT 1
strap /str~p/ verb [fasten sth/sb with a strap or belt so that they
can't fall, move, escape, etc.] otvw ue (<i>vn: All passengers must
be strappedinto their seats before the plane takes off.
realm /relm/ noun (area) Only divers can experience the mysterious realms under the sea.
blight /'blaiV verb [ruin; spoil; destroy) Kata01ptq>w: The fight
between the two men blighted the whole evening.
subdue /sab'dju:/ verb [make a feeling less strong] avaK6mw:
She sang to the child to subdue his fear.
mode /maud/ noun (type; kind) ueoo: The train is my favorite
mode of transport.
incur /in'ka:(r)/ verb [for sth to happen; experience sth (enpleasant)] U(j)(ornµm: The insurance company will pay for the damage
incurred to your house during the storm.
well-founded /wel 'faundid/ adj. [based on facts and can be justitied] His fear of that dog is well-founded as it has bitten a lot of
people.
Page 89 - Reading - TEXT 2
imperceptibly /tmpa'sepubli/ adv. [in a way that is difficult to
feel or notice] avenaio0nrn, a616pma: The sky changed almost
imperceptibly into a light gray.
manipulation /rnantpju'lerjan/ n [the act of causing something
to develop and operate in a particular way and produce the desired
result) xe1p10µ6c;: The situation needs careful manipulation.
revolutionize /reva'lu.janarz/ verb -also revolutionise- (cause
great changes in ideas, methods, etc.J q>tpvw encvnotcon. This
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 105
new machine will revolutionize the paper-making industry.
:
convergence /kan'va.dyens/ noun [the process of meeting at a :
point or becoming similar] ouyl<AtOTJ: The convergence of our
:
information systems has proved very fruitful.
:
wide-band adj. (of or covering a large range] euptoc; (j)Ooµatoc;: :
We need to proceed to wide-band reforms.
:
dramatically /dra'meuku/ adv. [in a sudden and striking man- :
ner) evnmeotosc: We can't expect the situation to improve dra- :
matically, but I think.that we'll survive the recession.
:
simultaneously /sunal'terruasli/ adv. [at the same time]
:
routorcovc: Two bombs exploded simultaneously in two different :
areas of the city.
•
microelectronics /markraorlek'rroruks/
noun [the study or
designing of tiny circuits that are mainly used in computers)
µlKPOf1A€KtpOVlK().
nascent 1 'naisant I adj. ((formal) being born or Just beginning to
exist] ev Tf1 yevtoe1: This nascent branch of our company will
need all our effort and support.
structural /'strAktfaral/ adj. [related to the structure, arrangement. or organization of something] 00µ1K6c;: Structural changes
will probably be effective but they will demand heavy capital.
accomplish /a'kxmph] I verb [succeed, especially after trying
hard] Kata(j)tpvw. emwvxavw: I have not yet accomplished all my
goals.
dependence /di'pendans/ noun -{also dependency)- (the state :
of being dependent] e~dpTf10TJ: If we could reduce our depend:
ence on money, we might feel less stressed.
:
finite /'fa1na1t/ adj. [having bounds or an end: limited)
:
nenepcouevoc: We should all become aware of the fact that the •
planet's resources are finite.
inexhaustible /rrng'zo.stabl/ adj. [that cannot be used up and is
likely to continue forever) ave(6VtAf1tOc;: These !<ids have inexhaustible energy.
underpinning 1 "nda'pm11JI noun [the basis that supports or
strengthens something) un6aaapo: The underpinning of his theory
is rather weak.
component /kam'paunaru/ noun [a part of a machine, instrument. etc.] e(dptf1µa: I want to repair the JV, but there are some
components missing.
-told : f*Uld: suffix [to indicate a particular number of times] nM01oc;: There has been a twofold increase in house prices over
the last decade.
discreet /dr'skri.t? adj. [careful about what one says or does so
that they do not hurt or offend others) 010KptttK6c;: I decided not to
interfere and maintained a discreet silence.
slacken /'slrekan/ adj. [causing to become or become slower.
less active, or less intense] xaAapwvw. µe1wvw: I insist on our
slackening the pace of expansion.
wishful thinking /'w1ffal '0tl)k•l)I noun [the false belief that
•
what one wishes will happen) euoe~eic; n6801: Hoping to get a
promotion is wishful thinking.
••
•
•
•
•
••
•
••
COMPANION • Test 6
Page 90 - Reading - TEXT 3
cumbersome /'ktlmbasam/ adj. [big and difficult to use or carry)
ouoK(VT}toc;: This big bag is too cumbersome for me to carry; I'd
sooner use a backpack.
frogman /'frogmren/ noun [an underwater diver who wears a special rubber suit and shoes] aatpaxav8pwnoc;
strike /'straik/ noun [attack] emopoµti: Many people were killed
on the ground during the military air strikes.
hull /h111/ noun [main body of a boat] KUtoc;: The hull of the boat
was badly damaged when it hit the big rock and it started to sink.
prolonged /pra'IOIJd/ adj. [continuing or lasting a long time) You
shouldn't spend prolonged periods of time in the sun.
Page 91 - Reading - TEXT 4
haunt /ho:nV noun (a place that sb goes lo often] 01tK1: This cafe
is one of my favorite haunts.
buckle /'b11kl/ verb [become bent as a result of great force or
heat] AUY!~w. otpa~wvw: The front of the car buckled from the
impact of the crash when it hit the wall.
hurtle /h3:(r)tl/ verb [move very quickly and with great force]
nepv6w oav o!(j)ouvac;: The huge lorry hurtled along the road at
great speed.
awe /o:/ verb [make sb feel respect or amazement) I was awed by
Julie's bravery.
boundlessness /'baundlasnas/ noun [the state of being limitless,
without end] cnepicporoc: I'm always amazed by the boundlessness of the children's energy.
folly /'foli/ noun [foolishness; silly act] cvonotc: He's so young
that you can't really blame him for such childish folly.
doomed /du:md/ adj. [being in a situation where sth bad is sure to
happy) His doomed attempt to gain her forgiveness had been
pointless from the start.
The Grim Reaper death
pint /painV noun [a measurement of liquid which is equal to 473
cubic centimetres (usually used for beer)] mvro (µnupa): "What
would you like to drink John". "I'll have a pint please Bob".
preside (over) /pri'zaid/ verb [be in charge of sth; organize, run
sth] npoeopeuw oe: There is a manager who presides over the
summer camp and checks that everything is in order.
resolutely /'rezalu:tli/ adv. [in a determined way] She resolutely
refused to talk to him.
idle /'aidl/ adj. [lazy; doing nothing) apy6oxoAoc;: That idle boy
will never be a good student.
intriguing /in'tri:gil)/ adj. [very interesting; fascinating)
ouvapnaottK6c;: This intriguing book has made me think about a
lat of things.
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page
106
VocAbulAr!J
COMPANION • Test 8
Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. The law was
A. retorted
because it was so old-fashioned.
B. repealed
C. heiled
D. capsized
2. She was so
A. engrossed
in the film that she didn't hear the phone ring.
B. cast
C. devoured
D. conspired
3. I have a(n)
A. increment
that he is going to ask for a promotion.
B. hunch
C. ravine
D. motive
4. Many actors
A. strive
the restaurant close to the theatre.
B. exclaim
C. herd
D. patronize
5. He only just
A. scraped
through the exam.
B. sprawled
D. carved
C. contrived
8. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. The law was
, so they abolished it.
ENFORCE
2. His
from smoking has made him much healthier.
ABSTAIN
3. The
student passed his French exam.
INDUSTRY
4. The children's energy is
5. He
; they just keep going and going.
refused to do any more work.
EXHAUST
RESOLVE
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
challenge
shatter
reproach
succumb
preside
hurtle
cast
1. Who is going to
2. Don't
3. Her dreams were
4. Are you
5. Don't
over the meeting?
yourself; it wasn't your fault.
when he left her.
my authority?
to the temptation of having another cake.
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 107
· Practice Test 7
Page 97 - Grammar
emotional / r'meo] anal/ adj. [causing expression of strong feelings] ouyKtVT]nK6<;: The song was so emotional that it brought
tears to my eyes.
extravagant /rk'streevaganr/ adj. [spending or wasting a lot of
money) on<i1a>.o<;. no>.u6cinavo<;: She's a woman of extravagant
tastes.
catch sb red-handed -alse catch someone in the act- [catch sb
while he is doing something unlawful or forbidden] m<ivw OTO
np6oa, ou>.Aaµaavw rn'au1o<pc.i>pw: He was caught red-handed
stealing money from the till and was immediately fired.
•
:
:
:
:
:
Page 98 - Grammar
:
methodology /me9a'dolad31/ noun [the set of methods used in
studying or doing something ) µe8ooo>.oyia: The course on teaching methodology begins next week.
undoubtedly I xn'dautedlr/ adv. [definitely; indubitably)
avaµqiipo>.a, avaµq>1oar)TTJTa: What he said is undoubtedly true.
down-to-earth adj. (practical and sensible) npooye1wµtvo<;: I
think we should adopt a more down-to-earth approach if we want
to come up with a practical solution.
none the [no; not having more of a quality than before) Ka86>.ou:
He behaved none the better despite my repeated comments on
his bad manners.
stick to phrasal verb [do or continue doing what one believes in
or has decided upon] eµµtvw: I'll stick to my decision; nothing
will make me change my mind.
resign /rr'zatn/ verb [leave one's job] rtnporrocum: If he criticizes my work again, I'll resign.
perish /'perf/ verb [die) ne8aivw, xavoµm: Many people perished
in the terrible earthquake.
competence /'kompnans/ noun -also competency- [skill or ability to do something well) 1Kav6TT)1a: He is a man of high comaetence but he lacks the flexibility demanded for this post.
:
:
:
:
•
•
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Page 99 - Cloze
:
classification /klres1f1'ke1fan/ noun [the group or class something belongs to or the process of placing something into a particular group or class] KaTT]yopia, ytvo<: I TO~tv6µT]OT): This classification of plants has remained unaltered for thousands of years.
pest /pest/ noun (a creature that is hanmful or destructive, such
as a mosquito, a rat, etc.] emp>.aPt<: <wo ft euro, <1<av10: When
we first arrived here, the old cottage was full of pests.
authority /::>:'8orat1/ noun [a person who is an expert at something and whose opinions are highly respected] au8EVT(a: He is an
authority on Roman history.
entomology /erna'rnoledyr/ noun [the science that studies the
insects] tVToµo>.oy(a.
cockroach /'kok-rautf I noun KOToap(Oa.
lizard :tllz"'d: noun ocepo.
interfere (with) /mta'f1a/ verb (cause problems to or get in the
way on OT]µtoupyc.i> npop>.nµaTO, tµno6((w: Your part time job is
interfering with your studies.
alter /':>:Ila. 'a:ltar/ verb [change or cause to change) a>.M(w,
µtt0Pfilw/-oµa1: The town has altered a lot in the past few years.
muscle t'mAslt noun (one of the bundles of fibers in the body
which, by contracting or relaxing, cause movement of the body)
µu<;: My arm muscles hurt from moving the furniture around.
:
:
:
:
COMPANION ·Test
7
venom /'venam/ noun [the poison produced by some snakes,
scorpions, etc. transmitted by biting or stinging] on>-nnipto: The
venom of this snake is lethal.
combat t'kombret, kam'brel/ verb (fight against or try to reduce
or destroy something harmful) µaxoµm, no>.eµw: The residents
decided to combat the government's plan to have a highway pass
through their town.
epilepsy /'ep1leps1/ noun [a disease of the nervous system,
causing attacks of unconsciousness, usually followed by violent
movements of the body) rnlAT)ljJ(a.
valve /veelv I noun [a structure in a human or animal body which
opens and shuts allowing the flow of blood through it] aa>.a(oa:
Heart valves control the flow of blood in the human body.
surgical t 'ssidyrkal I adj. (of or related to surgery) XEtpoupytK6<;:
The patient is in need of surgical treatment.
greed tgri:d/ noun [a great desire for more food, money, power,
etc. than one needs) an>.rimfa: His greed for power has turned
him into a ruthless person.
chew /tfu:/ verb [break food with the teeth before swallowing it]
µaoc.i>: If you chew your food properly, it is easier to digest.
census /'sensiJs/ noun [an official counting of tile population]
anoypaq>r): When was the last census conducted in Greece?
censor /'sensa/ noun (an official whose job is to examine films,
books, etc. and has the power to remove any contents that are
considered offensive or politically dangerous) >.oyoKptnj<;: Part of
this film has been banned by the censors.
consensus /kan'sensas/ noun [a general agreement] oµoq>wv(a:
There is a consensus of opinion on the matter so we can proceed
with planning the details.
consolidation /kansoh'derjen/ noun [the act of making or
becoming solid, strong and likely to continue] nayiwOT): We must
now take steps towards the consolidation of our company at the
top of the market.
glide /glard/ verb [move smoothly and easily) y>.101pw: The
dancers glided across the floor.
creep /kri:p/ verb -p.t, & p.p. crept- [move slowly and quietly]
oeovoum. y>.tOTpc.i>: I noticed a small insect creeping up his neck.
crawl /kr:i:I/ verb {move slowly by pulling the body along the
ground] µnouoou>.w, oeovoucc The soldiers had to crawl out of
the enemy camp so as not to be seen.
sting /st11JI noun (piercing with a sharp needle-like part of some
plants or insects] KtVTptoµa: Some spiders give a poisonous sting.
spine /spain? noun [the line of linked bones running down the
back of humans and many animals) onovou>.1Kft o1l')>.TJ,
paxoKOKKaAt6: She hurt her spine when she fell down the stairs.
disturbance /dr'sta.bans/ noun [a condition in which someone is
mentally or emotionally upset] 61a1apaxft: The young offender was
found to be suffering from severe mental disturbance.
dislocation /drsla'keijan? noun [the displacement of a joint]
t~6p8pwOT): Pulling the heavy equipment caused the dislocation
of his shoulder.
disorder /d1s':i:diJ/ noun [an illness which causes improper function of part of one's body) avwµaA!a, 61atapaxr): The child was
suffering from a rare liver disorder.
disruption /d1s'rApfan/ noun [a state of disorder) avOTapaxn:
The extensive floods caused disruption of the traffic.
implant /'1mplo:nl/ noun [something artificial or tissue that has
been put Into a person's body during an operation] µ6axeuµa:
Silicon implants are said to be harmful.
infusion trn'fju:3an/ noun [filling sb with a new feeling or quality]
tvOTa>.>.a~n: Our members need an infusion of enthusiasm.
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 108
COMPANION ·Test
7
inhaler /in'heila/ noun (device used to help sb breathe by breath- : wretched /'retf ad/ adj. (of extremely poor quality) a9>.t0c;: The
ing in a drug) People who suffer from asthma. often use an
: living conditions in the tents were wretched.
inhaler to help them breathe
: clang /klcclJI v. (produce a loud ringing sound) Kdvw µt1aMtK6
: 96pupo, Kaµnavi<w: The heavy iron gate clang shut behind him.
Page 100 - Vocabulary
: clamor /'klccma/ verb [express a strong demand for something
dwell on phrasal verb [think or speak about something for a long : noisily) <pwvooKci>, onorre ue 96pupo: The foolish people were
time) tmµtvw oe Kdnoto 0tµa: I don't think we should dwell on : clamoring for war.
this issue any longer.
: fictitious /f1k't1Jas/ adj. [made up: unreal) <paVla011K6c;,
compose /kam'pauz/ verb (arrange the different parts of some- : n>.aoµa111c6c;: Although the characters in this play are totafly tictithing in a way to produce an attractive or artistic result] ouvet1w: : tious, one can't help relating them to famous historical figures.
It's the way he composes the objects in the painting that makes it : knowledgeable /'nohd3abl/ adj. [having a great deal of knowlso interesting.
• edge) yvci>OllJc;, n>.npoipop1iµtvoc;: He is very knowledgeable
profuse I pra'fju:s/ adj. [very plentiful so as to be extravagant)
about the history of the city.
d<p0ovoc;, untppo>.tK6c;: He was profuse in his apologies.
virtual /'v3:tJual/ adj. (being something in fact, although not in
irrelevant /r'releveru/ adj. (not being related to a particular subname) ou0ta011K6c;, npayµattK6c;: He is the virtual head of the
ject] acrxt1oc;, µn ouvoqn')c;: His comments were irrelevant, which marketing department.
annoyed those attending the meeting.
leash / li:J I noun [a length of leather or chain used for leading or
spruce up phrasal verb [(informal) make oneself or someone else controlling a dog] >.oupi: Dogs must be kept on a leash.
smarter or tidier) tunpmf<wJ-oµm: Go and spruce up a bit before • leech /li:tJ I noun [a kind of blood-sucking worm) PM>.Ao.
our guests arrive.
: discriminate /dr'skrimmeit/ verb (make or recognize a differspout /spaut/ verb [(of a liquid) come out with great force)
: ence between; treat certain kinds of people differently often in an
~tllT]liw, ~txuvoµm: Blood spouted from the wound.
: unfair manner] 610Kpivw I Kdvw 610Kpiot1c;: It is difficultto dissprout /spraut/ verb [(of plants or leaves) begin to grow or
: criminate between real and pretended cases of poverty. He was
appear; put out leaves, shoots, etc.] p>.001dvw. <pu1pciivw: The first : accused of discriminating against women employees.
leaves began sprouting from the stem.
: incriminate /rn'knrmneu/ verb [make someone appear guilty of
friction /'fnkfan/ noun (unfriendliness and disagreement
: or show someone's involvement in a crime] tvoxonotw: He tried
between people] npo01p1pf}, ouyKpoumr There's been a lot of
: to deny everything, but the evidence incriminatedhim.
friction among the members of the government recently.
: sarcasm t'so:kazm/ noun (the deliberate use of unpleasant
fraction /'frrekf n/ noun [a small part or proportion of something] : remarks which express the opposite of what someone really
µtKp6 µtpoc;, wflµo: She's a fraction taller than her twin sister.
: means and intend to hurt a person's feelings] oopKaaµ6c;: "Thank
fiction /'f1kfan/ noun (a story or a book about imaginary things : you for asking for my advice," he said with sarcasm when he realor events) µue101op1oypoq>(o, nt~oypa<p(o: He loves reading fiction : ized that I had already signed the contract.
and he has a great collection of novels.
: tribute /'tribju:t/ noun [words or actions that express admiration
livelihood /'la1vUhud/ noun [a way in which one earns money : or respect for someone] q>6poc; nµf}c;: We are gathered here today
and makes a living) nopoc, 10 nooc 10 <nv: He earns his livelito pay tribute to those who sacrificed their lives for our freedom.
hood by teaching.
likelihood 1•1a1k1Jhud/ noun [probability] m9av6UJTO: There isn't Page 101 - Vocabulary
much likelihood of his coming with us on the trip.
do away with phrasal verb+prep. [get rid of or abolish] Ka10pyw:
confer /kan'fs:/ verb [discuss something with others in order to
They did away with uniforms at that school years ago.
either exchange opinions or reach a decision) oucsemopm; The
advent /'redvant/ noun [the arrival of or the time when somestaff conferred with the headmaster about the new syllabus.
thing starts being commonly used] t>.tuon. tpxoµ6c;: The advent
defer /d1'fa:/ verb [delay doing something; act according to the • of automation in factories has cost many workers their jobs.
wishes or opinions of another or the orders of authority] ovopa>.>.w pageant /'paed3ant/ noun [a dramatic performance of different,
I ot~oµm, nt10apx<.i>: Payment will be deferred until next week.I
usually historical, scenes given during a ceremony or procession;
defer to your greater knowledge of the matter.
a beauty contest) BemptKf} ovcnnpccrcon I lit0ywv10µ6c;
court martial /ko.t 'mo:Jall verb [try a case in a military court]
oµop<p1ac;: The childrenperformed a historicalpageant.I can't
ntpv<.i> on6 01p0106tKtio: He was court martialed for treason.
believe that she wants to take part in the beauty pageant.
mutiny l'mju:tin1/ noun [a state in which officers or soldiers
lavish /'lrev1s/ adj. [spending or giving generously and somerefuse to obey their seniors and try to assume control] cvrcocic:
times too freely or given in this way) ytvvm66wpoc; I
The sailors were found guilty of mutiny.
n>.ouo1onapoxoc;: He is definitelya lavish host. The wealthy man
prompt /prompt/ verb [persuade someone to do something that gave his mistress lavish gifts.
they have been considering] unayoptuw, nopoK1vw: What
• affect /a'fekt/ verb (have an effect on] enr1pea<w: Your
prompted you to say such a thing?
: absences willaffect your final grade.
have a nodding acquaintance with [know someone slightly]
: defect /d1'fekt/ verb [desert one's country and join an opposing
~tpw «moiov tMxt01a: I can't tell you anything about him. We : one) cutouoxe: The spy defected to the Middle East and no
just have a nodding acquaintance.
: secret service has traced him yet.
seasoned /'si:sand/ adj. [very experienced, hardened) tµntipoc;, : layman /'le1ma/ noun [not an expert or professional in a particuOK>.npaywvnµtvoc;: The seasoned traveler is not put off by the dif- : far subject] µn t161K6c;: Doctors tend to use words that laymen do
ficulties of a long journey.
: not understand.
dejected /d1'd3ekt1d/ adj. (gloomy or miserable) 8>.tµµtvoc;: She's : busybody / 'brzrbodr I noun [someone who interferes in other
been rather dejected ever since she was transferred to her new post. : people's private affairs) om6c; nou ocrxo>.ti101 ue nc unoseceic
•
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 109
rev a>.>.wv: He's such an annoying busybody!
misbehave /rrusbr'heiv/ verb [behave badly) ouµm:puptpoµm
aoXT1µa, cnpenec: The teacher told me thatyou have been misbehaving at school recently.
mislay /rrus'ler/ verb -p.t. and p.p. mislaid- (put something in a
place and then forget where it is] xavw, ncocnere: I'm afraid I
have mislaid the documents you gave me yesterday.
misinterpret Im 1s111 'ta.pn t I verb [not understand or explain
wrongly) naptpµl)vtuw: Her comments were misinterpreted and
this cause contusion.
misinform /rrusm'fo.m/ verb [give someone inaccurate or false
information] napan>.avw, 6(vw M0oc; n>.ru>oq>opiec;: I was totally
misinformedabout the registration procedure from that lady at the
reception desk.
glean /gli:n/ verb [get information in small amounts and with difficulty] 01axuo>.oy<i>, µa<tuw an6 6w K1'an6 m: Gleaning intormation from the article, write an essay on the results of the economic recession.
gleam /gli:m/ verb [shine gently) Mµnw, yuaM<w: The polished
furnituredgleamed in the light of the candles.
glib I glib/ adj. (speaking persuasively but usually without sincerity; (of a reply, etc.) quick and ready, but showing little thought]
euorooeoc, >.a>.i0101oc; I ercuioc, O'TT)µtvoc;: He is definitely a
glib talker but cannot really convince anyone. They made some
glib excuse for their absence.
enclosure /111'klau3a/ noun [land surrounded by a fence or wall] :
nepi~o>.oc;: He keeps his horses in that enclosure.
:
explicit I 1 k 'sphsi t I adj. (expressed clearly and in a direct way) :
pn16c;, oaq>f)c;: I don't understand your plan. Could you be a little :
more explicit?
:
implicit I rm'plrsi t I adj. [suggested in a roundabout way; not
:
plainly expressed] unovooouevcc: What he said was understood :
to be an implicit accusation against the chairman of the board.
:
bandit /'brend11/ noun [an outlaw or robber, especially as a
:
member of a gang) Al)OTf)c;: They were attacked by bandits while
crossing the mountain.
wayward /'we1wad/ adj. [willful, disobedient and capricious]
6u01ponoc;: She's a wayward child; I don't know how to handle her.
ambush / 'aimboj I verb (wait in hiding and attack someone)
OTi)vw tvt6pa: They planned to ambush the enemy while marching towards the cap;taf.
proceed /pra'si:d/ verb [go on, continue; follow a course of
action] ouvexi~w I npoxwpw: Theyproceeded with their work as if
nothing had happened.I want to make a cupboard but I don't
know how to proceed.
:
remit /rr'mu/ verb [free someone from or cancel an obligation or:
punishment; send money by post in payment for something)
:
ana>J.aoow, a(pw I eµpa<w: The sentence has been remitted and :
Jack Foster is free again.
:
mug lmAgl verb (violently attack and rob someone) >.ri01tuw: As :
she was leaving the house, the old lady was mugged and robbed. :
lark /la:k/ v. [have fun by behaving in a silly manner] Kavw nMKa: :
A group of children were larkingabout the video games center. :
lurk /13:k/ verb (wait in hiding especially with an evil purpose]
:
Kotpoq>u>.aKTW, nopnuoveuc: Someone was lurkingin the garden :
last night.
:
blinkers /'bhnkaz/ noun (plural) [the small lights on a car that :
flash on and off to indicate direction] q>Mc; au10K1vfJ1ou: The car in :
front of me turned left abruptly without flashing the blinkers and I :
almost crashed into it.
:
fracture /'fnektfa/ noun [a crack or break in a bone or other
:
•
COMPANION ·Teat 7
hard substance] K11Tayµa, 0MOTJ: The X-ray showed a fracture on
the left thigh bone.
blister /'bhsta/ noun [a thin bubble on the skin, containing liquid)
q>ouoKa>.a: My feet have blisters after walking so tar.
pimple /'pimpV noun (small red spot on the skin) crnupaKt: Lots
of teenagers have pimples.
hold up phrasal verb (stop or slow down the progress on
Ka0uon.:pw: I'm sorry I'm late - I got held up at the office.
hold off phrasal verb [keep off or fight successfully against)
nnosooue: The soldiers managed to hold off the enemy.
hold on phrasal verb (keep a grip on someone or something]
Kpa1<i>/-1tµm: I couldn't hold on any longer, so I let go of the rope.
hold out phrasal verb [survive or continue to fight against an
enemy, attack. etc.) aVTtxw. aVT10TtKoµm: The rescue team
hoped that the men in the boat could hold out until they arrived.
grudge I grAd3/ noun [a feeling of anger or resentment against sb
who has harmed you] µVTlOU<aK(a, q>06voc;: He has borne a
grudge against me ever since I was promoted instead of him.
grumble /'grAmbl/ noun (something that you feel dissatisfied
with and causes you to complain in a bad-tempered way) yKp(vta,
nopnnovo: Take your grumbles elsewhere; we need to work now.
drudge /drAd3/ noun (a person who does dull, very hard and
humble work: do this kind of work] eiAwrnc; I µoxaw.
crumble /'krAmbl/ v [break into crumbs or small pieces]0puµµmi<w:
She crumbled the bread. The building had crumbled into ruins.
guinea pig /'g1111p1g/ noun (someone who is used as the subject of an experiment) ne1paµ016<wo: It is said that lite-convicts
are often used as guinea pigs for new drugs.
antidote /'a:mt1daut/ noun [a medicine which is given to prevent
the action of a poison or other medicine) aVT(Oo10: If you are bitten by a poisonous snake, you have go be given an andidote.
instrumental /rnstru'mental/ adj. [being important or necessary
to the realization of something) nou nai~et Ka8op1011K6 p6>.o: The
principal was instrumental in persuading the teachers to adopt the
new methods.
indolence /'indalans/ noun [laziness] vesoomro: His indolence
led to him losing his job.
stocky /'stnk1/ adj. [(of people) short, stout and strong] KOVT6c;
Kat yepo6eµtvoc;: The thief was described as stocky little man.
stark /sta:(r)k/ adj. [strong, extreme] There is a stark contrast
between the two brothers.
robust /rs'bxst, 'raubxsr/ adj. (strong and healthy) pwµa>.toc;,
csuotoc; Although he is almost seventy. he is robust and lively.
forthcoming /fo:9'kAm11J/ adj. (happening or appearing soon]
npooexf]c;: The forthcoming film is three hours long.
oncoming /'onkAm11J/ adj. (coming towards someone! nou
n>.nma~tt, nou tpxt1m npoc 10 µtpoc; oou: He swerved abruptly
to avoid the oncoming car.
impertinent /rm'pstunant/ adj. (rude and disrespectful) avm6~c;:
One thing our headmaster does not tolerate is impertinent students.
sell like hot cakes (sell very quickly because sth is popular]
Madonna's new CD is sure to sell like hot cakes.
insinuate /m'smjoert/ v. (say, especially something unpleasant,
indirectly] unomooouor, Kavw vu~11: What are you insinuating?
That I'm a thief?
refugee I refju'd3i:/ n. (sb who has been forced to leave one's
country and seek shelter in another especially because of war, disaster or persecution] np6oq>uyac;: Refugees were pouring across
the frontier and were sent to various camps around the country.
fund If And/ noun [a sum of money collected for a special purpose) rcuetc; The repair funds of the school have diminished
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 110
COMPANION·Test
7
since the last renovation.
sure that the changeover to the new methods will not cause any
litigation /Iru'gerjan/ noun [the process of taking claims in a
disturbance.
civil court of law] npoo~uvn. 6(KTJ, 61Ko011K6<; oy<i>vo<;: The comupgrade I Ap'gre1d/ verb [give someone a better job or make
pany was at the time involved in litigationagainst a bank.
something work better] npoayw, avoaoeµi(w: He has recently
lull 1 IAI/ verb [make calm, quiet, or sleepy} npeµ<i>, yaAnveuw,
been upgraded to the post of sales manager.
vovoupi(w: The sound of the waves lulled him to sleep.
lay off phrasal verb [dismiss temporarily] anoAuw (ouvf)0w<;
pamper /'p~mpa/ vem [treat sb as though they are very special • npoowp1va): Because of a shortage of orders, the firm has laid off
and give them what they want) KOKoµa0a(vw: Mary always pam- : a quarter of its workforce.
pers her grandchildren.
: impending /rm'pendnj/ adj. [about to happen, especially of
: something bad] rn1Ke!µevo<;: I have a feeling of impending doom.
Page 102 - Reading - TEXT 1
• resourcefulness /ra'zo.sfalnas/ noun [the ability of think of ways
array /a'rei/ verb [display (a number of things)] The shop assisof solving difficulties, problems, etc.) emvOf1TtK6TTJTO,
tant affayed a variety of CD players for us to look at.
eup11µat1K6'tT]ta: His resourcefulness is what kept us alive after
inscribe /in'skraib/ vern [write sth on a surface - (here a
the plane crash.
metaphorical use)) xapa<w cs K(m: The children inscribed their
availability /averlo'bilau/ noun [the state of being able or ready
names on the school desks.
to be used) 61aee0tµ6TTJTO: Job availability is extremely low in cerprerogative /pri'rogativ/ noun [privilege or power that sb has]
tain parts of the country.
npov6µ10: It's your prerogative to change doctors if you don't like redistribute /riidr'stnbjun/ v (share something in a different way
the one that you currently go to.
• from the one it was shared before] ava?itaveµw, avaKotaveµw:
sartorial /sa:(r)'to:rial/ adj. [relating to clothes] ev?iuµm0Aoy1K6<;: : The authorities have decided to redistribute land in this area.
I went to a fashion designer for some sartorial advice.
: conversion /kan'v3:Jan/ noun [the act of changing something
demarcate /di'ma:keit/ verb [establish the limits or boundaries of : from one form into another] o>.Xayti, usroroonn. The conversion
sth (very formal use)] The treaty will demarcate the borders
: of the old warehouse into a house cost us a small fortune.
between the two new countries.
: reluctant 1 ra'lxktant I adj. [unwilling) anp60uµo<;: He was reluccanvas /k~nvas/ n (piece of strong cloth that an artist paints on) : tant to accept the medal for bravery.
Kawaaa100: The painter painteda beautiful landscape on the canvas. • drawback l'dr:):brek/ n [a disadvantage) µe1ovtKTTJµa: The major
imperil /im'peril/ verb (put, be in danger] E:K0ttw oe Kiv6uvo: You drawback of your plan is its dependence on untested technology.
shouldn't imperil the lives of yourpassengers with your bad driving.
Page 104 - Reading - TEXT 3
mould /mould/ vern (change or influence sth or its shape)
province /'prov1ns/ noun (one of the administrative areas into
61an>.aew: The army moulds new soldiers into strong and brave
which some countries are divided) rnapxia: Quebec is Canada's
fighting machines.
• largest province.
Page 103 - Reading - TEXT 2
: subject 1·s ... b<l3akt/ adj. [dependent on) e~ap1<i>µevoc;,
Luddite / 'Ixdait? noun (a member of bands of English artisans, in : unoKeiµevoc;: Your proposal is subject to review by the board.
the early nineteenth century, who supported the destruction of
mold /mauld. mould/ noun (a green substance that grows on
machines: a person who is opposed to progress]
stale food or on wet surfaces] µouxXa: Throw this bread away roam lrauml verb [wander aimlessly) nepmXovitµai: He had
it's covered in mold.
been roaming from country to country for years before he finally
verdure /'v:-s:d3\l/ noun [(literary) grass, plants and trees or their
settled in Brazil.
bright green color) 10 nonoivo: The verdure and the unspoilt beaumaturity /rna'tjuarau/ noun [the state of being fully developed
ty of the place were fascinating.
either mentally or physically) wp1µ6TTJTO: He has shown great lack exuberance /rg'zju.barans/ noun [(of plants) the state of growof maturity and I can't trust him with such a difficulttask.
ing quickly and healthily: (of people or behavior) energetic and
allocate I 'ailakert/ verb [assign or give for a particular purpose]
cheerful) opvoouoc. ocpeovia I nAri9wpu<6TTJta: The exuberance of
ava9ttw, Kataveµw: These funds are to be allocated to earthnature was a marvel. The Children's exuberance is sometimes difquake-stricken areas.
ficult to cope with.
advancing /sd'vo.nsnj/ adj. (moving forward, ahead of others)
afford /a'f:>:d/ verb [provide) napexw: These rice fields afford
nponooeuouevoc: Our company is the advancing force in the field half of the country's production.
of electronics.
swarm /sw:>:m/ verb [be full of moving crowds] KOTOKAO~oµm:
abolish /a'boh] / verb [put an end to something, usuallly by law]
The Museum of Modern Art was swarming with tourists.
Katapy<i>: The operation of factories in residential areas should be abundance /a'bxndans/ noun [the state of being plentiful or
abolished.
more than enough) a<p9ovia: There is an abundance of oil supply
static /'streuk/ adj. [still: not changing or developing] OTOTtK6<;:
at the moment.
This painter's work seems static and uninteresting.
fertilize /'f3:ttla1z/ verb [use a substance to make the soil suitdisplaced /drs'pletst/ adj. [forced out of one's work or country]
able to produce crops] Amaivw, yoviµonm<i>: He fertilizes his fields
napayKwv1oµevo<;. exroruouevoc: I believe that the present man- with manure.
agement will soon be displaced.
tributary /'trrbjutan/ noun, adj. !(of) a stream or river flowing
long-range I lolJ 'reind3/ adj. [concerning a period which
into a larger river] ncocnomuoc; The Danube has many tributarextends a long time into future) µaKponp60eoµo<;: Any long-range : ies. This is one of Nile's tributary rivers.
planning would be totally pointless at the moment.
: mart /ma:t/ noun [a market place, especially one where things
changeover /'tJ em<l3auva/ noun (a change from one activity,
: that people collect are sold] ayopa: A coin and stamp mart will be
state or system to another) µe16Paon. a>J.avti: We must make
: held in our town next weekend.
•
15 n:NAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 111
sacred /'se1kr1d/ adj. [connected with God or religion or greatly
respected as holy] tep6c;: Temples, mosques, churches and synagogues are all sacred places.
shrine 1Jraml noun [a place of worship that is considered holy
because of being connected with a sacred event or person] repo,
va6c;: Many people visited the shrine where the saint lay buried.
in vain [without success despite one's efforts] ucrcm. etc; ucrnv:
We tried to persuade him not to sign the agreement, but in vain.
overflowing /auva'nau11JI adj. [that is strongly felt and expressed]
nou ~exet.A.i(ei: They welcomed us with overflowing enthusiasm.
bounty /'baunt1/ noun [(literary) generosity] yevvatoliwp(o: She
is well known for her bounty to all those in need.
despot I 'despot. 'des pat I noun [someone who rules in a cruel
and unfair way; a tyrant] lieon6lll<;. repnwoc,
freebooter I 'fri:bu:ta/ noun [someone who fights a war in order
to take or steal valuable things from people] n>.10101K0Myoc;,
>.a(pupaywy6c;: Gangs of freebooters ransacked the villages.
nourish I 'nxrt], 'nsm] I verb [provide with the necessary food
that helps someone grow healthily) TPt<Pw: It was obvious that the
children in the village were not nourished properly.
granary /'grrenan, 'gremsrr/ noun [a place where grain is
stored] ottono8r'tKl"J.
delicate /'dehkatl adj. (finely made; that can be easily broken or
damaged] VTt>.tKatoc;, eu8pau01oc;: The curtains were made of
the most delicate silk.
loom /lu:m/ noun [a machine in which thread is woven into a
fabric] apy<lAetoc;.
COMPANION • Test 7
: Page 105 - Reading - TEXT 4
: impeccable /im'pekabl/ adj. [faultless: perfect] dljloyoc;: We were
: impressed by his impeccable behavior.
• scatter /'skreta/ verb [go in different directions or over a wide
area] OKopn((w. lita>..Uoµat: The children scattered when the angry
woman ran towards them.
payroll /'peiraul/ noun [a list of people that have to be paid by a
company] «nccrccn µ108olioofac;: There are too many people on
the payroll; we are going to have to employ less workers.
purveyor /pa'veia/ noun [supplier (of sth)] noounaeumc. This
company is the purveyor of quality electrical goods.
vagary /'veigari/ noun (unexpected change] 011li101pon(ec;: You
should take a mixture of clothing to be prepared for the vagaries
of the British climate.
sector /'se'rd.a/ noun [section; part) rousuc: This is a very vulnerable sector of society that the government needs to support.
confines (of sth) (pl) /kan'fains/ noun (restrictions; limitations]
010 n>.a(ma: I can't cope with the confines of this job; I need
more freedom and time for myself .
••
••
••
:
:
:
••
••
Vocabulary Exercises
A.
Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. Has the snow started to
yet?
A. glide
B. chew
C. crawl
2. We need to
with the others before we make a final decision.
A. confer
B. clamor
C. incriminate
3. I never bear a
against people for long.
A. grudge
B. mold
C. loom
4. If you follow the
, it will take you to the main river.
A. valve
B. tributary
C. shrine
5. He
their names on the tree.
A. inscribed
B. imperiled
C. scattered
D. thaw
D. defect
0. vagary
D. slit
0. arrayed
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
We need an
She is
Ben is very
It was due to his
Once a puppy reaches
INFUSE
DOUBT
KNOWLEDGE
RESOURCE
MATURE
of cash to pay for everything.
the best athlete on the team.
when it comes to computers.
that we found a solution to the problem.
it becomes very independent.
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
venom
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
census
mutiny
friction
leash
pageant
enclosure
He put a(n)
on the dog and took it for a walk.
The
will reveal the country's current population statistics.
I'm not surprised they argued; there was a lot of
between them.
The
from that snake is particularly dangerous.
lots of people wore colorful costumes in the
.
15 FIN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
PracticeTest a
page 112
:
:
:
•
COMPANION • Test 8
dehydration.
redeem 1 n 'di :m I verb {compensate for or cancel out the faults
on QVTlOT00µi~w. anOK08101<.i>: She was trying to redeem herself
for her previous behavior.
Page 106-107 - Composition
bestow /br'stao, b1's100/ verb [(formal) present someone with
aeronautics /eara'no.uks/ noun [the science of designing and
something very valuable or important] l'ii6w, onoveue: An honour
navigating aircraft] aepovaun11y1Kn.
inconceivable I 1 n 'kan 'si:vabl/ adj. [too unusual or strange to be was bestowed on the famous writer by the queen.
evaporate /r'veepareu/ verb [change from liquid into steam]
imagined or believed] aou>J.rimoc;, a01av6T)rn<;: Having test-tube
E~atµ(~oµat:
Water starts to evaporate when it boils.(fig.) His
babies would have seemed inconceivable fifty years ago.
enthusiasm
soon
evaporated.
relentless /rr'lenrlos/ adj. (never stopping or becoming weaker;
Inhale /m'herl/ verb [breathe in] Elonvtw: She inhaled deeply
determined and pitiless] al'i16Konoc;, oxcmnouomc / aveMri1oc;,
fillingher lungs with the fresh morning air.
avtvl'iornc;: The police fight a relentless battle against crime. The
exhale /eks'herl/ v (breathe out] EKnvtw: "Now, exhale slowly,"
courts should be relentless in punishing drug dealers.
slaughter /'sb:ta/ noun [the act of killing large numbers of peo- • the doctor said.
: moist t m:>tst/ adj. [slightly wet] uyp6c;. venoc: You could tell by
ple or animals cruelly and unnecessarily] oqiay(J: Despite the
protest of environmentalistorganizations. the slaughter of seals : her moist eyes that she had been crying.
: far-sighted /fa:'sa1tt<.I/ adj. [understanding or being aware of
still continues.
future events or needs and able to make wise decisions]
Page 111 - Grammar
l'i1opanK6c;, npovonnsoc: Had it not tor his far-sighted maniputashow up phrasal verb [appear] eµq>avi~oµa1: The meeting began a lions, the company wouldn't have surdveo the recession.
while ago and Patrick hasn't shown up yet.
impact /'1mpcekt/ noun [a strong effect or impression]
admit /ad'mtt/ verb (say that one accepts as true] napalltxoµai: enil'ipa011. aVTiKTUnoc;: The documentary about endangered saiHe admitted that he was to blame for the mistake in the accounts. mats had quite an impact on viewers.
think nothing of [do something easily, especially what others
condensation /knndan'seijan/ noun [drops of water which are
might consider difficult] l'iEv txw cs nnorn va: He thought nothing formed on a surface when vapor changes into liquid] ul'ip01µ6c;:
of jogging around the park twice every morning.
• The condensation on the windows blurred our view of the old port.
fluster I 'flAsta/ noun [(be in) a nervous state] rnpax~.
warp /w':>:p/ verb [(of wood or metal) become bent or twisted)
EKveup10µ6c;: She had to prepare so many things for the party
OTpe~>.<.i>vw, napaµopq>wvw: This door has been warped probably
that she was in a fluster.
by loo much humidity.
at a run [running) 1ptxovtac;: They left at a run to catch the last
deface /d1'fe1s/ verb [spoil the appearance of] Kata01ptqiw TT)v
bus.
6\j)T]: The statue had been defaced with red paint.
distorted /di'sto.ud? adj. [having an unnatural or unclear appearance,
sound, or shape ] napaµopq>wµtvoc;, noponompsvoc. The
Page 112 - Grammar
television
picture was so distorted that I didn't understand what
shoplifting /'Jnpltfl11J! noun [the act of stealing from a shop)
was going on.
K>.on~ nno KatciOTT)µa: He was arrested for shoplifting.
amelioration /a'miilra'rerjan/ noun [the act of making someoffense /a'fens/ n [the breaking of the law] olSiKT)µa: The police
thing better) PEAtiwOT), KaAuttpwori: The workers demand amecharged him with various offenses including theft and vandalism.
lioration of working conditions.
obligatory /a'bhgetarr/ adj. [that must be done] unoxpewnKoc;:
deterioration /druana'rcijn/ noun [the act of becoming worse
Attendance of lectures is obligatory tor all senior students.
in quality or condition] entOelvwari: Some metals like aluminium
raw materials 1 ro: me'uanalz/ noun [materials which are in
their natural state and have not undergone any treatment] npwtec; • don't suffer any effects of deterioration.
streak /stri:k/ noun [a trace of some quality in one's character
u>.ec;.
which differs from other characteristics) 10011, ixvo<;: I had never
before noticed this streak of cruelty in him.
Page 113 - Cloze
expand /1k'spa:nd/ verb (grow larger in size, number or amount)
extract /rk'streekt/ verb (obtain a substance from something,
£nEKltivw/-0µ01, l'i1aou:Hw/-oµa1: Metals expand when heated.
usually through a scientific process) anoonw. e~ciyw: The main
contract /kon'trrekt/ verb (grow smaller or narrower]
ingredients of this medicine are extractedfrom plants.
ou01t>J.w/-oµm: Metals contract when cooled.
signal /'signal/ noun (a sequence of sound or light waves that
:
are used in radio or television] tKnoµ~. ofJµa: Unfortunately, this configuration /kanfrgju'rerjan/ noun [the layout of the parts of
: something) 1'i10µ6pq>w011. axriµanoµ6c;: I cannot understand the
area has a very poor radio signal.
fuzzy l'f AZt t adj. [indistinct; blurred; not clear] 0aµn6c;: The tele- : configuration of the parts of this engine.
•
vision picture was fuzzy probably because the strong wind had
:
Page 114 - Vocabulary
moved the antenna
: have a working knowledge of [know enough, though not much,
treasured /'tre3ad/ adj. [very special or valuable] no>.unµoc;,
01q>lp6c;: This gift from my grandfather is my most treasuredpos- : so as to use or operate something] txw 0101xe1<i>l'iTJC: yvwoe1c;: I
• speak English and French and I have a working knowledge of
session.
:
Spanish.
priceless /'pra1slas/ adj. [too valuable to have a price)
:
asset /'reset/ noun (a valuable person or quality] npocov, croo:
avtKTlµritoc;: She wore a priceless emerald necklace that was a
:
Far-sightedness
is an asset in any business.
mstve! to look at.
evaporation llva:pa're1Jan/ noun [the process of changing from : merit /'menl/ noun [a good point or quality] T1AeovtKTT1µa: You'll
: have to examine the merits of studying abroad before you decide.
liquid into steam) e~ci1µ1011. e~atpw011.
:
incomprehensible /rnkompn'hensabl/ adj. [impossible to
perspiration /pa.spa'rerjan/ noun [the process of sweating;
:
understand]
0Ka10v6T)toc;: His letter was just a collection of
sweat] eq>ll'ipw011 I tlipwrnc;: Excessiveperspiration can cause
: incomprehensiblebabble.
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 113
lessen l'lesen/ verb [make or become smaller in size, amount, :
importance, intensity etc.] µ£1wvw/-oµm: When the children left. :
the noise lessened considerably.
:
deft /deft/ adj. [quick and skillful! EmM~to<;: Peter is very deft at :
constructing things. She's very deft at dealing with the customers':
complaints.
:
sinister / 'suusta/ adj. (suggesting an evil nature or event]
KOTOX06v10<;, 6uooiwvo<;: He had this sinister look in his eyes that
made me feel uneasy.
dull 1<1,..11 adj. (slow in understanding; boring) opvoorpoeoc 1
j3opet6<;: He's a rather dull student and will need some extra
tuition.I haven't attended a lecture as dull as this before.
dwindle /'dw111dl/ verb [become smaller, weaker or fewer in
number) >.1yo01£uw: Enthusiasm for the new offices dwindled
when we realized how cold they got in winter.
dawdle /'d:>:dl/ v (be slow and waste time] xaooµEpw. pa0uµw:
She's always dawdling and I'm sure she'll get fired sooner or later.
ferocious I fa'raoJas/ adj. [very strong or extreme to the point of
being unpleasant] mpo6p6<;, evrovoc: She had to hold back her
ferocious desire to slap him on the face.
pugnacious lpAg'ne1Jas/ adj. l(fonnal) inclined or eager to fight)
cpt>.6v1KO<;, cpi>.ep1<;: I wouldn't talk to him now; he's in a pugna- •
cious mood.
:
sweeping /'swi:p11J/ adj. (having an effect on many things)
:
aapwnK6<;: The ministry of education has introducedsweeping :
changes in the way students are assessed and promoted.
:
exacting /1g'zi£kt11J/ adj. [hard and requiring a high level of skill; :
demanding] Koma011K6<; I an01TflTIK6<;: Having to check all the
:
technical details of the project was an exacting piece of work.Mrs :
Frost is an exacting teacher.
:
lisp I lisp/ noun (the state of being unable to pronounce the
:
sounds s or z correctly) tiieu61oµa: She speaks with a slight lisp, •
which I find cute.
:
crutch /krAtf /noun [a stick with a bar at the top, used to sup- :
port lame people] ncreorroc, b£KaviKt: Since his accident, he has :
been using crutches to walk.
•
lame /lei m I adj. [not able to walk because of an injury or bodily
deformity] sourocc: The young man has been lame since he was
involved in a serious car accident.
limp I hmp/ noun [walk which is uneven due to pain or injury)
xwMTfl<;, KOUTOaµa: He has been walking with a limp ever since
the car accident.
feign /fem/ verb (pretend! nooonorouuor She feigned a
headache to avoid coming with us.
accession /ak'sefan/ noun (reaching a rank or position, especially that of a king or queen; something added to a group or the act
of being added] avo6o<; (oe a~lwµa) / onoxmuc, npoo9'1Kn:
When we arrived, people were celebrating the king's accession to
the throne. The recent accessions to the national museum are certainly worth seeing.
progression lpra'grefn/ noun (the act of gradually moving
towards a particular place or developing] K(VflOfl nooc ta eunooc,
e~e>.1~n: The progression of the typhoon towards densely populated areas has caused anxiety.
concussion /kan'k"Jan/ noun (an injury to the brain which causes temporary unconsciousness and is caused by something hitting:
or shaking one's head] 6100£t0fl: He was suffering severe concus- •
sion and had to remain in hospital.
:
grope I graup/ verb [search for something you can't see using
:
your hands] tiiri>.acpw, tiiaxvw 01a tucpM: She groped in her bag :
for her car keys.
:
shred I Jred I v [cut or tear into long, narrow strips] Koupe>.1a(w, :
~eoK((w: He shredded her letter in anger and threw it in the fire. :
:
COMPANION • Teal 8
shed tears [(literary) cry] K>.a(w: She shed bitter tears of regret
when she realized the pain she had caused.
shield IJi:ld/ verb (protect or defend someone from harm, attack,
criticism. etc.J npoororeue. £1µm aanma npoorootoc: I've done
everything to shield him from people's unfair criticism.
standpoint /'strendp:>mt/ n (a point of view] <inotiin. oxorun: You
must try and look at the situation from the workers' standpoint.
utter / '1.ta/ verb [say something or make a sound] Atw,
£K01oµi<w: Upon hearing the news, she uttered a sigh of relief.
stutter / 'stAla/ verb [speak with difficulty especially because one
involuntarily repeats the first consonant of some words] tpau>.i<w:
He stutters sometimes, especially when he's upset.
wasp /wosp. wo:sp/ noun (a thin black and yellow insect that
has a sting) ocpnKa.
sting /st11J/ verb -p.t, and p.p. stung- [wound or hurt by piercing
with a sting] K£Vtpi<w. roume: Do tnese insects sting?
pinch /p111tJ I verb (squeeze or press someone's flesh tightly
between the thumb and forefinger] 101µnci>: If you pinch your
brother again, I'll smack you.
prick /prrk / verb (pierce slight or stick a sharp point into) rpuno:
She pricked her finger on a pin.
liable t'la1abl/ adj. [likely or probable to happen; prone to problems,
illnesses, etc.] rnsovoc, ev6ex6µ£vo<; I ernooennc: After his recent
statements, the president is liable to receive much criticism.
While in hospital, patients are liable to contract various infections.
exempt /rg'zempt/ adj. [being allowed not to fullfil a particular
duty or obligation] anaUayµtvo<;, e~mp£0£i<;: He has been
exempt from military service due to health problems.
Immune /r'mju.n/ adj. [protected from or not affected by something] anpoo~>.nto<;, ana>.Aayµtvo<;: The police reassured him
that if he testified, he would be immune from prosecution. He is
totally immune to criticism.
scour /skaua. skaur / verb [search carefully and thoroughly)
epeuvw £~ovux1011K<i, ''Xlevi(w": The chief orderedhis detectives
to scour the whole city for the escaped convict.
sip /sip/ verb [drink slowly, taking very small mouthfullsJ
apyonlvw: He was sitting at the hotel lounge sipping his vodka.
goggle /gogl/ verb [look with eyes wide open and in great
surpise) KOtta(w ue youp>.wµeva µduo: They all goggled in
amazement at her exquisite jewelry.
reminder /rr'mamdc/ noun (anything that makes one remember
something) un£v00µton. unouvnon; Leave the bill on the table as
a reminder that I still have to pay it.
Page 115 • Vocabulary
remorse /rr'mo.s? noun [a sense of guild or regret] rutiie1<;: She
tried to kill herself in a fit of remorse.
remuneration /rtrnju.na'rerjan/ noun ((fonnal) the act of paying
or rewarding someone for work or services) n>.npwµn, aµmf3n:
You will receive a substantial remuneration plus expenses.
sigh /sa1/ verb [take a long, deep-sounding breath showing tiredness, sadness, etc.] avaot£va(w: Upon hearing the good news,
she sighed with relief.
heave /hi:v/ verb [lift something with effort; give out a sigh
because of relief or disappointment) utii<i>vw, Ol'\Kti>vw I ~va<w
(ava01£vayµ6): We heaved the huge piano up to the third
floor.When she left, we all heaved a sigh of relief.
stifle 1s1a1f11 verb [prevent something from happening or developing; make someone unable to breathe] KOTOnviyw, ouyKpatw I
npoKa>.w aocpu~ia: She was so angry with him that she had to stifie her urge to hit him.
ineligible /in'elid<abl/ adj. (not qualified for or entitled to sth] 6ev
txw 10 b1Kaiwµa 0£ «m: You are ineligible to stay in this country
if you don't have a permit.
15 FIN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
page 114
wink /W11Jkl verb [close and open one eye quickly in amusement, friendly greeting or to show that something is secret] l<Ae(vw
TO ucn: Dad winked at me and I realized that he wanted mum's
present to be a surprise.
blink /bh1Jkl verb [move the eyelids rapidly up and down)
ovmyoK>.eivw TO PMcpapa: It is impossible to stare for a long time
witflout blinking.
crack /krrek/ verb [break partly without falling to pieces] poy[(w:
The window pane cracked down the middle.
leak /li:k/ verb [allow gas or liquid to pass through a hole or
crack] nopouota(w 61oppol'J, 01a(w: The boiler leaked hot water
all over the floor.
lick /hk/ verb (pass the tongue over something] y>.eiq>w: The dog
licked her hand.
disposed /di'spaozd/ adj. (have the will or the inclination to do
something) (npo)010T£8£1µevoc;: He was not disposed to involve
himself in any kind of argument.
muddle t'mAdlt verb (confuse or mix up] µnep<>euw,
avaKateuw: Someone has muddled the books on these shelves •
•
and I can't find what I want.
•
stack /strek/ verb [arrange in a neat, large pile) oTotPa(w: He
stacked the books on his desk.
clutter /'klAta/ verb [cover or fill a space with so many things
that it looks untidy] nopoq>optwvw: The room was cluttered with
old furniture.
scrub /sk rAbl verb [rub hard in order to clean) Tpipw: Why are
you scrubbing the floor again? You only did so last week.
shrub If rAbl noun [a small bushy or woody plant) Saµvoc;: John
is out in the garden trimming the shrubs.
repeal /n'pi:I/ verb [put an official end to a law) ovoKo>.w,
KOTOpyw: The tax law that came into effect two years ago has now
been repealed.
sojourn /'sod33:n. 'soodya.rn? verb, noun ((literary) stay in a
place for a short period of time; a brief stay in a place] <>1oµevw / •
61oµovn: The royal couple sojourned in Miami for two weeks.
adjourn /a'd33:n/ verb [stop for a short time; postpone]
610K6rnw, ovapa>..>.w: The meeting was adjourned for two days.
a split second noun [an extremely brief period of time) KMoµa
oeurnpoMmou: The mugger grabbed me. took my purse, and
disappeared in a split second.
talk a mile a minute [speak very quickly and continuously) µtMw
ypfJyopa KOi corountnto: When Samantha gets angry, she talks a
mile a minute.
compromise /'kompramarz/ noun (a settlement of differences in
which each side gives up something that it has previously
demanded) ouµp1paoµ6c;: We argued for a long time but finally
arrived at a compromise.
mortgage /'m:>:g1d3/ noun (a legal arrangement by which money
is lent to someone from a bank or other organization for buying a
house, or the money lent for this purpose) uno0riKn: We have
taken out a 30-year mortgage.
•
ransom /'rrensam/ noun [money paid in order for a captive to be :
released] >.tiTpa: The kidnappers threatened to kill the prisoner if :
they weren't paid the ransom within twenty tour hours.
:
truce /tru:st noun (a usually temporary rest from fighting, agreed :
to by both sides) ovoKwxn: The warring parties decided to call a
truce so as to bury their dead in peace.
dismissal /drs'rnrsl/ noun (the act of making someone redundant] onoxuon: The failure of the campaign led to the dismissal of
the advertising director.
chip in phrasal verb (give money to help pay for sth] TOOVTapw:
We all chipped in to buy Anne a present.
break out phr v [start, especially of something bad] ~eonw,
COMPANION • Test 8
~E:Ktvw: A lire broke out and ravaged a whole neighborhood.
touch off [cause a difficult or violent situation to begin]nupoootw,
npoKa>.w: The new taxation bill has touched off wild protest.
ascent /a'senll n [the act of going up or climbing) ovapoorr The
ascent of the last stretch of the steep slope took us three hours.
consent /kan'sent/ verb [the act of agreeing to do or giving permission for something) ouva(veon, ouyKOT68e011: He took the car
withouthis father's consent.
relinquish I ra'lnjkwr] I v [give up power, position. a claim, etc.)
eyKoTo>.einw, ncoorrooucc The dictator was finally forced to relinquish control of the country.
grain /grem,' noun [a small amount of] llJl'Jvµo, rxvoc;: There's not
a grain of truth in his words.
pigsty /'p1gsta1/ noun [a place where pigs are kept] x0tpo016.mo.
pen : pen : n (an enclosed area where farm animals are kept] µaVTpi.
kennel /kenl/ n (a small hut for a dog to sleep in] onm OKu>.ou.
put out phrasal verb (cause to stop burning; cause problems to
sb or give them extra work] opJivw I ~epo>.euw: Put out your cigaretie, please. Will it put you out ii you stay a bit longer today?
pass out phrasal verb (faint; distribute] >.mo0uµw / <>1avtµw,
µ01pa(w: She fainted when she heard the news.Pass these papers
out to the students.
pass away phrasal verb (die) ne0aivw: Grandfatherpassed away
last night.
pass up phrasal verb (not accept or take advantage of an opportunity] opvoeum, oq>fJvw vo neonoa: Why did he pass up the
opportunity to work in New York?
pass by phrasal verb [move or go past] noconsove: She passed
by me. but didn't recognize me.
Page 116 ·Reading - TEXT 1
proliferation /prahfa'rorjan/ noun (a rapid increase in numbers]
no>J.on>.ootooµ6c;: The proliferationof computer stores has
increasedcompetition.
youth /ju:O/ noun [a boy or young man] veopoc; A group of
youths robbed the grocery store yesterday.
appoint 1 a'pomr/ v [give a job or position to someone] 61opi(w:
They have appointed a new, highly-qualified sales manager.
minor /'ma111a/ noun [a person who is below the age at which
they have full legal responsibility) avfJ>.1Koc;: Crime among minors
has increased dramatically.
survey /'s3:ve1/ noun (an investigation conducted by asking a
large number of people questions so as to find out their opinions
or behavior] eosuvc: A survey into the causes of juvenile crime
has recently been conducted.
poll I paul / verb [find out what the public opinion about something is by asking a large number of people] uno~6.Mw epwliloe1c;
y10 yKd>..on, oqiuyµoµeTpti>: Almost 40% of the people we polled
said that they were not satisfied with their jobs.
at gunpoint (while threatening or being threatened with a gun]
un6 rnv anetM onxou He was forced at gunpoint to open the
safe and hand over all the valuables he kept in there.
respondent Irr 'spnndant I noun [a person who answers a questionnaire] on0Kp1v6µ£voc;: The respondents have not finished
fulling in the questionnaire yet.
switchblade /'sw11fble1d/ noun [a knife that has a blade inside
its handle which springs out by pressing a button] cnxerto,
oouvicc ue e>.all'lp10: This switchblade is a rather dangerous thing
to play with.
emulate / 'emjulert/ verb ((formal) try to be like or better than
someone you admire] aµ1>.Awµm, ouvaywvi(oµo1: She tried to
emulate her brother's excellence at sports.
snowball / 'snaubo.l/ noun (anything that increases at a fast rate
like a snowball which is rolled on snow; a ball of snow]
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 115
au~avoµevo<; 6yKo<;. x1ov6µna>.a: The revelation of the scandal
:
had a snowball effect (an escalating effect) on public life.
:
effect t1'fekt1 noun [a change or result brought about by an
:
action or event] enii5paori. onorexeouo. ouvtne1a: Car fumes
:
have a harmful effect on the environment.
:
generate /'d3cnarell/ verb (produce or cause to happen]
•
' napdyw, npoKa>.<i>: His suggestions generated heated arguments. :
intent /111 'tent/ n [the intention to do something, especially sth :
illegal] nooseon: He entered the store with the intent to steal.
:
security blanket noun [anything that gives someone a sense of :
safety] aoni6a npoorooroc: Her relationship with her children was :
her security blanket against the hardships she had to go through. :
barrel /'breral/ noun [the long, hollow, cylindrical-shaped tube of :
a gun) Kavvn: The bullet jammed in the barrel of the gun.
•
trend /trend/ noun [a general direction or tendency] porn'], rcon;
The upward trend in share prices has relieved investors.
launch /b:ntf 1 verb [set something, such as a campaign,
inquiry, etc., going] ~tKtv<i>, npow8<i>: They have launched an
inquiry into the causes of the attack.
shocker /'foka/ noun [something that shocks) KOTI
0Kav6a>.1011K6: Some of his stories are real shockers.
tag line /'treglam/ noun [a final line, especially one that is used
in order to clarify a point or create a dramatic effect; a slogan!
at6Ka, tt>.eurnia >.t~ri I µ(Jvuµa: Your speech is great;just think
of a clever tag line to round it off.
vending machine I 'vendnj mafi:n/ noun fa machine from
•
which one can buy cigarettes, soft drinks, chocolates, etc. by
:
inserting a coin] OU16µa10<; nw>.rrn'J<:.
:
contiscation /konfr'skerjon/ n !the act of officially taking one's :
private assets away, especially as punishment] Ka1ooxeo11: The
•
authorities will proceed to the confiscation of all expired licenses. :
legalization /Ii.gelar'zerjen/ noun [the act of making something ••
legal by law] vouuionofqon; Several social and political groups
:
advocate the legalization of certain types of drugs.
:
cordiality I k:>:d r'eelru / noun [the quality of being sincere and
:
friendly, often in a formal and polite manner] eyKap616T11to: He
:
welcomed us with the utmost cordiality.
:
stun 1 :.tA n I verb [impress greatly or shock] KOtonAl'1oow, ac+>(Jvw :
ovau6o: We were all stunned by the news of the fatal accident.
:
have the upper hand (have more power or influence than others :
and thus be in control or something) txw to ndvw xtp1, eMvxw: :
Now that I have the upper hand, I intend to change a few things •
that I find outdated.
:
•
grave /'gre1v/ adj. (very important or serious) ooaap6<;: The
patient's health is in grave danger.
Page 117 - Reading - TEXT 2
broody /'bru:di/ adj. [wanting to have a baby very much) nou
vtw8e1 rnv avdyK'l va K<ive1 nat610: I started to feel very broody in
my thirties. but my husband didn't want us to have a baby.
overwhelming /auva'welmi!)/ adj. [for a feeling that is very strong
and so has a big impact on sb] aKataviKlltO<;, aouyKp<iT!lTO<;: His
• desire to kiss her was overwhelming.
conceive /kan'si:v/ verb (become pregnant] ou>.>.aµaavw: After
trying for years to conceive; Anne finally got pregnant.
barrister /'bcerista/n [a lawyer in a higher court of law) 6tKJ'lYOPO<:
strlke (sb) /'straik/ verb [to suddenly realise or understand me]
tpxoµa1 oro vou oe: It struck me that he'd been acting strangely
on the day that he disappeared.
take off phrasal verb [become successful) She was lucky that her
acting career took oft so quickly.
•
:
•
:
••
:
:
:
:
:
:
Page 118 - Reading - TEXT 3
:
ti Hui / 'f11fal1 adj. [happening at irregular and usually short pert-
:
COMPANION - T89t 8
ods of time) aKav6v10to<;. corcroc; I had a fitful sleep and I feel
rather tired this morning.
foremost /'f:>:maus1/ adj. (the most important or the best]
npercc, e~txwv. o mo oriµavnK6<;: He certainly was the foremost
writer of the post-war era.
shortfall t'J:>:tf:>:I/ noun [the difference between the amount
available and the amount needed] tAAtlljlfl, t>.>.e1µµa: If we continue to exploit our resources at the present rate, an energy shortfall
is imminent.
reserve /r1'z3:v/ noun -atso reserves- [an supply of something
that is kept for future use) onoaeuo: Their food reserves are not
expected to last long.
OPEC /'aupek/ abbrev. [Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries) opyav10µ6<; xwp<i>v nou e~oyouv nsrpexorc.
cartel /ko:'tel/ noun [a group of similar companies who agree to
control prices in order to prevent competition and increase their
profits] Kaptt>., ouvcoruouoc y1a rov t>.evxo rev nuev; OPEC is
one of the most powerful cartels worldwide.
alternative /o.l'ts.nauv/ noun, adj. [a choice between two or
more things or possibilities; offering a choice of a second possibility] eva>.>.aKnK(J Mori. tm>.oy(J I eva>.>.aKnK6<;: You leave me no
alternative but to dismiss you. An alternative arrangement can be
made if my plans don't suit you.
acid /'res1d/ noun [sharp or sour in taste or containing dangerous
acid) 6~1vo<;: Acid rain is a serious threat to all plants and trees.
observable /ab'za.vabal/ adj. [that can be seen or noticed]
oocroc: The difference between the 2 plans is barely observable.
greenhouse effect /'gri:nhaus 1fek1/ noun [the gradual warming of the earth's atmosphere caused by the heat which is trapped
by pollution] ecivouevo BepµOK'lniou: The greenhouse effect can
cause the polar ice caps to melt and ocean waters to rise with
destructive results.
concentration /knnsan'tretjen/ noun [the amount of a substance contained in something) ouyKtVTpwori: The concentration
of radioactiveelements in these rocks is very high.
solar I 'saola/ adj. [using the sun as a source of energy; of the
sun] 11>.10K6<;: Solar heating systems are much cheaper tt1an conventional ones. The last solar eclipse was clearly visible in Romania.
soft path noun [a way of doing something that demands the least
possible effort] o tliKo>.o<; 6p6µo<;: Many people consider working
as civil servants to be a soft path.
option /'opfn/ n (the choice or the freedom to choose] em>.oyr):
Considering that there is a capital shortfall, what are our options?
potential /pa'tenjl/ noun [the possibility, or likelihood of suecessful development in a particular way] 6uvaµlK6, 6uvat6Tlltt<;:
She has a lot of potential as a pianist.
breeder reactor t'bri:da rnekta/ n la nuclear power producing
machine that can create more atomically split material than it uses
up during the chain reaction] nuprivtK6<; avn6paOT(Jpa<; 1axtwv
11>.tKTpoviwv.
hesitant /'heznant/ adj. [uncertain about whether to say or do
something because of feeling reluctant or nervous] 610taKT1K6<;:
His hesitant reply made me realize that he hadn't really thought
about my suggestion.
embrace /rm'brers/ verb [willingly accept or adopt an idea, proposal. etc.) ayKa>.1a~w. UlOBtt<i>: It was fortunate that the company embraced the new development scheme.
primary I 'pra 1 man I adj. [main or most essential] Kup10<;.
npwmpx1K6<;: Our primary concern is to shelter all those whose
houses have been damaged by the floods.
containment /kan'tcmmonr/ noun [the act of keeping something within set limits or under control] t>.evxo<;: Containment of
toxic waste is essential to the preservation of the environment.
core I 'k:>:/ noun [the part of a nuclear reactor where the chain
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 116
reaction takes place] nup(jvac;.
meltdown /'meltdaun/ noun [the hazardous situation in which
material in a nuclear reactor melts and causes the release of
radioactivity] tfJ~TJ.
interface l'rntafe1s/ n {the area in which two subjects, systems;
connect with or affect each other] onuero enacp(Jc;, eeomouevn; I
think his work lies at the interface of art and science.
practicality /preeku'keclan/ noun [the quality of something being
suitable, useful and feasible] npaKTIKOTTJTG, >.moupy1K6TT1ta: Your
suggestions are certainly very imaginative, but I'm afraid they lack
practicality.
stall /st:i:I/ v [delay or obstruct something, especially to find time
to think or do something about it) K08uornpciJ: I think we should
stall the signing of the contract until interest rates fall further.
awareness /a'weanas/ noun [the state of knowing, understanding or being well-informed about a particular subject or situation]
enlyvwOT], ouvE:iOl')OTJ: We have to raise public awareness of the
need for environmental protection.
unpredictability /unpndrkta'brlau/ noun [the state of not being
able to be foreseen, especially because of changing suddenly and
unexpectedly] 10 µn npo~M1jJ1µ0: The unpredictability of weather
in this region is amazing.
:
:
:
•
Page 119 - Reading - TEXT 4
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
:
:
:
ridge /ridl/ noun [a line or layer of sth] The flight was a bit bumpy :
as we flew through a ridge of hot air.
:
nudge /Mdl/ verb (gently push) oKouvtaw: My dog nudged my •
VocAbulAr!J
COMPANION • Test 8
leg with its nose
trigger /'triga/ v [cause to start or happen] nupoooT<i>: The killing
of the President, triggered a war between the two countries.
punch /p11nfI noun [strong effect; impact] The one-two punch of
losing her job and then her boyfriend. made her very depressed
douse /daus/ verb (throw, put liquid over sth] Katapptxw us: We
doused the fire with a bucket of water.
consecutive /kan'sekjutiv/ adj. (happening one after the other]
ouvex(Jc;, OTTJ oe1pa: I've been to the cinema for three consecutive
evenings now.
saturate /'scef areiV verb [make completely wet] The sudden
storm saturated me as I wasn't wearing a jacket.
heave /hi:v/ verb [push; carry; move (sth heavy)) onpwxvw (µE:
xono): He heaved the heavy boxes out of the lorry. (here a slightly
metaphorical use)
veil /'veil/ verb [cover with (a thin layer of) sth] The bride's face
was veiled by a piece of white material.
haze /heiz/ noun [mist; thin cloud] It was difficult to see very far
into the distance because of the haze.
soggy /'sogi/ adj. [very wet] >.aonwµtvoc;: I spilled coffee on the
newspaper and now it's soggy.
woe /wau/ noun [sorry; sadness; problems; worrys) oouvn,
8>.illJTJ, ouµcpopa, ~aoavo: You don't want to hear my woes; let's
talk about something positive.
deviate /'di:vieiV verb [change direction; course; course of action,
etc.] We shouldn't deviate from the main road as we may get lost.
Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. The new procedure should
the problem, hopefully.
A. scour
B. ameliorate
C. warp
2. He tried to
a yawn but couldn't stop it.
A. contract
B. bestow
C. inhale
3. He's walking with a
because he has a bad foot.
A. limp
B. wasp
C. core
4. The bread is
where I spilled the water on it.
A. immune
B. soggy
C. fitful
5. We were
by the shocking news.
A. embraced
B. licked
C. stunned
D. expand
D. stifle
D. ridge
D. lame
D. cluttered
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The idea of the internet would have been
fifty years ago.
The museum is exhibiting its new
this month.
The
was running down his back.
The
of the weather in England makes it difficult
to organize a holiday.
5. The
of Sunday trading allowed many shops to open
seven days a week.
CONCEIVE
ACQUIRE
PERSPIRE
PREDICT
LEGAL
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
procure
deface
dwindle
feign
stutter
prick
sigh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
She
loudly because she was so sad.
He
tiredness to avoid having to do any more work.
The museum is threatened with closure because the number of visitors has
He
when he's nervous and it's hard to understand him.
The vandals
the wall of the building.
so much.
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 117
COMPANION ·Test
9
· Practice Test 9
: Carboniferous /ko.ba'mfaras/ adj. (of a Paleozoic period during
: which the warm and damp climate produced great forests which
: later formed rich coal beds) TJ rnoXJi 10u 6v0paKa.
Pages 120-121 • Composition
: fern /fa:n/ noun [a type of green plant with no flowers and delilnslitution /msu'tju.jan? noun (an established custom or system: cate feather-shaped leaves] cp1tpTJ.
which is considered to be a significant feature of society] 0coµ6<;:
moss /mos, mxs? noun [a type of small flowerless plant, found
In the '60s the institution of marriage was opposed by several
in damp places, forming a soft green covering on tree trunks, etc.)
groups.
µouoK>.ta: The bank of the river was covered in moss and was
abolition /a:ba'llfntn [the act of formally ending a law or system, quite slippery.
especially one that has existed for a long time] KOTOPYTJOTJ: The
horsetail /'h:>:sted/ noun (a type of plant with a hollow jointed
parties of the opposition demanded the abolition of the death
stem] KOV1uMxop10.
penalty.
peat /pi:t/ noun (a substance which forms underground from
decaying plants and is used for burning instead of coal] 1upq>TJ.
Page 125 • Grammar
sediment /'sedrmant/ noun [the material that settles at the botalarming /a'la:m11JI adj. !causing worry, fear or disturbance)
• tom of a liquid) f(riµa, KOTOK681: Her feet sank into the sediment
avriouxTJnK6<;: There has been an alarming increase in the con: on the river bed.
sumption of red meat among young people.
: compress /kam'pres/ verb [press something so that it occupies
see fit to [decide it's a good idea to do] ecwp<i> OK6mµo va K<ivw: : less space) ouµmt(w: This machine compresses paper, so that it
He saw fit to lend her the money.
: can later be used for various constructions.
confide (in) /kon'Iurd/ verb [tell one's secret to someone I trust : expire /rk'spara/ verb [(of a limited period of time) come to an
someone) eKµuOTT]p£uoµm. eumcteuoucc He confided to me that : end; go out of date] £Knvtw I M]yw: Your leave expires tomorhe was going to leave. Everyone needs someone to confide in.
: row.My driving license expired last month.
• external /rk'sta.nl/ adj. [of, for, from or on the outside)
Page 126 - Grammar
e~wn:p1K6<;: Chemists often label skin creams "For external use
rule out phrasal verb [say that someone or something is not
only''.
under consideration as a possibility) anoK>.cfw: We can't rule out
extant /rk'sucnt/ adj. [(formal) still in existence despite being
the possibility of bad weather.
very old] uq>tC1Tdµevo<;, (61a)ow(6µ£vo<;: I have managed to
efficient ll'frfnt/ adj. (good at one's job; working well without
acquire a copy of the earliest extant edition of "Dracula".
delay or waste] tKav6<;. anoOonK6<;: He's the most efficient assis- extinct / rk 'stujkt/ adj. [no longer in existence] c~a>.c1cp8ei<;,
tant I've ever had.
e~acpav108ei<;: Mammoths became extinct in prehistoric time.
supervisor /su.pa'varza/ noun [someone who watches or is in
premises /'prem1s1z/ noun (plural) [a building and the area of
charge of an activity in order to ensure that it is properly done)
ground belonging to it] £YKOTOC1Tdoc1<;. oiKT]µa: These premises
snonrnc, m1aMnwv: The supervisor of the department is totally : are used tor the local football team.
intolerant towards latecomers.
: site /sau/ noun [a place where something important has hapstroll /straul/ noun (a casual, relaxed walk] nsomoroc Let's go : pened; a place where something is being or will be built]
for a stroll in the park.
: ronoeeotc: During our trip to Syria, we visited some vef}' interesttip /up/ n [the small or thin end, point or top of something) 6KpTJ: : ing archaeological sites.Everyone in the construction site must
The tips of my fingers are numb from cold. His name is on the tip : wear a helmet.
of my tongue (=I know it but I can't remember it right now).
: mobile /'maubarl/ adj. (able or free to move easily] KlVTJT6<;,
pull out phrasal verb [(of a train) leave the station; drive into a
: cuµc1aKiVTJTO<;: The old lady is no longer mobile - she has to stay
road from another road or from a stationary position] avalvw enc : in bed all day.
TO C1Ta0µ6 I ~£Ktvw: When we arrived, the train was pulling out of : stagnant t'stregnant/ adj. [(of waters) not moving or flowing;
the station.Don't pull out! There's a car coming.
: unchanging and not making progress! >.1µva(wv I C1T6mµo<;: The
extensive /rk'stensrv/ adj. [including a lot of details or informa- : stagnant water gave off a horrible smell.
tion about a particular subject] EKT£taµtvo<;: He has compiled an : stale /sterl? adj. [(of food) not fresh and therefore dry and tasteextensive report on the shortcomings of our current production
: less) µnay1anKo<;: Throw this stale bread away.
method.
: pulp /p11lp/ verb (crush into a smooth wet paste) Tomatoes are
preservation /preza'veijan/ n [the act of maintaining something : pulped and then put into tins.
unchaanged or unaffected by age, weather, etc or the degree to
: purity /'pjunfa1/ verb [make something clean by removing
which something has remained so] OtaTliPTJOTJ, ouvmonon:
: admixtures or dirt) Ka0apf(w, acpaip<i> nc ~eve<; ouotec: What is
The preservation of works of art is both a delicate and expensive : the best way to purity the air?
procedure.
: squeeze /skwi:z/ verb (press something together or from all
presume 1 pn 'zj u:m/ verb [take for granted; accept something as : sides tightly] (ou>.ci>, ITTi~w. ocpiyyw: Squeeze the lemons, please.
being true until it is disproved) unoee1w, 9£wp<i> OcOoµtvo: When :
I found the office empty. I presumed that you had gone home.
:
: Page 128 - Vocabulary
Page 127 - Cloze
bed /bed/ noun (a layer of solid rock) xorrcouc.
marshy /'ma:f1/ adj. [(of ground) low, wet, & soft] c>.ci>o£<;,
aa>.T<i>O£<;: Walking through the marshy fields proved to be Vef}'
tiring.
:
:
:
:
:
•
dependable /di'pendabal/ adj. (that can be relied on or trusted]
a~16mC1To<;: She's a highly efficient and totally dependable
employee.
privileged I 'prrvrlodjd I adj. (having special rights. advantages,
or chances to do something] npovoµ1ouxo<;: I feel privileged to
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 118
work together with such a prominent scientist.He belongs to the
privileged few that can afford such luxuries.
sober /'sauoo/ adj. [not drunk] ~eµt8u010~. VTJq>llA10~: He was
still sober when he left the party.
ban /been/ v [officially say that sth is forbidden] cncvopsoe:
The company has been banned from exorting goods for a year.
Smoking is banned in all communal areas of the university.
•
at large (used to indicate that a statement refers to most or all of :
the members of a group; free, especially after having escaped, and :
likely to cause harm) yevtKa I E:AE:09epo~: This is not an issue that :
concerns the public at large. The escaped murderer is still at large. :
at stake [at risk of being lost] OE Kiv6uvo: If you keep on working :
like this, your health will be at stake.
:
in jest [(of something said) intended to be funny rather than sen- :
ous) oruoreto: Oh, come on! Don't look at me like that. I only
:
said this in jest.
:
awkward /':>:kwad/ adj. [difficult, embarrassing or difficult to
:
deal with] 6ua6pe010~. OUoXPTJ010\: An awkward silence followed•
his indiscreet question.
predicament I prr'drkamant/ noun [an unfortunate or difficult
situation in which one des not know what to do] ouoKOATJ et01r
I found myself in an awful predicament when I realized I had
forgotten his name.
discharge td1s'tfo:d3/ vern (allow someone to leave, especially
from the army, a prison, or after being in hospital) aq>Jivw va
q>uyet: He will be discharged from the Navy next July.
:
expel /rk'spel/ verb [send someone away in disgrace; make a
:
foreigner leave a country because of illegal activity or political rea- :
sons) anopdAAw I anE:Aauvw: He was expelled from school for
:
vandalizing school property.All diplomats were expelled from the :
warring country.
:
eject ll'd3ekt1 v [make someone leave a place by using force) :
n£1w t~w: They were ejected from their house for not paying the :
rent.
:
outbreak l'au1bre1k/ noun [the beginning, especially of something bad] ~tonaaµa: The outbreak of the epidemic found the
health authorities totally unprepared.
outlay /'autle1/ noun [the money needed for an investment. business, activity, etc.] 6anaVT]: We need an initial outlay of at feast
COMPANION - Test 9
belated /br'lerud/ adj. [happening late] Ka0uan:pnµtvo~: I've
just received a belated birlhday card from Patrick.
outdated /aut'deiud/ adj. [too old-fashioned to be used nowadays] OTlTJPXOLWµtvo~. nrnaAmwµtvo~: I can't believe that such
an expensive school uses these outdated methods.
strain /strein/ verb [injure a muscle or part of the body through
too much use or exertion] xurcnove, Koup6Cw: You'll strain your
eyes by reading in such poor light.
pierce 1 pias/ verb (go into or through something by making a
small hole; (of light, sound, smell, etc.) penetrate) rpune,
61anepvw / (61)em6uw: The arrow pierced his arm. A sudden light
pierced the darkness.
pervert /pa'va.r/ verb [change something from what is normal or
right; lead to immoral or evil behavior] 61a01pE:PAwvw / 610q>8e!pw:
You are simply perverting the truth. Excessive wealth can pervert
young people.
pervade /pa'veid/ verb [spread through and be present in every
part on OIOTlOTICw. OIE:laouw: The smell of the baked cookies pervaded the house. After the earthquake, a sense of despair pervaded the ravaged villages.
joint /d301nt1 noun [the place where two or more things are
joined; a part of the body where two bones meet] apµ6~ I
6p0pwOT]: The plumber tightened up all the joints in the pipes.His
knee joined was seriously injured.
hinge /h10d3/ noun (a movable joint by means of which a door
is fastened to a door frame, a lid is fastened to a box, etc.) apµ6~.
µE:VlEOt\: I must oil the hinges because they squeak.
surmise /so'marz? verb [(formal) make a guess based on available information) E:1Ka<w. uovrsue: I can only surmise that something unexpected came up at the office.
beckon /'bekan/ verb (call a person to come near with the movement of the hand] veuw, Kavw venue: He beckoned me to follow
him into the building.
restore /ri'st;,:/ verb [repair something so that it is brought back
to its former state] anoKa9m1<i>, avaoTT]Awvw: The paintings need
to be restored before we can exhibit them.
miser /'ma1za/ noun [a person who likes accumulating wealth
and hates spending] <ptMpyupo,, to1yKouvrK He's such a miser,
he would never offer to buy someone a drink.
$1,000,000.
hoard /ho:d/ verb [collect and store things secretly, especially
corrupt /ka'rApt/ verb [cause someone to become immoral, dis- because one considers them to be valuable or important]
honest and indifferent to the harmful effects of such behavior]
auaawpeuw, anoKpumw: She has hoarded money all her life and
OLO<p9£(pw: It was his sudden rise to power that corrupted him.
has never enjoyed not even the simplest luxury.
implicate /'1mphke11/ verb [show that someone is connected
dissipate /'d1s1pe111 verb [waste foolishly) anarnAw: If we keep
with something bad, usually a crime) £voxono1w, £µnMKw:
on dissipating energy at the present rate, we are bound to come
Several prominent politicians are said to be implicated in the
• up against serious shortage.
scandal.
:
complicate /'komphkell/ verb [make something difficult to do or: Page 129 - Vocabulary
understand) nE:pmMKw: Your interference can only complicate
: averse /a'vs:s/ adj. [opposed] cvnaeroc. £V<iVl10~: I am not
matters so stay away from it all.
: averse to a glass of brandy after a good dinner.
crouch /krautf 1 verb [stand close to the ground with the knees : adverse /'~dv3:s/ adj. (unfavorable] ouoµ£vl'J~: His proposal
bent: (of an animal) lie close to the ground in fear or readiness for : attracted a lot of adverse comments.
action) avaKoupKouoi<w I µa(euoµm, ouoneeevoum: He
annuity /a'njunu, a'nu.ut/ noun [a fixed sum of money paid to
crouched behind the bush. The tiger was crouching ready to
someone every year by an investment, or insurance policy) emoio
spring on its prey.
tniOoµa: They live on a modest annuity.
coil tb11/ verb [wind into loops) KOUAoup1a(w/-oµm: The huge
prime /prarm/ noun [a state of highest strength, health, energy,
snake coiled around the tree.
and perfection] aKµ(], cvsoc. onosooueeuo: He was in the prime
fodder l'fnda. 'fo:dar/ noun [food for farm animals) (wotpoq>(J.
of life when he lost his wife.
focus /'raukas/ noun [a point to which light, a look. attention.
premier/'prem1a/ adj. [the best/most important : prime minister)
etc. is directed) En(K£Vlpo: She was the focus of everyone's
nceroc / noeeunoecvcc; The Ritz is one of the premier hotels in
attention.
London. The French premier is visiting our country next week.
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 119
COMPANION • Test 9
quadrant /'kwodranll noun [one of four equal parts that sth has : out or removed; also used figuratively) ave~iTTJ>.o<;: The events of
been divided into; quarter) rercpto
:
quarry / 'kwon I noun [a place where stone or sand is dug out of :
the ground) >.a1oµeio. vraµ6pi: He has worked in this marble
:
quarry all his lite.
:
query /'kw.an/ n (a question or doubt) ep<i>TT10Tl. anop(a: Should•
any of you have any queries, do not hesitate to contact me.
quest /kwest/ noun (a search for something) ava~DTI'IOTJ: The
predator was in quest of food.
revolt /n'vault/ verb [rebel against authority or a government]
enovoorore: The army revolted against the dictator.
impregnate/'1mpregne1ll verb [make a substance spread
through something) eµnot(~w. µouom'.Jw: The material was
impregnated with chemicals so that it would be preserved.
applause /a'pb:z/ noun [praise or approval expressed by clap- •
ping) XtlPOKP6TT1µa: The President received great applause at the :
end of his speech.
:
credit / 'k redrt 1 noun [approval, praise or recognition given to
:
someone for something they have done) avayvwp10Tf, encwoc: I :
think that he deserves the credittor the success of the campaign. :
impregnable /rrn'pregnabl/ adj. [so strong that cannot be broken :
into or captured) crtopsnroc. cncoroc. The supposedly impreg- :
nable fortress could not resist the force of the enemy attack.
:
implacable/ rrn'pleekebel/ adj. [angry and disappointed so that :
one is determined to continue fighting against or opposing some- :
one or something] aµe(>.tKTO<;, 06uownn10<;: He has proved to be :
an implacable enemy and we should always take his views into
:
consideration.
:
impetuous /rm'petfuas/ adj. [acting quickly without much think- :
ingJ ~10011K6<;, cneptoxerrroc; It was an impetuous decision
which he soon regretted.
utensll /ju.'tensal/ noun [a tool or object used for household
tasks] 01<.euo<;: The shelves were full of pots and pans and other
kitchen utensils.
stationaryl'sterf anarr I adj. [immobile; not moving]
OTa9µeuµtvo<;, aKiV1"1t0<:: She crashed into a stationary car out of
sheer carelessness.
hoax /hauks/ noun [a trick played to deceive people) cp6poa:
There was not a bomb planted in the school - it was all a hoax.
pounce /pauns/ verb (jump on a prey in order to catch and eat it]
ecpopµw, mavw OTO vuxlO µou: The lion pounced on the antelope.
venture /'ventfa/ verb (be brave enough to do sth or go into a
place) ~avo(yoµm: He ventured into the old house even though he
was frightened.
trench /trentf z noun [a deep ditch dug in the ground, especially
as protection for soldiers against gunfire] xapaKwµo: The soldiers
returned to the trenches.
plot I plot I noun [a plan, especially for doing something evil; the
story of a play, film, etc.: a piece of land) ouvwµooia / n>.oKn /
OlK6m:6o: They had set up a plot to assassinate the President. The
play has an interesting plot. We use this plot of land for gardening. •
contradict/kontre'dikt/ verb (argue or disagree with someone :
by saying that the opposite of what they say is true] avttKpouw: I :
would appreciate it if you didn't contradict every word I say, esoe- :
cially in such thoughtless manner.
:
resist Irr 'zrst/ verb [be able to stop oneself from doing some:
thing) evnorexouoc I could not resist the temptation of slapping :
him in the face when he insulted me.
:
inedible /rn'edrbl/ adj. [not suitable for eating) µn ppci>mµo<;: The:
food was disgustingand practically inedible.
:
indelible/m'delabl/ adj. [(of stains or ink) unable to be rubbed :
•
that day have Jett an indelible impression on my mind.
audible /':i:dabl/ adj. [that can be heard) nou aKouye1ot.
euKp1vf]<;: She was so tired that her voice was barely audible on
the phone.
audacious 1:>:'de1fas/ adj. [bold and daring) to>.µnpo<;: He put
forward an audacious plan to expand the company.
in store [(of future events) coming or about to happen] nou
emcpuMooe1 to µt>.Aov: No one knows what the future has in
store for us.
indisputable /tndr'spjunabl/ adj. [undoubted. undeniable]
a61aµq>lOPDTTJTO<;: He was their indisputable leader and was highly
respected by everyone.
mandatoryI 'mrendatan, 'meendato.n/ adj. [obligatory because
of being required by law; compulsory) unoxpewnK6<;: Attendance
of lectures is mandatory torall senior students.
enlist /in'lrst? verb [obtain the support and help of; join the army]
01pato>.oyw, e~oocpa>.i~w I KOtotdoooµm: They enlisted the support of five hundred citizensfor their campaign.
entitle /in'ta111/ verb [officially give someone the right to do
something) 6ivw 10 61Ka(wµo: All students are entitled to free
school lunches.
comprise /kam'prarz/ verb [include or consist of; be the parts of
or form something) nept>.aµpavw, ouvtorouo; anote>.ci>: The small
cottage comprised a sitting-room, a bedroom, a kitchen and a
bathroom.
come by phrasal verb (obtain, especially something rare or difficult to find] onosre: How did he come by all this money?
come across phrasal verb (find or meet unexpectedly] ouvovre
tuxafo: I came across some old pictures while I was looking
through the attic.
come round phrasal verb [happen as usual; regain consciousness) ~av6pxoµm I ouvtpxoµa1: Christmas is coming round
again.When he came round. she asked tor a glass of water.
come about phrasal verb [happen) ouµpo(vw: How did that prob/em come about? I thought we had worked out everything.
Irruption/1'r,..pfan/ n [(formal) a sudden and often violent entry
of people into a place] e10~0>.f], w16poµri: The demonstration was
followed by an iffuption of protesters into a government building.
frown /fraun/ verb [make the forehead wrinkle and the eyebrows
move down as a sign of worry, disapproval, deep thought, etc.]
ouvocppuwvoµat, liuoavaaxctci>: He frowned at the girl's impolite
behavior.
bulge lbAld3/ verb [swell out) cpouoK<i>vw, 61oyK<ilvoµm: His
muscles bulged. Her bag was bulging with bank notes.
fraughttfro:tl adj. [full of or charged with) nMPn<;, 1<.016cpopto<;:
Our life is fraught with problems.He gave a reply fraught with
meaning.
frigid t'fnd31d/ adj. [cold and unemotional] (j)uxp6<;: We were
given a rather frigid welcome by the locals.
Page 130 ·Reading - TEXT 1
nobility/nau'bilitV noun (aristocracy) aptOTOKpat!a
pastoral /'pa:staral/ adj. [of or for the countryside] aypo111<.6<;,
e~ox1K6<;: The cottage was built in a beautifulpastoral setting
amongst some trees.
ancestral /am'sestral/ adj. (referring to sb's family in the past)
ncroovovnoc: This is our ancestral home; it belonged to my great
grandparents.
ailing/'eili!)I adj. [sick] 6ppw0to<;: I found an ailing cat in my
garden so I looked after it until it got better.
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 120
salvage /'srelvidl/ verb [save) (61a)ow~w: The firemen managed
to salvage some of my things from the burning house.
be a champion of sth [protect: support; defend sb/sth]
untpµaxoc;: He was a great champion of the poor and spent a lot
of time trying to improve their living conditions.
nurture /'m:f a(r)/ verb [care for sth/sb while they are growing or
developing] avatptcpw, µeyC!Awvw: She devoted her life to nurturing her children to be good, honest people.
propagate /'propageiV verb [make sth grow, spread)
no>J.an>.amd~w: Many zoos try to help propagate endangered
species.
depleted /di'pli:tid/ adj. [reduced] e~aVTAl]µtvo<;: We need to
restock our depleted supplies.
singular /'SiDgiula(r)/ adj. [great: unusual: exceptional] µova61K6<;:
Winning an Olympic medal was his most singular achievement.
•
:
COMPANION· Test 9
or the true nature or character of sth) She was the quintessence
of everything that a good mother should be.
fitting/'filiD/ adj. (appropriate; suitable) oeoroc, noenev. It's fitting that Jill should get the promotion after all the hard work she
has done.
meander /mi'renda(r)/ verb [move slowly and not in a straight
line] ru:p1cptpoµm: We meandered through the forest, looking at
the plants and trees.
daunting /'do:nti!)I adj. [making one feel nervous or hesitant]
ano8appuvttK6<;: The idea of donating blood for the first time was
a bit daunting, but it didn't hurt at all.
brave /'breiv/ verb [face up to; deal with sth difficult] aljlr]cpw: I
guess we'll have to brave the storm if we want to go home.
the elements (pl) /'elamants/ noun [nature and the weather] to
mmxeia: I don't want to brave the elements but I have to go
shopping so I've no choice really.
vibrant /vai'branV adj. [bright: lively; colorful) yeµ(no<; ~wvtdvta:
London is a vibrant city that offers somel/1ing for everyone.
Page 131 - Reading- TEXT 2
pitcher /'pif a(r)/ noun [container for water] 016µva, Kap6<pa The
rejoice /ri'd~ois/ verb [celebrate; be very happy about sth]
waiter brought a pitcher of water to our table.
a1086voµa1 aya>J.iaOT) vm: We rejoiced when we heard that the
humble /'hflmbl/ adj. (ordinary; normal] rcnavcc: I live in a humwar was over.
ble house in a village but my brother has a big, expensive home.
wipe out phrasal verb [destroy; kill completely] e~o>.o8peuw: The
acclaim /a'kleim/ noun (praise] em60K1µaoia: The producer won
dinosaurs were wiped out by dramatic climatic changes.
great acclaim tor his films during his career.
spawn /apo:n/ verb [cause sth to happen or be created]
resuscitate /ri:'sAsiteiV verb (cause sb/sth to be popular; active
6nµ1oupyw. ~enn6w: The unpopular new law has spawned criti•
again) The record company is trying hard to resuscitate the
cism from many people.
:
singer's
career with a new collection of songs.
give momentum to /msu'mentsm/ [make sth progress; develop
more quickly] opµ(): The extra money has really given momentum
to the campaign.
Page 133 - Reading - Text 4
latch onto phrasal verb [attach to sth; connect to; join]
be blessed with (be very lucky to have sth] e(µm npomouevoc
npooKo>.>.w: These small sea creatures latch onto the backs of
us: He is blessed with a loving family.
whales and stay there.
home in on phrasal verb [move towards on it) Ka1eu8uvoµa1: The savannah /sa'vrena/ noun [open, flat area of grassland] oa~ava
mangrove /'mrengrauv/ noun [tree with roots above the ground
missiles home in on the enemy planes and destroy them.
that grows near water in hot countries] µayKp6p10
lethal /'li:8al/ adj. [extremely dangerous) cpovtK6<;: A gun is a
swamp /swomp/ noun [area of wet land) t>.o<;. p6>.to<;: Many
lethal weapon.
crocodiles live in this area of swamps and rivers.
payload /'peilaud/ noun [the amount of explosives a weapon caruntapped I r.n'trept/ adj. [not yet used) aveKµeto.MeuTO<;: This is a
ries or has - here referring to the antibody that attacks cancer)
country
fall of untapped resources so it has the potential to
knock out phrasal verb [kill: destroy) osoreve: This antibiotic will
become
quite wealthy.
soon knock out the disease.
metastasize /metes'tesaz/ verb [(for a tumour) to pass to anoth- perennial /pa'ranial/ adj. [constant; continual] mci>vto<;, xp6v10<;:
The government has to deal with the perennial problem of unemer part of the body; spread] e~an>.<i>voµm: The cancer has metasployment.
tasized to several parts of her body so she probably won't live.
field /fi:ld/ noun [area of study) 1oµta<;: I'm doing research in the arable /'rerabl/ adj. [for land that is used for growing crops
Ka>J.1epyr'Jo1µ0<;: You won't see many cows or sheep around here
field of nuclear physics.
: as it is mostly arable land.
: hectare /'hektea/ noun [area of land equal to 10,000 square
Page 132 - Reading- TEXT 3
: metres] eKtap10
merit /'merit/ verb (deserve) a~(~w: His effort really doesn't merit : harvester /'ha:vista(r)/ noun [machine which cuts and collects
much praise as he only did what he had to do.
: crops such as wheat, maize or vegetables J 8ep1011K(J µnxav(J
fabled /'feibld/ adj. (famous; legendary) 8pu>.1K6<;: Many fabled :
actorshave sufferedfromproblemswith drugsor alcohol.
:
render /'renda/ verb [express, portray sth in a particular way) The :
writerrendered the main character in the book as a cruel, heart- :
less man.
:
inanimate /in'renimat/ adj. [without life] dlj)uxo<;: Some cultures :
believe that inanimate objects have a psyche.
:
mundane /ml\n'dein/ adj. (ordinary; average; boring ne<6c;]: After :
such an exciting holiday, it's hard to do the mundane, everyday :
jobs again.
:
quintessence /kwin'tesans/ noun [the most perfect example of sth :
•
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 121
Vocabulary
COMPANION·Test
9
Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. The controversial
A. expired
statements have
B. ejected
2. The ship didn't sail due to
A. inedible
B. audible
a scandal in Parliament.
C. ignited
weather conditions.
C. frigid
D. surmised
0. adverse
3. He
his back, lifting the heavy box.
A. strained
B. beckoned
C. implicated
0. restored
4. Don't pull the door of its
A. hinges
B. quests
C. utensils
D. hoaxes
C. stationary
D. mandatory
5. This job is
A. audacious
!
with danger.
B. fraught
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. The
of slavery was a great moment for humanity.
2. I need a
DEPEND
person who won't let me down.
3. This method is
now; you need to modernise your office.
4. We discussed some pretty
issues at the conference.
5. There has been a terrible
ABOLISH
of the disease in this region.
DATE
WEIGH
OUT
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
crouch
1. Did they manage to
2. The cat
3. Why do you
4. We need to
5. They
hoard
pounce
enlist
frown
the sunken ship?
on the mouse.
so much rubbish in your room?
the help of a few friends.
when they heard the good news.
salvage
rejoice
15 FIN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
page 122
Practice Test 1 o
Pages 134-135 - Composition
spirit /'sp1rrt1 noun (an alcoholic drink) G>.Koo>.ouxo noro: The
consumption of spiritshas risen during the last year.
drunkenness t 'drAJJkanas/ noun [the state of being frequently
drunk) µten, a>.Koo>.10µ6c;: His family found it hard to deal with
his drunkeness.
Page 139- Grammar
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
demote /dt'maut/ verb (reduce to a lower rank] unopipa~w: He
was demoted tor misconduct.
fritter away phrasal verb (throw away or waste gradually)
KOtaonarn>.<i>: He frittered away all his money on gambling.
stall /sto.l / verb [stop suddenly because of lack of power or
speed] oroucre, op~vw: The car stalled when I was halfway up
•
the hill.
electrocute /t'lektrakju:t/ verb (kill accidentally by electricity)
npoKa>.ci> n>.eK1pon>.n~ia: The worker was electrocuted when he
touched an uncovered electric wire.
consult /kan'sAll/ verb [seek advice or infonnation from)
ouµaou>.t:uoµm: Don't do anything before you consult your lawyer.
Page 140 - Grammar
fuss If ss! noun [unnecessary excitement, worry or activity, often
about something unimportant) qiaoapfa: He makes such a fuss
about everything that I don't want him with us on the project.
deputy /'depjo111 noun (a person who is directly below the head
of a business, organization, etc. and who represents them in their :
absence] avan>.11pwtl'tc;. aon86c;: While the Mayor was away, his :
deputy ran the office.
:
gather /'gretia/ verb [suppose that something is true or know it :
from what has been seen, heard, etc.] ouvdyw, ouµnepa!vw: I
:
gather he doesn't know the truth or he wouldn't be so relaxed.
:
scrape through phrasal verb Uust manage to do sth, esp. pass an :
exam) nEpvdw napd tp(xo: I didn't get an excellent grade but at :
least I managed to scrape through the exam.
:
deceive /dr'si.v/ verb (cause someone to believe something that :
is false so as to mislead or play a trick on them] e~an01ci>: We
:
were all deceived by her innocent appearance.
:
no laughing matter [something which is serious and should not :
be treated as a joke) oosooo seuc, nou 6ev Efvat vm yt>.ta:
:
Risking your career like this is no laughing matter.
:
bankrupt /'ba:l)krAptl adj. (unable to pay one's debts]
:
xpewKonnµtvoc;: They went bankrupt as a result of their bad mar- :
keting methods.
:
run down !rAn 'daun I adj. [unhealthy and exhausted)
:
E~av1>.nµtvoc;, Koupaoµtvoc;: I feel completelyrun down and I
:
need a few days off work.
:
traffic warden /'tra:f1k wo.dn/ noun [a person whose job is to •
check that cars are not parked illegally) uno>.>.n>.oc; nou eMvxe1
TTJ 01aaµeu01) aUKOKtvi)1wv.
Page 141 - C/oze
sector /'sekta/ noun (a particular area of activity, especially one
related to a country's ecomony) rouenc: The majority of people
working at the manufacturing sector are complaining about low
wages.
columnist /'knlam1st. 'k olamrust/ noun [a journalist who writes
a regular article, usually on a particular subject, in a newspaper or
COMPANION • Teat 10
magazine) 10KnK6c; apapoypdqioc;, xpovoypaqioc;: Our sports
columnist resigned quite unexpectedly.
vulnerably /'v,\lnarabh/ adv. [in a way that hurts someone emotionally or physically) Tp(lmi, Eunpooa>.11t0: She is a vulnerably
sensitive person and you shouldn't have been so strict with her.
a cog in the wheel/machine [a person who has a small part or
plays an unimportant role in a scheme, plan, company, etc.) o
1t:>.w10(oc; 1poxoc; rnc aµ<i~nc;: I wish I could do something to
help you, but I'm just a cog in the wheel.
initiative / i'ru]auv 1 noun [a first step in an attempt to solve a
problem or get something done: the ability to make decisions for
oneself] npw10aou>.!a: He took the initiative in organizing a search
party to look for the missing child.He is quite good at his job, but
lacks initiatwe.
materialism /ma'uartahzm/ n [the belief that material possessions
are more important than moral and spiritual values) u>.10µ6c;,
npooK6>-MOll 010 u>.LKa oya0d: The materialism of contempor81}'
society is detrimental to the upbringing of young children.
cynical /'s1111kal/ adj. [unable to believe that people may have
good and sincere motives for doing something] KUVLK6c;: You can
call me cynical if you like, but I think chivalry is dead.
insistence /rn'srstons/ noun [the act of insisting on something
and not allowing refusal) emµovi), a~iwori: I couldn't understand
his insistence to proceed with the law suit.
assail /a'se11/ verb [attack or criticize someone violently)
enrneeucc He was fiercely assailed by his political opponent during the debate.
affront /a'front I noun (a deliberately insulting comment or a
challenge to one's dignity) uapic;, npooaoM: Jack considered the
manager's remarks to be an affront to his professional dignity.
assault /a's:>:lt/ noun [the act of attacking someone violently
either physically or by angrily criticizing their beliefs or attitudes]
miSeori, npooao>.~: The assault of the press on him was such
that he was forced to reveal everything.
bind /bamd/ n [an annoying, troublesome or difficult situation)
ayyapt:ia, ~6pt: Not having the use of my car since the accident
has put me in a bit of a bind.
tie /tat/ noun [something that joins or unites) 6Eoµ6c;: Strong
family ties helped him when things became difficult tor him.
misfortune /rms'f'o.tjon/ noun [an instance of bad luck]
KaK01uxia: I had the misfortune to break my leg just a day before
the games.
Page 142 - Vocabulary
swap /swop/ verb -also swap- (exchange one thing for another)
aVTaM<ioow: They swapped jackets with each other.
dearth /d3:0/ noun [a shortage of something) t>J.eu!Jn,
avm<ipKEta: Since the civil war broke out, there has been a
severe dearth of food.
vomit /'vomit/ verb [bring food back from the stomach out
through the mouth] Kdvw EµE16: Whenever the ship started to
sway, she tell like vomiting.
deport /dr'po.t/ verb [send a foreigner out of a country because
of either being there illegally or having committed a crime]
ane>.auvw: He was deported from Italy on a charge of smuggling.
entry /'entrt/ n [the right to enter a place or country] 6tKa[wµa
aoooou; He was refused entry to the government building.
deduce /dt'dju:s/ verb [reach a conclusion by reasoning)
ouµnepa(vw: From the way they talked, I deduced some hostility
towards each other.
entice /rn'tars/ verb [attract or tempt especially by offering
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 123
something] i'iEAEd(w: Such an impressive window display will cer- :
tainly entice passers-by.
:
admission /a'drmjen/ n [a statement in which sb accepts sth as :
true] napai'iox(J: He is a fraud by his own admission.
:
admittance /a'drmtans/ noun [(formal) permission to enter]
:
dl'iEta Eta61'iou: Eventually, he managed to gain admittance to the :
focal country club.
:
overthrow /auva'9rau/ verb [defeat and force out of power]
:
avmptnw: There is a plot to overthrow the democratic govern:
ment of the country.
:
withdraw /w16'dr:>:, w10'dr:i:/ verb -p.t. withdrew, p.p. with:
drawn- [move back or away] anom)pw/-0µ01: The army withdrew
from its initial position.
salvation /srel'veif an/ noun [the act of saving one's soul from
sin or of preventing loss or failure) owlT]pia: Christians pray for
the salvation of their souls.
salvage /'srelv1d3/ noun [the saving of property, especially from
wrecked ships or burning buildings] 1'i1aowOT]. l'imawatv u>.tK6:
They set up a salvage operation to rescue the climbers that were
caught in the mountain storm.
:
drowsy /'drauz1/ adj. [tired and about to fall asleep)
:
vu01ayµtvo<;, µ100Koiµ1oµtvoc:: After watching 7V for a while he :
felt drowsy.
:
giddy /'g1d1/ adj. [feeling that one is going to fall down and that :
everything is spinning round] (aA1oµtvoc:: My partner was dancing :
round so fast that I felt giddy.
:
mount /maunt/ verb (organize and carry out something)
:
opyav<.ilvw, Oti)vw, ~EKlv<i>: They have mounted an impressive
:
campaign to advertise their new perfume.
:
sustained /sa'sternd/ adj. [continuing for a long time]
:
evretouevoc, emuovoc: He owes his professional success to
:
sustained hard effort.
:
subsist /sab'stst/ verb [(formal) live on very little food or money] :
OUVTTlPOuµm, (w: The climbers had to subsist on fruit and water :
until the rescue team found them.
•
seduction /s1'dAkfan/ noun [the act of persuading someone
young and inexperienced to have sex; a strong but often harmful
attraction] unonxcvnon I 1'ie>.eaoµ6<;: Her lawyer insisted that the
young girl was the victim of seduction.The seductions of life in the
big city were difficult to resist.
menace /'menas/ noun (a person, thing or quality that is threatening) ane!Afi: Nuclear weapons are a menace to humanity.
solace /'solas/ noun [(formal) (something that gives) comfort or
relief at a time of pain or sorrow] naprwopta: When his wife left
him, he found solace in his work.
•
droop /dru:p/ noun (a position of hanging or leaning downwards] OKutJ11µ0, xaµi;>.wµa: Did you notice the droop of his
shoulders? He really seemed tired.
stoop /stu:p/n (a forward and downward slope of the shoulders]
Kaµnoupmoµa, oKu~tµo: He has recently developed a slight stoop.
troupe t tru:p/ noun [a traveling group of actors. singers, etc.
who perform together) nep101>Euwv B!aooc;: All the children were
excited when the circus troupe arrived in town.
subordinate /sa'bo.dmet/ adj. [less Important or of a lower rank!
unoi'iet01epoc:. «nerepoc; He has only played a subordinate role :
and I don't think he deserves the credit for this agreement.
:
inferior /tn'frana/ adj. [of less quality, value, skill or of a lower :
status than someone or something else] Kat<.iltepoc;, KOK()<;
:
noiomrcc: This piece of machinery is inferior to the German one :
we saw yesterday.
:
subservient /seb'ss.vrant/ adj. (always willing to do what sb else:
•
COMPANION ·Test
10
wants you to do; (formal) subordinate] unotaKuK6C:. i'iou>.onprnl')c:
I unoi'iEtOTEpo<;: She has always been a subservient, almost
servile person.I do not see how my needs are subservient to yours.
landmark /'lrendmo:k/ noun [an event, idea. or discovery that
marks a stage in process or an important point in history; a building or land feature that is easy to notice and helps someone define
their position] opoonuo, crcsuoc I oooonuo, OT]µE[o
avayvwpiOTJc:: The discovery of penicillin was a landmark in the
history of medicine. The Statue of Uberty is a famous landmark.
stumbling-block noun [a problem or obstacle that stops someone
from doing something) eµn6i510, ava01a>.11K6C: noccvcvrcc: His
narrow-mindedness is the main stumbling-block to the expansion
procedures.
stepping-stone noun [an event or a job position that helps someone make progress, especially at work) oxoxoncn: The new position he was given is a stepping-stone to a successful career.
Page 143 - Vocabulary
give free rein to [allow free expression of emotions or feelings;
(give someone (a) free rein) give someone the freedom to decide
what to do or how to do it or] mpnvw E>.euBepo, l'iivw TO
e>.eu0epo: We, teachers, should give free rein to children's imagination. His boss gave him a free rein to handle the situation.
deign /demi verb [condescend to do something which you consider unimportant] Karnl'itxoµm: We sent them a letter of complaint, but they didn't deign to reply.
slack /sleek/ adj. (with less work or activity than usual] orovoc,
otcouioc: Business is slack at the moment and we don't need
any more employees.
choosy /'tfu:z1/ adj. [difficult to please and accepting something
only if it is of top quality] MoKo>.oc:. eK>.tKUK6<;: She's so choosy
that I don't know what to give her for her birthday.
cheeky /'tfi:k1/ adj. [impolite and disrespectful) ava11'il')c;: He's a
cheeky young man with no manners at all.
seedy /'si:d1 I adj. [poor, shabby, and untidy] q>TWXlK6C:, 60>.toc::
They were poor people living in seedy slums.
cessation /sc'seijen/ noun [(formal) a pause or stop] nouon,
010Kon(): Both countries agreed on a cessation of hostilities.
recession /n'sefan/ noun [a period during which their is less
trade or business and which is characterized by declining production and increasing unemployment] oeeon, OLKovoµtK() Kp(OT]: The
recession has caused many people to become redundant.
recess /rr'ses. 'ri:ses/ noun (a period of rest between the working sessions of a parliament, committee, or law court] i510Konfi
epyaoiwv: The committee is going into recess and they will
resume their work in two weeks.
acquit /a'kwu/ verb [declare an accused person to be innocent)
aawwvw: She was acquitted of fraud for lack of evidence.
acquiesce /rekwr'es/ v [(formal) reluctantly agree to do what sb
wants or accept what they do without arguingj ouva1vw,
ouyKatarf0eµm: He silently acquiesced to the manager's
demands.
devastate /'devasten/ v [leave in ruins; overwhelm a person with
grie~ Kata01ptq>w, pnµa(w I ouvroococe: The fire devastated
thousands of acres of forest. She was devastated by tne terrible
news.
deplore td1'pl:>:/ verb !strongly criticize or condemn something,
especially In public; feel sorrow about something] ano1'ioK1µa(w I
0>.i~oµai: The public deplored the minister's tnvctvemen: in tne
scandal.
denude /dr'nju.d, dr'nu.d/ verb [remove the natural covering or
15 nN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
page 124
COllPAJllON · Test 10
part of something] anoyuµv<i>vw: The tall trees stood denuded of : founded by the sudden change in her behavior.
their leaves.
: perplex /pa'pleks/ verb [make someone feel confused or bewil• dered, especially because of not being able to understand someenviable /'enviabl/ adj. (causing or exciting envy] (n>.eut6c;,
a~10(r')>.eu10c;: She spoke in public with enviable ease.
thing) µncp6euw, auvxu(w: I was so perplexed by these instructions that I couldn't do a thing with the machine.
laudable /'b:dabl/ adj. (worthy of being praised) a~1tnatvoc;:
Even though he didn't finish first, his efforts were laudable.
contemptuous /kan'temptfuas/ adj. (showing contempt or total
lack of respect) m:puppovnnK6c;: She gave him a contemptuous
Page 144 - Reading- TEXT 1
smile making clear that she knew all about his dirty scheme.
sovereign /'sovnn/ noun [(formal) a king, queen, or emperor]
stray /strer/ adj. [(informal) unexpectedly or accidentally separat- • ~aat>.tac;, nveuovcc: Napoleon was probably the most powerful
ed from a group; misdirected] aManornc;, nepm>.av<i>µcvoc;: They sovereigns of his time.
took in a stray dog.
seemingly /'si:m11Jl1/ adv. [according to outward appearance,
stuntman /'stAntmren/ noun -pl stuntmen- [a person who
usually as opposed to what is actually the case] cpa1voµev1Ka,
replaces an actor in dangerous scenes] xooxuvreo: The stuntman Kata ta cpa1v6µcva: Seemingly, his business is not doing very
was slightly injured during the car-crash scene.
well.
daredevil /'deadeval/ noun (a bold or reckless person]
subject /'st.bd3akt/ noun [a citizen of a country which is ruled
nupdrosuoc; This child is a real daredevil; he's always racing his : by a monarch] um;Kooc;: The queen greeted her subjects.
bike down the busy main road.
: Illustrious 11·1 ... strras/ adj. [(formal) well-known and admired
outrageous /au1're1d3as/ adj. (shocking in manner or appear: because of one's achievements or high social status] emq>avflc:,
ance] e~WIPPEVtK6c;: I was put off by his outrageous behavior.
: 61aK&Kp1µtvoc;, >.aµnp6c;: Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome
stimulating /'st1mjule1t11J/ adj. [causing someone to feel enthu- : our illustrious guest, Judge Parkins.
siastic, full of new ideas, or more active] ev0appuvnK6c;,
: misgovernment /rms'gxvanrnanr/ noun (the act of ruling a
61eyepTIK6c;, roveruoc: Talking to such an intelligent person can : country badly or unfairly) KOKr') 610Ku~tpvnan: Misgovernment and
be quite stimulating.Caffeine has a stimulating effect.
: financial scandals brought about the downfall of the ruling party.
serene /sa'ri:n/ adj. [happy and peaceful) ya>.r')v1oc;, noeuoc: The : successor /sak'sesa/ noun [a person who rightfully takes over an
man's serene exterior disguised his violent nature.
: office or position] 61Moxoc:: His successor as head of the compainduct Im 'dAkt/ verb [place someone in a postion or an office : ny proved to be much less efficient.
formally or during a ceremony] eyKa810t<i> emm;µwc;: He was
: transaction /tram'za:kfan/ noun [the act of performing and
inducted to priesthood when he was a young man.
: completing something such a business deal, a duty, etc.]
shun If "n/ verb [avoid or keep away from] ano(j)euyw: AIDS vie- : 61eKnepaiwan: He was most meticulous in the transaction of his
tims are unfairly shunned by society.
: duties.
congest /kon'djest? verb [concetrate in a small space: over: persecute /'ps:s1kju:11 verb [treat someone cruelly or unfairly
crowd] ouooeoeue, ouvwcrt!(w: The old woman had congested : because of their race, political or religious beliefs] t'.it<i>Kw,
thousands of ornaments in her small living room.
: Kmmptxw: Thousands of people were persecuted and killed for
divest /dar'vest, dr'vesr/ verb (take away the position, rights or : their religious beliefs by the Inquisition.
property from a person] cnoorspe: The dictator was divested of : Puritan /'pjuari1an/ noun la member of the English Protestants
all his power.
: in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted to dispose of all
divert /dar'vs.r/ verb [distract: cause to tum to a different direc- : Roman Catholic influence and abolish ceremonies that were not
tion] cnoone, OTPE<PW a>.>.ou 1T)V npoooxri I &KTptnw: I tried to : performed according to the Bible] noup1Tav6c;.
divert his attention but his eyes were glued to the TV.Diverting the : levy / 'levt I verb [impose and collect a tax or other payment]
flow of the riverprevented flooding.
: empa>.>.w, nep1ou>.Atyw: A new tax will be levied on cigarettes.
accrue /a'kru:/ verb [collect or accumulate over a period of time] : sanction 1'sre1Jkfan/ n(permission or approval] tyKp1an: The solouooepeue: Interest accrues when money is left in a savings
: dier's action did not have the sanction of his commanding officer.
account. Over the years they had accrued a priceless collection of parliamentary /pa:la'mencan/ adj. [related to or ruled by a parstamps.
liament] Kmvopou>.eunK6c;: A lot of citizens are not aware of the
amicable /'rem1kabl/ adj. [involving friendliness and the willingparliamentaryprocedures.
ness to settle problems through agreement rather than quarrel)
debate /dr'beu/ noun/verb [a formal discussion at a public meetlP1AtK6c;: Let's try and settle our disagreement in an amicable way. ing or by a committee: discuss formally] ou(ri1Tl0Tl I ou(n1w
despicable /dis'prkabl/ adj. [terrible; very bad] anaimo~: I was
(6nµ6mo): Aftera long debate, his proposal was voted for.
ashamed to witnessyour despicable behavior.
principle /'pnnsapal/ noun (a general truth, rule or law; (plural)
complacent /kam'plersant/ adj. [calm and self-satisfied so that
one's own personal beliefs or standards of behavior) apxn. a~(wµo
you stop trying to improve things) au1ap&0KOC:. µ0Kap1oc;: We
I opxtc:: It's against my principlesto hide the truth no matter how
cannot afford to be complacent; we must keep on working hard.
painful this might be.
subjugate l'sAbd3uge1t/ v (defeat, especially in a war, and take
vindicate /'v1nd1ke1t/ verb (show that someone or something is
control of a group of people] unorcooe, unoOou>.wvw: The invad- right or true or prove that an accused person is in fact not guilty]
ing army subjugated the territory bringing about total devastation. 6tKoto>.oyci>, 61Ka1wvw: The unfortunate outcome of the negotiastun lstAnl verb [cause someone to become unconscious for a
tions has vindicated my worries. The decision of the jury vindicated
while, especially by hitting them] a(l)r')vw ovolosmo: The punch in : him completely.
the stomach stunned him for a few moments.
: mutilation/mju:tt'le1fan/ noun [the act of disfiguring someone
confound /kan'Iaund/ verb [cause a state of disorder; puzzle
: by severely and violenlly removing part of their body]
and surprise greatly] µnep6euw, ouvxtw: I was absolutely con: aKpwtnp100µ6c;: Thousands of people all over the world have suf-
•
15 I1NAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 125
fered severemuuettons from explodingmines.
haughty /'h:>:tr/ adj. [proud, arrogant and disdainful]
unepormxcc, m:puppovrinK6c;: She treated her subordinates in a
haughty, almost hostile manner.
retract /n'trrekt/ verb [take back what one has stated) avaKaA<il,
avmpw: We are in an awkward predicament as our main witness
has retracted her testimony.
alienate /'e11tane11/ verb [cause someone to become unfriendly
or reluctant to offer support) ano~evwvw, xavw Tl)V cpt>.ia/
unoornpun: If we pass the new taxation bill, we are bound to
alienate our voters.
warranted /'wnron11d/ adj. [done with a good reason; justified]
i5tKatof.ovnµtvoc;, pao1µoc;: Such severe punishment was certainly
not warranted.
conscience /'konfans/ noun [the part of one's mind that tells
someone what is morally right or wrong) ouvetonon: Whatever
you do, make sure that it's your conscience that leads you.
unbending 1.,n'bend1IJ/ adj. [firm and unwilling to alter one's
decisions or opinions) a>.uy101oc;. ai516).AoKToc;: The unbending
attitude of the management sparked off a strike.
torment /to.'menr/ verb [cause someone to suffer either mentally or physically) paoavi<w: He was tormented by guilt.The soldiers
severely tormented the prisoners.
inflict /rn'f'lrkt? verb [impose or bring about something unwanted
or unpleasant] emaO>J.w, npoKaX<il: The recent floods have inflicted great sufferingto the inhabitants of the stricken areas.
Page 145 - Reading - TEXT 2
occupation /nkjo'perjen/ noun [the act of invading a place and
keeping control or it) KOlOATJIJITJ, KaTO~: The revolution treed me
country from the foreign occupation.
boost /bu:st! verb [cause something to increase largely]
avuiti<ilvw, evt0xuw: We are certain that this new sophisticated
equipment will boost production.
narrow /'n:erau/ verb [reduce something in number, range, etc.)
µetwvw: Our goal is to narrow the differences between richer and
poorer areas of the country.
flaunt I fb:nt/ verb [show one's possessions or abilities with the
aim of causing admiration or shock! emi5etKvuw: They flaunt their
possessions in a most offensive way.
conscious /'konfas/ adj. [able to notice or realize something:
aware] ouveti5rinic;, ouvaicr9av6µevoc;: I was fully conscious of
1 the fact that I had been deceived.
slip /shpt verb [make a careless mistake] a01oxw, Ktivw Ad9oc;:
still can't understand where I have slipped.
apolitical /erpa'hukal/ adj. [not interested or involved in politics]
anof.mK6<;: Younger generationstend to be rather apolitical when
compared to previous ones.
pariah /pa'rara/ noun [someone whom people despise and
refuse to associate with; an outcast] an6aXri1oc;: He is a weird
person but I don't think that he should be treated as a pariah.
unity /'ju:nat1/ noun [the state of being one or acting in narmony] ev6T11TO, ouµnvoto: Unity of purpose is essential to the
achievement of our goals.
retailer In 'tei la/ noun [a tradesman who sells goods to individual customers] tµnopoc; f.tav1K~<; n<i>AllOTJ<;, usronpcmc.
:
:
:
:
:
COMPANION • Tasl 10
Page 146 - Reading - TEXT 3
harass /'hreras. ha'ras/ v [trouble and irritate continually either
by causing problems or by attacking) napevox~w. TaAamwpw:
Immigrants were continually harassed by the authorities.
consequently /'knns1kwantli/ adv. [as a result] ouvenec, KOT6
ouvenno: He lied to the police and consequently was arrested.
perspective /pa'spekuv/ noun [a particular way of thinking
which is influenced by one's opinions or experiences) nnoen,
npoorrnoi aVTiAT]IJ)T): His theory gave us a whole new perspective
on the importance of everyday activities.
genuine /'d3enju111/ adj. [real; not fake or artificial] yvf}o1oc;,
au9eVTtK6<;: The expert assured us that the painting was a
genuine Rembrandt.
• be stuck In a rut [be involved In a situation that is unchanging
and boring) pounvia<w. ).1µva<w: At some point I realized that I
was stuck in a rut and I decided to find a new job.
ignorance /'1gnarans/ noun [the state of having lack of knowledge or information about a subject] 6yvoto: I can only attribute
the mistake to his ignorance.
Page 147 - Reading - TEXT 4
• tackle /'trekl/ verb [try to deal with sth (difficult)] avrtµeTwn(~w
We can't avoid this problem, we have to tackle it and do our best.
palatial /pa'leifial/ adj. (large and impressive, like a palace]
µeyaXonpe~c;: The museum is an amazing palatial building with
hundreds of rooms.
vast /va:sV adj. [very big] rsononoc; The Gobi is a vast desert.
sprawl /spro:I/ noun [a place that has grown or expanded without
proper planning or organization] It's easy to get lost in this sprawl
of a city.
revivity /ri:'vivifai/ verb (make sth more active, interesting, lively
etc.] We need to revivify the museum to attract more visitors.
plaster /'pla:sta/ noun [a white substance put on walls to make
them smooth] aopac;: You can't paint the walls of the new house
until the plaster is completely dry.
facade /fa'sa:d/ noun [front wall of a building) np6aoljl11: The
facade of the palace is impressive as you approach the building.
rectify /'rektifai/ verb [correct or fix sth) litop0<ilvw, enavop0wvw:
I'll rectify the problem as soon as I can.
incomparable /in'komprabV adj. [extremely good; very impressive]
aouyKptrnc;: Einstein was a man of incomparable intelligence.
• preside (over) /pri'zaid/ verb [be in charge of sth] npoei5peuw
: oe: The director will preside over this important project.
bottomless purse [a never ending supply of money] onoeuevoc,
: nou i5ev orepeuer I don't have a bottomless purse so stop asking
: me to buy you things.
: discriminating /dis'krimineili!J/ adj. [having the ability to recognise
: what is of good quality) EKAEKTlK6<;: Get James to help you
: choose a suit tor your wedding because he has discriminating
: taste in clothes.
: insatiable /in'seif abl/ adj. (wanting as much of sth as one can
: get] OK6pe01oc;: He has an insatiable interest in music; it's his
: whole life.
:
:
:
I:
.•
•
•
••
•
••
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page
Vocabulary
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. let's
this problem together.
A. revivify
B. radiate
2. Don't be
A. cheeky
126
COMPANION ·Test
Exercises
C. entice
D. tackle
to your father. Show some respect.
B. laudable
C. serene
D. illustrious
3. He likes to
A. harass
his new purchases when he's been shopping.
B. rectify
C. flaunt
4. You should
A. retract
your statement seeing as it caused so much offence.
B. levy
C. boost
D. acquit
5. The reporter was killed by a
A. haughty
B. stray
10
D. preside
bullet.
C. slack
D. giddy
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. She is a woman of
COMPARE
beauty.
2. His constant
3. He was denied
4. She is in the
led to his losing his job.
DRUNK
to the exclusive club.
ADMIT
position of having a well-paid job that she loves.
. 5. He gave her a
smile when she was sarcastic to him.
ENVY
CONTEMPT
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
demote
gather
vomit
deduce
deplore
concoct
1. I
that Bob and Dave have started their own business.
2. I
people who are cruel to animals.
3. He was
4. No doubt, she'll
5. The child
because his work wasn't good enough.
some outrageous excuse for being late.
after eating loo much chocolate.
wonder
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 127
Practice Test 11
Page 155 - Cloze
flammable /'fla:mabll adj. that can be easily set on fire
eli(l)A&K1oc;: The spread of the fire was due to the existence of
highly flammable materialsin the warehouse.
mineral /'minaral/ n a substance found naturally in the earth
and mined ooucro. µwiMeuµa.
varied /'vcand/ adj. involving many different kinds of people,
things or activities in a way that is interesting noAuKuµav10c;,
no>.uno[Klhoc;: He has had a varied career as an actor.
hydrocarbon /hardra'ko.ban/
n consisting of hydrogen and carbon u6poyovav9paKa<;.
sulfur /'sAlfo/ n a light yellow non-metallic element found in the
earth, which bums with a blue flame giving off a choking smell
8eio, 8etd(j)t.
nitrogen /'na1trad3an/ n a type of gas making up nearly fourfifths of the air we breathe a~w10.
occur /a'k3:/ v exist or be found unapxw. ~pioKoµm: Oil occurs
under the sea.
adequate /'a:d1kwa1/ adj. enough; sufficient enapKI)<;, apKet6c;:
He does not earn a large salary, but it is adequate for his needs.
grease /'gri:s/ n any thick, oily substance ypdoo, Arno<;.
fiber /'fa1ba/ n a thin, fine thread or threads that plants, animals
or natural materials consist of iva.
detergent /d1'13:d3anll n a substance used for cleaning
COMPANION ·Test
11
dangle /'drerJgl/ v cause to hang loosely Kpeµw, Kouvw/-1tµa1:
He dangled the car keys in front of her.
depose /dr'peoz/ v remove from a position of authority Ka9mpw,
eK9povi<w: They have deposed the emperor.
Page 156 - Vocabulary
111. a swollen adj I 'swolan I having increased in size; become
bigger nonouevoc; My feet are so swollen from the heat
that I can 't put my shoes on.
b.petty adj /'peti/ unimportant, trivial arn']µavtoc; Why are
you worrying so much about such a petty problem?
c.dwindle v /'dwindl/ becoming less or smaller (esp.
in number) urpimoµm ~a9µtaia eAcinwon iJ cp9opd: The
government's dwindling popularity is a sign that it is not
listening to the people.
d. frail adj I r re i II weak euna9i)c;, 00Sev1K6<; The frail
•
old man finds it difficult to walk far.
: 112. a domineering adj /dnma'moruj/
wanting lo have
:
power over others ou1apx1K6<;. 6uvoattK6<; You need
:
to be a domineering character to be an officer in the army.
:
b. withdrawn adj I w18'd ro.n/ quiet, shy; keeping
:
oneself to oneself (yta npooenn') aKotvWvn1oc;,
:
vroonoxoc; He became withdrawn after the accident and
:
wouldn't talk to anyone.
:
c.dlsheveled adj /di'[evld/ untidy ovcorcreuevoc,
:
toaAaKwµtvoc; After having to fight my way off the
onoppunavnxc.
:
crowded bus, I was quite disheveled, so I tried to make
petrochemical /petrso'kerrukal/ n any chemical obtained from :
myself look tidy again before I walked into the office.
petroleum or natural gas ne1poxriµ1K6<;.
:
d.lucrative adj /'lu:krat1v/ profitable entKep6ric;,
bed /bcd? n the ground at the bottom of a sea, river or lake
:
Kep0o(p6poc;: His business must be lucrative because he
has a huge house.
~u86c;.
inhabit /rn'haibu/ v live in Kato1K<il oe: Polar bears inhabit the
113. a concede v /kan'si:d/ admit Mxoµm we; a>.116tc;,
Arctic region.
napalitxoµm, avayvwp1~w I suppose I must
absorb /ah'z:>:b/ v soak up anopporp<il: The cloth absorbed the
concede that he's quite a nice boy actually.
ink I had spilled.
b. rehearse v In 'ha.s/ practise eKte>.<iJ 60K1µiJ, Kcivw
mingle /'m1rJgl/ v mix avaKateuw/-0µ01: The smell of her pernp6~a The actor rehearsed his lines before he went
:
on stage.
fume mingled with the scent of the flowers.
organic /;,:'ga:nik/ adj. of, found in, or produced by, living
:
c.entail v /1n'tell/ involve, include cuvenovouoi.
things opyav1K6<;: Organic compounds all contain carbon.
:
eµnep1txw What exactly does the job entail?
••
deposit /dr'pozu,' v leave a layer of substance on a surface
d.prolong v /prao'b:I)/ extend; make longer
acpl)vw KOTOKd81, i~nµa: The heavy rain has deposited a layer of
:
napateivw (xpovtKO) Let's not prolong this horrible
mud all over the place.
:
experience any longer than we have to.
complex /'kompleks/ adj. composed of many parts or involving : 114. a aspiration n /a:spa're1fn/ goal; aim; ambition
different processes which are closely connected no>.uouveernc;.
!
cp!Aolio~(a, a>.etjlT'J, npoolioK(O He has aspirations to be a
noAunAoKo<;: It's a complex piece of machinery so it's not easy to :
great scientist when he grows up.
:
b.estimation n /esu'merjn/ guess; prediction
fix.
complicated /'komplake1t1d/ adj. difficult to understand espe- :
eK1iµ11011. Kpion. yv<ilµn His estimation for the cost of the
cially because of having a perplexed structure neprn>.oKoc;: The
:
job was much higher than I had expected.
:
c. indication n I mdr 'kei] n I sign Cv~£l~fl There was
instructions were complicatedand, therefore, difficult to follow.
:
no indication that he was nervous; in fact, he seemed
originate /a'r1d31nc11/ v bring or come into being KOTayoµat,
•
quite cheerful.
npotpxoµai: That style of painting originated in pre-revolution
d. affiliation n I af1 li'eijn/ bond; relation; link axtan.
Russia.
raw 1 r:>:/ adj. (of materials) in a natural state and not having
6eoµ6c;, ouyytvt1a This company has an affiliation with
a company in Germany.
undergone any treatment 0Ko1tpya01oc;: What raw materials
115. a exploit v /Jk'spb11/ misuse; use for one's own
(=npwrt~ uAt~) are used to make plastic?
benefit eKµe10Meuoµa1, enwq>eAouµa1 Companies that
crude /kru:d/ adj. (of oil) not processed or refined
exploit their workers, will be punished.
aKottpyo01oc;: Crude oil (=apyo ntrpt>.010) producers have
b. detain v /d1'te1n/ delay; keep sb/sth somewhere
decided to raise the prices.
coarse tb:sl adj. rough in texture tpaxuc;: This coat is made of
Sttw uno KPOTT'JOT'J The man was detained by the police
because they wanted to ask him some questions.
coarse material.
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
c.
page 128
allocate v /'~lake1t/ give: distribute npoot>lopl~w, t>lvw :
You will be allocated a place to work as soon as the
:
manager arrives.
:
d. renovate v /'renave1l/
restore; improve the
condition of sth (yta Klipta KlA.) avaKmvl<w The old
church is being renovated as it was in very bad condition.
116. a quest n I k west/ search; the act of looking for sth
ava~fJTIJOTI He has moved to London in his quest tor a
better job.
b.fable n /'fe1bl/ short story (with a message or moral :
meaning) µ08o~ Aesop is famous tor the many tables :
that he wrote.
:
c. feat n /fi:t/ accomplishment: achievement snneuvuo, :
Kot6p9wµa Reaching the top of the mountain was quite a :
feat.
:
d.reflc n /'rehk/ object. building from the past
:
avttKe!µevo fJ Ktip10 an6 TO ncoexsov. KOT6Aomo tou
:
nape>.96vto<; The museum is full of old Egyptian relics. :
117. a retreat v /n'tri:ll move back or away from sb/sth
:
omoaoxwpci.>, unoxwp<.i> The army retreated when it
:
became clear that they could not win the battle.
:
b.dispatch v /dr'span] I send sth somewhere
:
ano01tMw, 01t>.vw The parcel was despatched by
:
courier this morning.
:
c.recuperate v /rr'ku.paren/ get well again (after an
:
illness) avaKt<i> nc l>uv0µ£lc; ~ lT}V uytla µau,
:
"ava>.aµl}avw" You will need a few days to recuperate
:
after that illness.
:
d.elapse v I r'leeps/ pass; go by (for lime)
:
naptpxoµat, nepv<i> After a couple more hours had
:
elapsed, Mary began to get worried about John as he
:
was very late.
:
118. a lull v 1 IAI/ make sb quiet or calm ya>.riveuw.
:
Ka9nouxd(w She tried to lull the baby to sleep by singing :
to it quietly.
:
b. displace v I drs'plers/ take the place of; remove sth :
from the usual or correct place eK1oni(w, µe10K1vci.>,
µeTatom(w Many people have been displaced by the war
because their homes were destroyed.
c. lure v /ljua(r)/ tempt; attract OOYf'lveuw, i>e>.ea(w I tried to
lure the frightened puppy out from under the bed but it
wouldn't move.
d.selze v /si:z/ suddenly take or hold sth apna~w,
mavw, ou~J.aµpavw The thief seized the woman's bag
and ran away.
119. a vibrant adj /'va1bran1/ bright; colorful; exciting,
•
energetic evrovoc, (wrip6<; She painted her room with
:
vibrant colours to make it bright and exciting.
:
b.repentant adj /rt'pentant/ sorry; regretting sth (auT6<:)
nou ueruvoet, uercuexouuevoc, µetaµe>.riµtvo<; He is
truly repentant for breaking her heart.
c.bleak adj /bli:k/ depressing; lonely (ym rorna] eonuoc
Kat nayep6<; The island was so cold and bleak in the
winter that we couldn't bear to live there.
d.jovlal adj t'd3auvial/ friendly; happy KaMKapoo<;,
np6cxapo<;, Ka>.oouvaTo<; He's usually a jovial old man
with a big smile on his face.
120. a enrage v /1n're1d3/ make sb very angry e~opyi(w
He was enraged by his son's bad behavior.
b. lavlsh adj !'lrev1f 1 rich; extravagant; luxurious
n>.oumonapoxo<:. no>.u1eAI')<; I wasn't expecting it to be
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
COMPANION ·Test
II
such a lavish hotel; it must be very expensive.
c.rational adj t'rrefnal/ sensible; logical >.oy1K6<;
If we all calm down we may be able to find a rational
explanation for this.
d.amiss adj /a'mis/ wrong; problematic Kan oev nae1
KaM!, (e!vat) npoa>.1iµanK6 Something is definitely amiss
as he looks very worried.
a suppress v /sa'pres/ put an end to sth; prevent sth
(from) happening Kata01tMw, ouyKa>.Omw, cnoxpurrre
He managed to suppress his anger while the children
were still in the room.
b.smother v /'smA6a(r)/ cover sb's face so that
they can't breathe npoKa>.w nv1yµov(J fJ a0<pu~ia The killer
put a pillow over the woman's face and smothered her.
c. stab v /sta:b/ push a sharp object (knife) into sb
n>.l'jnw ue 0txµ11P6 6pyavo, µaxatp<.i>vw He died after
being stabbed in the stomach with a sharp knife.
d.strangle v /'strre1Jgll kill sb by squeezing their
throat tightly 01payya>.t~w He put his big hands around
her throat and started to strangle her.
a digress v I dar 'gres/ leave the main subject of a
conversation napeKPafvw, onoucspcvcum an6 10 Stµa
oµV.fa<; ti ouyypacpf)<; Stop digressing from the important
issues.
b.thaw v /So:/ melt >.e1wvw, ~enaywvw When the sun
shone, the snow started to thaw.
c.mellow v /'mel:>u/ improve; soften; become
relaxed and calm (yta L~LoouyKpaola:) anoKtW npa6TI1TO,
"µaAaKwvw• He has definitely mellowed since he
moved to the country as he was always stressed when
he worked in the city.
d. evaporate v Ir 'vseparei t I tor liquid to turn into gas,
steam; disappear e~atµi(w-oµat, e~aveµl~oµm
Her
problems evaporated when she fell in love with Steve.
a segregation n /segrr'geijn/ the act of
separating people, groups or things 61axwp10µ6<;,
onouoveon The segregauon of black and while people is
now illegal.
b. poverty n /'povatil lack of money, food, etc.
avtxe1a, <pT<ilxe1a He lived in poverty because he could
not find a job and so had no money.
c.prospertty n /pro'sperati/ wealth; richness;
success euriµepia The prosperity of this country is due to
the large amount of oil that it has.
d.famine n /'fremin/ situation when there is not
enough food and people are sick or dying of hunger
>.1µ6<;, µeya>.ri netva Thousands of hungry people died
during the famine.
a devour v /d1'vaua(r)/ eat quickly KatappoxSl(w
She was so hungry that she devoured the sandwich in
seconds.
b.lnstigate v /'1nsuge1t1 start: cause sth to happen
unoKtvci.>, uno6auAi(w I bet it was that naughty boy that
instigated the fight.
c.replenlsh v /rt'pleruj? refill, restock, replace
aval'lAripwvw, ~avayeµ(~w We need to go to the super
market to replenish our food supplies.
d.lmplement v /'11npllmen1/ do stn: put sth into effect;
carry out Sttw oe ecpapµo'fli I) 1cxu How do you intend
to implement all these changes?
a pierce v 1 pres/ go into or through sth with sth sharp
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 129
and pointed; make a hole in sth 1punW1 l;tan£pvW The
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
:
needle pierced his skin.
:
b. slash v I slee] 1 make a big cut in sth (with a
•
knife) axi<w. xapa<w ue ~up<iq>1 The vandals slashed the
seats with knives.
c. slice v /slars/ cut a piece off sth K6~w oe q>ern~ Can
you slice the bread please.
d.r1p v I rrp/ tear a hole in sth or tear sth into pieces
ax1(w, ~eaxi(w oe KOµµcma He ripped his trousers when
he climbed over the wall.
a drizzle n /'dml/ very fine, gentle rain ljlt>.o~p6x1.
•
1J11xo.A1oµa You don't really need an umbrella, it's only a :
bit of drizzle.
:
b. draft n Id ra:f11 cool or cold air in a room or enclosed :
area (Kplio) peliµa aepo~ Close the window, there's a
:
draft.
:
c. gust n I gAst/ sudden, strong wind 6uva16 Kot
otq>vi610 q>limiµa. pm~ (ovsuou) A sudden gust of wind
blew her hat oft her head.
d. mist n I mist/ moisture in the air, thin cloud close to
the ground (npw1vti) Ka10xv16, uypaa(a There was a
cloud of mist over the river in the early morning.
a split up phr.v. separate; end a relationship
xwp1(w, 6(vw TE:Ao~ oe µ10 axtOTJ Bob and
Jane decided to split up because they argued all the time.
b. put out phr.v. offend, annoy; hurt sb npoo~a>J.w,
:
nAl']ywvw She was put out by his rode comments.
:
c. send off phr. v. make sb leave a game (because they
:
have broken the rules, behaved badly, cheated etc.)
:
anopa>.>.w The footballer was sent oft after he hit another :
player.
d. take in phr.v. trick, fool. deceive; e~anmw make smaller
Don't be taken in by his lies.
ahannonious adj /ho:'maunias/ pleasing;
agreeable; sympathetic euxap1010~. q>1A1K6~ She tries to
live in a harmonious
atmosphere where her family don't argue.
:
b.spontaneous adj /spon'teiniss/ happening suddenly; :
not planned au86pµ1110~ I hadn't planned to kiss him, it :
was a spontaneous action.
:
c.sporadic adj /spa'raidrk / happening occasionally;
:
not regular ueuoveuevoc, onopa61K6~ There is still some:
sporadic fighting in the area, but only every now and
:
then.
:
d.harrowing adj /'ha::rautlJI frightening; worrying
:
paaav101tK6\, o6uvnp6~. no9 cpo~i(et She was terrifiedby :
the harrowing experience.
:
a. llllcit adj /1'l1s1ll illegal nnpnvouoc The police will
:
eventually find out about his J11icit behavior.
:
b.illegible adj /1'led3abl/ unclear: not easy to read
:
OuoavOyvw010~
How do you expect me to read this :
illegible writing?
:
c. Ultterate adj I 1 'lrtarat I uneducated; not able to read
:
and write OVOAq>OPl'JTO~. aypaµµ010~ He can't read the
•
letter because he is illiterate.
d. illustrious adj I 1 'lxst rias/ clever; brilliant, famous
61anpenn~. emq>avft~ I was amazed to hear that such an
illustrious actor lived in our village.
a. drift v 1drift1 to move slowly or gently in air or on
water napaaupw (µe oeouc atpo~ vspoc) The piece of
••
wood drifted down the river.
n
•
COMPANION ·Test
11
b. flow v I flau/ for liquid to move freely and
continuously ptw, KuAw, Tptxw" Blood flowed out of the
cut in his hand.
c. spill v /spill for liquid to accidently fall or drop xuvw,
p1xvw (y1a uypa) Don't spill coffee on the carpet.
d. capsize v t'krepsa1z/ (for a boat) to turn over on its
side (y1a llAeouµeva KTA.) cvctoenouc. Many people
drowned when the ferry capsized.
131. a temperate adj / 'tern p::irol/ controlled.not extreme
(y1a KA(µa10 ~ nep1oxe~:) euxocroc The climate is tem
perate here, not too hot and not too cold.
b.pensive adj /'pensrv/ thoughtful OK£TiltK6<;, ouvvouc,
auAAoy1oµtvo~ You are in a pensive mood; what are you
thinkingabout?
c.penultimate adj /pen'xlurnst/ last but one; before
the last one np61eAeutalo<; This is the penultimate exam
so I only have one more to do after this.
d.pennlssible adj /pa'rmsabl/ allowed
emrpenouevoc, emroenroc I don't think that it is per
missiblefor children to go into that bar.
132. a abstain v /ab'stcin/ not do or have sth (esp. sth
one likes) anexw. "anO(l)euyw" I am abstaining from
chocolate for a while to try to lose weight.
b. divert v t dai 'v:i:1 I change the direction of sth/sb
eKTpenw, 01pecpw oe a>.Art 6m6poµri Traffic has been
divertedto keep it out of the city center.
c.abscond v /ab'skond/ run away suddenly or
secretly; escape anoxwpw Aa9pa(a, e~aq>avi~oµalu.
11
11
y{voµa1 Q(pavto~ Several prisoners have absconded from
the local prison.
d.detract v /dr'treckt/ make sth seem of lower value
or less good aq>mpw, µe1wvw His loudness detractsfrom
his good qualities.
133. a.emaciated adj /r'merjierud/ very thin noxu
a6uva10~. Kanaxvo\, (ano)aKeAetwµE:vo~ The emaciated
child hadn't eaten tor days.
b.plump adj /plxrnp,' a bit overweight; fat acppcho~.
naxouA6~ She's not tat, just a bit plump.
c.scrawny adj /'skr:>:ni/ bony: very thin
KOKKaA1<ipri~ That scrawny boy looks as though he
wouldn'tbe strong enough to carry that bag.
d.slender adj /'slenda(r)/ thin in an attractive way
A&m6~ The model has a beautiful,slender figure.
134. a.rupture v
/'rAptfa(r)/ burst. break 0AOOJl, pn~ri
(mµo¢pou ayyeiou) He ruptured a blood vessel lifting
the heavy box.
b. refinquish v /ra'lhJkwf/ give up eyKataAemw, ncpcre
Would you relinquish your seat for an old lady?
c.discard v /d1s'ko:rd/ throw away; stop using
onooomre. • n£1<il .., 0taµatci> va XPflOtµonouil
I discarded all the old clothes that I never wear.
d. violate v /'va1alc1t/
break (a rule} Kma01paT11Yci>
aeet<i> Anyone who violates the roles will be punished.
135. a scold v /skauld/ tell off: reprimand emnMnw,
Kmoa6m<w. µaAwvw The woman scolded the naughty
child.
b.procrastinate v /proo'knesunertr delay; put off;
postpone xpovo1p1pw, KWAuaiepyw, ava~<W.w
Stop procrastinating and get on with your work.
c. Impede v /tm'pi.d? delay or stop the progress of
sth (nap) eµno6(~w. napaKwAuw The bad weather has
1
1
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 130
impeded our progress.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
d.lmplnoe v llm'p1nd3/
have a negative or
damaging effect on sth/sb 01yw I'm sorry, I didn't mean
to impinge on your privacy.
a allotment n /a'lntrnant/
amount or share of sth
given to sb Tµf]µa, xouudn, noo6t11TO The small allotment
of food was not enough to teed his family.
b.ratlon n l'rrefnl
limited amount of sth tµfiµa,
µepl6a (16. ~YTITOU) During the war everyone had a food
ration from the government.
c. portion n l'p:>:f n I piece, share of sth µep16a
How are you going to eat such a big portion of food?
d.plttance n /'p1tns/ small amount of money
cvenccxeotern aµotpf], nev10po6eK6pe~ The money I
eam is a pittance but I still enjoy my job.
a assemble v /a'sembl/ meet, gather together; put
together ouyKevtpci>vw-0µ01, owa8poi~w-oµa1 The football
fans assembled outside the stadium.
b.suppress v /sa'pres/ hold back; not show
Katanviyw Ta ouvato01')µat6 uou
I don't know how
I managed to suppress my anger.
c, relish v /'rehf I enjoy (very much) anoAaµpavw
I relish the thought of going on holiday.
d.chant v ltfamtl sing ljJQMw, ljJthVW The monks
chanted songs in the monastery.
a outrage v /'autre1d3/
make sb very angry e~opyi(w
The vandalism has outraged many people.
b.outpace v /aui'pers/ go faster than sb/sth ~enepvci> ce
TOXUTTITO The athlete managed to outpace the other
runners.
c.outrun v /aui'rxn/
run or develop faster than
sb/sth ~enepvci>, aq>f]vw ntoe, tptxw YPT'IYOPOtepa My
big brother can always outrun me when we have a race.
d.outstrip v /aut'strrp/ be larger or more important
than sb
um:pamvw (oe emliooet~ 11 oriµaaia)
Prices have outstripped wages so people have financial
problems now.
a herd n /hs:d/ group of animals, esp. cattle, elephants
aytAT'I, KonM1 Can you see that herd of elephants?
b.stampede n /sta::m'pi:d/ sudden rush of (frightened)
animals oµa6tKI') navtK6PAT'IT11 cpuvfl <wwv The fire caused
a stampede of frightened animals.
c, ftoc·k n
/flok/ group of birds, sheep ounvoc
nouA1ci>v, aytAT'l llPO~atwv A flock of birds flew over us.
d.congregaUon n /kol)grt'ge1fn/
group of
people gathered together for religious reasons oµa6a
avepwnwv ouyKevtpwµtvwv y1a eprioKEUTlKf] xotoeio.
EKKATIO!aoµa The priest talked to the congregation in his
church.
a. fade v 1fe1d/
make sth less bright or colorful
~e0wp1a(w The curtains have faded where the sun has
been on them tor many years.
b.simmer v /'s1ma(r)/ keep sth cooking slowly in
hot water 01yoppa(w Gently simmer the pasta until it is
cooked.
c.scorch v /sk:>:tf/ bum material so that it
goes brown KaljJaA((w, tooupouq>At~w Be careful that the
Iron is not too hot or you may scorch the clothes.
d.smolder v /'smaolda(r)/ bum slowly without a flame
oiyoKaiw The fire smoldered for hours before it eventually
went out.
:
142.
143.
•
•
144.
•
:
:
:
145.
•
:
:
:
: 146.
:
:
:
:
:
•
11
/skwmt/ halt close one's eyes napat11Pci> fl
KOtTd(w us µ106KAEtcrra ucno He was squinting because
the sun was in his eyes.
b. weep v
/wi:p/ cry very much xuvw MKpua, KAa(w
She wept tor hours when her father died.
c.glimpse v /ghmps/ get a quick look at sth PAtnw
q>euyaAta. p(xvw ucnc If you glimpse him in the crowd,
try not to let him see you.
d.wink v
/w11Jk/ close one's eye and open it
again quickly KAEivw crriyµ1aia to eve µ(m yvtq>ovta~
The boy winked at the girl.
a placid adj I 'pleesrd I calm, not easily excited or
irritated yaAt1v10~. ripeµo~ Are you sure he shouted at you
as he's usually very placid.
b. passionate adj / 'pa:f anal/ having strong
feelings noerocuevoc He's very passionate about basket
ball: he plays every day.
c. callous adj / 'ka:las/ hard, heartless, uncaring
aonAaxvo~ The callous thief stole the old man's money.
d.heated adj /'hi:t1d/ excitable svrovoc. na0taoµtvo~
What are they having such a heated discussion about?
a Inhibit v /1n'h1b11/ control, limit eµnolii(w. KWAUW
His shyness inhibited him.
b.insult v lln's,..111 say sth to offend sb or make
them angry npoopahAW You Insulted him when you said
he was silly.
c. encompass v I 1 n 'kxrn pas/ include; surround
or cover neplAaµpavw, nep1orn1x1(w, nep1p6AAW,
neptKAelw The huge desert encompasses nearly two
thirds of the country.
d.resent v
/rr'zent/ feel bitter or angry about sth
ayavaKTci>, x0Aci>voµa1, 15uoapecrrouµat I resent the fact
that he earns a lot more than me.
a kinsman n /'k1nzman/
so one is related to
ouyyevn~ (e~ curoroc) He could never hurt one of his
own kinsmen.
b.spouse n
/spaus/ husband or wife ou~uyo~. "taipt",
ouvtcoeoc rou ~iou I've been married to my spouse for
thirty years.
c. sibling n l's1bl11J/
brother or sister a6eAq>f]-6~
I've got two siblings; one brother and one sister.
d.associate n /a'saufiat/ sb one knows
but not very well ouveovcrnc, ouvaOeAcpoc; ne's not a
friend of mine, just an associate.
a abbreviate v /a'bri.vieu/
make a word or story
shorter ouvttµvw, Mw nep1Arim1Ka, 611µ1oupyci>
ouvtoµoypaq>{a He abbreviates his name to Mike.
b. prolong v 1 pra'lonj/
make sth longer
napamvw
(xpov1K6) Stop prolonging the story and tell us what
happened In the end.
c. merge v 1tm:rd3/ join or mix two or more
things together auv) sveve-ouoc The two companies
have merged to make one bigger one.
d. abolish v I a 'bollf t end a law or sth Katapyw
Slavery was abolished years ago.
aftaw n tno:/ mark or sth that stops sth being
perfect ljJeya61, (Kpuq>6) eMTTwµa This diamond isnt
perfect, it has a small flaw in it.
b.constralnt n /kon'stremr/
limitation ne:p1op1aµ6,,
q>payµo~ I am looking forward to a week without
the constraints of looking after my children.
141. a squint v
:
:
•
COMPANION ·Test
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
c.scar · n
147.
148.
149.
150.
/sko:(r)/
page 131
Page 158 - Reading - TEXT 1
mark on the surface of sth, esp.
skin Oflµ<i61, ou>.ti: He has a scar on his arm from where
he broke it years ago.
d. crevice n l'krev1s/ crack or hole in a rock or wall
xapaµMa, pwyµn. ax1oµn (Ppaxou, rnixou KTX.) The
snake hid in a crevice in the wall.
a.stingy adj l'stind3i/ mean; not generous TOIYKOUVTJ~
She's so stingy that she won't even buy me a coffee.
b. weary adj /'weari/ tired Koupaoµtvo~. onoKaµwµtvo~:
I'm weary after carrying the shopping all the way home.
c.murky adj l'm3:ki/ cloudy; not clear or clean (esp.
for water) (ym vep6:) ao>.6-(yia 6pa0T11pt6T11te~:)
onorrrec I can't see if there are any fish in the pond as
the water is too murky.
d.overcast adj /aovo'keest/ cloudy, dull (for the weather)
vecpooKenn~ oupav6~. ouvveemouevoc, oKu0pwno~
It's a bit overcast today so it might rain later.
a.preoccupation n /priakju'peijn/
sth one thinks about
all the time anoK>.e1011Kl'l µtp1µva, "µovoµavia", "tlJUXWOTl"
His preoccupation with cars is ruling his life.
b.premonltlon n /priima'nrjn? a feeling that sth
is going to happen npoa10811µa The woman had had a
premonition that something terrible was going to happen
the day before the earthquake.
c. prerequisite n
/prh'rekwazu/
sth needed for sth
else to happen or exist (avayKaia ti pao1Kl'l) nnounoaeon
A university degree is a prerequisite for this job.
d. prerogative n I pn 'rngauv I privilege or right
(anoK>.e1011K6 ti 161aitepo) npovouro It's a woman's
prerogative to change her mind often.
a. prominent adj t'prommant/ famous, important
e~txwv, 61anp~nr']~ He's a prominent politician that most
people rec~gmz~.
.
.
b.phoney adJ I f~uni/ fak~, not genuine KOAmKo~.,
n>.0010~. t1Jeu6emypacpo~ Hes not a doctor really, hes a
phoney.
c.lndistlnct adj /mdi'sunkt? not clear aKaOopimo~
The meaning of the message is indistinct so we need to
get advice.
d.minor adj /'matna(r)/ unimportant µtKpOtepou
µeytaou~. oo~ap6T11TO' n Oflµaoia~ Don't worry too
much about such a minor issue.
a. yield (to sth) v tji:ld/ stop resisting sth/sb nauw va
cvncrexcuc, unoKumw, napa6i6oµa1 Don't yield to
temptation.
b.lndulge On sth) v /m'd"ld31 1Kavono1w
(aveniTP£nTil) emauµm, ev616w, "K6vw TO Ktcpt" have or
do sth you enjoy It's good to indulge in things that you
enjoy every now and then.
c.compty v /kam'plar/ do what you are expected or
required to do ouµµopcpci>voµm, unaKouw Please comply
to the company rules at all times.
d.abdicate v /'rebd1ke11/ refuse to accept responsibility
for sth napmTOuµm (eu0Uvr)~. 61Ka1wµa10~ KT>..) You cannot
abdicate responsibility for your children.
COMPANION · Test 11
civilian adj /sa'vilian/ In a military situation, civilian is used to
describe people or things that are not military, (not connected to
the army, navy or air force). n0Mrr1~ (6x1 01panw11K6~ KTX.)
The country's civilian population will be in danger during the war.
put sth into orbit /':>:bn/ If something such as a satellite is put
into orbit it ls sent up into space so that it can move in a circle
around the earth. attw cs tpoxia
•
:
:
•
:
:
:
:
:
•
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
launch v /b:n~/ To launch a rocket. missile, or satellite means
to send it into the air or into space. £KTO~euw NASA plans to
launch a satellite to study Mars.
output n /'au1pu11 The output of a computer or word processor ls the information that it displays on a screen or prints on
paper as a result of a particular program. Here it is the computer
output from the satellite. You run the computer software, look at
the output and print anything that you find interesting.
high-resolution adj /hai reza'Iu.jrr/
The resolution of an
image is how clear the image is. (TECHNICAL) If something is
high-resolution it is very clear. ut1J11>.I)~ CUKp[vc1a~ This machine
gives us such high-resolution images that we can see every detail.
reconnaissance n /n'knrusns/ Reconnaissance is the activity
of obtaining military information about a place by sending soldiers
or planes there, or by the use of satellites. (neomouo. rrmon KT>..
ue rnv onoto ylve1m) avayvci>pt<JTl The helicopter was returning
from a reconnaissance mission.
intelligence n /rn'telrdjens/
Intelligence is information that is
gathered by the government or the army about their country's enemies and their activities. n>.11Pocpop(e~ otpat1wT1K(]~ 0Komµ6T11TO~
Kat 11 unnpeolo nou nc oukMye1 The purpose of intelligence is to
provide information on how the enemy can be beaten.
head start n /hed'sto:t/ If you have a head start on other peopie, you have an advantage over them in something such as a
competition or race. n>.eovtKT11µa A good education gives your
child a head start in life.
.
,
y · ·
b ·
• r
nva 1 n I rarvl/ our nva.1 is~ perso.n, ~siness, or orgamza ion
who you ar~ cornpetlnq or fighting against in ~he s~~e area or for
the same things. avnna>.o~ T~e world c~amp10n f1mshed more
than two sec~nds ahead of his near~st
venture n t ventfotr)/ A venture rs a project or activity which
is new, exciting, and difficult because it involves the risk of failure.
evxe!~11µa, 16>.µ11µ.a This Is a joint scientific venture between
Amenca and Russia.
aerial adj /'earial/
You talk about aerial photographs to indicate that people or things on the ground are photographed by peopie in aeroplanes. evatp10~ Patterns that are invisible on the
ground can be the most striking part of an aerial photograph.
peek n I pi:k I If you take a peek at sth or someone, you have a
quick look at them. often secretly. yptiyopri. KXecpTI') µana
American firms have been paying large amounts of money to take
a peek at the technical data.
bar v Jbo:(r)/ If someone is barred from a place or from doing
sth, they are officially forbidden to go there or to do it. uncvopeue
Many jobs were barred to them just because of the color of their
skin.
agent n /'e1d3ant/ An agent is a person who works for a country's secret service. xc'rooxonoc All these years he's been a
secret agent tor the East.
retain v /rr'tern/ To retain something means to continue to
=.
.. .
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 132
COMPANIOll · Ta.st II
have that thing. (FORMAL) OlGlTIPW Other countries retained their : you get from it. an600011 entvouonc; Higher returns and higher
traditional and habitual ways of doing things.
: risk usually go hand in hand.
the upside (of sth.) The upside of something is the good, posisensor n l'sensa(r)/ A sensor is an instrument which reacts to
tive or beneficial aspect of something. n 0euKr') n>.eupa The upside
certain physical conditions or impressions such as heat or light,
of the accident is that noone was seriously hurt.
and which is used to provide information. aio811lfJpac; The latest
Japanese vacuum cleaners contain sensors that detect the
the downside (of sth.) /'daunsaid/ The downside of someamount of dust and type of floor.
thing is the bad or negative aspect of something. n apVTJTtKf)
n>.eupa He earns a lot doing this job but, the downside is that he
handful n /'ha:ndful/ A handful of people or things is a small
works every weekend.
number of them. "xoucpTa", µLKpoc; ap18µ6c; fl nocomro It's been
very quiet today as we only had a handful of customers.
•
•
•
Page 159 - Reading - TEXT 2
: Page 160 - Reading - TEXT 3
•: apparent adj
/a'peerant/
portfolio n /po:t 'fauliau/ In finance, a portfolio is the combination of shares or other investments that a particular person or
company has. xop10ipu>.OK10 a~toypcupwv He has invested a lot of
his money in a large portfolio of shares.
mutual funds Mutual funds are those shared by a number of peopie rather than just one. For example if a building society or an
insurance company has mutual status, it is not owned by shareholders but by its customers, who receive a share of the profits
because they have mutual funds. 0µ01~a(a wpa.>.ma He has
invested a lot of money in mutual fundswith people that he trusts.
currency n l'kMansi/ The money used in a particular country
is referred to as its currency. v6µ1oµa µtac; xwpac; More people
favor a single European currency than oppose it.
fluctuation n lflAktJu'eifan/ Fluctuation is when sth changes
a lot in an irregular way. 01aKuµavon. au~oµeiwon The calculalions do not take into account any fluctuation in the share price.
hot adj You can use hot to describe something that is very exciting and that many people want to see, use, obtain, or become
involved with. (INFORMAL) evoiacptpov, nou Tpa~ae1 TT)v npoooxn
He likes to be involved in hot business deals.
emerge v /i'm3:d3/
When something such as an organization or an industry emerges,
it comes into existence. avaouoµa1 The emerging democracies of
Eastern Europe are making the area more stable.
pile n /pail/
A pile of things is a mass of them that is high in the middle and
has sloping sides. owp6c; The leaves had been swept into huge
piles.
cinders n(pl) /'sindas/
Cinders are the black pieces that are left after something such as
wood or coal has burned away. The wind sent sparks and cinders
flying over the burning forest.
notion n /'nauf an/
A notion is an idea or belief about something. avtiAT]Ljlfl, yvwµn fl
1Ma I reject absolutely the notion that privatizationof our industry
is now inevitable.
diversify v /dai'vs.sifai/
When an organization or person
diversifies into other things, or diversifies their range of something,
they increase the variety of things that they do or make. npoooiOw
n?tKIA~~· n~tKiMw The company's troubles slatted only when it
d1vers1!1ed mto new products.
sprinkling n /'spri1Jkli1J/ A sprinkling of something is a small
quantity or amount of it, especially if it is spread over a large area.
µ1Kpf) noo6tT1TO A sprinkling of people turned up for the meeting
but most people didn't go.
return n /r i'ts.n/ The return on an investment is the profit that
• An apparent situation. quality, or feeling seems to exist, although
you cannot be certain that it does exist. µcpavf)c;. npa<pavf)c; I was a
bit depressed by our apparent lack of progress.
inform (on or against sb) v /m'fo.m?
If someone informs on a person, they give information about the
person to the police or another authority, which causes the person
to be suspected or proved guilty of doing something bad.
• Katooiow, orvw n>.npocpopiec; yia Kanoiov Somebody must have
: informed on them as how else could the police have found out?
: sneak v /sni:k/
: If you sneak on someone, you tell someone in authority that the
person has done something bad or wrong. Katooiow, npooiow My
little brother always sneaks on me when I do something bad so I
always get punished.
Institutionalize v /tnstr'tju.janalarz/
To institutionalize sth
means to establish it as part of a culture, social system, or organi·
zation. Ka81epwvw, 0eoµo9eTw The goal is to institutionalize tolerance to all religions into community life.
perceive v /pa'si:v/ If you perceive someone or something as
doing or being a particular thing, it is your opinion that they do this
thing or that they are that thing. avll>.aµ~avoµm, nopcrnpe Stress
is widely perceived as contributing to coronary heart disease.
wrong n 1 mlJI A wrong is an unfair or immoral action. KOK~
npa~11. evtpye1a The company should not be held responsible
• for the wrongs of one ofits employees .
•• air v /ea(r)/ If you air your opinions, you make them known to
: people. yvwmonotcil, avK01vcilvw The whole issue was thoroughly
•
: aired at the meeting.
: logic-chopping
/'lod31k1fop11J/ talking or thinking in a way
: that is partly logical and partly illogical. TO va a>.Aa~etc; ouvexwc; To
: ouMoy10µ6 oou Because his mood and opinion kept changing
: during the meeting, there was a lot of logic-chopping going on.
: progressive adj I prs'gresrv I Someone who is progressive or
: has progressive ideas has modern ideas about how things should
: be done, rather than traditional ones. npoooeuT1K6<;, uovreovoc
: The children go to a progressive school that uses new teaching
: methods.
: undesired adj f xndr'zarod/unwanted avem8uµT]TO<; The death
: of innocent people is one of the many undesired effects of war.
: attentions n(pl)/a'tenf nd You can refer to the interest someone
: shows in you, as their attentions, especially if you dislike or olsap: prove of them. (evox>.nT1K6) evo1mptpov The only way to escape
: the unwanted attentions of the local men was not to go out.
: out of hand If a person or a situation gets out of hand, you are
: no longer able to control them. £KT6c; eMvxou His bad behavior
: had got out of hand.
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 133
COMPANION • Test II
tormentor n /t::>:'menta(r)t pacravtcrcfl<; Someone's tormentor is: offspring n /'ofspnl)/
You can refer to a person's childre_n or
a person who deliberately causes them physical or mental pain.
: to an animal's young as their offspring. (FORMA9 yta avapw-
After years of suffering, she lost control and killed her tormentor.
openness n /'aupanas/ elA1Kp[ve10 Openness is when someone
is honest and does not want or try to hide anything or to deceive
anyone. They have a relationship based on love and openness.
clam up phr.v If someone clams up, they stop talking, often
because they are shy or to avoid giving away secrets. 010µ01ciw
va µV.ciw (Myw vtponi]<;.emcpuAOKTIK6'tT)ta<; Kt>..) (INFORMAL)
As soon as I told her I was a police officer. she clammed up.
inadequacy n /m'asdrkwasi/
If sb has feelings of inadequacy,
they feel that they do not have the qualities and abilities necessary
to do something or to cope with life in general. cvencosem,
av1KaV6TT1TO The feelingof inadequacy was overpowenng and he
did not know what to do.
hellish adj 1 'hellf I You describe something as hellish to.
emphasize that it is extremely unpleasant. (INFORMAL) cncioroc.
nohti Oucrdpecrto<; I'm sure you will remember that bully from the
hellish years of your boyhood.
outcome n t'autk"m/ The outcome of an activity, process, or
situation is the situation that exists at the end of it. a110rtJtcoµa
After all this work we are hoping for a successful outcome.
Page 161 - Reading - TEXT 4
pave the way
If one thing paves the way for another, it creates a situation in
which it is possible or more likely that the other thing will happen.
npoeto1µa<w 10 tOacpoc; The discussions are aimed at paving the
way for formal negotiations between the two countries.
innovative adj
/rna'veruv/ Something that is innovative is
new and original. Katvo16µoc; They are offering products which
are cheaper, more innovative and more reliable than those of their
competitors.
herd n /h:i:d/ A herd is a large group of animals of one kind
that live together. ayt>.ri. Konci61 This part of Africa is famous for
its large herds of elephant and buffalo.
roam v /raum/ If you roam an area or roam around it, you
wander or travel around it without having a particular purpose. .
nepm>.avttµm, 1p1yupi~w Farmers are encouraged to keep tnelr
sheep in pens rather than letting them r~am. freely.
.
intervention n /mta'venjn? Intervention is the act of becom1~g
involved in a situation and trying to chan?e ~r have a~ effect on it.
naptµPaon If it hadn't been for fast po/Jee tmetvenuon. someone
may have been killed.
pioneering adj tpa1a'111ar11JI Pioneering work or a pioneering
individual does something that has not been done before, for
example by developing or using new methods or techniques.
npwronoptaK6<:; The school has won awards for its pioneering
work with the community.
slot n /slot/ a place or position on a team, in a company etc.
KEvi]
He is waiting for a slot on the team because he loves
playing football.
flop down phr. v suddenly sit or lie down in a tired way
"ntqnw", ~ank<i>vw soupcousvoc «mou (Kavant, Kpepa11 KTA.)
As soon as he got home from work he flopped down on the sofa
and turned on the TV.
gale n 1ge111 A gale is a very strong wind. Oue>.>.w<5ric; nveuoc
It was not safe to go sailing during the gales.
aton
: nouc.) y6voc;, ttKvo The dog guarded her offs~nng carefully'.
: fierce adj /f1as/ A fierce. animal or per~on rs very aggressive or
: angry. aypteµtvoc;, nvpuortoc They look like the teeth of some
fierce animal.
. .
.
stallion n /'strelian/ A stallion ts a male horse, especially one
kept for breeding. fnnoc; (e1<5. avanapaywyi]<;)
score n /sb:(r)/ twenty (or about that amount) eiKOOl
(nepinou)
mare n /mea(r)/ a female horse cpopMa
: bitter adj 1 'bita(r)/ In a bitter argument or conflict, people argue
: very angrily or tight very fiercely. evrovoc, aypto<; This area was
: the scene of bitter fightingduring the Second World War.
: exert v !lg'zs:t/ If someone or something exerts influence,
: authority, or pressure, they use it in a strong or determined way,.
: especially in order to produce a particular effect. (FORMAL) acrKw
emppoi] He exerted considerable pressure on his employees to
work harder.
undisputed adj /xndr'spju.trd/
If you describe someone as the undisputed leader or champion,
you mean that everyone accepts their position as leader or champion. a<51aµcp1o~i]TT]to<;, aOtacpi>.oviKl'JtO<; Se/es won 1 O tourna: ments, and was the undisputedworld champion.
: field n tfi:ld/
: A particular field is a particular subject of study or type of activity.
: rouecc Exciting artistic breakthroughs have recently occurred in
: the fields of painting, sculpture and architecture.
: interaction n 1 in ta 'rask] 111 The interaction between people
: or things is how they affect each other's behavior or condition.
: oMri>.eni<5paon. emKotvwv[a Scientists are studying the interac: tion between physical and emotional illness.
: reservation n /rezs'verjn/ If you have reservations about
: something, you are not sure that it is entirely good or right.
: emcpu>.a~ri 1 told him my main resevsuon about his having a
: party was that the house would be untidy after.
: sketch v /sketf I If you sketch something, you make a quick,
: rough drawing of it. OKtaypacpw, oKttmipw I always sketch with
: pen and paper.
: assert v /a's3:t/ If you assert your authority, you make it clear
: by your behavior that you have authority. em~illoµat After the
: war, the army made an attempt to assert its authority in the south
: of the country.
:
:
:
:
••
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
COMPANION • Test 11
page 134
VocAbulAr!J Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, 8, C or D.
1. After leaving hospital, Jim needed two weeks at home to
A. capsize
B. recuperate
2. Can I take a
.
C. assemble
D. relinquish
C. feat
D. slot
C. lured
D. scolded
C. mist
D. crevice
at the baby?
A. peek
B. quest
3. The teacher
the naughty children.
A. absconded
B. ripped
4. The tree was blown over during the
A. famine
.
B. gale
5. I think I'll
in a piece of chocolate cake.
A.comply
B. merge
C. inhibit
D. indulge
8. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. There had been no
2. The king lived in great
3. She is a very
PROSPER
.
PASSION
singer.
4. The reporter was impressed by the politician's
.5. Soldiers wear
C.
INDICATE
that there was going to be trouble.
OPEN
.
clothes when they are on holiday.
CIVIL
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words
which you do not need to use.
entail
elapse
1. A lot of time has
thaw
devour
resent
yield
since I last saw him.
2. The boy was so hungry that he
3. I
weep
the food in minutes.
the fact that I had to do his work for him.
4. Can you tell me exactly what the job
?
5. The streets were flooded when the snow started to
.
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 135
· Practice Test 12
Page 169 - Cloze
:
philately lf1'la::tah/ n the activity of collecting stamps as a
•
hobby !plAOTEAloµ6<;.
primarily /'pra1marali, prar'merali/ adv. mainly Kup(w<;: The
authorities are concerned primarily with the prevention of tax eva-
sion.
revenue /'revanju:/ n money that a person or organization
receives from various sources; the money which comes to the
government from taxes, etc. eta66nµa: The manager is worried
about the decrease in advertising revenue.
cancellation /keensa'letjan/ n the act of making something
invalid aKupwon: Cancellation of the contract would mean heavy
financial loss.
pursue /pa'sju:/ v continue occupying oneself with or doing
especially to achieve something em61<.i>KW, aoxoAouµm
ouoTT)µOttKO us, ouvexi(w: He is pursuing his studies at the universify.
overwhelming /ouva'welmuj/ adj. having an intense effect that
cannot be resisted or overcome oapwnK6<;, ouvromnsoc: The
news of his friend's death was overwhelming.
assemble /a'sembal/ v gather a large number of something
ouAAtyw: Over the years, I have managed to assemble a large
collection of books.
congregate /'ko1Jgrage1t/ v come or bring together in a group
auyKEVTpwvw/-oµm, ouva0pol<wl-oµm:
A large crowd congregated in the street.
scatter /'skccta/ v throw loosely in different directions and often
over a wide area; go or rush in different directions 01a0Kopni~w I
oKopni(w: The big lorry overturned and its load was scattered on
the road.The crowds scattered when the police arrived.
instantaneously /rnstan'temiash/ adv. immediately; in an
instant aKapmia: The poison killed him instantaneously.
deduct /dt'dAkt/ v subtract; take away aqimpw, (Ka1a)Kpa1w:
Income tax is deducted from your salary.
dearth /d3:6/ n a lack, shortage of sth tAAEl1'ff1:
There is a dearth of fresh water in the desert.
flawed tno:d/ adj. not perrect txe11'feya61a, EAanwµarn: This
isn't a perfect diamond, it is slightly flawed.
maladjusted /mrela'dy.st1d/ adj. having psychological problems
6uonpoo(ipµo010<; This is a special school tor maladjusted children.
/stra(r)/
move sth in a particular direction
61eu8uvw, (Ka0) 061ww. Ka1eu8uvw He steered the car
around the corner.
b.evade v /r'verd/ avoid (answering or doing sth)
an0<peuyw Why does he keep evading my questions?
c. exploit v /tk'splort/ use sth/sb (esp. to one's
own advantage) EKµern>J.euoµm, enwqieAouµm, a~1ono1w
We need to exploitthis situation to make it beneficial to us.
d.cvaporate v /r'veepereu/ change or make sth
disappear; make a liquid change into gas The water
evaporated in the hot sun.
113. a. lap v /lrep/ drink small amounts of sth by putting
one's tongue in it - esp. for an animal nivw ue TT) yAwooa
The cat gentlylapped the milk.
b. sip v I sip/ drink a small amount of sth nivw youAta
youAu'.l He sipped the ho: tea.
c. sniff v /snif/ smell sth µupi(w The dog sniffed the
food before he started to eat it.
d. gurgle v / 'gs.rgl 1 make a sound with water or
liquid at the back of one's throat youpyoupi(w He gurgled
the mouthwash in his throat after he'd cleaned his teeth.
114. a.drag on phr.v. continue for too long xpov((w,
napatpa~w. 1pa~w oe unxooc The winter is really
dragging on this year.
c. pull on put on (clothing) by pulling q)Opci> 1pa~cilv1ac;
She pulled on her boots and ran out of the house.
d. bring on phr.v. cause sth to appear or start; cause
sb/sth to advance or develop emqitpw, npoKaAW The
terrible shock brought on a heart attack.
115.a.detain v 1d1'1e1n/
keep sb/sth in a place; prevent
from leaving 0£tw un6 xpomon, npoq>uAaKi<w.
npoown0Kp01w The police detained the suspect for
several hours.
b.sustaln v /sa'stern/ keep sth alive; keep sth going,
happening or existing otaTT)p<i>, napa1e(vw m 6uipKe1a,
ouvexf(w Everyone needs food and water to sustain
them.
c. refrain v /rr'frein/ resist from. stop doing sth
an()(j)euyw Please refrain from smoking on the aeroplane.
d.contain v /kan'tem/ keep sth inside sth or a
place; hold txw w<; nep1ex6µevo, (eµ)nep1txw The tins
contain cooked vegetables.
116. a. plead v /pli:d/ to say that one is guilty or innocent
(in a court of law) napaMxoµm TT)V evoxl'J µou (svemov
6tK001flplou) He decided to plead guilty to the robbery.
b.claim v /klerrn/ say sth is true; say sth belongs to
you or is your right 1oxupf (oµat, emKaAouµa1 He claims
that he was asleep at the time of the murder.
c.justify v /'d3Ast1fa1/ give a reason for (doing)
sth; to show sth is right, correct reasonable 61Ka10Aoyw,
amoAoyw I hope you can justify your strange behavior.
d.pledge v /pled3/
promise, guarantee I pledge
that by next year we will have the problem solved.
117. a. inhibited adj / in'hrbrud/ unable to relax or express
oneself or behave in a natural way ·oip1yµtvo<;",
ouyKpaTT)µtvo<;, nou oev v1w8e1 ovsrc He felt inhibited by
his parents and he couldn't talk naturally to his friends.
b. incompatible adj II nkam 'peetabl/
not suiting or
going well with sb/sth auuµqiwvo<;, a(ouv)tafp1amo<;
I don't think their relationship will last long as they seem
incompatible to me.
: 112.
:
:
•
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
Page 170 - Vocabulary
111. a. embassy n /'embasi/ a building (and the staff
who work inside it) representing a particular country in
another country npeoj3eia If you lose your passport when
you are abroad, you should go to the embassy.
b. legacy n /'legasi/ money or property left to sb by
sb who has died; a thing passed on to sb by the people
who lived before them KAf1povoµ1a His grandfather Jett him
a legacy of twenty thousand pounds.
c, combatant n /'knmbacant/
person involved
In a fight, battle, war, etc. n0Aeµ1crn;<;, µaxoµevo<; Many
combatants were injured during the battle.
d.contingent n /kan'nndjant/
group of people
gathered at a place and sharing a particular interest
KOIV61flTO, oµ66a av8pwnwv ue KOlVO EVOlQqlEPOVTO,
KOTOywyiJ KTA. A large contingent came to the conference ••
from Germany.
••
•
a. steer v
COMPANION • Test 12
15 FIN.AL TESTS IN ECPE
page 136
c. defiant adj /d1'fa1ant/ disobedient; refusing to do
:
sth nou oljlrj<pa, nou m:puppov£i, £m8rnK6<;, £ptcrrtK6<;
:
The defiant boy refused to obey the teacher.
:
d. intrepid adj /m'treprd/ brave; without fear OTp6µT]lO<;, :
a<po~oc; The intrepid hunters followed the tiger.
:
118. a. precocious adj /pn'kaufas/ having developed
:
abilities or skills at an earlier age than usual
:
npoeoo overrruvuevoc The precocious child could play :
the piano by the age of six.
:
b. premature adj I pri:ma'tfua(r)/ happening too
:
soon, before it should have happened nooeooc It was a
:
premature baby so it was quite small.
:
c, premeditated adj /pri.'mednetnd/
:
planned in advance
npoµe>.elT)µtvoc;
:
This is definitelya case of premeditatedmurder.
:
d.precarious adj /pri'kearies/ dangerous; not safe
:
&mo<poMc; That vase looks a bit precariouson the edge of :
the table.
•
119.a.allot v /a'lot? give money, time, work, etc. as a
share of what is available, needs to be used or done, etc.
1<maµ&pi~w KOS{]Kovra, xpovo Your work will be alloted to
you as soon as the manager arrives.
b. ionict v I in ·n. k ti cause sb to experience sth (bad)
npoKa>.<i>, y(voµat np6~evoc;, npo~ev<i> The bully enjoys
inflicting pain on little children.
•
c. evolve v /i'volv/ change, grow, develop
•••
cvonruooopor {] e~e>.loooµGl
••
Man has evolved over thousands of years.
•
d. adhere v /a'dh1a(r)/ stick to; obey OKo>.ouOci>, mce :
Kata ypdµµa rouc Kov6v£<; You must adhere to the rules. :
L20.a.diminish v /dr'rmnrj? become less or smaller
:
µ&1<i>vw-oµa1, e>.a11ci>vw-oµa1 His popularityhas
:
diminishedsince he was involved in the scandal.
:
b.disparage v /d1'sprer1d3/ suggest that sth is of little or :
no importance unot1µcil, x.primµonot<i> unonµT]nKouc; Ji
µe1wT1Kouc; opouc; You shouldn't disparage his achievements.
c. confront v /kan'frxnt? face and deal with
Sb/sth avnµETWni~w (6UOKO>.iec;, ex.Sp6 KTA.) It's time to
confront your tears.
d.bame v /'ba:fl/ confuse µn&p6euw
I am baffled by his strange behavior.
121. a. recite v /ri'sa1t/ say sth (esp. a poem or piece of
•
literature) aloud from memory onayytUw The boy recited :
a poem to the class.
b. portray v I po.r'trer/ show or describe sth/sb in a
particular way an&tKovi<w. ~wypa(l)(~w He was portrayedas
a cruel man in the film.
c. deplore v /d1'pb:(r)/
be shocked or offended by
sb/sth and so dislike or condemn them/it Kata6tKd(w.
011<Tipw, ano601<1µ6(w I deplore people who are cruel to
animals.
d.refute v lri'fju:t/ deny; say or prove sth is wrong or
untrue 6taljl&u6w He refuted the suggestionthat he
••
didn't love her.
•
••
l22. a. grapple (with sb/sth) phr.v. /'grrepl/ fight or
•
struggle with sb/sth a situation apn6(oµQl, tpxoµm ore
xtpta, na>.euw ue npo~>.f]µato The policemangrappled
with the robber and managed to hold him on the floor until
help arrived.
b. seize v /si:z/ take or hold sth quickly or violenty;
capture; see an opportunity and act on It apna~w. mavw,
COMPANION - Test 12
ou>.Aaµ~6vw She seized the chance to talk to him when
he walked into the room.
c. grab v I graib/ take firmly and suddenly; take an
opportunity aOpaxvw, apna<w She grabbed his hand and
ran across the road with him.
d.grasp v I gra:sp/ hold tightly; understand; make
use of sth opnd~w. ypanci>vw/Katovow, ou>.>.oµ~dvw She
grasped the sideof the seat as the bus suddenly stopped.
123. a. ferocious adj /fa'raufas/
vicious:
aggressive; violent dyptoc;, 8T]ptcil6T]<; The ferocious dog
attacked the man.
b. feasible adj / 'fi:zabl/ possible; that can be done
e<ptKT6<;, npayµarnno1{]0tµoc;. emteu~1µoc; It's feasible
that he could have helped her, but very unlikely.
c, fickle adj /'f1kl/
often changing; not loyal cororoc,
a>J.onp6oa>J.oc;, euµeTa~>.ritoc; Teenagers are very fickle
and change their interestsall the time.
d.foolish adj /'fu:lif/ silly; not sensible ov6T]TO<; It
was foolish of you to spend all your money on the first day
of your holiday.
124. a. accomplice n /a'kxrnplts/
sb who helps sb to
commit a crime or do sth bad or illegal ouvepyoc;,
ouvsvoroc They caught one of the criminals but they
couldn't find his accomplice.
b. hostage n /'host1d3i sb held prisoner because
the person holding them wants sth in return for their
release oµnpoc; The terrorist threatened to kill all the
hostages.
c, culprit n /'kAlprit/
sb who has done sth wrong
tvoxoc;, <pTOiXlTl<; Don't worry, we will punish the culprit
when we catch him.
d. villain n /'vdan/
criminal; sb who is capable of
doing sth bad Ka1<oupyoc;, axpeioc; In the movies, the
villain is often ugly and the hero is handsome.
125. a. a hole in concentration is not possible
b, lapse n t 'leeps/ moment when a mistake is made; sb
does sth wrong or bad (when they would usually behave
properly) cevrouo xpov11<6 Ot60TT]µa nou Kdtt 6uodpeOTo
y(v&tat The accident happened during a lapse in his
concentration.
c. crevice n /'krev1s/ narrow opening in a wall xapaµd6a,
pwyµJi, axioµJi There are many insects living in the
crevices in the wall.
d. gap n I grep/ hole or space between two things Kev6,
rpunc He has a small gap between his two front teeth.
126. a. leg n /leg/ a part of a journey or competition µtpoc;
(Ta~161ou,6taywv1oµou) Thankfully, this is the last leg of our
longjourney.
b. heat n /hi:t/ part of a contest or competition from
which the winners take part in further heats or rounds or
the flnal µtpoc;. crrd610 evdc; oyci>voc; The sthtete has
managed to get to the final heat of the competition.
c. tour n /tua(r)/ a trip to many different places or to
one place to see many things yupoc;, neptl'IYTIOTJ. nep106eia
We went on a tour of the city.
d. lap n /1<£p/ a single circuit of a track or race course
yupoc; ayci>va The race involves running tour laps of the
stadium.
127. a. as a matter of fact = actually vm tnv 01<pi~e1a
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
Page 170 .- Vocabulary
page 137
COMPANION ·Test 12
•
c. decline v Id 1 'k lain I refuse. say no; become smaller,
•
••
weaker, etc. apvouµal/e~aa8ev<i> Why did you decline
128. a. heart-warming adj /'ho:rtw:>:m1(J/
pleasing;
causing happiness eux6p1010<; It was heart-warming to
see them become friendsagain.
b.hearty adj /'ha:ti/
enthusiastic; warm and friendly
ev8ou0t<il~T1<; She gave her friends a hearty welcome.
c. heart-to-heart adj /ha:t ta'ha:V an honest
conversation esp. about personal matters et>.1Kp1v~c; She
realised that it was time to have a heart-to-heart talk with
her boytriend.
d.heartbreaking adj /'ha:tbre1k1fJ/
causing great
sadness and distress nou oe nAT]y<.iJvet, 6ucrape01oc; It was
heartbreaking to see her cry.
129. a. sturdy adj /'st3:di/
strong orepeoc, yep6c;,
av0EKttK6C: This is a sturdy toy that your son won't be
able to break.
b. harsh adj I ha:f I strict, severe au0lflp6c;, evrovoc
He hadn 'I been expecting such a harsh punishment
c, strident adj /'stra1dnt/
aggressive; loud; strict;
enthusiastic
He is a strident supporter of animal rights.
d.Iousy adj /'lauzi/ very bad; awful KOK6c;, OuoclpEOlO<;
I had a lousy day; everything went wrong.
130.a.adept adj /a'dept/ clever; skilled; good at yv<i>Olfl<;,
Et6tK6C: He is quite adept at drawing.
b. adverse adj I red 'vvs! opposing; difficult evovnoc,
ex8ptK6<; It was hard to work in such adverse conditions.
c. adjacent adj /a'djersnr/ near; next to; close to
6mXav6c;, nAa'iv6c;, napaKe(µevoc; He lives adjacent to
the park.
d. adamant adj I 'aidaman t I sure; stubborn; refusing
to change one's mind a61dAAaK1oc;, OKAflp6c;, avtvoornc;
She was adamant that she was telling the truth.
131. a. saturated adj /'srelfare111d/ full of sth;
completely wet yeµarnc; an6, eunonouevoc ue vepo We
were saturated after walking in the rain.
b. famished adj t'frem1ft/ very hungry noXti navcouevoc
I'm famished. let's go to eat something.
c, drenched adj /'drentN very wet µouaKeµtvoc;,noXti
apeµtvoc; We were drenched after getting caught in the
storm.
d.satiate v /'se1fiell/ provide too much of sth
xoptaivw, µnouxn(w. npoKaX<i> xopeouo The market has
been satiated with this product which is why they have
become very cheap.
132. a. bond n /bond/
sth that joins or connects two or
more people or things oeoµ6c; There is a strong bond
between the friends.
b. knot n In ot/ place where a piece of string ties
around itself K6µnoc; Tiea knot in the string.
c. loop n /lu:p/ shape like a circle; piece of rope or
string in this shape enXeta The cowboy tied a loop in
the rope.
d. chain n /tfe10/ group of things esp. rings or
loops connected together aXuo!oa The dog was tied up
with a metal chain.
133. a. dilute v /da1'lu:ll make weaker, esp. by adding
water ~taXtiw ue/oe veoo This juice is strong so I will
dilute it with some water.
b. obscure v /ab'skjua(r)/ prevent sth from being seen,
heard or understood cruoKoti(w, onoxpurrre, ouyKaXtimw
Our view of the house was obscured by a large tree.
:
such a nice offer?
/dim/
make less bright µE1Wvw TO eenouo
:
Let's dim the lights to make it more romantic.
: 134. a. spectacular adj I spek 'trekjala(r)/
impressive:
•
very special 8eaµa11K6<; There's a spectacularview from
•
the top of the mountain.
b.stingy adj /'s11nd3i/
mean: not generous
10tyyouvric; He's too stingy to buy anyone a coffee.
c. extravagant adj /rk'strrevegant/ using more
money or supplies of sth than is necessary noAuMnavoc;,
noAut~oooc;, noAuteXftc; It was very extravagant of him to
buy her a car.
:
d. intricate adj /'intnk~t/ made up of many small,
:
detailed parts nepfn>.oKo<;, ue noAM crxtota This jewelery
has an intricate design.
:
: 135. a. intervene v /rnta'vi.n,' interfere; take action esp.
:
to stop sth napeµpo(vw The police quickly intervened
when fightingstarted in the streets.
:
:
b.inform v /in'f:>:m/ tell sb sth: inform on sb - tell
:
the police or authorities about sb who has done sth wrong
:
or illegal runpocpop<.iJ(nc; apxtc; yta «mom napavoµ(a)
•
You must inform the police if you see anything suspicious.
c. disperse v /dr'sps.s/ go or make sth go in
different directions otacrKopni<w-oµm, aKopni(w oe
~tacpopenKt<; Ka1eu8uvae1<; The crowd soon dispersed at
the end of the concert.
d.insulate v /'10sjule1t/ protect sth by covering it
with a material that prevents heat, cold, sound, etc. passing
through it; protect sb/sth from sth npoororsue us
emcpaveiaKfl µ6vwcrn. µov<i>vw He tries to insulate his
children from the evil in the world.
136. a. recipe n /'rcsapi/ list of food needed and
instructions to make a meal cruVTa~ Will you give me the
recipe for that delicious cake?
b.forecast n /'f:>:kicsl/
prediction about what is
going to happen (esp. for the weather) np6PAeljn1 «uoou
According to the weatherforecast, it is going to rain
tomorrow.
c. publication n /pxblr'ketjn/
book. magazine.
anything published or printed ~nµoaieucrn. tKoocrn
This is the writer's first publication.
d.prescription n tpn'sknpfn/
written instruction
from a doctor that allows people to get medicine from the
pharmacist 1a1p1Kft ouvrcvn The doctor gave him a
•
prescription for some tablets.
137. a. meddle v /'med I/ interfere avaKatetioµm,
napeµaaivw Don~ meddle in other people's business.
b. irritate v /'mte11/ annoy evox>.<.iJ, e~opy((w His
loud music is really irritating me.
c. nag v t nccg/ criticize or complain continuously
KOTl'}YOP<il. OOKW KPlllKft His wife is always nagging him.
d.yell v /jell shout qiwva(w Don't yell at me!
138. a. pervade v /pa'verd/
spread and become part of
sth; influence 51e10Mw (Kat yivoµat a108nt6c;) novrou
The entire country has been pervaded by a feeling of
sadness.
b.consume v /kon'su:m/
use; eat KQTQVQAWVW,
tp<.ilw Who consumed all the bread?
c. subdue v /sab'du:/ defeat, bring under control;
:
d.dim v
15 flNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 138
Kata01t>J.w, oaµa(w She
tried to subdue the angry crowd.
d. subsidize v / 'ssbsrdaiz/ give sth extra that is
needed esp. money emooni>. emxoprww The government
has subsidized the building of this hospital.
139. a. trek v /trek/ go on a long hard journey Kdvw ooomopsro,
Koma011K6 rn~(61
We trekked through the jungle.
b. voyage v /'v:md3/ to go on a long journey by sea
KO.vw 0aMomo ta~(o1
They voyaged across the Pacific ean.
c, migrate v /'ma1gre1t/ move to another place or
country esp. for birds or animals according to the time of
year µernva01euw Many birds migrate to warmer countries
for the winter.
d. shift v If 1 rt I move to a different position or
place µetaKtvouµm, a>J.a(w 0tOT] He was uncomfortable
so he shifted position.
140. a. appalling adj I a 'po.l 11J I very bad; terrible
cpopep6<;, tpoµaKnK6<;
I'm not going out in such appalling weather.
b.upparent adj /a'pa:ranll obvious; clear eµq>avi)<;.
It soon became apparent to me that he was lying.
c. consoling adj /kon'saulu)/ comforting
napriyoprinK6<; She found it consoling to learn that her
husband had not been in pain before he died.
d.appetizing adj /'repata1zu)/ tempting; inviting;
delicious e>.Ku011K6<;, v6011µoc; That food looks really
appetizing!
141. a. amusing adj /a'mju:z11J/
funny; humorous
6taoKeoaoTtK6<; This is an amusing book. It is making me
laugh a lot.
b. bashful adj /'ba:ffl/ shy vtponnxoc He's too
bashful to show us his new shirt.
c. intimidating adj /m't1m1de1t11JI
frightening;
making you feel nervous;powerful nou npoKa>.ei cpopo Ii
Moc; He's quite an intimidating character so noone argues
with him.
d.assured adj /a'fuad/ confident nou txe1
euronenomsnon You need to be fairly assured to be an
actor.
142. a. adorn v /a'd:>:n/ cover, decorate with sth
(01a)Kooµw, 010Af(w The tree was adorned with decoraDons.
b. implicate v / 1mphke1t/
show that sb is involved in
sth, esp. a crime eµnMKw, evoronoie How did you get to
be implicated in this terrible crime?
c, dismantle v /drs'msentl/
take apart so sth is in
pieces; end a system, organisation, etc. anoouvapµo>.oyw
/ yKpeµ((w, Katapyw to ouCJTT)µa Alter he'd dismantled the
machine, he couldn't put it back together again.
d.notlfy v /'naut1fa1/
inform; tell sb sth (esp.
official) e1oono1c.i>. avaKotvwvw Please notify me as soon
as you get the results.
143. a. affiliate v ta'fllie1t/
link sb/sth to sb/sth else
axet((oµa1. efµm ouv6eoeµtvoc; He is thought to be
affiliated to a terrorist group.
b. adapt v /a'daipt?
change to suit a new situation
npooapµ6~oµa1 She soon adapted to living in a foreign
country.
c. attribute v /a'tnbju:t/
to see sth as belonging to,
produced or caused by sth/sb anoofow TIJV Kup16Tf]TO,
euauvri KtA. This painting has been attributed to Picasso.
calm sb's feelings or emotions
1
•
•
:
:
:
:
•
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
COMPANION ·Test
12
d.alternate v /':i:ltarnell/ happen in tum: cause
things or people to happen or follow one after the other
eva>J.aooµm Her mood alternated between happiness and
sadness. several times that week.
144.a.genial adj /'d3i:nial/
friendly; cheerful cplAtK6<;,
np6axapoc; She's usually a genial, friendly person.
b, blunt adj /blAnV honest and direct without trying to
be kind or polite wµ6<;, e1>.1Kp1vf)c; His blunt answer
offended her.
c. solemn adj /'solam/ very serious; perform in a
serious, dignified way cosoooc. a~1onpem;c; He could tell
from the doctor's solemn voice that the news was bad.
d. sterile adj / 'steral/ not productive; not able to
produce children or babies; completely clean, without
bacteria 01eipoc; / cnocrceeuevoc The sterile couple will
never have a child of their own.
145.a.exarcerbate
v /rg'zsesabeu/
make a situation
worse xeipou:peuw His anger only exarcerbated the situation.
b.adjourn v /a'd3s:n/ postpone, stop sth for
a period of time; go to another room or place (for a group
of people) avapa>.>.w, ava01t>.>.w I 6taK6mw ouveop(aon
Shafi we adjourn to the living-room?
c. recoil v /r1'b11/ move quickly away from sb/sth,
esp.through fear, shock, pain, etc. tpap1tµa1 Pima i;
onorouc She recoiled from the huge spider.
d.grant v /grrent/ allow; give permission naptxw Meta
Did he grant you permission to use the car?
146. a. turn over phr.v. change the channel on TV; change the
position of sth a>J.<i(w Kava>.1 I a>.M~w 0€0T] Can't we
turn over to a better TV channel?
b. turn out phr.v. to result, develop or end; tum off a
power supply (esp. electric); make sb leave e~e>.ioooµm,
KataAf]yw I eKot<i>Kw Everything turned out well in the end.
c. come away phr.v. leave a place; separate from sth
q>euyw / xwp((w cno Come away from the window.
d. come over phr.v. pass or travel over or above sth; be
understood, give an impression of being sb/sth nepvaw
navw ono / olvw rnv evnmeon He comes over as a
friendly man.
147. a. innovation n /rna'verjn/
a change: new
idea, method or technique Katvotoµ(a This new device is an
innovation in the world of communication.
b. plot n /plot/
secret plan to do sth wrong or illegal
OKeuwpia i; ouveuomo The police found out about their
plot to rob the bank.
c. draft n I drreft/ rough, first version of sth npoaxto10
This is only the first draft of the contract.
d. naw n /fl:>:/ fault, mark, crack in an object; sth
that stops sth from being perfect or that makes sth weaker
or less acceptable ~eyao1, (Kpuq>6) eMttwµa There are
several flaws in your plan rm afraid.
148. a. undermine v /'AOdamain/
make sth weaker or
less effective unovopeue, unooxcrrre Don't you dare
undermine my authority again.
b. feign v /fem/ act, pretend npoonoioepn,
un0Kp(voµa1 She feigned sickness so that she wouldn't
have to go to work.
c, amend v /a'mend/ change slightly to improve or
correct an error pe>.w.iJvw, 01op8wvw We need to amend
the contract slightly before you sign it.
d.confiscate v /'konf1ske1t/
take sth away from sb
15 nNAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 139
COMPANION • Te&t 12
esp. because it is not allowed or as a punishment Katacrxw
location; environment OlOTO~I'] XWPOU, ronoseotc This is the perThe teacher confiscated the cigarettes from the boys.
fect setting fora hotel.
149. a. desolate adj / 'desalat I lonely; isolated tp11µ0<;,
vice versa adv
epl}µwµtvo<;. µovox1K6<; I couldn't live in such a lonely and used to say that the opposite to what you have Just said is also
desolate place.
true Kat ovt101p6qlwc; Jim loves Jane and vice versa, so they
b. impartial adj llm'po:fl/ neutral not biased or
are sure to get married.
prejudiced oµep6Al']mo<; A judge must always be impartial. • be strapped for sth
c, dubious adj /'du:bias/ doubtful; unsure; suspicious
If you are strapped for something you do not have enough of it.
nou eµnvtet unoipie<; n evo0taoµouc:;. aµqit>.ey6µevoc; I
µou >.einet Kan. oev txw opKeTI'J nooomrc one KOTI I can't go
out this weekend as I am strapped tor money.
don't trust him because he's a dubious looking character.
outlay n
d.arrogant adj /'reraganl/ vain, conceited; thinking
money you pay for sth especially a new project or for business in
one is special a>.o(6voc;, unep6TTTTJ<; It was so arrogant of
him to thinkhe was better than everyone else.
order to make more money (enevourndt) oonaVT], "Kovou>.1"
• It was worth paying the initial outlay to set up the company
150. a. vigilant adj /'v1d3tlant/ careful; watchful nou
enoypunvef The soldiers have to be extra vigilant at night
because now we are making a profit.
conventional ad)
when the enemy may attack.
normal; average; usual ouµpanK6<;, OUVT]6toµtvoc; Why don't you
b.aloof adj /a'lu:f/
unfriendly; not interested in other
people: acting in a superior manner an6µoKpoc;,
go on a conventional holiday to a beach resort instead of going on
an expedition to the jungle?
oµt1oxoc;, erwpu>.aKttK6<; Noone talks to her because she
is very aloof.
c. notorious adj /neu'to.rias/ famous, well-known
Page 173 - Reading - TEXT 2
for a negative reason 010P6n10c;, neptwvuµoc; He's a
balmy adj /'bo:mi/
notoriouscriminalbut the police have never caught him.
Balmy weather is fairly warm and pleasant. euxap10ta (e0t6<;
d. timid adj /'tm11d 1 shy; nervous oet>.6<;. am>.µoc;.
It was a balmy summer's evening.
ouveoroxuevoc The timid child will not talk to anyone.
zap v /zrep/
If you zap someone of their strength or energy you take their
Page 172 - Reading - TEXT 1
strength or energy away from them. anoppoqiw m MvaµI}, TI]v
cripple v
evtpyeta
If something is crippled by sth it is very badly affected by it
Working seven days a week has zapped him of his energy.
nvootrrreve, npoKa>.w oopap~ (nµ10 oe.. The country was cripsusceptible adj /sa'septsbl/
pled by the strikes as there was no public transport and governIf you are susceptible to a disease or injury, you are very likely to
ment buildings were closed.
be affected by it. wa>.wtoc:;, eunaenc:; Being overweight makes
tight budget
you susceptible to back problems.
If someone or a company is on a tight budget, they do not have
couple (sth with sth else) v I 'kxpl/
any extra money and only just have enough to do what they need
If you say that one thing produces a particular effect when it is
to do. ·mp1x16c;" noounoxonouoc, xwpic; no>.>.d nep16ti>p10 We
coupled
with another, you mean that the two things combine to
are on such a tight budget that we have absolutely no money to
produce that effect. oucrxet!(w, ouvoua(w Over-use of those
pay for any extras.
drugs, coupled with poor diet, leads to physical problems.
rural adj
•: gloomy adj /'glu:mi/
relating to the countryside rather than the city. oypottK6c;, 6Xt
a0t1K6C:: There is a lot more crime in the city than there is in the : If something or a place is gloomy, it is quite dark so that you can• not see very well and therefore it is depressing_ µe>.ovxo>.tK6c:;,
rural areas.
: OKomv6c:; After enjoying the sunshine of the summer months, I
standard adj
• was not looking forward to the gloomy wintermonths.
normal, usual, sth that is expected µtpoc:; rou PaotKoli e~on>.1oµou
succumb v /sa'kxrn/
TVs are standard in hotel rooms these days.
If you succumb to an Illness or something unpleasant, you
counterpart n
become affected by it or die from it. (FORMAL) evo!Ow, ntqitw ere
Your counterpart is someone who has the same job or position as
µ10 ouoape(rTI] «rrnorcon, nppeorem Kt>.. I was determined not
you but in a different company or organization. oµ6>.oyoc;,
to succumb to the virus.
ovti0totX11C:: 6tcrl}<; The French President had a meeting with his
uplifting adj I Ap'ltft11J/
Spanish counterpartto improve trade relations betwen the two
You describe something as uplifting when it makes you feel very
countries.
cheerful and happy. ava(woyoV17TtK6c:;, ev1axurtK6c:; It was a
disadvantaged adj
charming and uplifting love story.
not having the (everyday) things that others have: poor µfl
npovoµiouxoc;, (KOlVWVlKO n OlKOVOµlKO) µe1oveKttK6<; Children
pamper v /'pa:mpa(r)/
who grow up in a disadvantaged area are more likely to turn to a
If you pamper someone, you make them feel comfortable by doing
life of crime. ~
: things for them or giving them expensive or luxurious things,
beam v
: sometimes in a way which has a bad effect on their character.
transmit; send radio or TV pictures over long distances using elec- : KavoKeliw, napaxciioeuw Whenever I visit my mother, she pemtronic equipment avoµetali!Ow. eKntµnw Pictures of the Royal
: pets me all weekend because she is so pleased to see me.
•
wedding were beamed all over the world.
• set aside phr.v
setting n
: If you set something aside for a special use or purpose, you keep
•
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 140
it available for that use or purpose. ~a<w KaTd usooc, £~01Kovoµcil
Some doctors advise setting aside a certain hour each day to
relax.
set out phr.v
If you set out a number of facts. beliefs, or arguments, you explain
them in writing or speech in a clear, organized way. e~riycil,
napa0tTW You will be given a Back To Work plan which sets out
how you can best help yourself.
pay off .phr.v
. .
.
.
If an action pays off, rt rs successful or profitable after a penod of
time. txw cvtcncooon ~andra was determined to become a doctor and her hard work paid off.
In the long run eve~tually; after a long time or a lot of ~ffort
T£AtK.6, oe µdKpo<; xpovou. It may be hard to s~op smokmg now,
but, tn the long run, you will be glad that you did.
blues n(pl) /blu:z/
If you h~ve got the blues, you feel sad and depressed. (l~FORMAL) £t~at 0£ µ£AOYXOAtKr') 6t60£CJTJ lnterfermg mother-m-laws
are a pnme source of the blues.
almond n /'a:lmand/ Almonds are pale oval nuts. They are
often used in cooking. aµuyliaAO
pumpkin n /'pAmpkin/ A pumpkin is a large, round, orange
vegetable with a thick skin. KOAOKu0a
game n /ge1m/
Wild animals or birds that are hunted for sport and sometimes
cooked and eaten are referred to as game.
Kuvr')yt, 011paµorn (6nw<; nouXtO. nou TO KUVT]youv)
pheasant n /'feznt/
A pheasant is a bird with a long tail. Pheasants are often shot as a
sport and then eaten. q>oatov6<;
partridge n /'po:trrd3/
A partridge is a wild bird with brown feathers, a round body, and a
short tail. ntpli1Ko
brisk adj /bnsk /
A brisk activity or action is done quickly and in an energetic way.
<w11p6<;, evepY11TtK6<;, nou cnorret evtpye10
Taking a brisk walk can often produce a feeling of well-being.
wrap up phr.v
wear warm clothes. nept~illw µe <emd pouxa If you are going
out in the snow, you had better wrap up.
chill n /tf11/
A chill is cold air Kpuo, l!Juxpo
November is here, bringing with it a chill in the mornings.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
!
•
!
•
:
:
•
:
:
:
:
:
!
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
COMPANION • Test 12
stinging adj /'st11111JI
If someone's remarks are stinging, they make you feel hurt and
annoyed. 611KttK6, evrovo (ax6Xto) She made a stinging attack on
the government's economic policy.
Illiterate adj /r'htarat?
Someone who is illiterate does not know how to read or write.
ava>.qid~l1TO<;, ayp6µµ010<; A large percentage of the population
/s illiterate.
prompt v /prompt/
To prompt someone to do something means to make them decide
to do it. napaKtv<.i> Japan 's recession has prompted consumers
to cut back on buying cars.
flurry n /'fl:i:ri/
A flurry of something such as activity or excitement is a short
intense period of it. nepiolio<; tVTOVTJ<; 6paOTT]pt6T11rn<; There
was a flurry of diplomatic activity aimed at ending the war.
aptitude n /'reptllu:<.l/
Someone's aptitude for a particular kind of work or activity is their
ability to learn it quickly and to do it well. qiuatK() tKoV6TTJTO, KAiCJTJ,
tq>£CJTJ Some students have more aptitude for academic work
than others.
union n l1u:nian/
A union is a workers· organization which represents its members
and which aims to improve things such as their working conditions
and pay. ouv6tKOAtcmKt'l opy6VWCJTJ I feel that women in all types
of employment can benefit from joining a union.
sharp adj 1 I a:rp/
If someone says something in a sharp way, they say it suddenly
and rather firmly or angrily, for example because they are warning
or criticizing you. svtovoc, 0uµwµtvo<; 'Don't argue with your
mother.' was Charles's sharp response.
rebuke n /rr'bju:k/
a rebuke is when you speak severely to someone because they
have said or done something that you do not approve of. (FORMAL) enln>.11~11 "You will be punished tor that" was his angry
rebuke.
Page 175 - Reading - TEXT 4
! juggle v /'d3Agll
• If you juggle lots of different things, for example your work and
: your family, you try to give enough time or attention to all of them.
: µaye1peuw, nooonoae va To KOtoq>tpw ue Texvaoµorn Mike juggled the demands of a family of 6 with a career as a TV reporter.
chronic adj /'kronik/
Page 174 - Reading - TEXT 3
A chronic illness or disability lasts for a very long time. xpov10<;
imperative n /rrn'peratrv/
He has suffered from chronic back pain for years.
An imperative is something that is extremely important and must
crowd together phr. v If things crowd together they happen at
be done. (FORMAL) emTOKTIKtl av6vKT1
about the same time. ouµ~mvet rouromovo She was coping with
The most important political imperative is to limit the number of
the first problem, but when a whole number of problems started
US casualties.
to crowd together, she couldn't cope with everything.
tide n /taid/
pull together phr.v If people pull together, they help each other
You can talk about a tide of something, especially something
: or work together in order to deal with a difficult situation.
which is unpleasant, when there is a large and increasing amount : ev<.i>vouµe nc 6uv6µet<; yto ecv KOtv6 OKon6 If we all pull togethof it. Kuµo, peuµo The police are worried about the ever increasing : er, we can deal with this problem.
tide of crime.
: worn out adj Someone who is worn out is extremely tired after
: hard work or a difficult or unpleasant experience. e~OVTAl1µtvoc;
mediocrity n /mi:di'okrati/
If you refer to the mediocrity of something, you mean that it is of : Bel ore the race, he is fine. But afterwards he is worn out.
average quality but you think it should be better. uetounuto The ••
mediocrity of most contemporary writingis a disappointment to ••
••
literature fans
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
COMPANION • Test 12
page 141
Vocabulary Exercises
A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. It's easy to get lost in such a(n)
A. barren
B. immense
C. susceptible
D. illiterate
2. She
with them to help her.
A. pleaded
B. exploited
C. sustained
0. inflicted
3. I was
A. intrepid
after walking in the heavy rain.
B. inhibited
C. fickle
4. We will
A. notify
5. He
forest.
0. drenched
you as soon as we get the test results.
B. affiliate
C. confiscate
0. obscure
sickness so that he wouldn't have to go to school.
A. intervened
B. insulated
C. detained
D. feigned
B. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words given.
1. If you are
DEFY
you will lose your job.
2. It was a
firework display.
3. The doctor gave her a
for the medicine.
4. She was surprised at his
5. I buy this
SPECTACLE
PRESCRIBE
nervousness.
APPEAR
every month.
PUBLISH
C. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words below. There are two extra words which
you do not need to use.
sip
grab
1. She
grant
recoil
in fear from the snake.
2. Let's
the lights to make it more romantic.
3. Can you please
4. She
dim
from smoking while we are eating?
the hot coffee.
5. I doubt if he will
us permission 10 leave early.
refrain
justify
Page 9 - Grammar
washed out adj. (weak and completely lacking in energy]
c~ovt>.riµtvoc;
1 feel washed out; I think I'll go home
abhorrent/ab'horant/ adj. {hateful! oncx0~
+Hunting as a
hobby is totally abhorrent to me
abound with/infa'baund/ verb (contain a very large number or
quantity ofJ ~pl0w, clµo1 ycµ(noc; on6
The nearby river abounds
with /in fish
raw materials/ .rotrne'uanalz/ noun [materials which are in their
natural state and have not undergone any treatment) nl)Wtcc; uAE:c;
formula/'f:>:mjula/ noun ·pf
formuJae, formulas- [an arrangement of signs or letters used in chemistry, mathematics, etc to express an idea briefly; a recipe or set of
instructions for making something) nmoc - oLMoy~
The formula
for water is H20. T/Je shampoo was made to a new formula
amendment/a'mendmant/ noun [an alteration or improvement to
a law or document or the act of doing this] rooronotnon cpono>.oyfo
The parties of the opposition are not in favor of the proposed
constitutional amendment
soar/s:>:/ verb (rise to a high level fast! ovcBolvw oto ~11 +Insurance costs have soared dramatically during the last few years
dizzying/'d11.111J/ adj. [causing a sense or imbalance and confusion]
1>.1yy1W6ri<:, nou npoKo>.cf z6AI]
The dizzying heights of success
caused her to lose sense of reality
thesis/'Oi:s1s/ noun -pf theses- [a long written essay often done as
part of an advanced university degree] 61acp1B~ +He is working on :
this doctoral thesis at the moment and he is extremely busy
:
discontent/ .drskan 'tent I noun [dissatisfaction] 6uoopl:0Kc10
There is growing discontent among the young unemployed
dismissal/d1s'm1sl/ noun [the act of removing sb from a job]
onoxocn
The failure of the campaign led to the dismissal of the
advertising director
arouse/a'rauz/ verb {cause or give nse to] ~rnriKwvw +His extravagant lifestylehas aroused the suspicions of his colleagues
arise/e'rarz/ verb -p.t arose, p.p arisen- [come into being or begin
to happen! npoKumw
These problems have snsen as a result of
your carelessness
rouse/rauz/ verb [make more active, interested or excited!
(coriKwvw, 61cyclpw
The protesters were roused to violence by
the police's cruel behavior
shovelt'f ,..val/ verb [use a spade-like tool to scoop up and move
coal, gravel, etc.] Qltuoplzw +Mum has asked us to shovel the
snow off the sidewalk
imbecile/'1mbasi:I. 'imbesl/ adj. [a person who behaves in a stupid manner] f]N81oc; +He's a downright imbecile; don't trust him
with the job
to put it mildly [used when speaking to indicate that one could de·
scribe something in much stronger words) y10 vo 10 nw µo>.oK6
+He's rather naive, to put it mildly
aeronautics/ .eara'no.uks/ noun [the science of designing and navigating aircraft) oepovounxn
cope (with)/kaup/ verb [manage; deal with sth successfully] to
~y6zw ntpo, ovtcnc(tpxoµo1 +She left him because she could no
longer cope with his drinking problem
glass-blowlng/'glo:s,blaurl)/
noun [the technique of shaping glass
by blowing air through a tube) fl tCXVfl tau q)UOl]tOU '{UOAIOU
workforce/'w3:kfo:s.'w3:rkf:>:rs/ noun [the number of people who
work or are available to work in a certain country, factory, or industry] cpyonK6 6uvoµ1K6
The country's workforce will increase by
10% in the next two years.
remark/ra'mo:k/ noun [a comment; something said] ox6Alo,
nopo1~prion
The cnermsn made a few remarks, then introduced
the speaker.Igot very angry at his remark on my appearance
overtime/'auvata1m/ noun [time spent in working beyond one's
normal working hours] uncpwplo +I'll have to work overtime until
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
en o this mont
surroundings/sa'raund11Jz/ noun (plural) [the conditions in which a
person or animal lives or the scenery that surrounds a place]
ncplyupcx;, ncp1f36Mov +He was happy to be home again in his
usual surroundings
Page 13 - Cloze
beaver/'bi:vo/ noun [an animal with strong front teeth, noted for
its skill in damming streams) K6mopoc
mammal/'mremal/ noun [any member of the class of animals (including man) in which the females feed the young with their own
milk] 91]AOO(IK6
lodge/ I ocl 3 I noun [a beaver's home)
submerged/sab'1m:d3d/ adj. [covered with or sunk in water; com·
pletely covered] Bu01011tvoc;, Komµµtvcx:
Tbe ship cresned into
some submerged rocks
weigh down phrasal verb [prevent someone or something from
moving easily by placing a load on them) AUyfzw, (l)Optwvw
+Jonathan was weighed down with sl1opping bags
plaster I 'plo:sta/ verb [apply a thick layer of plaster or other mate·
rial all over a surface] oof3mfzw, Ko>.umw c('o>.oKMJpou
The
walls haven't been plastered yet so we can't paint them
chisel/'tf1zal/ noun [a metal tool with a sharp cutting edge, used
to carve wood or stone) oµt>.ri, oKopnt>.o
You need a hammer
and chisel to cut this stone
larder/'lo:da. 'lo:rdar/ noun [a room or cupboard used for storing
food! KCM<ip1, xoooc ono0()KCUOfl<: {PQ(l)lµwv • Before refrigerators were invented. people kept their provisions in larders
maplet'me1pl/ noun la tree with many-pointed leaves which grows
in the northern hemisphere, one kind of which gives a sugary liqlid
(maple syrup)] o(l)tvooµoc;, O(l)Cvt6p1
aspen/'respan/ noun la kind of poplar tree whose leaves rustle in
the wind] Af:liKo, ACUKfl fl roeuouoo
wlllow/'wrlau/ noun [a kind of tree with long thin branches and nar
row leaves that grows near the water] mo
stem/stem/ noun [the part of a plant that grows upward from the
root, or the part from which a leaf. flower. or fruit grows] µioxoc
+Poppies have long, hairy, twisting stems
nutritional/nju:'tnfanal/ adj. [of or relating to the process of getting the right kind of food which ensures good health and development) 61arpOQ)1K6<;. Ul<: 6101pcxp~
The nutritional value of fresh
fruit and vegetables is stressed by doctors
predator/'predata/ noun [a bird or animal which attacks and kills I.
for food) opnaKuK6 zwa +Hawks are predators of small birds andil
animals
disposal/d1s'pau7J/ noun [the act of getting rid of something]
on6pp1l!Jfl, 61<i9cori +Disposal of toxic waste is harmful to the en·
vironment
at hand [{formal) close) llAflOlov, Kovt6 • There was no pharmacy
at hand so we had to drive to the city center
at random [in a way that involves no particular plan or aim] tuxolo
The police were stopping cars at random and checking the driver
licenses
at large [free after having escaped, and likely to cause harm]
CAcli9cpoc;
The escaped murderer is still at large
sllng/sh!JI verb -p.t & p.p slung- [support, hang, or swing by means
of a strap] ovcpna, Kpq.1w
had a camera and a pair of binoculars slung round his neck
scarcely/'skeasll /adv. [only just; not quite) µ6>.1c: Ko1 1.1ct6 f3ioc;,
oxeoov Ko96>.ou +Speak louder please - I can scarcely hear you. They had scarcely enough money to live on
sparsely/'spo:sl1/ adv. (thinly] opo16 +Sparsely populated areas
often become the target of txrglsrs
largely/'lo:d3h/ adv. [mainly; to a great extent]
Kupfwc;, we: cnt to n>.cimov +Our methods have been largely successful
pulse/ pAls/ noun [the regular beating of the heart) o(l)uyµ6c;
The doctor felt the injured man's pulse to check if he was stin
+
+
+
+
+
+
•He
+
alive
moral/'moral/ adj. [connected with the principles or ideas which
determine what is right or wrong and how people should behave]
r]G1K6<; +Moral standards seem to be continuously deteriorating
cowardice/'kaoad1s/ noun [the state of being cowardly) 6c1Alo
+His cowardice was what prevented him from making the right decision
actually/'rektfoah/ adv. [used to 1nd1cate that what one rs saying is
the exact truth, often as opposed to what people think] np6yµm1,
otnv npoyµot1K6tr1to
+Did he actually sign the contract or did he
just agree verbally?
aggressive1a'gres1v/ adj. [hostile or threatening and ready to at·
tack] cm0ct1K6<: +His parents are worried because he has become :
very aggressive, especially towards his baby brother
:
extinction/1k'st11Jkfn/
noun [the state of no longer existing]
•
O(l)(lv101J(><: +Many species are faced with extrcuon due to the
destruction of their natural habitats
elegantJyt'elaganth/ adv. [in a graceful way) KOIJllJ(I +She always
dresses very elegantly
seal/si:I/ noun [a piece of wax or other material which bears a de·
sign and is attached to a document to show that it is genuine and
legal] o<cpoyloo
The document bore the seal of the President
proclaim/prn'klerm/ verb [announce or state publicly]
OVOKUpVOOW, OIOKllPUOOW • He was proclaimed the winner
opt (for)/opt/ verb [choose something in preference to something
else] cmMyw, npouµw +Tom has opted for a holiday at home
rather than abroad
side/said/ verb [support someone in an argument or fight)
owroooopot µc, nolpvw to µCpo<;t Whenever we have a disagree·
ment at the office, Mary sides with the manager
utter!'Ata/ adj. [total or complete) on6Auto<;
+Utter silence prevailed among the board members when he an·
nounced his retirement. The whole procedure was an utter mistake
optional/'opfanal/ adj. [of something that is a matter of choice]
npoo1pct1K6<; +Sociology is optional but I advise you to take it as
this particular course is very interesting
uprighll'Aprart/ adj., adv. (erect or vertical; standing straight]
op06<;, orntoc • ornro +He placed the books upright in the bookcase.She stood upright
male/melt/ verb [come, or bring together for breeding) zcuyop(jvw
pray/prer/ verb [speak reverently to God to express thanks or a
request; hope earnestly] npoocuxoµo1 · nopoKoAw +She prayed to
God to help her.Farmers were praying for rain
prairie/'prean/ noun [(in North America) an area of flat, treeless,
grass-covered land] AE:1~661
+
lntimldate/rn'urmden/ verb [frighten someone by threatening violence so that one loses confidence] CK(l)ODlzw, tpolJOKporw
The
police fired tear.gas in an attempt to intimidate the demonstrators
intrigue/rn'tri:g/ verb [arouse interest or curiosity, especially be·
cause of being unusual or mysterious] K1vw tnv ncp1tpyc10, vorircuw,
1vtp1yK6pw
We were all intrigued by his allusion to a secret plot
infuriate/rn'fjoanert/ verb {cause irritation or anger] c(opyfzw
+His indifference is what infuriates me the most
commendable/ka'mendabl/ adj. [(formal) deserving to be praised]
0(1tno1vo<; +He faced the difficulties with commendable courage
and determination
appalling/a'p:l:hl)/ adj. [horrifying or shocking; very bad]
<cp1K1oot1K6<;, onoKpouot1K6<;
The appalling news about the terrorist attack against innocent civilians caused widespread sensation
relinqulsh/ra'h1Jkw1f I verb [give up power, position, a claim, etc.]
cyKoroAc1nw, nopo1touµo1
The dictator was finally forced to re/in·
qu1sh control of the country
uncouth1An'ku:0/ adj. [behaving in a rude, unpleasant, or socially
macceoteble mamer) 6(coto<;, 0KoM1tpy11r0<: +He was a rough,
uncouth man with no manners at all
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Page 14 - Vocabulary
+
radiant/'re1d1ant/ adj. [showing great joy) OKuvo~OAo<;, nou Mµnq
on6 xcoo +She welcomed us with a radiant smile
courteous/'k3:tias/ adj. [polite, well-mannered, and respectfull
cuycv1K6<;, o~p6<; +Our policy is to be courteous to all our costomers
frugal/'fru:gl/ adj. [buying, spending, eating, etc only what is absolutely necessary] µctpriµtvo<;, ~1ro6101ro<;
They led a frugal life
on the meager earnings of their farm
deficient/d1'f1Jant/
adj. [lacking or not having enough of some·
thing; inadequate] cMm~<;. cvenoosnc +Her test results showed
that she was deficient in iron and calcium
meager/'mi:ga/ adj. [small or inadequate] roxvoc, ovenooxnc
+Unfortunately, the charity appeal met with a meager response
from the public
crumblingt'krAmbhl)/
adj. [beginning to fail or to lose power) nou
Kotopptc1, nou 610Aucco1 +Unfortunately, we live in a time of
crumbling moral values
strangle/'stra:l)gl/ verb [kill by gripping or squeezing the neck
tightly) orpoyyo>Jzw +The murderer strangled his victim with a
cord
smother/'smA<)a/ verb [cover thickly; overwhelm] nvlyw +The
neglected garden was smothered in weeds. The killer smothered her
with a pillow
bulgelbAld3/ verb [swell out) cpouoKwvw, 61oyKwvopo1
+His
muscles bulgedHer bag was bulging with bank notes
choke/tfauk/ verb [stop or partly stop breathing, especially be·
cause one's throat is blocked] oocpuKuw, nviyw/ -0µ01 +He choke
to death on a chicken bone
ignorance/'1gnarans/ noun [the state of having lack of knowledge
or information about a subject) 6yvo10
1 can only attribute the
mistake to his ignorance
plead/pli:d/ verb [give a particular excuse or justification for one'
actions] cmK0Aouµo1, npo~6Mw +When I asked him to attend the
meeting, he pleaded illness
flee/ni:/ verb -p.t & p.p fled- [run away mainly to escape danger]
rpcnoµo1 oe <cuv~. 61ocpcuyw, cpcuvw +By the time the police arrived, the criminal had fled
lnitial/1'111fal/ adj. [of or at the beginning] opx1K6C +There were
difficulties during the initial stages of construction
flaunttfb:nt/ verb [show one's possessions or abilitites with the
aim of causing admiration or shock] cm6c1Kvuw (µc outooeoseic)
They flaunt their possessions m a most offensive way
vauntlv:l:nt/ verb (describe, display or praise your success or pos
sessions in a pompous way) cm6c1Kvuw, Koux1tµo1 +She vaunts
her children's upbringing as if she were the ideal mother
resent/ n 'zen t / verb [feel annoyed about a situation or something
that someone has done because one thinks it is unfair or insulting]
ouoovooxctw, nc1p6zoµo1
The family resented the mistress's
presence at the funeral service
invariably/in'vcanablr/ adv. [always] novrc +He's invariably lat
no matter what the occasion is
consplcuous/knn'sprkjoas/
adj. [very noticeable, especially be·
cause of being different) cµcpov~<:. eovcooc +She certainly look
very conspicuous in that bright green hat
abundantta'bAndant/ adj. (plentiful; more than enough] 6cp0ovo<;
There were abundant supplies to keep us going for at least five
days
disputable/d1'spju:tabal/ adj. [not positively true or right; to be
argued about] oµcp1o~ric~o1µ0<;
+Whether this change was an im1
provement is disputable
counteract/ .kaunter'aikt/ verb [undo or prevent the bad effect or!
sth by doing something which brings about the opposite effect]
KoronoAcµW, c(ou&tcpwvw +I don't know what can counteract his
traumatic war experiences
overrate/ .sovs'ren/ verb [think that someone or something is bet
ter or more important than they really are] unq){cK)t1µw, uncp~6Mw
111v o(lo
1 think I overrated his abilities; he can't handle such a s
rious job
+
+
OPPOSITE
+underrate
offset/'ofset/ verb [cancel out an advantage or disadvantage and
restore balance] ovum:o0µizw, 1aoq)Opizw + The increase in our
salaries will be offset by the higher market prices
indulge/1n'd,..ld3/ verb [allow sb to do or have what they want;
allow oneself a luxl.K)' or to do something pleasurable, often something bad] KaKoµa9arvw • mrrptnw otov eouto uou +I think they indulge their children terribly. She often indulges in shopping, especially
when she is depressed
plead/pli:d/ verb [make an urgent request] ct<A1napw +She
pleaded with her father to lend her his car
beslege/b1'si:d3/ verb [surround (a place) with armed forces in
order to make it surrender) no;>,.1opKw + Troy was besieged by the
Greeks
solicil/sa'hsll/ verb [(formal) ask for money, help, or information)
:
zrrcw +People workingfor charities are permitted to solicit money :
from the public
taunt/t::i:nll verb [try to make someone angry by making unkind or
insulting remarks about their weaknesses or failures) l<Acu6zw,
npoyK<lw +She was often taunted by her school mates about her
untidy appearance
ensue/m'sju:/ verb [happen afterwards, often as a result)
cnoKoAouew, npoKumw + She insulted him and a terrible argument
ensued
incur/in'k3:/ verb [cause something unpleasant to happen as a result of one's actions or behavior) eruoooo, crn(l)Cpw + The bitter
comments incurred the manager's displeasure.Their reckless purchase has caused them to incur enormous debts
hunch/ht.ntf /noun [an idea or belief based on one's feelings or
suspicions rather than on facts or evidence) npoolo9riµa + 1 have a
hunch that they are not going to sign the agreement in the end
premonition/ .prerne'rujan, .pri.rna'rujan I noun [a feeling that
something unpleasant is going to happen) (KaK6) npoalo9riµa + 1
woke up this morning with a strange premonition; let's hope that I'll
be proved wrong
awe/'J:/ noun (a mixed feeling of respect, fear, and wonder) otcx:
We all stood in awe in front of the enormity of the pyramids
misgiving/ ,m1s'g1v11JI noun [(usually in plural) a feeling of fear or
doubt] cp6Bo<:, uno\j}lo + We have serious misgivings about the feasibility of your expansion plan
dispatch/ dr'speet] I verb (send] m:t;>,.vw +The charity dispatched
letters asking for financial help
disperse/d1'sp::i:s/ verb [scatter; cause to go in different directions) (610)0Kopnlzw + The groups of hooligans dispersed as soon
as the police made their appearance
dissect/d1'sek1. dai'sekt/ verb [cut up a dead body in order to
study it scientifically; examine sth thoroughly and in detail) ovoteuvo
· c{c16zw Af:moµcpW<:+ The marketing managers are still dissecting
the results of the survey
dispense with/d1'spens/ verb [get rid of; do without)
{c<p0p1wvo(J01 +Let's dispense with the formalities and get down
to business
turn out phrasal verb (make or produce] nap6yw + The factory
turns out ten fimshed articles an hour
turn up phrasal verb [appear or arrive] cµqJOvlzoµa1, Kora(l)06vw
+He turned up quite unexpectedly
turn over phrasal verb [make an amount of money during a particular period of time] mp6pw, K6vw tzjpo +Our business turned
over $200,()(X) during the first two months
turn down phrasal verb (reject or refuse a request, offer, etc.]
anopplrnw +He turned down all offers for help
auction/':>:kf an/ verb (conduct a public sale in which each item is
sold to the highest bidder) K6vw Ol)(JOnpoola/n?le1m:np1aaµ6 + The
famous painting will be auctioned in London next week
fetch/fetJ I verb [be sold for a particular sum of money) anocptpw,
rn6vw + The painting fetched $200,(XXJ
come round phrasal verb (happen as usuat, regain consciousness)
{avapxoµor · ouvepxouoi +Christmas is coming round again.When
+
came roun r e as e or a g ass o water
come by phrasal verb [obtain, especially something rare or difficul
to find] onoKtw +How did he come by such an expensive antique
car?
come about phrasal verb [happen) ouµBaivw +How did that
problem come about? I thought we had worked out everything
come off phrasal verb [happen as planned; be successful] n6w
KOM, crnruyx6vw +His holiday plans didn't come off and he's very
upset
have the edge on/over [have an advantage that makes one slightly
better or more likely to succeed than someone or something else)
r!AcovcKtw, uocptcpw +Peter has the edge over the other employees, having worked at the headquarters for two years
rip off phrasal verb [charge someone an unreasonably high price
for something] ''yotpvw", xpcwvw uncpPo?l1K6 +I think they ri
us off at that restaurant.(also noun) That restaurant was a real ripoff
run up phrasal verb [make quickly and roughly; accumulate (debts))
(llt16xvw om yp~yopo · ouoowpcuw + 1 can run up a dress in a couple of hours.He has run up an enormous phone bill
drop out (of) phrasal verb [withdraw from a group, activity, course
of study or from the normal life of society) cyKata?lcinw, cnocuoou
+Despite being an excellent student, s/Je dropped out of college an
took up acting
exhllarate/1g'z1lare1t/ verb [make someone feel lively, happy, and
excited] ovazwoyovw + We were all exhilarated by the brisk walk
tn the country
despise/d1'spa1z/ verb [have strong feelings of contempt or dislike for someone or something) ancx06vo(J01, ncp1cppovw + 1 despise his pretentious attitude
irk/:J:k/ verb [annoy or make someone feel tired] cvox;>..W, Koup6zw
What irks me the most is his continuous criticismof my actions
administer /ad'rnmrsta/ verb [govern or manage the affairs of a
goverrvnent or company) 61oxc1pizoµa1 +He administers the fi·
nances of the company
be geared to [be organized or designed in a way that serves a particular purpose] clµa1 rpoooouoopevoc, avtanoKplvoµa1 oe + This
new course is geared to students who wish to pursue a career m
psychology
surmise /sa'marz/ verb [(formal) make a guess based on available
information) c1K6zw, µavtcliw + 1 can only surmise that something
unexpected came up at the office
surfeit/'s3:f11/ noun [too much of something; more than is needed]
nAc6vaoµa + There was a surfeit of food at the party
surplus/'su.plos,' adj. [more than what is needed or can be used]
cnl nMov. rxotooioc +Remove any surplus glue before you stick
the paper on the surface
surmount/sa'maunt/ verb (overcome a problem or difficulty]
(cm:pvw, uocpnl)6W +He managed to surmount all difficulties and
make his business thrive again
cunningt'kAntl)/ adj. [clever in a deceitful way) novnpoc +She
can be very cunning when she wants to take advantage of a situation
lingerlng/'l11Jgar11J/ adj. [remaining or lasting for a long time be·
fore disappearing] noootetouevoc. nou xpovlzcr + There was a /in·
gering sense of disappointment
marginal/'mo:<l3111al/ adj. [small and almost non-existent or unim
portant] op10K6c;, ao~µavt<><: + There has been only marginal improvement in the sales of the company
loitering/'b1tar11J/ noun [the act of remaining at a place or walkin
up and down with no real purpose! xaooµtpl)(JO +Loitering around
the streets and teasing passers-by was the boys' favorite pastime
inquest/'11Jkwesl/ noun [a official inquiry held to find out the facts
especially about the cause of someone's death) 61Kaot1K~ epeuvo
(yJO c{0Kpl[3wo11 tov 0111wv 9ov6t0u) + The district attorney's of. •
fice ts holding an inquest into the death of the famous singer
blurred/bh:d. bls.rd/ adj. [unclear because the edges or the outline are not distinct] 9oµn6c;, aKa96p1mcx;, aooq:il)<: +Something
+
was wrong wit t e camera and t. pictures came out urre
blurt/bl3:t/ verb [(blurt out) say something suddenly without think·
ing about the consequences, especially because of being angry,
nervous, or excited] (ccpoupvizw +He blurted out the whole story
before I had time to stop him
blast/blo:st/ verb [tear apart by an explosion] ovonvozo +The
workers had to blast a huge rock before they could go on with the
road construction
blunt/bl"nt/ adj. [(of objects) having no point or sharp edge]
oµP;>.U<: +You can't cut paper with blunt scissors
distortion/d1'st:>:fan/ noun [the act of presenting a fact or opinion
in a way that its meaning is altered) 51001ptPN.>ort +His reports
on the war were a sheer distortion of the truth
complicatlon/,komph'ke1fan/ noun [a problem which makes a sit·
uation more difficult] m:pin;>.oKr\ + Taking the dog with us on holi·
day wHI be an added complication
assertion/a'ss:fan/ noun !insistence on the recognition of one's
rights, authority, etc.) cniPcPolwort +He fired her in front of the
rest of the employees as an assertion of his authority
showery/'fauan/ adj. [raining from time to time] ppoxep6c;
The weather is usually showery during this time of year
foggy I 'f'ogr I adj. lfull of, or covered with fog] 0µ1x;>.woric; + Driv·
ing along the foggy mountainous road was rather dangerous
annihilate/a'naialen/ verb [destroy a place or a group of people
completely by using weapons] e(o;>.o0pe0w +Nuclear weapons
could annihilate the entire human race
decimate/'des1me1t/ verb [destroy a large part of a whole)
ano6eKatlzw +Disease and malnutrition had decimated the local
population
exterminate/1k's13:1111ne1t1 verb [destroy completely, usually a dis·
ease or a race] e(o;>.o0peuw, e(ovtwvw
+ These cockroaches need
to be exterminated before the whole house is infested
dingy/'dnJd31/ adj. [dark, dirty and in bad condition] 60;>.ioc;,
ppwµ1Koc; + We had to spend the night in a dingy motel room
dinghy/'d11Jg1/ noun [a small samng or rowing boat] PapKou;>.a,
MµPoc; + The refugees reached the island in a little dinghy
stingy/'stind31/ adj. [mean or ungenerous] tcnyKouvric;
+Although he is rather well-off, he is very stingy
stringy/'stn1J1/ adj. [having a lot of tough fibers] 1vW61K +This
meat is very stringy
shrew/fru:/ noun l(old use) an unpleasant and quarrelsome woman;
a type of small mouse-like animal with a long, pointed nose;)
0tplyKAa, µCya1po • µuyoM +Don't take any notice of her, she's
just an old shrew
shrewd/fru:d/ adj. [showing good judgement; wise) 501µ6v1oc;,
cuotoxoc +He is a shrewd businessman that managed to build an
empire withinjust five years
shred/ fred/ verb [cut or tear into long narrow strips) Koupc;>.rcizw.
(coKizw +He shredded her letter in anger and threw it into the
fire
sheer I f1a/ adj. [absolute) an6;>.utcx: +Her singing was sheer de·
light
obese/a'bi:s/ adj. Ivery fat to the point of being unhealthy]
noxuoopxo; +Obese people usually face serious heart problems
senile/'si:na1l/ adj. [mentally weak or confused due to old age)
nou n0axc1 an6 ycpovttK(J ovoio + The poor old woman is gettmg
senile; she keeps forgetting simple everyday things
sturdy/'st3:d1/ noun lstrong, rather short, and healthy-looking]
yepo6eµtvcx:, 011Pap6c; +He's a sturdy young man
ample/a:mpl/ adj. [more than enough) acp0ove<;, unepopxetot;
+Don't worry; we have ample time to get to the airport
grubby/'gr"b1/ adj. [dirty; morally unacceptable) 6pwµ16pric; ·
ppwµcp6<;, xuooloc +His clothes were grubby and he hadn't had a
shave in weeks.When the grubby details of the scandal hit the headlines, the public was shocked
vicious/ 'v1f as/ adj. (mean; crueij µox0rip6c;, <pou;>.cx: +He re·
ceived a vicious blow to the head from the mugger
come up phrasal verb [appear or be suggested as something that
+
needs to be considered or dealt with) cµcpavlzoµai, npoKumw
The most crucial question that came up during the meeting was
the one concerning the reliabilityof our system
staple/'ste1pl/ n la chief product of trade or industry) Kup10 npo"i6
+Electronic equipment is one of Japan's staples
downright/'daunra1l/ adj., adv. [(of something undesirable) tnorough or complete; thoroughly] nMpfK, o;>.ocp6vepcx: • cvteAWc;
What he said was a downright lie.She was downright rude to me
for no reason at all
solemn/'solam/ adj. (done seriously and after deep consideration)
ooPap6c; +He made a solemn promise to help us with our philanthropic cause
abolish/a'bohf I verb (put an end lo something, usually by law]
Karnpyw +The operation of factories in residential areas should
be abolished
annul/a'n"I/ verb [declare that a marriage or legal agreement is
not valid and cancel it] aKul)Wvw + Tfleir marriage was annulled
wit/1111 twenty four hours
repeal/n'pi:J/ verb [put an official end to a law] ovoKaAW, Kotopy ·
The tax law that came into effect two years ago has now been
repealed
revoke/n'vauk/ verb [cancel a decision, contract or title so that i
is no longer legal or effective) aKul)Wvw, avoKaAW +His work permit was revoked
discrimination/dr,sknm1'11e1fan/ noun [the act of treating certain
kinds of people differently, often in an unfair manner) 510Kploe1c:
+Sex discriminationis still a practice in many companies
consensus/kan'sensas/ noun [a general agreement] oµocpwvla
There is a consensus of opinion on the matter so we can oroce
with planning the details
discrepancy/d1'skrepans1/ noun [a difference between things that
should normally be the same) oouuqxovlo, 51ocpop6 + t want to se
the eccounsm as there are certain discrepancies in these accounts
solidly/'sohdh/ adv. [firmly; continuously] otcoco - ouvexWc;
This is a solidly built house.I worked softdly from 8.30 am till
IUflChtime
+
+
+
J
+
I
+
Page 18 - Reading
Text 1
vulture/'vAltfa/ noun [a type of large bird feeding mainly on dead
bodies] yunac;, 6pv10 + Vultures were flying low over the carcass
of the dead horse
scruffy/'skr"f1/ adj. [dirty and untidy] ppwµ1Koc;, anepinolrtto<;
+He looked scruffy as he hadn't washed or shaved for days
remarkable/n'mo:kabl/ adj. [unusual and worthy of noticing]
0(1ooriµclwtcx:+ Her maturity 1s remarkable for a child of her age
ostrich/'ostntf I noun [a large African bird which cannot fly)
OtPOu0oK6µrtAf><;
erect/1'rek1/ adj. [upright] oosoc, otnroc +He held his head
erect
bill/b11/ noun [a bird's beak) paµcpoc; +The bird caught a worm ii
its bill
hur1/hJ:I/ verb [lhrow something violently, especially when you ar]I
angry] eKocpev5ovlzw, E:Kto(c0w
+ The demonstrators hurled
stones at the embassy windows
isolated/'a1sale1t1d/ adj. [single or happening only once and not a
part of a general pattern] µeµovwµtvcx: +We cannot judge the si
uation based on an isolated incident
innate/ 1'nc11/ adj. lin someone's nature; existing from birth)
cµcpuioc;, eyyev~c; +He has an innate ability to remain calm even
when everyone around him seems to be panicking
ingenious/in'd3i:njas/ adj. [clever and inventive; (of sth) that is t
result of clever and imaginative thinking] no;>.uµr\· xavoc;, ecpeupettK6
t(unva xotooxeuooucvoc +He is an ingenious salesman whose
ideas have helped our company a lot. They have devised an ingen·
ious paper making machine
ecker
'
PUOKO mn<;, v POK roe, CV po(j)Qy~
finch/f1ntf I noun oruvoc
sparrow/'sprerau/ noun anoupy(11
prize/'pm1z/ verb -also prise- [use force to move or lift something
from its position] avolyw, oroono ~ozovrac: 5uvo1Jri
We managed
to prize the lid open with a knife
bark/ba:k/ noun (the covering of the trunk and branches of a tree]
cpXo16c: 5tvcpou +He stripped the bark off the branch and started
carving it into a little flute
spine/spam/ noun [a thin, stiff pointed part growing on an animal
or a plant] oyK681
awkwardly/':i:kwadh/ adv. [In a clumsy way that causes inconvenience, discomfort, or embarrassment) o5t(10
The coat was
hanging awkwardly on her shoulders
projecting/pra'd3ekl11J/ adj. [sticking out] npoc~txwv +He hurt
his hand on a projectingnail
employ/1m'pb1/ verb (make use of] xpl)011J()no1w +We always
employ the latest production methods
poker/'pauka/ noun {a metal rod used for stirring up a fire]
OKOAIOt~PI (j)Wtl6C:
spear/sp1a/ noun [a type of long-handled weapon, usually ~ith an
iron or steel point on one end] 0K6vr10 +He was armed with a
spear and a round shield
impale/1m'pe1I/ verb [pierce with a long sharp pointed object]
5iatpuriW The hunter impaled his pray with a spear
grub/gr ... b/ noun [the form of an insect after it hatches from its
egg] npovujJ(j)ri +A caterpillar is a grub
goad/gaud/ noun [a sharp-pointed stick used for driving cattle)
~OUKCVCpo
.
harass/'ha:ras, ha'rses/ verb [trouble and irritate continually either
by causing problems or by attacking) nopcvoxAW, caAo1nwl)W +Immigrants were continually harassed by the authorities
reluctant/ra'l,.,klant/ adj. (unwilling or slow] anp60u~
+He
was reluctant to accept the medal for bravery
quarry/'kwon/ noun (a hunted animal; someone or something that
is hunted, chased, or eagerly looked for] e~POIJO, otoxoc • The
hunter pursued his quarry through the thick forest
prey/pre1/ noun -pl
prey- [a bird or animal that is hunted by other animals or by people
for food] 0~po1JO
The lion tore at its prey
snap (at)/sna:p/ verb (make a biting movement; try to grasp with
the teeth] K6vw va 5ayKWoW, oomzo
The dog snapped at the
intruder's ankles
probe/'praub/ verb [examine as if with a probe (~a long thin instrument that doctors use to examine woundst, to investigate]
c{ctozw - cpcuvw oe BoSoc: •He probed about the hole with a
stick. The detective probed into her private life
crevice/'krev1s/ noun [a crack or narrow opening in a wall, rock,
etc.] PUll'IJ~ •Plants grew in the crevices of the old stone wall
termite/'t3:ma1t/ noun [a pale-colored wood-eating kind of insect,
like an ant) tCPIJftric:
cling/khl)/ verb -p.t & p.p clung- [stick to; grip tightly] KOMW Kpotow oq>1xt6
The mud clung to her shoes.She clung to her tusband as she said goodbye
lick/hk/ verb (pass the tongue over something] yAcf(j)W +The
dog licked her hand
trim/tnm/ verb [cut the edges or ends of something in order to
make it shorter or neat] K6~w one 6Kpcc:, lV<]At5fzw, KoupcUU>,
(oKpfzw +John is out in the garden; he's trimming the bushes
rudimentary1,ru:d1'menton/ adj. [not more than basic; primitive
or undeveloped] 13amK6C:, oio1xc1W5ri<; unocunw5ric: •Don't ask me.
My knowledge of the subject is rudimentary. I couldn't believe that
they used such rudimentary equipment
adopl/a'dopl/ verb [begin to use a particular method or yolicy, or
approve of a proposall uio0ctw • The company has decided to
adopt a stricter policy as far as expenses are concerned
inborn/ .rn 'bo.n/ adj. [(of a quality) natural; that one is born with]
t1Jcputoc: Shella has an inborn sense of sincerity
+
•
:
:
Page 19-Text2
avalanche/'a:vala:nf I noun [a fall of accimolated snow and ice
down a mountain) x1ovooc1B65o +Five chalets were buried by the
avalanche
accumulate/a'kju:mjule11/ verb [build up; collect] ouooooceo
•Snow had accumulated on the drivelve accumulated quite a few
precious coins over the last two years
overload/ auva'laud/ verb [fill with too much of something]
napa(j)Optcbvw • The lorry overturned because it had been overloaded
internally/1n'L3:nah/ adv. [inside or within something) cowtcp1K6
The old hotel will be rebuilt internally.Internally, he feels that there
is no hope
bond/bond/ noun [something that unites or joins together) 5co
The bonds of friendship are very strong between them
loosen/'lu:san/ verb (make or become loose) xoxo- pwvw,
AOOK6pw
The screw had loosened and fallen out
cohesion/k0o'hi:3n/ noun (a state in which all the members or
parts of a group of people, set of ideas, etc
are connected in a way that they fit together and form a whole)
ouvoxn +Social cohesion is essential to the progress of a nation
hurtle/h3:tl/ verb [move very quickly and violently] OPIJW +The
brakes failed and the car hurtled down the hill at top speed
slab/sla:b/ noun (a thick slice or thick flat piece of anything} nMK
• The yard was covered with concrete slabs.He ate an enormous
slab of cake
fracture/'fra:ktfa/ verb [(of hard substances) break or crack]
on6w The pipes fractured due to the extreme cold
descend/d1'send/ verb [go or climb down from a llgher position)
Kat£13alvw +He descended the stairs slowly
OPPOSITE +ascend
generate/'d3enare1t/ verb [produce or cause to happen] nop6yw,
npoKohJ
The revelation of the scandal generated healed arguments
accelerate/ak'selaren/ verb [increase the speed at which something moves or happens) mcaxuvw
We need to accelerate ~ur
present rate of expansion so as to remain ahead of our competitor
attain/a'tetn/ verb [(formal) reach a stage as a result of natural
development; gain or achieve something, especially after a lot of effort) onoKlw, cpcavw - cmruyxovw, Kotop0wvw +She attained a
very old age. To attain the target we have set will mean working
hard
velocity/va'losat1/ noun ((technical) the speed at which something
moves, especially in a given direction] toxutnto
the velocity of
light
airbornet'eab:i:n/ adj. [carried by the air) cpcp61Jcvoc: on6 tov at
The letter became airborne as soon as it slipped out of his finger
friction/'fnkJan/ noun [(scientific) the resistance felt when one
surface is moved against another or through liquid or gas] cp1~~
+There is friction between the wheels of a car and the road surfac
atopla'top/ prep. [(literary) on top of something] n6vw oe +She
placed the books one atop the other on the desk
cushiont'kufan/ noun [something that prevents friction or bumping between two things; a bag of cloth filled with soft material used
for support or to make a seat more comfortable) OTPWIJO (n.x oepc)
- 1.JQ(1Mp1 •A hovercraft travels on a cushion of air.I'll sit on a
cushion on the floor
trigger/'tnga/ verb [cause something to start, especially a series
vi~le.nl.e_v
n _ KOAW n
tiheJnmtie · ·
· -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
pierce/'p10s'/ verb [go into or through sth by making a small hole
tpunw, 5toncpvw The arrow pierced his arm
entice/in'la1s/ verb [attract or tempt. especially by offering some
thing) 5c}ic6zw
Such an impressive window display will certainly
entice passers-by
inaccessible/ .mak'sessbl/ adj. [difficult or impossible to approach
reach, or obtain) onooonoc
The village is inaccessible by car be
cause of lieavy flooding
+
+
•
:
:
+
+
tw
ger
o a u -sce e war
obliterate/a'bhtare1t/ verb [destroy something totally so that no
sign of it remains; to cover something so as to prevent it from
being visible) c{oAo0pcuw, 1oonc5wvw - c{aACl(l)U), o~(}vw
The
town was obliterated by the bombs. The sand-storm obliterated his
footprints
snowbound/'snaubaund/ adj. [blocked or prevented from moving
by snow) (ono)K>.c1oµtv0<: an6 to x16v10
The traffic on the mountain roads remained snowbound for several hours
bizzare/bt'zo:/ adj. [odd or very strange; eccentric) OAA6Koroc:
+She was wearing a bizzare hat decorated with parrot-like feathers
devastation/ ,deva'~te1f an/ noun [severe or utter destruction)
«orocrooen 6AC0poc: +Heavy rains have caused widespread devastation in Mozambique
lieutenant/lu:'tenant/ noun [a lower rank in the armyj unoAoxoyoc:
+After serving for two years as a lieutenant, he was promoted to
captam
gale/ge1l/ noun [a strong wind) avqJo0ucAAo +Many trees were
blown down in the gale
rssume/n'zju.m,' verb [start an activity again after having
stopped for a while] {ovapxfzw, cnavoAoµ~avw +We will resume
the meeting at nine tomorrow morning
take hold [begin to have an influence on) cm5pw +His ideas, however radical, finally took hold
retreat/ri'tri:t/ verb [move away or give up one's position, especially because of embarrassment or defeat] omo0oxwpw, unoxwpw
The army could not resist the attack and was forced to retreat
troop/tru:p/ noun [a group of ordinary soldiers] otp<itcuµo +The
enemy troops began to retreat after the massive artillery attack
perish/'penf I verb [be ruined or die, especially because of hard
conouonsl oeovlzopn, nc0olvw
Thousands of children perish because of malnutrition or lack of medical care every year
diminish/d1'mm1f I verb [make or become less or smaller)
µc1wvw/-0µ01 +After three days of searching for the missing
climbers, our hopes began to diminish
claim lives/victims/etc
verb [(of a war, disaster, accident, etc.) cause people to die) nofpvw
zoec, txw Ouµoto
The earthquake claimed almost 10,(XX) victims :
+
+
+
+
+
.
Page 20- Text 3
cultivate/'kAlt1ve11/ verb (prepare and use land for growing crops]
KoM1cpyw +The land they cultivated was so fertile that it offered
them bumper crops
crop/krop/ noun [amount of grain, hay, fruit, etc
grown in one year or season) oo&t<i +Farmers expect a poor
crop of com this year.We grow a variety of crops, k1eluding cab·
bages. wheat and barley
favor/'fe1va/ verb [support or show preference for) uno0111pizw.
euvoo +Which side do you favor?
agriculture/'regn,kAltfa/ noun {the practice or science of land cul·
tivation) ycwpyfo +Agriculture is still a major occupation in many
couatnes
cattle/'ka:1I/ noun (plural) [grass eating animals, especially cows.
bulls, and oxen) zovtovc, ~15n The farmer does not keep sheep
but he keeps several breeds of cattle
rancher/'ro:ntfa/ noun [a person who owns or works on a ranch)
1510Kcnrric: ~ cpyaz6µcv0<; oe oevrco
graze/ grerz/ verb [{of animals) eat grass) ~6oKw
unfenced/,hl1'fenst/ adj. [that does not have an enclosure)
{ccppoyoc: +Unfenced plots of land are often tresspassed by grezing animals
scarce/skeas/ adj. [not many or enough in number or quantity and
difficult to obtain) A1yoor6c:, omvioc +Food was scarce and many
suffered from malnutrition
ettective/i'fekt1v/ adj. [producing the desired result]
onotcAcoµottK6c;, ono50t1K6C:
The new production methods have
proved to be very effective
+
+
barrier/'ba:na/ noun [something put up as a defense or protection) <tJp<iyµo, <PP6Kt11<: +A barrier must be placed between the
playground and the busy road
hedge/hed3f noun [a line of bushes planted closely together so a
to form a fence around a garden or other property] cpp6xcr1c: an6
0aµvouc:
The tall hedge around the garden blocks out much of
the noise of the road
prickly/'pnkh/ adj. [full of sharp points) oyKo0wt6C: +The child
cried when she fell against the prickly bushes
shrub/ f rAb/ noun [a small bushy or woody plant) 9aµv0<; +John
is out in the garden trimming the shrubs
durable/'djuarabl/ adj. [that can fast for a long time and stay in
good condition] ovOcKc1K6C:
These trousers are made of a most
durable material
spike/spark? noun [a hard, thin, pointed object of wood or metal]
01xµn, µur11
The fence had long spikes on top
spur/sps.z noun [a small sharp pointed object that a rider wears
on his heels and digs into the horse's sides to make rt go faster]
orupouvr
double-stranded/,d,..bl'stra!nd1d/ adj. [made of two pieces of
wire woven together] 51nAonAcyµcvo
patent/'pe1tant. 'patent/ noun [a certificate of invention; an offi·
cial license from the government giving one person or business the
right to make and sell a particular article and preventing others
from doing the same] notcvto, 6rnAc.>µo eeoecnexetoc +She took
out a patent on her design
credit/'krecht/ verb [(credit sb with/be credited to) believe that
someone has a certain quality or is responsible for an achievement)
ovoyvwprzw, ono615w oc xonoiov K<itt +I don't think that he is the
only one to be credited with the success; we all worked hard
barbed wire/,bo:bd 'wara/ noun [wire with sharp points that stick
out) oyKo9wt6 oupµoc6nAcyµo The area where they kept the ani·
mats was enclosed with barbed wire
lawless/'b:las/ adj. [not obeying to or being controlled by the law
cvopoc, nopovopoc +In its early days, the American West was fut~
of lawless men
domain/da'mem. dao'mern/ noun [an area of influence or control;
a field of interest or knowledge) oeotoo cnippo(}c:, yvworic:
Wha
you ask me is outside my domain
strategistt'strretad31st/ noun [an expert in the art of planning
campaigns or large military operations) Otpolll'{IKOC VOUC:, '{VWOtl1<;
111<; otpot!l'{IK()c:
trench/trentf I noun [a deep ditch dug in the ground, especially as
protection for soldiers against gunfire) xop<iKwµo
The soldiers
returned to the trenches
entanglementlln'trel)glamant/
noun [(often plural) a fence made
of barbed wire. used to keep enemy soldiers away] oupµoc6nAcyµo
stalemate/'ste1lme11/ noun [in any contest. dispute, war. etc a position in which neither side can win; a deadlock] o51c~o50 The recent discussions ended in stalemate
prolong/pra'lol)/ verb [make an activity or emotion last longer)
naporcfvw, cmµ11Kuvw +Please do not prolong the ascusson unnec
essarily
outbreak/'autbre1k/ noun [the beginning, especially of something
bad) U:onooµo
The outbreak of the epidemic found the health
authorities totally unprepared
couple with phrasal verb [combine together and produce a particu
lar result) ouv5u<izw
The financial strains coupled with the prob·
/ems at home led to his nervous breakdown
massively/'rna:s1vlt/ adv. [on a large scaleJ poz1K6, oc µcy6Ao
600µ6
Computers are now massively used in all kinds of jobs
and business activities
restrictln'slnkt/ verb [keep within certain limits] ncp1oprzw
feels that the new company regulations will restrict /11s freedom
foster/'fosta/ verb [encourage or promote feelings, ideas or activi
ties] KOM1cpyw, cv5uvoµwvw
The President's trip to Japan will
foster broader commercial relations between the two countries
I
encircle/rn's3:kl/ verb [surround or form a circle around someone
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
I
or something) ocp1Kut<AWvw
The village was encircled by the
enemy t/ooas and villagers were beginning to panic
standstill/'sta:nd,st11/ noun [a state in which there is total lack of
movement or activ!ty) OKIVl'Jofa, aK1vritonol11011
The negotiations
came to a standstill when one of the warring countries violated the
truce
+
Page 21- Text 4
weightlessness/'we1tlasnas/ noun [the state of having no weight.
especially when traveling through space) tMt:lllJll papucricac; t The
sense of weightlessness must be something exciting
release/n'li:s/ noun [the feeling of being free from what previously caused worry or suffering) aneAE:u6cpwori +Release from
tension can be achieved by exercising
gravlty/'grrevat1/ noun [the force that causes something to fall to
the ground and to remain there) lkJplitnta
discomfort/d1s1kAmfat/ noun [a feeling of pain, embarrassment.
worry, or anything that makes someone feel uncomfortable]
ouoQX>pla, ta>.amwplo +Her broken leg has caused her great discomfort.I can't bear the discomforts of camping
prospect/'prospckll noun [a possibility that something will happen
or something that one expects to happen) npoont1K~
What are
his prospects of promotion?The prospect of living abroad doesn't
appeal tome
ensure/in'fua/ verb [make certain] e~aoq>0>Jzw, eyyuWµo1 +His
help ensured our success. The captain is responsible for ensuring the
safety of his passengers
pumplpAmp/ verb [force a liquid or gas to flow regularly in a particular direction either with a pump or in the way a pump does]
tpoµn6pw, npow6w We'll have to pump this water into barrels. The
heart pumps blood into the veins
puff out phrasal verb [make larger and rounder by filling with air)
(l)OUOKWVW t He puffed out his cheeks in boredom
nasal/ 'nerzl/ adj. [of the nose] p1v1K6c; +The doctor found I had
some sort of nasal infection and prescribed antibiotics
stuffiness/'stArmas/ noun [a condition caused by lack of fresh air]
nv1y11p~ oruooqxnpo t With the window closed and all these people
smoking, the stuffiness of the room was unbearable
kldney/'k1dn1/ noun (one of the pair of bodily organs that remove
waste matter from the blood and produce urine) vceooc t The kidneys of some animals are used as food
discharge/d1s'tfa:d3/ verb [let or send out] pyazw. cKxtw.
t:KKpfvw t The factorychimney was discharging thick clouds of
smoke
urine/~uarrn/ noun [the waste fluid passed out of the body of humans or animals from the bladder] ouoo
dehydration/,di:hm'dre1fan/ noun [the condition in which too
much water from the body has been lost) a(l)u66cwon +Excessive
exposure to the sun may lead to skin dehydration
anemla/o'ni.mra/ noun -also anaemia- [a medical condition caused
by not having enough red cells in the blood) ovoiplo
regulate/'regjulen/ verb [adjust something so that it works at a
certain rate; control by means of rules) pu6µ1zw - e"Myxw t Traffic
lights serve to regulate traffic.Does the government regulate the
price of petrol?
uptake/1Apte1k/ noun [the amount of a substance that is taken
into a system, machine, etc.; intake) e1oaywy~. >.aµ!kJv6µevn
nooormo +Low calcium uptake leads to vulnerable bones
habitual/ha'b11fual/ adj. (done regularly as a habit; having the
habit of doing something] ouocriµauK6c;, Ko9'c{1v t He is a habitual
gambler, which has caused his family great suffering
ceuntermeasurez'kaonremeja/ noun [an action taken to cancel
out the harmful effect of another action] (avcl)µccpo, evtpye10
t The countermeasures against air pollution didn't prove effective
briHle/'bntl/ adj. (hard but easily broken) c06pauowc: t The
small branches of the bush had become dry and brittle
orblt/':i:btt/ noun [the path along which something moves around a
lanet star, etc. t x16
The new telecommunication satellite is
+
+
+
now m or 11
slmulate/tsimjuleu/ verb [reproduce a set of conditions in a way
that they resemble reality) roooouoozo
This machine simulates
conditions in a submarine
stimulate/'st11njule1t/ verb [encourage or cause sth to begin or
develop; rouse or make someone more alert, active, excited, etc.;
make a part of the body or a plant stronger or more active)
npoKo~. cv6appuvw - Kcvcplzw, epc61zw - zwripcliw, rovwvw
t The lecture stimulated the student's interest.It is the climate that
stimulates such fast growth of plants
gannentl'ga:mant/ noun [{formal) a piece of clothing] tvouµa
+You need a special garment and a helmet to enter this area oft
factory
muscularl'mAskjula/ adj. [of or relating to the muscles) µuiK6C:
Weight-lifting requires great muscular strength as well as an exce
lent technique
exertion/lg'z3:fan/ noun [great physical or mental effort)
npoon66e10, nieori +I find the exertion of running my own busine
too hard to bear
advent/'redvant/ noun (the arrival of something new or the time
when something starts being commonly used) et.cuon. epxoµ6c;
The advent of automation in factories has cost many workers
their jobs
inflow/'mnau/ noun [the flow of a liquid into a place! c1opo~ OPPOSITE +outflow
dlsorientate/d1s':i:r1ante1L/ verb -also disorient- [cause loss of the
sense of crecnon or uncertainty about what is happening]
ononpooovotoxlzo +When I got out of the subway I was totally
disorientated and it took me a while to find my way
malfunction/,mrel'rAIJkfan/ noun [a fault in the operation of a
system] 5uot.e1roupyfa
The doctors diagnosed a serious tnslfunction of the liver
absence/'rebsans/ noun [the condition or the period of not being
present where one is expected to be; lack or non-existence of some
thing! anouola +After an absence of five years, he returned
homeAbsence of organization can lead to chaos
+
+
+
+
· rogress check 1
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which correspond
s to it.
In some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
delay doing something
2
discourage
3
hard and strict
4
7
energetic and powerful
beg humbly
obey rules or the law
become less severe in force
8
praise
9
14
(of a disease) spread by touch
next to each other or touching
extremely skilful
perfect or complete
control, especially feelings
avoid doing something deliberately
15
vain
16
interested
17
shocking
18
give up a claim, or privilege
19
keep someone at a certain place
5
6
10
11
12
13
20
--
rude or impolite
21
very polite and good-mannered
22
careful in the use of money or food
23
very small in amount, inadequate
24
26
existing in great quantity
spoil a child
make someone very angry
27
swell out
28
turn into crumbs; fall to pieces
29
block the respiratory passage
make unkind remarks to someone
25
30
· rogress check 2
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
--_
--
-~-~
18
19
--~-----~--
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29 -----~---~
30
--
support financially
pleasant
existing from birth
reduce expenditure
come to terms, especially with an enemy
thoroughly and completely
brave and confident
be opposed to
unfavorable
enormous
sink to a lower level
a noisy and violent crowd
summarize the main points
a difficulty or an obstacle
warm and comfortable; cozy
surround a place with armed forces
happen
happen afterwards, of ten as a result
receive something unpleasant as a result
of certain behavior or actions
scatter
an idea based on feelings rather than on facts
produce
appear
reject
a feeling that sth bad is going to happen
send someone or something to a r:>lace
for a specific purpose
give out to a number of people
acquire, especially something difficult or
rare to find
regain consciousness
make someone feel very cheerful
· rogress check 3
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
firm and unchanging
2
cold and unfriendly
3
not profound
4
unnecessary
5
form an idea; become pregnant
6
mislead and cheat someone
7
believe something to be true without proof
8
take for granted; suppose
9
inclined; liable
10 __
very nervous
11
closely packed or crowded
12
_
a dishonest trick
13
arrogant
14
guess that something might be true
15
too large an amount
an amount that is more than needed
deal with a problem or difficulty successfully
clever at deceiving; shifty
long; protracted
stay in a place for no clear reason
16
17
_
18
_
19
20
21 --22
----------
make sth difficult to understand or deal with
23 ------------24 ---~----·
25
an allegation
_
26
27 __
28 -------29
30_~------
make something difficult to see clearly
twist out of the usual place; twist the meaning
say something which you shouldn't
explode something; an explosion
consider something carefully
an official inquiry concerning usually a crime
feeling safe and not frightened or worried
become clear to someone
· rogress check 4
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
poor or destitute
2
native to a place
3
4
that cannot be changed to the opposite
that cannot be found again
5
prosper
6
try very hard and for a long time
7
tired
8
careful about danger or trouble
9
disappear
10
very fat
11
destroy a race
12
general agreement
13
difference between things that should be the same
14
put an official end to a law
15
declare officially that a marriage,
agreement or law no longer exists
16
cancel or end a permission, driving license, etc.
17 -18
destroy a large part of a population
mean and ungenerous
19
complete; thorough; utter
20
weak and in poor health
21
27
connect sb with sth bad such as a crime
cause bodily or mental trouble to someone
force sth unwanted or unpleasant on someone
drive someone to take a certain action
force someone to do something
distinguished and well-known
likely to happen
28
fall suddenly and disorderly
29
trip over
30
a bad-tempered woman
22
23
24
25
26
Page 27 - Grammar
insolvent/in'solvant/
adj. [not having enough money to pay one's
debts) oq)Cptyy~. ovo{16xpeoc, xpcwKonriµtvoc
•He declared
that he was insolvent by several million dollars
consult/kan's"lt/
verb (seek advice or information from)
ou11~ouAE:UC>µa1
+Don't do anything before you consult your
lawyer
avid/a:'v1d/ adj. [eager to learn, listen to, etc
something as much as one can) ox6ptovoc +Jennifer is an avid
reader; she reads everything she can lay her hands on
come across phrasal verb (find or meet unexpectedly] ouvovtw
cuxolo +I came across some old pictures while I was looking
through the attic
be suited for (be appropriate or have the right Qualifications for
something) cllJ(Jt Kot6>WV« +1 don't think he's suited for such demanding work
whereas/wear'rez/ conj. [used to indicate that although something
is true of one thing, it is not true of another] cvw +He is an excel·
lent actor, whereas as a director he is rather mediocre
as regards [as far as something is concerned) 6oov acpop6 cc
•As regards the meeting tomorrow, I expect all of you to be present
as to whether I who I which I etc. (concerning) 6oov acpop6 oro
ov/no16<;/t1 KAil +He was very worried as to whether he could
make it to the airport in time
beside oneself (be in a state of very great. uncontrolled emotion]
cxtoc courou +She was beside herself with excitement as her holi· :
day approached
:
eye-witness/'a1,wttnas/ noun (a person who sees something, such
as a crime, happen) out6mri<: JJ()pcupo<: +Eye-witnesses were
questioned by the police
fund/fAnd/ noun [a sun of money collected for a special purpose)
topcro, ooooc
The repair funds of the school have diminished
since the last renovation
predicament/pn'dtkamant/
noun [an unfortunate or difficult situation in which one does not know what to do] ouoKOAfl econ
1
found myself in a predicament when I realtzed I had forgotten his
name
gravity/'grrevatt/ noun (extreme or worrying importance and seriousness) ool3op6cnto
They're only children; you can't expect them
to understand the gravity of the situation
intriguing/in'tri:gtl)/
adj. [very interesting, especially because of
being unusual or mysterious] ouvopnoot1K6<:, vontcuc1K6<:
+It was
such an intriguing film that I was on the edge of my seat
chop/tf op/ noun [a small slice of lamb, pork, etc
containing a rib] µnp1z6>.o, no'i66K1 +We had grilled pork chops for
dinner
draft/dro:ft/ noun [a current of cold air] peulJQ +Don't sit in the
draft · you'll catch a cold
knock down phrasal verb !hit someone with a car and injure or kill
them] xtun<i> ~ OlltOKlvnto
The poor child was knocked down by
a drunken driver and was taken to hospital with serious injuries
consent/kan'sent/
verb [agree to do or give permission for some·
thing] ouyKotocf0c1JQ1, ouvo1vw +His parents reluctantly consented
to his going abroad
fortune-hunter/'f:>:tfan ,hMta/ noun [sb who wants to marry another person just for their money] npo1Ko01'1po<: +Her father will
never agree to her marrying that fortune-hunter
extreme/1k'stri:m/
noun [anything that goes beyond what is nor·
mal, so that it seems unpleasant or unacceptable] 6Kpo, tnaKpo
+Extremes of temperature are always unpleasant
+
+
+
+
urope
nickname/'n1kne11n/ verb [give sb or sth an informal name as an
indication of admiration, affection, dislike, etc.) py6zw nopowouKAI,
<PCJV6zw +We nicknamed him 'foureyes' because he wore spectacle
circulation/ ,~:kju'le1f an/ n [the exchange of information, money,
etc from one individual to another) KUKAOq>opfo
+A new bank not
is going to be put into circulation soon
marvel/'mo:val/ verb [feel great admiration or surpise for something] tKnM000µ01, crooo
We all marveled at her ability to dea
with such a precarious situation
sophisticated/sa'f1s11ke111d/
adj. [intelligent, knowledgeable and
able to understand complicated subjects; having a great deal of experience and worldly wisdom] KOM1cpyn11tvo<: . CKACmuoµevo<:,
ncpnatnµtvoc
•Buyers are more sophisticated now than they
used to be twenty years ago.She has become very sophisticated
since she went abroad
emperor/'empara/ noun -feminine empress- [the head of an empire]
ouroscoroooc
+Charlemagne was emperor of a large part of the
world
honor I 'ona, 'a:nar I verb [(commerce) accept and pay when due)
c~O(l)AW (ypoµµ6t10, KJin.) +rm sure he will honor the bill of exchange upon maturity
issue/'1f u:. '1sju:/ verb (print and make available] cK616w,
KUKAcxpopw • They have issued a stamp to commemorate the Independence Day
lamentably/la'mentabh/
adv. [(formal) in an unfortunate or disappointing manner] 9A1Pcp6, 0~109pl'!vnto
That woman is lamenta·
bly devoid of all sense of reason
novel/'nnval/ adj. (new and perhaps clever; original) vcwccp10T1K6<:,
noercnmoc +He came up with a novel suggestion that would in·
crease sales
venture/'ventfa/ noun [an undertaking or scheme that involves
both risk and potential profit] cvxclp11110
Their business venture
into silicone graphics has proved quite profitable
abuseta'bju:s/ noun [the use of someone or something in a bad
way] Kot6xpno11, KOKOµccoxcfp1on
+Revoking the rights of the indi
vidual is an abuse of power. This toy has been subjected to a lot of
abuse
viceroy /'va1sr:>1 I noun [a ruler sent to a colony on behalf or a king
or Queen] ovuP001Mo<:
heyday/'he1de1/ noun [the time when a particular person or thing
had importance or popularity] OKIJl'I, ncplooo<: 6v0non<:
The
1950's were the heyday of rock and roll
retrospect /as in +in retrospect/I 'rel raspek t I [looking back on a
past situation after having thought about it and understood it more clearly]
CK rev u01tpwv
+In retrospect, I realize that trusting him was the
biggest mistake of my life
liquidation/,hkw1'de1fan/
noun [the act of closing a business and
selling its property in order to pay off its debts] ceuotonomon
The company was forced to go into liquidation as they had incurred enormous debts
asset/'resat/ noun [anything useful or valuable that serves as an a
vantage; (plural) the total property of a person or company]
nAcovtKc11µ0, otou · ncp1ouo10K6 otoixetc +Prof Howard is a grea
asset to the school They had to sell their personal assets to avoid
losing their company
mortgage/'mn:g1d3/
noun [a legal arrangement by which money is
lent to someone by a bank or other organization for buying a house
or the money lent for this purpose) uno91'1Kl'l +We have taken out
a 30-year mortgage
industrialized/rn'd,,s1na,la1zd/
adj. [having developed many industries] P1011nxovono1n11cvoc
+Residents of industrialized areas com·
plain about the high rates of air pollution
prohibitive/pra'h1b1t1v/
adj. l(of prices) so high that it stops some
one from buying somethingj orovooeunxoc, onooonoc
We foun
a really nice house in the suburbs but the price was prohibitive
economic/ .eka'nomrk/ adj. (that produces enough profit; cost-etfective] cniKcp6t'J<: +The running of this bus service is no longer
+
+
+
+
+
+
Page 31 - Cloze
currency/'kMans1/ noun [money used in a country] v6µ101J(J (~uoc
xw
The German mark is one of the stron est currencies in
+
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Page 32 - Vocabulary
yearn/j3:n/ verb [long for something, especially sth that one is unlikely to get) no0ci>, Aaxtopci) The citizens yearned for an end to
the war
yawn/ j:>:n/ verb [stretch the mouth wide and take a deep breath
+
+ The speech was so
spawn/sp:>:n/ verb [cause a series of thngs to happen or to begin
existing; (of frogs, fish, etc.) produce eggs) onµ1oupyw - wotoK<il,
ycww
The advance of technology has spawned many new products.Many kinds of fish travel to particular places in order to spawn
yleld/ji:ld/ verb [give up; surrender) unoKumw, cv6i6w · nopo6fvw
+He yielded to the chairman's arguments.He yielded all his possessions to the state
+
~~T~~ti41
substandard I sxb 'steended I adj. [below the officially approved sta
dard] Kocwtcpoc:, onop66cKt0C:
The substandard working conditions triggered off a prolonged strike
subordinatels:>'b:>:dinat/ adj. (less important or of a lower rail()
unooceotepoc. Kotwtcpoc: +He has played only a subordinate role
so he shouldn't get the credit
submissive/sab'm1s1v/ adj. [obedient and humble] un6KOUOC:,
nc16r')v1oc:
1 cannot understand l10w he can be so submissive to
other people's opinions
subsequentzsxbsikwenr/ adj. [following or coming after)
enopevoc, uerencun +All subsequent flights will be delayed by at
least half an hour
swing/sw11J/ noun [a seat for swinging or an act, period, or manne
of moving from side to side or backwards and forwards] Kouv10 •
01<ilpriori. Kouvriµa
The kids love playing on the swings.He was
having a swing on the rope
flair/flea/ noun [a natural ability to do things well) (puo1Kr'1 KAiori.
coAtvt0 +It's obvious that she has a flair for business
revolutionary/,reva'lu:J..,n:m/ adj. [involving or causing great
changes in ideas, methods, etc.) encvcoronsoc
This new revolutionary way of producing paper will increase our turnout by 4096
defect/d1'fekll verb [leave a country, political party, etc to go and
join another; desert] ouroµoAw The famous writer defected to the
West
eHect/1'fekt/ verb [(formal) make something happen; bring about]
npoKaAw, crn(l)cpw +He tried to effect a reconciliation between
his parents
deflect/d1'flek1/ verb [cause something to change direction]
onosoouo, cKtpcnw +He deflected the blow with his arm
adjourn/a'd33:n/ verb [stop for a short time; postpone] 610K6mw.
ovaBoMw
The meeting was adjourned for two days
adhere/ad'lua/ verb [support or remain loyal to] clµa1 ona66c:,
npaoKoMWµa1 +She has always adhered to the beliefs advocated
by the political party to whic/1 she belongs
fertilizer/'fa:tila1za/ noun [a substance (manure, chemicals, etc.)
used to make land more fertile) Alnaoµa
barter/'bo:la/ noun [the act of trading things for other things without the use of money or the goods exchanged in this way]
avrtnpoyµonoµ6c:, ovraMoy~ +Before the use of money people e
changed what they had for what they needed by barter
yield/ji:ld I noun [the amount produced, earned, etc.; (also verb) to
produce naturally, grow, etc.) nopoywy~. on66oori • ano516w,
onocpcpw
The annual yield of wheat cannot meet the country's
demands
segment/'segmant/ noun (a part of a whole) cµ~µo, µtpoc: +A
large segment of the inhabitants work for the local steel factory
fervent/'fa:vanl/ adj. [enthusiastic and very sincere) cv0cpµoc:,
610Koric: +He is a fervent supporter of liberalism
executioner I ,eksa'kju:Ja1rn/noun [a person whose duty is to put
condemned people to death] E:KrCACOtr')c:. 61'1µ1oc:
assassln/a'sa:sm/ noun [someone who murders an important per·
son, especially for political reasons] 60>.o<p()voc:
The ambassador's assassin was arrested two days after the murder
felon/'felan/ noun [a person who is guilty of a serious crime]
CJ'KMµotfac:
The felons were caught after an andventurous car
chase
perjurer/'p3:d3ara/ noun [someone who lies after having sworn to
tell the truth in a cout of law) 1VCu60µ6prupac:
Their main wit·
ness turned out to be a perjurer
adversity/ad'v3:s1t1/ noun [a situation in which one has a lot of dif·
ficulties and problems as if out of bad luck) ovr1(o6c11co +She wa
n't daunted by the adversities and she managed to achieve her set
target
grievance/'gri:vans/ noun [a cause or reason for corrolaintl
nap6novo
The list of grievances from the customers was becoming longer and longer
plight/pla1t/ noun [a bad and serious situation) ouoxcpr'Jc: 0tori
The plight of the refugees can no longer be ignored
+
+
~~~;i~~~t~=e~J~l~~.~~:~P~~°:::/i~p1~µa1
COMPANION
page 154
economic a we have to 1scontmue 1t
corporation/ .ko.pa'reijan? noun [a company or a group of companies which function as a single organization) ctoioero +He works
for a large multinational corporation which is based in Brussels
christen/'knsan/ verb [give a name or nickname to someone or
something] ~om:lzw, ovoµ6zw, onoKoN;)
The employees had
christened tbe« boss "Godfather"
technically/'tekn1kh/ adv. (in accordance with the available practical knowledge of and skill in scientific, technological, and industrial issues] rcxv1K6 + The design is very imaginative but technically
difficult
massive/'miesrv/ adj. [extremely large, powerful, or harmful] noAu
1oxup6c: +He suffered a massive stroke, which left him paralyzed
from the waist down
outrighllaut'rall/ adj., adv. [clear and direct; openly and without
reservations] 6µcooc:, ovaµq:11o~r')rriroc: · oto 1010, anpoK6Auma +All
I got was an outright refusal.I'm thinking of telling Mark outright
what I think of him
upsidel'Apsmd/ noun [the positive side of an overall bad situation)
avuor60µ1oµa, n KaM M£up6 tov npoyµOrwv
The upside of the
whole situation was that we managed to persuade Phil to flelp us
real estate/'nal 1,ste1t/ noun (property in the form of land and
buildings or the business of selling this kind of property] aKlvricri
nepiouolo +He has acquired vast real estate in many parts of the
world
feasible/'fi:zabl/ adj. [able to be done or likely to work) C(l)tKt6C:
YotR" suggestion is very innovative but not financially feasible
palpable/'prelpabal/ adj. [obvious and easily perceived; able to be
touched or felt) cµ(l)ovr')c: - omoc, xcioorucotoc
This is a palpable
errorA palpable atmosphere of anxiety filled the room
intractable/in'trrektabl/ adj. [not easy to deal with or to solve]
6UaKOAOC:, ouocnlAUtOC:
We've come across the intractable problem of finding new energy sources
invincible/m'v1ns1bl/ adj. [that cannot be defeated or destroyed)
(aKot)avlKrttoc:, avuntp6Al'JIOC: The invincible difficulties that we
came across forced us to abandon our plan
overtake/ ,auva'te1k/ verb -p.t overtook, p.p. overtaken- [(usually pas·
sive) happen unexpectedly and prevent someone's plans]
KOtoAaµjXJvw, rn6vw +At the sight of the wild animal we were overtaken by fear and could not move
overcome/ ,auva'kl\m/ verb -p.t overcame, p.p
overcome- [defeat; conquer; deal with a problem successfully)
{cncpvw, uncpv1Kwt She finally overcame her fear of the dark. It
took her a while to overcome her initial reservations
overdo/ ,auva'du:/ verb -p.t overdid, p.p overdone- [act or perform in
an exaggerated way] unep~OMuJ. to napoK6vw
1 know I told you
to play the mother·in-law as though she were evil, but I think you're
overdoing it
commute/ka'mju:l/ verb [travel to and from work daily] ta(16c0w
Ko011µcp1v6 (npoc: KOi an6 tr} 6ouA£16 µou)
Thousands of people
commute to the city every day
compel/kam'pel/ verb [oblige someone to do sth) (c~)ovoyK6zw,
unoxpcwvw
We were compelled to work overtime
•
:
:
:
:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
I
ta e nones str1 e [accept or cope with a matter successfully without worrying -or becoming upset about it] K6vw K6n µe ovecn
OvtllJE:{Wnlzw KC!tl npeµo • He takes difficulties in his Stride
rack one's brains [think hard or long about something] Pooovlzw to
µuoM pou, on6w to KE:<t>(li.1 µou +I have racked my brains to re·
member where I have put my passport, but in vain
plaguetple1g/ verb [annoy, pester. or cause discomfort continually)
evoxi.W, Pooovlzw + The child was plaguing her with questions.He
was plagued by a serious disease for years
afflict/a'fhkt/ verb [cause pain or distress to someone)
npooP6Mw, Pooovlzw +She has been afflicted by a disease that
causes great functional disorders
treacherous/'tretfaras/ adj. [disloyal and likely to betray or harm]
66i.1oc;, omotoc + Their treacherous scheme to overthrow the
leader was revealed in time
uphold/,Ap'hauld/ verb -p.t & p.p upheld- [defend or support a person's action; confirm a law or judgement) uooornotzo · ernKUpwvw
+His decision was upheld by the board of directors
subsidize/'sAbs1da1z/
verb [(of a government) give money to an in·
dustry, farmers, etc
to help them keep the price of their products low) eni5orw.
ernxopriyw +Some industries wouldn't have survived the recession
if they hadn't been subsidized by the government
betray/b1'tre1/ verb [act disloyally or treacherously, especially to·
wards someone who trusts you) npo5i5w +He betrayed his own
brother to the enemy
ingenuous/ in 'd3enjuas/ adj. [inexperienced. innocent. trusting, and
incapable of deceiving] ocpcMc:. crovnocctoc +He seemed so in·
genuous and sincere that I couldn't help trusting him
naive/nat'i:v/ adj. [innocent. unsophisticated, or ignorantly simple)
ocpcM<:. oni.o'iK6C: +He must be naive to believe his wife's monstrous lies
lntruder/m'tru.da? noun [someone who enters a building or area
either illegally or where they are not wanted] nopctoosroc,
e1ol}oi.toc: + The intruder is believed to have entered the building
through a broken window
oculist/'okjuhst/ noun [a specialist in treating diseases and defects of the eye) oq>0a>.µrorpoc;
usurer/~u:3ara/ noun [(formal) sb who lends people money at a
very high rate; a loan shark] toKoyi.uqxx; +Borrowing money from a
usurer can turn out to be very risky
layman/'le1man/ noun [not an expert or professional in a particular
subject) µri e161K6c; +Doctors tend to use words that laymen do
not understand
Insignificant/ ,ins1g'mf1kant/ adj. [of little value or importance)
ooruJOvroc: + They paid me an insignificant sum of money for the
job
obscene/ab'si:n/ adj. [offensive in a sexual way] oocpvoc,
npootuxo; +He was expelled from school for making an obscene
gesture at the headmaster
obscure/ab'skjua/ adj. [difficult to understand) 5uov6riroc:.
OK0te1v6<;
+It was an obscure poem and I had difficulty in analyz.
ing it
celebrated/'selabre1t1d/
adj. [famous] 6160111JOC: +lF.Kennedy's
inaugural address, in 1961, was one of the most celebrated
speeches ever given
cordial/'b:d1al/ adj. [sincere and friendly, often in a formal and polite manner) eyK6p610<; + The old man gave us a most cordial we/·
come
lmminentl'11n1nanll
adj. {likely to happen, especially of something
bad or unpleasant] mKcfµcvoc; +A war between the two tribes
now seemed imminent
infamousl'infamas/ adj. [well known for being bad or immorat. dis·
graceful) KOK6<Pfl1JOC:. enovelorotoc
+ The infamous criminal has
been evading arrest for months now
animosity/ ,am1'mosat1/ adj. [a strong feeling of dislike or hatred]
ex0p6trico + The two rivals regarded one another with animosity
virility/v1'nlall/ noun [masculine strength, energy, and sexual at·
tractiveness; sexual potency) oppcvomrqto, ov6ponptoc10
woman present at the party failed to comment on his virility
senUity/s1'mlat1/ noun [the state of being mentally weak or con·
fused due to old age] ycp6µcn:o, yepovt1K() 6vo1a + The fact that
she keeps confusing things is a symptom of senility
spontaneity/ sponte'neru/ noun [natural and unforced behavior)
ou0op1Jf]noµ6c;
The spontaneity of her refusal left no room for
persuasion
quote/kwaut/ verb {name a price) 51vw uµ() +They quoted us an
enormous sum of money for the repairs to the house
affordable/a'fo:dobl/ adj. (that can be paid for) 01Ko- voµ1K6 E:(j)1Kt6
+A new car is not affordable at the moment
exorbitant11g'zo:b11ant/ adj. [unreasonably high) uocpPoi.!K6<;,
uneoucrpoc
The prices at this restaurant are exorbitant
moderate/'modaral/ adj. [neither big nor small] µtrp1oc: +Despite its moderate prices, this restaurant serves excellent food
~
inhibit/m'h1b1t/ verb [prevent something from developing; be unable to relax and express one's feelings in an open and natural way]
eµno5fzw · 5riµ1oupyw ovcotoxec + The sudden political changes
inhibited development.She was inhibited by the formality of the situ
tion
obstructla'bstrAkll verb [prevent or delay progress or movement)
(nop)eµno51zw +He did everything in his power to obstruct her
promotion
hinder/ 'hmda/ verb [make it more difficult for one to do sth or to
something to happen] cµno51zw, 5uoxepoivw
+Business expansio1
is often hindered by bureaucracy
,
deter/d1't3:/ verb [make someone not do something either by persuading or by frightening them] onotoeno
I
+I don't think that capital punishment has ever managed to deter
crime
distract/d1'strrek1/ verb [draw one's attention away from some·
thing] onoono + The constant noise from the road distracts my
attention when reading
defer I dt 'fe:/ verb [delay doing something; act according to the
wishes or opinions of another or the orders of authority) avaB6Mw
otPoµa1, nc10opxw +Payment will be deferred until next week.I
defer to your great knowledge on this matter
engross/rn'graus/ verb [occupy all one's time. interest or attentio
onopPQ<PW, onooxoi.W nMpwc:+ She was totally engrossed in what
she was reading and didn't hear us come in
liable/'la1abl/ adj. [prone to problems, illnesses, etc.; likely or prob
able to happen) mppcn(K-m0ov6c; ev5ex6µcvoc: + The car is fiabl
to overheat and I must have it serviced sooner than later. Following
his fast statement, the president is liable to receive much criticism
suseeptihle/sa'sepubl/ adj. (likely to suffer from a particular illnes
or be affected by a problem) emppenl'l<: +Certain people are mor,
susceptible to colds than others
i1Ucit/1'hsn/ adj. [unlawful and forbidden) nop6voµo<: +He was
sentenced to five years in prison for ifficit gold trading
captivate/'krep11ve11/ verb [charm, fascinate. or hold the attention
of] 01xµoi.wrlzw, ooy11vcOw +He was instantly captivated by her
beauty
recapitulate/ ,ri:ka'p11fule11/ verb
[repeat or summarize the main points of a discussion.
argument. etc.) OVOKCcpoi.c]IWVW
+Let's recapitulate what we have discussed so far
capitulate/ka'p1tfule11/ verb [surrender or accept defeat, usually
on agreed conditions) ouv0riKoi.oyw
The severe losses forced the guerillas to capitulate to
the government troops
stipulate/'st1pjule1t/
verb [state clearly that something must be
done or followed as a rule when making an offer or agreement)
ouvoµoi.oyw, oplzw prir6 + They clearly stipulated full payment
upon delivery of the order
riddle/'ndl/ noun [a deliberately confusing or seemingly nonsense
question with a tumorous or clever answer] yplqxx; +The chifdre
were having fun solving riddles
+
1
+
1
1
+
stalionery/'ste1Janar1/ noun [writing materials such as paper, pens,
etc.) xapt1K6 ·
The invitations were printed on the finest stationery
stationary/'s1e1Janan/ ad). [immobile; not moving] ornSµwµtvoc;,
aKlvritoc; +She crashed into a stationary car out of sheer carelessness
stalion/'ste1Jan/ verb (send or put someone to a place or position
in order to perform some duty] tonoscrc +He has been stationed
abroad for the last five years
choosy/'tJu:z1/ adj. [difficult to please and accepting somettvng
only if it is of top quality I OUOKOAOC:. CKACKtlK6c; • She's so choosy
that I don't know what to give her for her birthday
cozy/'kauz1/ adj. [not very large, but comfortable and warm]
ovetoc, zcotoc, euxccioroc
They live in a cosy apartment in the
center of the city
posh/pof I adj. [(of hotels, cars, etc.) smart, expensive and apparently used or frequented by rich people! noAutcW)c;, op1ot0Kpat1K6c;
They took us to a posh restaurant where the prices were exorbitant
660 snag/snreg/ noun [any difficulty or obstacle) cµn6610 +Your
idea is great, but the snag is where to find the money
shatter/'freta/ verb [break suddenly into small pieces; destroy
(dreams or hopes)) Spuµµatlzw - ouvrpll3w. tooKlzw
The crystal
ornament shatteredinto tiny bitsAll his hopes were shattered when
his proposal was rejected
shrivel/'frival/ verb [become smaller, wrirkled, or drier] µapalvoµm,
~cpolvoµo1
The dry heat had caused the crops to shrivel up
shudder/'f "da/ verb [shake uncontrollably; dread sth) tptµw, p1yw
+Everybody shudders at the idea of death
shrink/ Jrir.Jk/ verb -p.t shrank or shrunk, p.p shrunk- [cause material.
clothes. etc to become smaller; become smaller in amount, size, or
value) µnaive.>, µazcuw - oupp1Kvwvoµa1 +My pullover shrank in the
wash and I can't wear it. The number of volunteers has shrunk lately
entertain/ ,enta'tem/ verb [engage the attention of someone with
anything that causes time to pass pleasantly; divert) 61a0Kc56zw,
41uxaywyw +We played scrabble to entertain the irksome hours
of waiting for the results
revenge/r1'vend3/ verb [(revenge oneself on/be revenged on)
harm someone in return for harm which they have caused]
CK61Kouµo1 +He revenged himself on his enemies.I'll soon be revenged on you all
persecute/'p3:s1,kju:t/ verb [treat someone cruelly or unfairly because of their race, political or religious beliefs) 5.WKc..>, Kororptxw
Thousands of people were persecuted and killed for their religious
beliefs by the Inquisition
prosecute/'pros1,kju:t/ verb [bring legal action against someone]
61wKw no1v1Kwc;, µ11vuw +He was prosecuted for theft
prohibil/pra'h1b1t/ verb [officially forbid an activity; make something difficult or impossible to happen] onayopct)w, cµno51zw
+Smoking is prohibited in all communal areas of the university.The
high cost prohibited the expansion of the factory
bribery/'bra1b;m/ noun [the criminal act of offering sb money with
the aim of persuading them to do sth usually dishonest] 6wpo6oKla
+Bribery is unfortunately the only means by which you can avoid all
tl1is bureaucracy
impllcate/'11nphkell/ verb [show that someone is connected with
something bad, usually a crime) cvoxonoio, cµnXtKc.> +Several
prominent politicians are said to be implicated in the scandal
amputate/'rempjute11/ verb (cut off someone's arm, leg, etc during
an operation] aKpu>tflpt6zw
The doctors had to amputate the injured man's leg
come to grips with [ll)(Jerstand and deal with a problem or difficulty]
Kotarn6voµo1 oolkJp6 µe
t cannot come to grips with this new
processing method
come up to scratch [be of the required or of a satisfactory standard] Clµo1 oto ~
(WV ncpiotcocov, clµo1 oc IKOVOOOlflUK6
cnfncoo +rm afraid your work hasn't come up to scratch lately;
you'll have to try harder
~ome to a head [(of a situation or problem) suddenly become bad
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
:
:
:
:
and requiring urgent action) cpt6vw oe KPl01µ0, anoq>ao10t1K6 oriµclo
The crisis in the factory came to a head when the workers decided to go on strike
suhsist/sab'srsi/ verb [(formal) live on very little food or money]
ouvmoceuo; zo
The climbers had to subsist on fruit and water
until the rescue team found them
subside/sab'sa1d/ verb [decrease gradually) µc1wvoµo1, KOtoAoy16z
They stayed anchored in the harbor until the wind subsided
sustain/sa'srem/ verb [give help, support or strength to, or keep
something going] unootriplzw, 6101fll)W
The lecturer could not
sustain the audience's interest. Ite« nutntion was not adequate to
sustain life
bustle/'bi\sal/ verb [move around quickly often in a noisy or fussy
way] cfµa1 6Xo cpoup1a +She bustled about the house doing things
al/day
hustlel'hAsal/ verb [push someone roughly so as to make them
move quickly) on?Wxvw lk)vouoo
The man was hustled out of
the office
jostle/'d3osal/ verb [push roughly) onpwxvw +I felt people
jostling against me in the dark
rustle/'r"sal/ verb [(cause something to) make a soft, whispering
sound] Spo'izw
The wind rustled in the trees. She rustled the papers
comprehensible/,kompr1'hens1bl/ adj. (that can be easily understood] xotcvontoc, covonroc The report contained so many techni
cal details that it was hardly comprehensible
illegible/1'led3abl/ adj. [difficult or impossible to read]
6uoav6yvwmoc: +He sent me a note but I can't make out what h
says; his handwriting is illegible
negligible/'neghd3abl/ adj. [of minor importance and not worth
considering] aµcXrirtoi:: +Fortunately, the damage caused to the ca
by the crash was negligible
eligible/'ehd3abl/ adj. [having the right or the qualifications to do
or have something] Kot6Mr]Xoc:, cKA6y1µoc;
Only locals are eligible for membership in this club
lay out phrasal verb [arrange over a wide area, especially accordin
lo a plan] oxc616zw +He was the architect that laid out the publi
gardens
rule out phrasal verb (say that someone or something is not under
consideration as a possibility) anoM.clw
We can't rule out the
possibility of bad weather
pay out phrasal verb (pay a large amount of money for something]
{o6cuw, Mri?Wvw
We paid out a lot of money for the new
equipment
set out phrasal verb [intend; start a journey] B6zw osono uou {cK1vw
t didn't set out to prove him wrong.He set out to exp/or
the countryside
resignation/,rez1'gne1fan/ noun [the act of officially and permanently leaving one's job, or a written document showing that one is
doing so) ropcnnon
The chairman's unexpected resignation gav
rise to a lot of comment
censorship/'sensaf1p/ noun [the policy of banning or cutting parts
out of a book, play, or film that are considered indecent or paliticall
unacceptable (usually done by government officials)) Ac>y0Kp1olo
+Censorship of letters is a severe violation of human rights
census/'sensas/ noun [an official counting of the population]
anoypocp~
When was the last census conducted in Greece?
censure/'senfa/ noun [strong criticism or blame) µoµcp~.
ano6oK1µoola
The parties of the opposition wanted to pass a
vote of censure on the government
confronl/kan'fr"nt/ verb [(usually passive) suddenly arise and havl
to be dealt with; face bravely or threateningly) ovnpcroruzu +On
my first week at work I was confronted with serious
difficulties.Coming out of the court house, the defendant was confronted by TV reporters
comply (with)/kam'pla1/ verb [act in the commanded or requeste
way] ouµµopq>Wvoµo1 nooc You must comply with the regulations,
or you'll find yourself in a difficult situation
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
J
+
+
+
+
+
+
I
+
+
rasa ver (receive a particular reaction or result]
ouvovto, avtrµctwnlzw •/is proposal met with the disapprovalof
the committee
puncture/'pAl)ktfa/ noun (a hole in a tire) rpuna oc Momo
•We
got a puncture while driving to the beach
respire/rr'spara/ verb [(formal) breathe] avanvcw
aspire/a'spa1a/ verb [have a strong desire to do or become something] cll()(l)0o~1w, npooPMnw •She has alwaysaspired to become an actress
deflate/d1'nen/ verb [let gas out of a tire, balloon, etc.)
{Cq>OUOKwvw • The car tires have deflated
inflate/111'nen/ verb [blow up or expand especially by filling with
air) Q)()UOKwvw
used a bicycle ptmp to inflate the ball
remerse/n'mo.s/ noun [a sense of gt.ill or regret) tlJIVc1c;
tried to kill herself in a fit of remorse
resert/n'zo.r/ verb [use or do something bad as a way of solving a
problem, especially when other methods have failed) npoo(l)cuyw,
KOm(l)cuyw •He couldn't persuade them to do what he wanted, so
he resorted to threats of violence
abdicate/,a.:bd1'ke1t/ verb [give up an official position, especially
that of a king, queen, or president) nopanouµoi on6 a~fwµa •Fol·
lowing public opposition. the queen was forced to abdicate
forsake/fa'se1k/ verb -p.t forsook, p.p forsaken- [desert; leave forever) cyKmaM::fnw • The inconsiderate husband took to drinking
and soon forsook his wife and child
quesl/kwesl/ noun [a search for something) ovozmnon •The
predator was in quest of food
query/'kw1ar1 I noun [a question or doubt) CpWtl"JOll, anopla
•Should you have any queries, do not hesitate to contact me
quarry/'kwon/ noun la place where stone or sand is dug out of
the ground) xoroucro, vtoµOp1
has worked in this marble
quarry all his life
•He
•she
•He
Reading
Page 36- Text 1
plague/ple1g/ noun [a very infectious illness that causes high fever
and swellings of the body often resulting in death] navouKAo • The
plague killed thousands of people in Europe in the 14th century
pandemic/pren'dem1k/ noun [sth that affects a lot of people over
a wide area] µcy<WJ crnoriµia •Following the extensive floods, a
pandemic of infections broke out
origlnate/a'r1d3me1t/ verb [bring or come into being] Kot6yoµc11,
npotpxoµo1 • That style of painting originated in pre-revolutionary
Russia
hinterland/'hintal~nd/ noun [land which stretches beyond a coast
or large river] ~rip6, cv5oxwpo •Indian tribes still live in the hinterland of the Amazon
reservoir/'rezavwa:/ noun [a natural or artificial lake used for storing water; a large amount of something that is not used but can be
used when needed] 5c(oµcv~ - on60cµo •All rivers and reservoirs
of the area had been contaminated.We were amazed at his resetvoirs of strength
rodentl'raudant/ noun [any of the type of animals with large front
teeth for gnawing) tpWKllK6 +Squirrels belong to the rodent family
steppe/step/ noun [(usually plural) a large area of land with grass
but no trees, especially in Russia and parts of Asia] orero
shipboard/'f1pbo:d/ noun [(on shipboard) on a ship) n6vw mo n>.oio
sweep/swi:p/ verb -p.t & p.p swept- [move quickly and forcefully
over) oopWvw • The disease is sweeping
(over/through /across tetc.) the country
salvation/sa.:l've1Jan/ noun [the act of preventing loss or damage
or of saving one's soul from sin] owt11plo •Salvation of the country now lay in the hands of politicians
pestilence/'pesulans/ noun [(literary) a disease that spreads rap·
idly killing large numbers of people) A01µ6c; • The pestilence
claimed thousands of fives
divin dl'YaillLa - oi.oLb
claims to have received a dtvme message
wrath/roO/ noun [(formal) violent anger) opy~ •God help you
from the headmaster's wrath once he finds out you've cheated
prevail/pn've11/ verb [exist or be widespreact succeed after a
struggle] crnKpatw - uncp1oxuw t Since the recent earthquake. a
feeling of worry has prevailed among the inhabitants.Nomatter wha
they do, justice will prevail
recourse/n'k:>:s/ noun [a possible source of help} npao(l)uy~.
51c(o5oc; •Seeking legal advice is your only recourse.With the
enemy behind us, crossing the old bridge was our only recourse
penance/'penans/ noun (the act of willingly punishing oneself to
express regret for one's wrongdoings, especially for religious reasons) outonpopto (oav CKo(V.wori uctovooc) •He didpenance for
his sins
admission/a'dm1fan/ noun [permission to enter] 51Kaiwµo c1066ou
•Reporters were refused admission to the conference room
undergO/ ,hnda'gau/ verb -p.t underwent, p.p
undergone- [go through a process; experience or endurel
uno[36Moµo1 oe - U(l)lotoµo1 •She has been undergoingmedical
treatment. They underwent terrible hardships
municipal/mju:'nis1pal/ adj. [belonging or related to the administrative authorities of a town or city] 611µouK6<; • The municipal
electionswill be held next Sunday
fumigate/'fju:m1ge1t/ verb [disinfect with the use of chemicals,
smoke, or gasj anoAuµalvw uc unoKanv10µ6 •On arriving from
their expedition, all their clothes and baggage were fumigated
effects/1'fekts/ noun (plural) (personal belongings) uncoxovto • S
left a few personal effects when she died
safeguard/'se1fga:d/ verb (protect from harm or problems)
ncp1(1)poupW, 61a(l)UMoow •We need to introduce stringent meas
ures to safeguard the eovuoaneat
unstricken/ ,hn'stnkan/ adj. [not affected by trouble, illness, disaster, etc.) nou &v cxc1 npoo~A!l9ci •The few areas that remain
stricken from the epidemicare carefully protected
stringentl'stnnd3:rnl/ adj. [strict or severe; that must be obeyed)
ouotnpor; •Nowadays,most governments take stringent measures against smoking in public places
endeavor/in'deva/ noun ((formal) an attempt to do something, especially something original or difficult] npoon60c1a, an6nc1pa •His
endeavor to climb Everest was met with success
institution/,mst1'tju:fan/ noun [an established custom or system
which is considered to be a significant feature of society] seoucc
•in the '60s the institution of marriage was opposed to by several
groups of society
quarantine/'kworanti:n/ noun [the act of keeping people or ani·
mals that might be or are carrying an infectious disease away from
others or the period of time for which this is done) Kopavtivo •
dog was in quarantine for six months when I settled abroad
segregate/'segngell/ verb [keep one group of people or things
apart from others) 61axwplzw, onouovovo •immigrants were
often segregated from the locals in social activities
sanitary/'sa:nitan/ adj. [of or concerning conditions or arrangements that encourage goad health, especially with the removal of
any source of infection) uy1c1v6<: •Restaurants undergo strict san
itary controls
combat/'kombat, kam'ba:t/ verb [fight against or try to reduce o
destroy something harmful] µ6xoµo1, naAE:liw •The residents decided to combat the government's plan to have a highway pass
through their town
disinfection/ ,d1s1n'fekfan/ noun [the act of destroying diseasecausing germs) anoAuµavori •Disinfectionof the wound is the firs
step to take
procedure/pra'si:d3a/ noun [a formal set of actions for doing
things] 51061Koofo • What's the normal procedure for opening a
bank account?
rigorouslyt'ngarasli/ adv. (in a strict, severe and thorough manner!
aum11p6 •Since the last bomb scare, we have been rigorously
checking everyone that enters the building
ration/'rrefan. 'reijan? verb [control the supply of something by allowing people to have only a certain amount at a time] uoioozto uc
50,do •During the oil shortage, petrol was rationed
confiscate/'konf1sken/ verb [officially take one's private assets
away, especially as punishment] «crooxo • The authorities will
confiscate all expired licenses
Page 37- Text 2
dweller/ 'dwela/ noun (a person or animal that lives in a place]
KOtOIKOC: •Country-dwellers suffer much less stress than city ones
flimsyl'n1m:i:1/ adj. [not very well made and likely to fall apart]
npoxc1poqmayµtvoc: •Refugees were crossing the channel on
flimsy boats
shack/ Jrek/ noun [a roughly built hut] Ko~uBa •It was depressing
to see how many people lived in tin shacks on the outskirts of the
city
herd/h3:d/ noun [a group of animals of one kind, usually cattle]
Kon<i51, aytM1
herd of cows was grazing on the green prairie
trample/'trrempl/ verb [tread heavily on] no5onarw •The horses
trampled on the grass
descendant/d1'sendant/ noun [a person or thing
related to a person that lived or a thing that existed a long time
ago] orovovoc •He claims to be the descendant of a historic
Byzantine family
physician/f1'z1fan/ noun [(formal) a doctor who specializes in medical rather than surgical treatment) v1arp6c: (na0oMvoc:)
medicinal/ma'd1sml/ adj. [concerning the healing process or substances that can cure illness] 0cpancut1K6<;, 1aµonK6<;,
<t>OPIJOKCUUK6<; •Certain herbs are said to have medicinalproperties
royalties/'r:l1alti:z/ noun [a payment made to a writer, recording
artist, etc for every book, record, etc
sold] nvcuµot1K6 51Ka1wµma
trek/trek/ noun [a long, hard journey] µoKp1v6, Koupam1K6 ro{151
• The trek up the mountain was extremely tiring
arduous/'o:djuas, 'o:rd3uas/ adj. [hard to achieve and requiring a
lot of strength and effort] ermovoc • The arduous journey through
the mountains left us all exhausted
gluttonous/'glAtanas/ adf. [(formal) having the bad habit of eating
or drinking to excess] Aalµapyoc:
leech/!i;tf /noun [a kind of blood-sucking worm] B5cMa
stash/sue] /noun [(informal) an amount of something that is kept
hidden) an60cµa • The police discovered a stash of drugs hidden
in the warehouse
idenUfy/a1'denllfa1/ verb [recognize as being) ovavvwpizw •He
identified the coat as his brother's
impart/11n'po:t/ verb [give information, knowledge, etc
ta someone} IJ(;ca515w •She said she had vital information to impart
•
:
:
:
•A
~m
subspecies/,sAb'spi:Ji:z/ noun [a subdivision of plants or animals)
UOOKarrwoplo (zw'iKOU ~ (j)U(IKOU) cf6ouc:
fatigue/fa'ti:g/ noun [great tiredness) K<inwori •His pale color
betrayed his fatigue
insUtute/'mst1tju:t/ noun [a society or organization that has a particular purpose such as research or teaching; the building where
such an organization is based] ivotnoino, f6puµa •The Institute of
Education has proposed a new system of student assessment
payout/'pe1aut/ noun [(informal) a large amount of money paid for
a particular purpose or activity] (ano)nMpwµ~
scattered/'ske:etad/ adj. [spread throughout a wide area or over a
long period of time] 516anaptoc:, ooooc • There were tiny houses
scattered all over the plain
hamlet/'hremllt/ noun [a very small village] xwp1ou66K1 •Having
spent most of her life in a hamlet, she found it difficult to move to
her son's house in the city
elaimant/klerment? noun [someone who claims something that
they believe they are entitled to) nou npo136Mc1 0{1wae1c:,
51cK61K r
•All claimants will be recompgnsed for the dam§ge
one to t etr properties
heritage/'her1ud3/ noun [customs. traditions. and culttxal features
of a country or nation that are handed down from generation to
generation) (c0v1K~) KAr]povoµ16 • The preservation of a country's
heritage is everyone's responsibility
overwhelm/ ,auva'welm/ verb [overcome or defeat) KOCOKAUZW,
auvcpfj3w +He was overwhelmed by the news of his friend's
death. The exhausted German army was overwhelmed by the Russia
resistance
gluttony/'glAtani/ noun [(formal) the bad habit of eating and drinking excessively) ~OllJOP'{ia
destltution/'dest11ju:f an/ noun [the state of not having money,
food, or a home) cv5c1a, ovcxcro • Their destitution was such tha1
they had to live on bread and water
sloth/slau9/ noun [(formal) laziness, especially regarding work)
oxvqplo, reµ11£A16 •He found it difficult to overcome the sloth and
proceed with his work
exile/'eksa1l. 'egzail/ verb [send away or banish a person from his
own country, especially for political reasons] c{oplzw •When he
opposed the totalitarianregime openly, he was exiled from the cou
try
Page 38 - Text 3
:
.
bind/barnd/ verb -p.t & p.p bound- [unite] cvwvw. ouv5cw • The
two countries were bound together due to thetr common history
envision/ m 'v13an I verb -also envisage /ln,tvlzdJ/- [picture in one's
mind and consider a possible future situation) ooopouzouo,
(l)avt6zoµa1 +Can you envision the consequences of such an unde
mocratic decision?
decree/d1'kri:/ verb /officially order, command, or decide something) 0confzw, EK515w an6(1)aorV51<l10yµo • The minister decree
that the amendments to the bill be enforced immediately
disparage/d1'spa::rad3/ verb [criticize someone or sth, especially i
a disrespectful way] uncmµW, µc1wvw
•The critics disparaged her acting in "The Tempest"
streak/stri:k/ noun [a long colored stripe or mark on a surface)
ypoµµ~. ~wpf5o • There was a streak of blood on her cheek
vastness/'va:stnas/ noun [the state of being extremely large]
onepovtoouvq •We stood at the beach fascinated by the vastness of the ocean that stretched in front of us
extremity/1k'strema11/ noun [the utmost degree] 0Kp6u1ra, tnaKpol
• We were all shocked by the extremity of their poverty
trove/trauv I noun -also treasure trove- [any money, gold, and the
like, found hidden and the owner of which is not known or any valuable discovery) erioaupoc:
hasten/'hersn? verb [move with speed or cause something to happen sooner] (eni)oncu5w •His downfall was hastened by the finan
cial scandal he was involved m
colonization/,knlam11'ze1fan/ noun [the act of establishing politica
control over a foreign country or part of it and sending people to
settle there] ano1K10µ6c:
The colonization of New England by the
English occurred in 1620
swath/swn0, swo:0/ noun -also swathe/swelD/- [any long strip or
large area of land that differs somehow from the land on either side
of it] Af.>pl5o Vil<: • The new highways are cutting swaths through
the desert
unshakable/ ,An'Jerkabl I adj -also unshakeable- [that cannot be destroyed or changed] aKMvriroc:• His unshakable faith was what
helped him survive his adventure
decay/d1'ke1/ noun, verb [the process of becoming rotten or ruined; become rotten or ruined] onoouvecon nopaKµ~ - anoouvcf0cµo
napaKµ6zw • The decay of the once luxurious hotel was obvious
after so many years of neglect
rolling stock/'rnultrJ stnk/ noun [all the engines, carriages, etc that
are used on a railway) tooxotoc c~ol'Woµ6<; 015ripo5p6µou • The
rolling stock hadn't been serviced for years and was in a poor statJ
morale/ma'ra:I/ noun [the level of courage, confidence, or enthusi--l
asm m an army, team, person, etc.) 1101K6 •in spite of being de·
+
eated,
team didn't lose their morale
hang on phrasal verb [go on doing something in spite of the diffi.
culties] ouvcxtzo, &v eyKot<IAelnw +If we can hang on through
the recession, there's a lot to be gained
disciplined/'drsrphnd/ adj. (behaving or functioning according to
strict rules] ne10opx1wtvoc: +Growing up in a extremely disciplined
envirorunent can sometimes cause problems to young cfu7dren
centralized/'sentrala1zd/ verb [(of a country or organization) operating in a way that there is one central power-group which gives out
instructions to regional groups) ouyKevtpwt1K6<; +Centralized plan· :
ning is essential to the progress of the company
:
privatize/'pra1vatarz/ verb (sell a national organization, industry,
etc to an individual or a group) 161wr1Kono1~
The government
have decided to privatize a number of public enterprises
chop/tfop/ verb [cut to pieces; reduce) reµoxfzw +Chop this fire·
wood to pieces.(fig.) The company was chopped and sold
rival/'ra1val/ verb {be of an equal standard, quality, or importance
as someone or something else) ouvoywvlzoµa1, ovrovovlzopoi
+No company can rival our achievements in the field of electronics
upheaval/ xp'hi.val? noun [a great change or cistubance. a sudden
upward movement I cvootcreon · avoropa~n +Great political upheaval followed the decision to privatize two major public services
precipitous/pn'srpnas/ adj. (happening quickly and without having
been planned; dangerously high or steep] onotopoc +I cannot
agree to such a precipitous decision Climbing down the precipitous
path was really scary
disposable/dr'spauzabl/ adj. [available for use] 6109to1µoc; +Our
disposable resouces are growing meager
disposable income [the amount of one's salary that remains after
taxes, social security contributions, etc have been deducted) Ka9ap6
e100011µo
fall-off noun (a decrease] µeiwon The fall-off m the number of foreign students has significantly reduced our profits
freight/frert/ noun [goods that are transported by ship, train, or
aircraft] cpoptfo
Thousands of tons of freight are transported
from this harbor daily
tumble/'t,..mbl/ verb [reduce suddenly and by a large amount]
ntqitw coorouo, Katapptw +Share prices have tumbled in the last
few days and investors lost a lot of money
esteem/t'sti:m/ noun [respect and admiration] oe~aoµ(x;, E:Ktfµriori
+She was held in high esteem by both her students and her col·
leagues
transcontinental/,trre1u,kont1'nental/
adj. [crossing or across a
continent) 61rine1pwuK6c; +a transcontinental bus service
migrate/ma1'gre1t/ verb [move to another area or country, especially to find work] percvooteuc; ano611µW
Thousands of people
migrated to the cities after the countryside had been ravaged by
the air-raids
depot/'depau. 'di:pau/ noun (a place where goods, supplies of raw
materials, or equipment are kept for future use] ono9~Kfl, vrero
glamorous/'glremaras/ adj. [allll'ing or exciting, especially because
of physical attractiveness, wealth, or success) Ao1Jnep6c;,
vo11teut1K6c; +She was attracted to the glamorous life-style of
film stars
deteriorate/d1't1anare11/ verb [grow worse in quality or condition)
eml:ie1vwvoµa1, xc1potepcllw +Unfortunately, his health has slowly
deter/Orated
infernally/111'f3:11ah/ adv. [in a terribly annoying manner]
61013<>AE:µtvo, cpo~ep6
The streets were infernally noisy and the
car fumes made breathing difficult
bumpy/'b,..mp1/ adj. [(of iourneys) uncomfortable, especially due to
bad roads or weather conditions) µc tapoKouv~µoco
We had a
rather bumpy journey along the mountain roads
centralization/ sentretar'zeijan/ noun (the act of changing the op·
eranon of a country or organization in a way that there is one main
power-group which instructs all regional ones] ouyKevtpwo11.
ouyKcvtpwt10µ6c;
The directors of many of our branches have
strongly opposed the centralization of the financial functions
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Page 39- Text4
acuteta'kju:I/ adj. [severe but not usually long lasting; very keen
and perceptive) o{uc;, evtovoc • o~uoepKnc; +He is in acute pain as
result of the operation.His latest novel is an acute analysis of the
workings of the soul
inflammationt,1nna'me1fan/ noun [(a place in the body where
there is) development of heat with pain, redness and swelling, as a
reaction lo injury or infection] qi>.cyµov~
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils
respiratory/n'spararatn, n'spatara.to.n/ adj. (of or for breathing]
ovonveuousoc +Infections of the respiratory system can some·
times be fatal
tract/trrekt/ noun [a system formed by connecting parts of the
body} ouonuo. o66c; +He suffered an infection of the digestive
tract
ailment/'e1lmant/ noun [an illness, usually not serious or dangerous
06100coia +Children often have minor ailments
susceptibility/sa,septr'b1Ia11/ noun [the condition of being likely to
suffer from a particular illness or be affected by a problem]
npo5r60cori. eua10611ola +His susceptibility to disease is greater
than normal
congregate/'kol)gragen/ verb [come or bring together in a group)
ouyKE:vtp(jvw/-0µ01, ouva9pofzw/-oµor +A large crowd congregated in the street outside the ceremony hall
immunity/1m'ju:nat1/ noun (the state of being naturally resistant t
a disease] avoola This vaccine ensures immunity to this particular
disease
reslstance/re'asrans/ noun [the ability or power to be unaffected
or unharmed by something) ovtrotoon
+The doctor said that vitamins could help tne child build up resistance to disease
communicable/ka'mju:n1knbl/
adj. (infectious or able to be communicated] µcra5ot1K6c;, µero6601µoc; +a communicable diseaseHi
ideas are not easily communicable
droplet/'droplal/ noun [a tiny drop) otovovltoo +Droplets of rai
started falling
discharge/'drstfa:d3/ noun [the act of sending or allowing a sub·
stance to come out) CKKtvwon. E:Kpon
The discharge of carbon
monoxide from the factory has reached alarming levels
virus/'va1aras. 'vaires/ noun -pl viruses- [a tiny living organism that
causes disease) 16<; +Don't worry; it's just a common virus and
you'll get well in a couple of days
mucous membrane/'mju:kas 'mernbrem/ noun
[a thin piece of skin that covers certain inner parts of the body and
produces fluid] PAE:voy6woc; µcµpp6v11
bacteria/ba.:k't1ana/ noun (plural) -sing bacterium- [organisms, whic
are visible only under a microscope, that are found in rotting matter
air, soil. and living bodies, some being the germs of a disease]
13<lKtl1Pll:i10
excessive Irk 'sesiv I adj. [beyond what rs right or proper]
uncp~o~1K6c;
1 don't quite understand this excessive praise of hi
abilities; he's nothing special
pramete/pro'mout/ verb [encourage, organize, or help the
progress of] npo6yw, npow9w +He worked hard to promote the
peace scheme
invade/1n've1d/ verb [enter a place, especially where one is unwanted; affect someone in an undesirable and irritating manner)
c1o~Mw · evoxAf.J, 91yw +In the summer the area is invaded by
tourists.I w111 not put up with your invading my privacy
pave the way for/to [create the right conditions so as to make a
later event or development more likely to happen] npoetoaozo 10
tl:iaqioc;, avolyw 10 5p6µo y10 +His research paved the way for
major developments in the field of genetics
initiate/1'n1J1c1t/ verb [start, especially something important)
(E:K1vw, eyK01v16zc..>
The local authorities have initiated a schem
to help the elderly with their shopping
intensifytrn'tens1fa1/
verb [increase the force or degree of some-
+
+
+
+
+
1
thing) cvrcivo, ou~6vw + The authorities have intensified their efforts to combat juvenile crime
otitis/au'tall1s/ noun [an inflammation of the ear) wtiuoo
lrrespective/,1r1'spekt1v/
adv. [not taking into consideration; regardless] ooxcro uc, avc{6pu1t0 tEveryone will be admitted to the
charity concert irrespective of age
congregation/ ,ko1Jgrr'ge1Jan/ noun [a group of people gathered
together] ouyKtvrpwori, ouv68po1ori t The congregationoutside
the town hall continued to grow
inoculationll,nokju'le1f an/ noun [the act of giving someone a mild
form of a disease by injecting germs into their body in order to protect themfrom catching a more serious form] cµl}oAlooµ6c; tAJ/
babies have to undergo a series of inoculations against diseases
terminate/'t9:mme1t/ verb [(formal) bring or come to an end)
tcpµotfzwt She terminated the conversation with a few comments
· rogress check 1
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
harmful or poisonous
2
uneatable
3
----
draw away someone's attention
4
throw into disorder
5
very unpleasant and hateful
6
reveal a secret
7
heavily cloudy
8
of a habit which has become an obsession
9
clever and inventive
10
tending to do things suddenly and without thinking
11
a serious complaint
12
a bad condition
13
a criminal or murderer
14
stop a meeting or trial
15
desert one's country and go to an opposing one
16
natural ability to do things well
17
any part of a whole
18
have a strong desire to do something
19
willing to obey orders
20
of less importance
21
sad and in low spirits
22
not moving; immobile
frank and innocent; incapable of deceit
marks left by a person. animal or vehicle
close a business in order to pay its debts
the property of a person or company
lay eggs or produce something in large quantities
exchange goods for other goods
having or showing strong and sincere feelings
a person who lies after taking an oath in a
court of law to tell the truth
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
· rogress check 2
This Is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
reach a conclusion by reasoning
2
engage in a war
3
decide to do something
4
clever at many different things
5
a trace
6
put into effect
7
liable to change one's mood suddenly
8
start something new
9
10
start a campaign
_
done in an open and wicked way
11
support or def end something
12
dark or unknown
13
unimportant
14
_
15 ---------~-~--16 __
17 --18
----------
easily bent or adaptable
illegal or unlawful
feeling unable to express one's feelings freely
easily influenced or affected by something
absorbed in an activity
19
famous
20
a feeling of hatred and anger
21
friendly and sincere
22
-------
weakness in body and mind because of old age
23
block or prevent something from advancing
24
make progress difficult; get in one's way
25
(of a price) unreasonably high
26 ------~~-----
shameful and disgraceful (for an action)
27
the quality of behaving in an unplanned,
natural way and according to one's desires
28
a person without professional knowledge
29
quick to understand and judge a situation
30
showing lack of experience, wisdom or
judgment; ready to believe what one is told
· rogress check 3
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
call up a memory
2
suggested; not plainly expressed
3
subjugate or enslave
4
draw out a confession or an answer
5
an enemy or opponent
6
put down (a quality) to someone
dull and gloomy
7
13
fill someone with a particular idea, feeling, etc.
condition of unfavorable fortune
possible to do
too strong to be defeated
disobedient; difficult to control or deal with
that can be felt or touched; clear to the mind
14
charm and excite someone
15
throw something
16
warm and comfortable
17
typical of the upper class
18
a hitch; a difficulty
19
keep someone strong, alive or happy
20
dry out
21
abuse someone because of their political or
8
9
10
----
11
12
religious beliefs
22
live on (food); "barely stay alive"
23
break suddenly and into small pieces
24
forbid something by law
25
shiver with fear, cold or strong dislike
26
cut off a part of someone's body for medical
reasons
27 -----28
29
30
working very hard for a particular purpose
difficult to please
state clearly and firmly as a requirement
cause (clothes) to become smaller
· rogress check 4
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared In the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to It. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
2
think or suppose; calculate
state that shows unfriendliness or
disagreement between people
3
deserving respect
4
charm, beauty and excitement
5
just or honest
6
express a strong demand for something
7
declare solemnly
8
admit something openly
9
an act or method of seeking help
11
bits of broken stone, wood or bricks
a way in which one earns money
12
do business
13
prosper
14
a large quantity
15
make (a building) holy
16
make a legal claim against a person
17
declare that something can't be considered
18
19
of little or no importance or value
move about a place quickly and excitedly
20
criticize a person unfavorably;
10
unfavorable criticism
21
a question
22
23
give up a high off ice
conform to; act in agreement with
24
abandon
25
breathe
26
a search
27
28
an official counting of the population
push a person roughly
29
having the right to receive or do something
30
be ambitious
Test
+ There are various factors to be considered before we adopt
15
Page 45 - Grammar
undoubtedly!An'dautooh/ adv. [definitely; indubitably) ovoµcpllk>Ao,
ovoµcp10Britr1to
What he said is undoubtedly true
alVjust the same (in spite of what has happened or been said] nop6
to ycyov6c, 6tt +She knew her chances of success were limited
but she took the test all the same
come up with phrasal verb + prep. (think of or produce) cnivow.
0Kopcplzoµo1 +He's come up with a great idea
come/go down with phrasal verb + prep.
[fall ill, especially with an infectious disease) oppwotolvw on6 +He
has come down with the flu
come down on phrasal verb + prep. (punish or criticize someone
severely) uµwl)W, crnnMnw
The teacher came down on me for
failing the test
come up against phrasal verb + prep. [meet problems or ditticulties that have to be dealt with] tpxoµo1 ovuµtcwno<:. npooKpoUU>
+We have come up against severe discrimination
starve/sto:v/ verb [be very hungry; sutter greatly or die from
hunger) ncOoivw u1c. oelvoc - AllJ(JKtovw
+I'm starving; I haven't
eaten anything soce breakfast.During the drought, many people and
animals starved to death
put one's best foot forward (start doing something difficult with determination; work as hard as possible) 1}6zw to 5uvoc6 pou +Put
your best foot forward and I'm sure you'll be successful
polish/'pohf I verb (make smooth and shiny by rubbing] yuoAfzw
+She polished her shoes
have/get one's own way (do what one wants to, despite the wish of
others) ylvcco1 co 61K6 pou +By letting her get her way all the
time you will only spoil her
clear up phrasal verb [(of weather) become better) KOAutcpcliw
1 hope the weather will clear up soon
weep/wi:p/ verb -p.t & p.p wept(cry because of being sad] KMIW, XUvW OOKPUO
+She wept when she heard the terrible news
carve/ko:v/ verb (make designs, shapes, etc
by cutting a piece of wood or stone] OKOAlzw
The statue was
carved in fine white marble
district attorney/'d1stnkt 0'13:n1/ noun ta lawyer in the US who
works for the state and is responsible for prosecuting criminals in a
particular area] c1ooyycMoc:
The district attorney has pressed
charges against the company for fraud
youngster I 1MJSla/ noun ((old-I ashioned) a yo1J1g person) veopoc
+A group of youngsters were waiting outside the headmaster's office
release/ri'li:s/ verb (set free; remove from a fixed position]
oncAcu0cl)Wvw - AUvW •After a fair trial, the prisoner was released.He released the handbrake and started the engine
demote/d1'rnaut/ verb [reduce to a lower rank] unoB1B6zw +He
was demoted for misconduct
+
+
+
+
+
Page 49 - Cloze
colonist/'knlnnrsl/ noun (a settler in a new colony] 6no1KOC: +The :
colonists decimated the local population
•
guard/go:d/ verb (protect someone or something from harm]
cpuMoow, cppoul)W
The soldiers guarded the embassy on a
twenty-four-hour basis
preserve/pn'<!:i:v/ verb [maintain something so that it does not
change or stop) 61m11pw +We must preserve our high standards
of training if we want our school to live up to its reputation
cotton gin/'kotand3m/ noun [a machine that separates the seeds
of a cotton plant from the cotton] µrixov~ nou ocp01pcl tooc orocoec
On6 CO f}oµ~OKI, CKKOKIOl~PlO BQµlk>KOC.
lintlhnt/ noun (soft light pieces of fluff from cotton, wool, or other
materlall xvooo1
factor/'frekta/ noun (a fact which has to be taken into account or
which affects the course of events] nap6yovcoc:. ouvtcAcotr)c.
+
tte
new budget
taritt /'tam f I noun [taxes to be paid on imported or exported
goods) 5ooµoMy10
tread/Ired/ verb -p.t trod, p.p trodden- [place one's foot on something while walking] noro +Mind yoti Don't tread on that broken
glass
spin/spin/ verb -p.t & p.p spun- (form threads from wool, cotton,
etc by drawing out and twisting] Kt.WOw, yvccpw
The old woman
was spinning wool in the corner of the room
weave/wi:v/ verb -p.t wove. p.p woven- [make something by crossing strands in a pattern or by twisting threads together, often using
a loom] nMK<.i> (KoM01), ucpolvw
This material is woven from the
finest silk.These baskets are woven by Indian craftsmen
knit/ti verb [form a garment from wool or cotton thread by makin
and connecting loops, using knitting-needles] nMKw (µc BcMvcc:)
+She knitted her son a sweater for Christmas
patentzpeuent, 'punsnt/ verb (obtain an official license from a
government or other authority that gives one person or business
the right to make and sell a particular article and prevents others
from doing so] Kotoxul)Wvw {µc 51nt.wµo cucconexvloc), oorevtooo
patented his new invention
negotiate/n1'gauf1e1t/ verb (discuss with a view to reaching an
agreement. especially between people of different interests)
61onpoyµoccuaµo1
• The management refused to negotiate witll
the workers, which resulted in a prolonged strike
hanker/'hre!Jka/ verb ((after/for) secretly desire sth, over a long
period of time) AOXtopw, onoznro •He was hankering for the
peace and quiet of his country home
solelyl'saulh/ adv. [only] uovo, onoKAc1011K6
+I cannot be held
solely responsible for the way my child was brought up
sourly/':mualt/ adv. [in a discontented, bad-tempered. or disagreeable manner] onotouo, {1v1oµtvo +She answered my question
rather sourly and I understood that she was not eager to discuss
bltterly/'bllalt/ adv. [in a strong and desperate manner as derives
from emotions such as anger, hatred, sorrow, or unhappiness) ue
niKpfo +She was bitterly disappointed by her colleague's hostile
behavior
erratically/1'ra:l1kh/
adv. (in an irregular or not dependable manner
osovovioto, oMonp6ooMo
1 don't know what caused l1im to behave so erratically; he's
normally very calm
repulsively/n'pAls1vl1/
adv. (in a way that causes horror or disgust
onoxoouonsc +Ne behaved quite repulsively towards that old ma
erroneously/1'rnuniash/
adv. (in a mistaken or partly correct manner, especially because of being based on inaccurate information)
t.oveaaµcvo • They erroneously believed that they could persuade
the public of their integrity
barley/ 'bc.lr I noun [a plant whose grain is used in the production
of food or alcohol) Kp106p1
wheat/wi:t / noun [a type of grain from which flour is obtained]
01t6p1
antiquity/ren't1kwau/
noun [ancient times or great age]
opxcotnrc. n0Aa16111co +In antiquity, people used to personify the1
gods
cereal/'s1anal/ noun [a kind of grain used as food or a type of
breakfast prepared from such grain] 511µ11cp10K6, cpay11c6 on6
511µ1Jtp10K6
+Wheat and barley are cereals.Would you like some
cereal with milk for breakfast?
devote/d1'vaut1 verb [give one's time, effort or energy in order to
do or achieve something] ocp1cl)Wvw • Siie has devoted lier life to
helping handicapped cll11dren
nutrition/nju:'tnfan/
noun [the process of taking the right kind of
food that ensures good health and growth) 61ocpocpr'J +Lack of
proper nutntion can lead to senous health problems
calorle/'krelarr/ noun [a unit of energy given by food] 0cpµf5o
+My diet allows me 1,200 calories per day
emlgrant/'ern1gran1/
noun [someone who leaves one's own coun-
+
+
•He
+
, 15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
~-~·-.
-~~~~~~~~~-
page 166
try and settles in another) uerovootnc, on66ruxx; t Thousands of
emigrants left Greece in the 1950s, especially because of the severe
financialproblems that followed the war
obviousl'nbv1as/ adj. [easily seen or understood] npoq>avri<;,
oAf)q)Ovcpcx: t It was obvious that she was not feeling well
waving/'we1v11J/ adj. [moving in the same way a wave does)
Kuµcmot6<:, nou Kuµorim t In front of us lay thousands of acres of
waving wheat
native/'ne111v/ adj. fbelonging to, living, or growing in a particular
place) vrrvcvri<;, 10oycvri<: t This kind of bush is native to South
America
invoke/m'v.,uk/ verb [appeal to sb with power or to a god for help
or forgiveness) crnKo~uµo1 t The desperate war-stricken people invoked the aid of the United Nations Organization
evoke/r'vauk/ verb [cause or produce a memory. response, reaction, etc.] npoKOAW t Sometimes a piece of music can evoke memories of the past
sanctify/'sa:1Jkt1fa1/ verb [make something holy or permit something officially] Ko0oy16zw, Ko01cpc;ivw
•The bishop sanctified their marriage.Thesepractices
have been sanctified by the Church
eternity/1't3:nat1/ noun [(formal) time without en<t (informal) a
seemingly endless time] 01wv16u1co +Christian religion believes in the
eternity of soulWaitingfor the doctor seemed like an eternity
deity/'de1at1. 'di.su/ noun [a god or goddess] 0c6rrrto +Bacchus
was one of the Roman deities
bulk/bAlk/ noun [the main or biggest part of something] to
IJCYOAUtCpo µtpcx;, 0 KUPICX: 6yKOC: • The bulk of his savings was
spent on house repairs
transpire/ ,l ra:n 'spara/ verb (become known] onoKOAli- rnouo,
cpxoµm 010 qx;x: tEventually, it transpired that he had known
who the murderer was right from the start
transplant/,trcens'plo:nt/ verb [plant in another place] µctaq>utcllw
• We transplanted the rose-bush into the back garden
transacl/ ,trren'za:kl/ verb ((formal) do or carry out business)
61cKncpa1wvw +This deal needs to be transacted immediately
flourish/ 'fJ,\f1f I verb [be healthy and grow well; thrive]
ovomuocouor cu60K1µW t My plants are flourishing this spring
enrich/ t n 'n tf I verb (improve the quality of something] (cµ)nAourlzw
t Reading enriches the mind.Fertilizers eNich the soil
Page 50 - Vocabulary
homicide/'hom1sa1d/ noun [the criminal act of mi.rdering someone)
av0pwnoKtovla t He was found guilty of homicide and sent to
prison for life
felony/'felan1/ noun ((legal) a very serious crime such as murder)
tyKAfllJO t He was found guilty of felony
misdemeanor/ rrusdr'mi.na/ noun [a crime which is not very serious] moloµo, ~pcimwµo +He had to pay a fine for his misdemeanor
forgery/'f:i:d3.,rr/ n la copy of sth made to deceive) r!Aaoroypoqiio
t He paid a fortune for this drawing, thinking it was a genuine Klimt.
but it turned out to be a forgery
juvenlle/'d3u:v.,na1I/ adj. [related to young people, who are not
adults yet) avi)AtKCX:, vcov1K6<:
The rise in juvenile crime is worry·
ing both the authorities and the general public
delinquency/d1'll1Jkwans1/ noun [behavior which is against the law
or the accepted moral principles. especially by young people)
cyKA((µat1K6rrrto +Juvenile delinquency in poor urban areas has
reached an alarming incidence
reform/ri'f:>:m/ verb [change a law or system in order to improve
it) µctoppu0µrzw, avoµop!pwvw t The government have decided to
reform the taxationsystem in order to be fairer to the financially
weak
infringe on/rn'fnnd3/ verb [interfere with a person's freedom or
rights; invade] nopoB16zw •Your reporters infringe on my privacy
and I will not tolerate such a situation
+
•
:
•
-~
COMPANION Test 15
!
resurrection/,reza'rekJan/ noun [the return into existence of a
feeling, custom, etc, (the Resurrection) the return of Jesus Christ to
life after his crucifixion] av0Blwo11, ~ovozwvr6vcµo - Avooroon (tou
lnoou) t The resurrection of their old differences led the argumen
to a fight
aversion/n'v;i:Jan, a'v3:3an/ noun la strong feeling of dislike)
onootcoen ovr1n60c10 t Jack definitely has an aversion to work; I
can't believe he's so lazy
retaliation/n,t~h'e1Jan/ noun [the act of doing something unpleas
ant to someone in return for something they have done to you]
ovtan66oorr. CKOIKnorr t Your comments have caused a lot of dis·
content and you should expect retaliation
aceumulalion/a'kju.mjo'lerjan/ noun [the act of gathering or
being gathered together in a large quantity) ouooopcuon
•Their
successful venture led to an enormous accumulation of capital
under one's breath [in a very quiet. almost inaudible voice) µtoo
on'ro 66vt10 (rou), llJl0up1or6 +He swore something under his
breath and left the room
mutterl'mAta/ verb [utter words in a low voice that is hard to hea
especially when complaining or in secrecy) µoupµouplzw +She
muttered a few words of annoyance and continued her work
groan/graun/ verb [make a deep sound of pain, unhappiness, etc.]
Boyyw • When she heard the news, she groaned in despair
devour/d1'vaoa/ verb (eat up greedily] KotaBpox.0fzw tShe de·
voured the chocolates in next to no time
sermen/tss.man? noun [a serious talk, especially one given in
church and is based on a passage of the Bible: an unwanted morally
instructive talk] K~puyµo t The congregation listened to the
priest's sermon with great attention.We heard another sermon for
the merits of exercising
carcass/'ko:kas/ noun (the body of a dead animaO Kouqxip1 t Th
carcass of the dead bear was lying on the forest floor
instigate/'rnsllge1ll verb [encourage the beginning of something!
unoK1vw
The teacher instigated the students to set up their ow
theatrical production
proctor/'prnkta/ verb [supervise students during an exam to make
sure they will not cheat] cnir11pw, crnBAtnw t Prof Jenkins will be
proctoring us in our final test
allude/a'lu:d/ verb rindirectly refer to someone or something] 0iy
K6vw v~rr t He alluded to my failure, which annoyed me greatly
allotla'lot/ verb [give each person a fixed share of or place in
something) 61ovcµw +They have allotted the money to the victim
of the earthquake
infer/rn'f:J:/ verb (form the opinion that something is true, judging
from information or evidence one has) ouv6yw, ouµncpolvw
• What I inferred from his silence was that he was extremely angry
imply/1m'pla1/ verb [suggest or hint without actually stating)
unovoW, una1vioooµm tAre you implying that I am a liar?Your absences imply a lack of interest in the course
weather /'we6a/ verb [survive a difficult situation and be able to
continue after it is over] (cncpvw, ovr1µctwnizw cnnoxoc
you
can weather the m1t1al difficultiesof running your own business, then
everything will be all right
loathe/ laoo/ verb [hate or dislike deeply] ancx.06voµo1 t I ab·
solutely loathe attending business meetings
tackle/trekl/ verb [deal with or try to solve) crnAoµf36voµo1,
ovr1µcrwnizw t He shows extreme efficiency in tackling even the
most complicated problems
lousy/'lmm/ adj. (really bad, unpleasant, etc.] qip1KI6<;, orotoioc
• What lousy weather! It's been raining for days on end
skimp on/skimp/ verb (take. spend, use, or give too little or only
just enough) TOIYKOUVCUoµol, KOVW OIKOVOµlo • She skimped even
on meals in order to send her son to college
drudge/drAd3/ noun, verb [sb who does dull, very hard and humble
work; do this kind of workl clA<.i>to<: - µoxew
grudge/grA<l3/ verb [(someone something or doing something) g1v
or do very unwillingly) 6fvw/K6vw pe µ10~ Kap016, nopax.wpw t I
really grudged them every dollar I spent on their stupid product
1
:
:
•
•
:
:
:
+
+If
~
t
- -
--------------------------
15 FINALTESTS IN ECPE
badge/ba:d3/ noun [a mark, emblem, or ornament showing rank,
occupation, or membership of a society, team, etc.] KOVK6p6a,
tµBN]µo t He wore his old school badge on the lapel of his jacket
vagrancy/'ve1grans1/ noun [(formal) the criminal offense of having
no fixed home and begging in the street) aN]tclo, eooncto t He
was arrested for vagrancy
alms/o:mz/ noun (plural) [(old-fashioned) money or other help given
to the poor] CAf:ljlJOOUVl'J
defy/d1'fa1/ verb [refuse to obey, or resist openly; dare someone
to do something) O\l.lri<PW • npoKOAw •He defiedhis parents'
wishes and left to study abroadHe has always defied danger.I defy
you to try and stop me
enactlt'nrekt/ verb [officially pass a proposal or bill and make it a
law) aconizw, \l.lri<Pfzw t The bill on educational reforms will be enacted soon
encamp/m'kremp/ verb (set up a camp or put someone in a camp)
KOlOOKl]vwvw, otpot0nc6c0w t The army encamped just outside
the city
empower/1m'paoa/ verb [give someone the power or legal author·
ity to do something] olvw tn 6uvm6tl]to, c(ouo1o6orw t The new
act will empower universities to function independently
occasionally/a'ke13analr/ adv. [now and then) ncp1oromoK6 ti
occasionally go to the theater
prevailing/pn've1lt1J/ adj. [existing or being widespread at a par·
ticular place or time; current] crnKpotwv, 1ox0wv t The prevailing
mood of discontent among employees is worryingthe management
domineering/ ,domt'niartl)/ adj. [trying to control other people
without caring about their feelings or opinions) &onouK6<;,
amapx1K6<; t He has always been a domineeringfather who
opressed his children's freedom
docile /'dausat I/ adj. [quiet and easy to manage] noooc t Helen is
a docile child who's never given us any trouble
sprain/sprern/ verb [twist in such a way as to tear or stretch the
ligaments] orpoµnouMw t The skier sprainedhis ankle and couldn't
take part in the finals
strain/strern/ verb [injure part of one's body, especially a muscle,
through hard work) KOtonovW, npoKaAc;i BMBri t I've strained my
back and I cannot move easily
drain/drern/ verb [cause someone to feel exhausted and with no
energy left) c~aVt;A.w t The preparations for the annual meeting
have totally drained me
ascribe/a'skrarb/ verb [think of as done or caused by someone or
something; attribute to] ono5r6w t This paintingis ascribed to El
Greco
entrust/rn'trAStl verb -also intrust· [trust someone with the care of
or the responsibility for a person, job, or thing) cµmorcuaµa1 t I en·
trusted her with the duty of taking the proceeds to the bank
moodyl'mu:d1/ adj. [bad-tempered and easily annoyed; changing
feelings often and quickly) KOK6KC<pO<;·KuKAo0u1J1K6c; t He has been
moody these last few days,but I don't know what's wrong with him.
Jill is moody and unpredictable
put down to phrasal verb + prep. [explain what caused something
especially by guessing; attribute) ono616w t I put his failure in the
exams down to family problems
hand down prhasal verb [pass from one generation to the next]
KAf]po6ocw t These customs have been handed down from father
to son since ancient times
hold off phrasal verb [delay doing) Ko0uorcpw t I think we should
hold off making a decision mtil we have all the necessary information
lay off phrasal verb [dismiss temporarily) onoMw (ouv~ewc;
npoowp1v6) t Because of a shortage of orders, the firm has laid
off a quarter of its workforce
go off phrasal verb [explode; leave) cKpnyvuµai · cpcuyw • The
bomb went off at midnight.He'sgone off to work
literary/'lttaran/ adj. [related to or concerned with literature)
Acymcxv1K6<; t This is a perfect example of literary criticism
come to blows [fight and start hitting each other) opmzopn,
page 167
:
-
------~
COMPANION Test 15
,
epxouor oro xtpio t If Peter hadn't stopped them, they would hav
come to blows over a trivial matter
grasp/¥ro:sp/ n~un [a person's ability to understand, especially
j
something complicated) aVtiArwll t Ask Jofln; he has a good grasp
of the subject
flea/ni:/ noun [a type of small blood-sucking insect that jumps in·
stead of flying and lives on the bodies of animals or people] lj)UMo<;
plot/plot/ verb [make a secret plan against a political leader, gov·
ernment, organization, etc.) ouvwµotw, µnxovoppoq>W t They wer
a bunch of traitors plotting against the leader of their own party
lay claim (to) [state that one is entitled to something] 61cK61Kti>
t He laid claim to his uncle's property, much to the resentment of
the family
pursue/pa'sju:/ verb [continue steadily witn carry on] cm51wKw,
aox0Acuµa1 ouocriµot1KO ue, ouvexlzo +He is pursuing his studies
at university
indigent/'rnd1d3ant/ adj. [poor] onoooc, q>cwx6<; t The locals
were indigent but extremely hospitable
indignanl/rn'dtgnant/ adj. [angry or shocked because of being unfairly treated or blamed! t~oMo<;, O¥OVOKC1oµtvoc; t Jason becam
indignant when his wife suggested that he should spend less time a '
work
indiscreet/,rndr'skri:tl adj. [careless about what one says or does
especially by revealing secrets] 0016Kp1roc; t Talking about our I
personal affairs was an indiscreet thing to do
indistinct/,ind1'st11)kt/ adj. (that cannot be clearly heard, seen, or
understood) 5uo516Kp1toc;. ouyKcxut.Jtvoc;, aoa<pnc; t She whisper,
something indistinct and went about her business
convention/kan'venJan/ noun [a meeting of members of the same
profession, party, etc held so that various matters can be discussed
or decided upon] ouvt6p10, ouvtAcuori t The annual party convention will take place in the middleof April
convention noun [an established and widely accepted way of behav
ing, which is considered normal and right) t01µo, ouµBQoc1c; t Sha~
ing hands when meeting people is a normal convention in many
countries
conviction/k::m'v1kfon/ noun [a strong belief) ncnoi011011 tit's
my conviction that lack of initiative is the source of our problems
intervention/ ,mta'venfan/ noun [the act of interfering in an argument. quarrel, etc in order to influence the result) noptµBoori.
µcooMB11011 t The dispute between the two ministriescame to a
end thanks to the intervention of the Prime Minister
meditation/,mech'te1Jan/ noun [(usually plural) oral or written exores
sion of profomd and serious thoughts] µcAttrJ, otoxoopoc t I find
Martin's meditations on the role of democracy very interesting
outset/ 'autset/ noun [(at/from) the beginning] tvop(ri. opxrj t I
warned him from the outset that I wasn't going to tolerate such
rudeness
onsett'onset/ noun [the beginning, especially of something bad)
(CKlvriµo, tvop~ri t The onset of the epidemiccannot be clearly
pinpointed
outpul/'autput/ noun [the quantity of goods or amount of work pro
duced) nopaywyrj, on660011 t The output of the factory has increased by 20% in the last three months
prejudice/'pred30(.hs/ noun [an opinion or feeling for or, especially
against something, formed unfairly or unreasonably] np0Kor6Aiw11
The jury must listen to his statement withoutprejudice
vice/vats/ noun [a bad habit; wicked behavior] ooBop6 cMuwµo,
61aorpoq>n •Smoking is my only vice
devout/d1'vau1/ adj. [strongly religious) cuocPnc;, mm6c; t Thousands of devout Catholics gathered to welcome the Pope
deplete/dt'pli:t/ verb [make smaller in amount, number, etc.]
µc1wvw t Our supplies of food are rather depleted
steeped/sti:pt/ adj. [having too much of a particular quality or
characteristic) BOUUNJ.Jtvoc; oe, 61onot1oµtvoc; t They were a
group of racists steeped in prejudice and hate
dlstress/dr'stres/ noun la feeling of extreme sadness or worry]
ovriouxro, 0Allj)I] t The loss of his job caused him great distress
1
1
:
:
•
+
------
15 FINAL TESTS IN ECPE
page 168
reoress/n'gres/ verb [return to an earlier and worse or more immature condition] no>.1vopoµW, omo0o6poµW +She occasionally regresses to infancy owing to her illness
oppress/a'pres/ verb [govern or treat a group of people cruelly
and unjustly and prevent them from having the same rights as others] KOTomtzw +Minority groups had been severely oppressed by
the totalitarian government
mlssionary/'mrfanan/ noun [a person who is sent to teach and
spread a particular religion] 1cpon6ow>.cx;
+She spent ten years as a missionary in South America
pagan/'pergan/ noun [a person who does not belong to any of the
major religions) c16w>.oMtpri<; +Pagans were at one time severely
persecuted for their beliefs
revert/rr'v3:t/ verb [go back to a previous habit, state, point, etc.]
cnovtpxoµo1 +Unfortunately, he reverted to drinking again
averth>'v3:t/ verb (prevent something unpleasant from happening]
onocptnw
The accident could have been averted had he not
been driving so recklessly
convert/kan'v3:lf verb [change or persuade someone to change
their opinions or religious beliefs; change and put to a different use]
µcromptq>W, npoori>.urlzw - µcrono1w, µcrorptnw +Many natives
were converted to Christianity. They converted the old mill into a
beautiful summer house
pervert/pa'v3:t/ verb [lead sb to crime or to evil or (sexually) immoral acts; deliberately change something in a way which is wrong
or harmfli] 51oqxklpw - 51ootpc~>.wvw, 51oorptq>W The man was accused of trying to pervert children. Perverting nature can have de·
structive results
couch/kautf I noun [a type of sofa for sitting or lying on] «ovonec
The doctor asked him to lie on the couch
crouch/'krautf I verb [stand close to the ground with the knees
bent) ovoKoupKou61zw +He crouched behind the bush
cast/ko:st/ verb -p.t & p.p cast- [throw) plxvw
+She cast him a look of hatred
wreath/ri:B/ noun [a circular garland of flowers or leaves] omp6v1
The winners of the race received
a laurel wreath as a prize
wreck/rek/ noun [a sunken ship or a badly damaged car or plane; a
person whose physical or mental health is in poor condition] vou6y10,
oop61}o>.o • eocmo +Several car wrecks are abandoned in this
area. The constant competition has turned him into a nervous wreck
greedy/'gri:dr/ adj. [always wanting more and never be satisfied
with what one has) 6nAl')otcx; +She's becoming more and more
greedy for money
avaricious/ ,reva'rif as/ adj. [(formal) greedy for money and material
possessions] q>1Mpyupoc;, 6nAf)otcx; +He is an avaricious person
who would do anything for profit
lucrative/'lu:kratrv/ adj. [very profitable] cmKcpor)<: +He managed to turn his father's little tavern into a most lucrative business
deadlock/'dedlok/ noun [a state of affairs in which a disagreement
cannot be settled as neither side is willing to compromise; a stale·
mate] 061t{ooo
The negotiations reached a deadlock and war
was now imminent
deadline/'dedlarn/ noun [a date or time by which sth must be
done or completed) npo0covla +Monday is the deadline for handing
m the written assignment
padlock/'predlok/ noun [a moveable lock with a LI-shaped bar
which can be passed through a ring, chain, etc
and be locked) A<>uKCto +He has put a padlock on the gate but I
don't thmk this can discourage a potential burglar
dead-pan/'dedpa::n/ adj. {sounding and looking absolutely serious
when this is not really the case] avtKq>paococ;, oopoooc +He related the story in such a deadpan manner that we couldn't have pos- :
s1bly understood that he was jokmg
:
trace/tre1s/ verb [follow or discover by means of clues, evidence,
•
etc.) aKo>.ou0w to lxvri. cvrorrzo
The police have traced the notorious embezzler to London. The source of the infection has not yet
been traced
+
+
+
+
+
COMPANION Test 15
truce/tru.s? noun [a usually temporary rest from fighting, agreed to
by both sides] ovoKwxfi
The warring parties decided to call a
truce so as to bury their dead in peace
trance/tra:ns/ noun [a sleep-like or half-conscious state) onvoon
The hypnotist put her in a trance and asked her questions about
her past
track/trrek/ verb [search by following the marks, or footprints that
a person or animal has left on the ground] 1xvri>.otw, aKo>.ouew ro
ixvri +An undercover detective managed to track the murderer to
his hideout and arrest him
leaselli:s/ verb [use or give someone the right to use something
on payment of rent; (noun) the relevant agreement] CKIJI00wvw ·
CKl)lo0wori +He is leasing tne land from the focal council.We have
a twenty-year lease on this office building
leash/li:f I noun -also lead- [a piece of rope, leather, or chain attached to a dog's collar and by which a dog is led or controlled)
>.oupf oKu>.ou +Dog owners must keep their dogs on a leash whe
they visit the park
leak/li:k/ verb [allow gas or liquid to pass through a hole or crackJ1
nopouo16zw 51oppofi, ot6zw
The boiler leaked hot water all ovet1
the floor
pious/'paras/ adj. [having strong religious feelings, reverence for o
devotion to God) cuocPri<: +She's a pious woman and a regular
churchgoer
starchy/'sto:tf1/ adj. [behaving in a very formal and humorless man
ner) turnsoc, 6KOl)moc; +He tends to become so stiff and starchy
sometimes that he is absolutely boring
stout/staut I adj. [brave and resolute; rather fat and heavy)
o0cvop6<; · veooc, xovtooc 1 am determined to offer stout resistance to their plans.He's rather short and stout
staunch/sl:):ntf I adj. [firm, loyal, and trustworthy] ruoroc,
o(f)()o1wµtvoc; +He's a staunch supporter of communism
adapt/a'd~pt/ verb (change or alter so as to fit a different situation, etc.J nooocouozo,' -ouot •He found it difficult to adapt to his
new work envronment.The system must be adapted to take other
kinds of fuel
adjust/a'd3Ast/ verb [change so as to make or be better suited)
npooopv6zw/-0µ01 +He soon adjusted to J;fe in the country
austerityt:>:'s1era11/ noun [lack of comforts or money, especially
when a country's economy is weak] >.1t6trito
The recent austerit
measures have caused a public outcry
redundantln'dAn<lont/
adj. [no longer employed because there is
no job for one to do] n>.cov6zwv, neomoc +Fifty men have just
been made redundant at the local factory
superficial/ .su.pa'fr] al/ adj. [not thorough or profound; shallow]
m(f)()vc10K6<;, onxoc +He has only a superficial knowledge of the
subject so don't take what he says for granted
superfluous/su:'p::i:fluas/ adj. (unnecessary; more than is needed
or wanted) nt.cov6zwv, ncpm6<; +Certain subjects were found to
be superfluous so they were removed from the syflabus
indolent/'rndalanl/ adj. [(formal) lazy] tcµnct.ric;. oopovric:
+Although he gives the impression of a very energetic person, he i
rather indolent
purchase/'p:J:tfas/ verb (buy] oyop6zw +They have recently pur
chased an impressive house
mortgage1'111o:g1d3/ verb [use one's property as a guarantee in
order to borrow money from a bank (failing to pay back the money
entitles the bank to take hold of your possessions)] uno01')KCtiw
+He's mortgaged all his property to take a bank loan for his new
business venture
pawn/p:):n/ verb [give sth valuable to a person whose business is
to lend people money takmg sth valuable in exchange or as a guarantee] Pozw evexooo +She pawned an antique ring to find money
for the operation
get the hang of something idiom [become able to do or understand 1
somethmg] avr1t.oµB6voµo1, µnarvw oto v6riµa
Wl1en I first used
computer, I was lost, but I soon got the hang of tt
nick/nrk/ noun [a small cut] cyKonfi +There was a small nick in
+
+
+
+
+
+
roost
enchant/m'tfa:nl/ verb [cause someone to be delighted, interested. and excited] yorircllw, µoycllw
The audience were enchanted by her outstanding performance as Carmen
enhance/m'homs/ vert> [improve the appearance or Quality of;
strengthen] Ko>.urcpcuw, cv1oxllw +His public image was greatly
enhanced by his support for popular charities
lapse/l<eps/ noun [a temporary failure. especially of memory or attention) M9<><:, oMo9riµo +Such an unfair decision must have been
taken in a lapse of reason
elapse/r'leps/ verb [(formal) (of time) go by] ncpvw +several
hours elapsed before the doctors could reassure us that he has es·
caped danger
relapse/n'lreps/ noun [the state of becoming ill again after one has
shown signs of improvement) unotponn +Unfortunately, he had an
unexpected relapse and was taken back to hospital{also verb) The
patient has relapsed again
parole/pa'raul/ noun [permission granted to a prisoner to leave
prison on the condition that he will behave properly] ovaotoM
The young offender was released on parole after having served
for six months
upshotl'Apf ot/ noun [the result or end of a matter] Kor6Af)l:fl
+What was the final upshot of that affair?
denoun ce/di'nauns/ verb (publicly express strong disapproval of
something one considers wrong, unlawful, etc.] KOTOyyth<J 6riµ6010,
anoKf]puoow
The opposition denounced the severity of the new
taxation law
upkeep/',..pki:p/ noun [the cost or process of keeping sth in good
condition] t(o&J ouvu'lprioric:. ouvmonon +She can no longer stford the upkeep of such a big house
+
+
•
:
:
•
+
+
Reading
Page 54- Text 1
+
•
:
:
•
+
+
+
+
+
fossil/'fosal/ noun (the hardened remains of an animal or vegetable
found in rock] onoM9wµo +Many fossils of now extinct birds have
been found in this area
digestivetda1'd3esuv/ adj. (related to the process of digesting]
ncnnsoc, xwvcur1K6<:
The doctor diagnosed some malfunction of
her digestive system
immobile/1'mauba11/ adj. [absolutely motionless; unable to move)
oKIVfJtO<:, m60111<><: +He stood totally immobile gazing at the sea.Her
illness has made her completely immobile
nutrient/'nu:tr1an1 noun [a substance or food which helps a plant
or animal grow] 9pcm1K~ ouolo
This soil lacks in essential nutrients and plants cannot flourish
extinct/ik'slll)kll adj. (no longer in existence] c(aAc1cp0clc;,
c(o(l)Ov109cfc; +Mammoths became extinct in prehistoric times
realm/relrn/ noun [a particular field of interest. thought, or activity)
"BoolAE:10", oeoioo +the realm of science
barren/'ba:ran/ noun ({of land) dry and of poor quality with no
plants growing on it] 6yov<><: +Nothing grows on this barren
mountain area
scant/skrent/ adj. (hardly enough) A1yooc6c;, ovcnopKl'l<: +The girl
paid scant attention to her mother's advice
vital/'va11al/ adj. [essential; of the greatest importance] zwuK6<:
+Speed and efficiency are vital to the success of our plan
drab/dra:b/ adj. [dull and uninteresting to look at or experience]
IJOV6tov<><:, IJOUVI6<:
They led a drab life, isolated in a little
provincial town
tear/come/fall apart at the seams [{of objects) be in a poor coodtion and in need of repair, (of situations) deteriorate and be likely to
fail) 610Moµo1 +The whole project seems to be falling apart at the
seams and this ts because of your negligence
chunk/tf Al)k/ noun la large uneven piece of something; a large
amount of something] µcy6M K01JIJ{Jt1 +He ate a huge chunk of
cheese and a loaf of breadA chunk of my salary goes to the mortgage
convulsion/kan'v,..lf an/ noun [violent natural, social or political dis
turbance; violent and uncontrollable movement, usually caused by an
illness] ovoropoxn · onoouoc
The recent political convulsions led
to massive public demonstrations.He was in convulsions due to high
temperature
profound/pra'faund/ adj. [having a strong influence or impact on]
Bo9U<:. evrovoc +Her unstable upbringing had a profound effect o
her whole life
evolution/,i:va'lu:fan, evo'lu.jon/ noun [the development of animals and plants into higher, more complicated forms] c(CAl(fJ
+According to Darwin's theory of evolution, man descended from a
ape-like animal
infuse/m'fju:z/ verb [pour into; fill with an emotion or quality)
xuvw, a6c16zw oe · eunottzo, cvcrraM6zw
The fresh air infused
the room with oxygen.She has always managed to infuse her students with enthusiasm
proliferation/pra,hfa're1fan/ noun !a rapid increase in numbers]
noMonAao100µ6c:
The proliferation of computer stores has in·
creased competition
hiccup/'h1kAp/ noun -also hiccough· [a sudden, quick and uncontrollable movement of the diaphragm] M(uyyac;
phylum/'fa1lam/ noun -pl phyla- fa major division of plants, animals,
or languages with common characteristics] cpuAO
forebearl'f::>:beo. 'fo:rber/ noun -also forbear- [(formal, usually plural) an ancestor] npOyovoc: +He longed to visit the land of his
forebears
clam/klrem/ noun [a shellfish with two shells joined together, used
as food] µu61
hint/hint/ noun [a very small amount or sign of something) txvoc
There was a hint of fear in his voice
backbone/'ba:kbaun/ noun [the spine] onov6uAtKri mnM
escalate/'eskale1t/ verb [become greater in size, importance, or in·
tensity by stages (often used of unpleasant situations)! KAllJOKwvw
+We will only escalate the problems if we deny his proposal
aggression/a'grefan/ noun [hostile and threatening behavior or
feelings that can result in conflict] crn9cnK6rfJ{o
+Children are
likely to exhibit signs of aggression when they live in an unstable
family environment
frenzied/'fren.£1d/ adj. [involving a lot of anxiety and excitement
and lacking much planning or control] (tcppcvoc;, t(oMoc:
They
were working at a frenzied pace to deliver the orders on time
take a turn [change] oM6zw
Nis life never took a turn; he has al
ways stuck to the same routine
placid/'plies1d/ adj. [calm and not easily disturbed or upset]
(Jpcµoc: +His placid nature helps him deal with difficulties very eff1
ciently
reign/rein/ verb !be the most powerful or important feature of a
place or situation; be the king or queen] Boo1Acuw +Chaos continue
to reign for days after the riots
imprinttim'pnnl/ verb [press an object against something or print
it so that it leaves a mark or outline] cnoturevo; oroµn6pw
The
envelopes were imprinted with the family crest
adequate/'a:d1kwal/
adj. [enough; sufficient) cnapKr'JC:, ooseroc
+He does not earn a large salary, but it is adequate for his needs
inadequate/ 111 'aid: k wall adj. [not enough] overoosnc
tnedeooete equipment is the most serious problem hospitals are faced
with
scum/skxm,' noun [a dirty foam that forms on the surface of a liquid] oKo9apofcc;, on6BAflto
The polluted lake was covered with
scum
splneless/'spamlos/ adj. [without a backbone] oon6v6uAOC:
evolutionary/,i:va'lu:fanan/
adj. [related to the scientific idea that
plants and animals develop gradually to higher, more complicated
forms] c(cA1Kt1K6<;, HI<: c(tA1(ri<: +His evolutionary tf1eory J1as
been dismissed by all prominent scientists
encounter 1 in 'kaurua/ verb [meet or experience] owovto
1 firs
encountered Dr
Hopkins when I was a student at university
:
:
•
+
+
+
+
+
+
fierce/f1as/ adj. [very angry and likely to attack) 6yp1cx:,+lt was the :
fierce growling dog that kept the
burglars out
fosslllzed/'fos1la1zd/ adj. [having formed a fossiij anot,10wµtvo<:
+Fossilized remains of prehistoric animals were found in this area
+
Page 55- Text 2
inveterate/in'veterat/ adj. (doing something for a long time and
not being able or likely to stop it) a0cp6ncutcx:,, ao16p0wtcx:,
+Don't trust a word he says; he's an inveterate liar
tinker/'t11Jkarl noun [a person whose job is to mend or make small
improvements in things, especially metal ones) ern51op0wu)<;,
yavwul<;, uootoooc
scrap/skrrep/ noun [waste articles that are only valuable for the
material they are made of] not,1oorocpa, oKapta5oupo
The old
car was sold as scrap
innovative/'1na,ve1t1v/ adj. [introducing new methods or ideas; progressive) vcwrcp1m1K6<: +Were thinking of introducing an innovative method which will hopefullyincrease productivity
assembly llne/a'sembh lam/ noun (an arrangement of workers and
machines in a factory in which each worker makes one part of the
product, which moves along a conveyor belt] ypaµµ~
ouvapµoMvriori<: Workers find it difficult to cope with the monotony of working on the assembly line
overdrive/'auvadra1v/ noun {a state of great excitement or activity] opyooµ6<;, µcy6AI") opaor11p16u1ra +His energy and enthusiasm
have led work into overdrive
coveyor belt/kan'vera belt/ noun [a continuous moving band of
rubber, cloth, or metal used in factories for moving objects from
one place to another] uiovtcc oetceoooc +As the packets passed
along the conveyor belt, workers looked out for faulty packaging
churn out/tf s.n/ phrasal verb [produce something quickly and in
large amounts] nap6yw oe µcy6Afl noootmo
That factory churns
out almost ten thousand tins a day
schemetski:m/ noun {a plan, system or general arrangement]
oxto10, oUC1lriµa +A new health inst.ranee scheme was put forward at yesterday's session
shift/ f1ft/ noun (one of the eight-hour periods during which people
in a hospital or factory work] [}6po1a
+rm working the night shift this week
shave off phrasal verb [reduce by a certain, usually small, amount]
acpo11)W (µrKp6 tµr\µo) +She's shaved five minutes off her timetable
so that she could catch the last bus
unthinkable/ ,An'911Jkabal/ adj. [impossible to imagine it happening
or being true] a01av611tcx:. +It would be unthinkable to ask him to
do such a dishonest thing
component/kam'paunant/ noun {a part of a machine, instnrnent.
etc.] c(6PtllllO
1 want to repair that old T\I, but there are some
components missing
accessible/ak 'sesabl/ adj. [easy to reach, get into, or use]
nooonoc
With our new computerized filing system, information is :
easily accessible
comprehend/ ,kompn'hend/ vetb [understand, especially something difficult] KotovC>W, KataAa[3alvw +Pupils are not able to comprehend such dffficult texts yet
self-sufficient/ ,self sa'fr] anti adj. (being able to provide all the
things that one needs and not being dependent on olhers for help)
aUt6PKfl<: +In the past, villages used to be self-sufficient communities
rubber/ 'rAba/ noun (a strong elastic substance made from the
juice of certain plants) xooutoous
plantation/plren'terf an/ noun (a piece of land or estate for growing certain crops, especially cotton. sugar, rubber, tea, and tobacco)
q>Utcla +He owned a rubber plantation in Malaysia
timberland/'llmbala:nd/ noun [a large forest with trees that are
cut for wood] 0600<;
apparatus/,repa'rellas/ noun -pl apparatus, apparatus
es- [machinery, tools, or equipment) ouvcpv_a, µl)Xov10116<: +All
+
+
+
+
+
t apparatus
ea or t. experiment is here
enterpising/'entapra1z11J/ adj. [able to think of new ideas or lines
of action and make them work] coA!Jrip(>(:. opamr\ptcx:,, Ka1voc61JO<:
+He is an enterprisingbusinessman who can alwaysfind his way
out of difficulties
silence/'sarlans/ verb [make someone stop expressing their opinions or criticisms] <1>1µwvw, KAclvw to 016µ0 K6norou
The runaway success of her new filmhas silenced her critics
Page 56 - Text3
fasten/'fa:san/ verb [attach an object to another with the use of a
string or tape] Otvw They fastened a rope around the child's wsis
and pulled him out of the water
stall/st:>:!/ noun [an enclosed area in a shed or btilding where animals are kept] xwp1oµa ot6~t,ou (6nou xwp0c1 cvo zoo)
agilaled/'red31te1t1d/ adj. [excited and anxious] topayµtvo<:
+She was too agitated by the news to think clearly or make any
decisions
leapt li:p/ verb -p.t & p.p leapt or leaped- Uump high in the air or a
long distance] nri&;>, K6vw 6Aj.lo The children took off their clothe
and leaped into the water
halter/'h:>:lta, 'ho:har/ noun (a rope or leather strap that fastens
around a horse's head] Kanlorp1
manger /'memd3a/ noun [a feeding container that horses and cattle eat from] naxvl, Q)6rvri
brisHe/'bnsal/ verb [(of hair) rise up from the skin in cold, fear,
anger, etc.] cvotomozo
The cat's hair bristled when it saw the
stranger
rumbletrAmbl/ noun (a senes of low, grumbling sounds) µouyKpflr
We could hear the rumble of thunder in the distance
loretelltfa:'tel/ verb -p.t & p.p foretold· [tell (about something) befor
it has happened; predict] npat,cyw +Can you foretell the future
from the stars?
vibration/va1'bre1fan/ noun [a continuous shaking or trembling
movement] 56vriori
We couldn't hear the music, but we could
feel the vibrations on the floor
account/a'kaunt/ noun [a written or spoken description or explana
tion of an event) avacpop6, ocp1ypaq>n
Robert gave us an extensive account of his trip to Cuba
lmpending/1m'pend11J/ adj. [about to happen, especially of something bad) cnrKclµcvcx:, +I have a feeling of impending doom
howl/haul/ verb (produce a long, loud cry] oupt,16zw, Kpouy6zw
1 could hear the· dogs howling all night long
chorus /as in +in chorus/I'ko.ros/ noun [(of singing or speaking)
saying the same thing at the same time] cv xooo +Every time
the teacher asked a question the little kids replied in chorus
bray/brer/ verb [(of donkeys) give out a loud cry] yKapfzw
pheasant/'fesnt/ noun [a type of long-tailed bird, the male of whic
has brightly colored feathers, and is often shot for sport) cpoot0v6<:
+We had roasted pheasant for dinner
indicatort'rnd1ke1ta/ noun [sth that can act as a sign which'shows'
in what way something or a situation is changing] 6c1Ktrl<: The decrease of the rate of inflation is an indicator of prosperity
inaudible/ in 'o.deb I/ adj. [not loud enough to be heard) nou ocv
aKouyctor, a06pupcx:,, avcnafo0rircx:. +He muttered something inaudi
ble and left the room
skeptical/'skepukl/ adj-also sceptical- [unwilling to believe)
ouonrotex: +I'm rather skeptical about theirgood intentions
static/'sta:t1k/ adj. [stilt, not changing or developing) otacrK6<:
We now hope that inflation will remain static for a long period of
time
abnormally/a:b'n:>:mah/ adv. [in an unusual, worrying, or dangerou
manner) avwµat,o, aq>uo1Ka +He behaved quite abnormally and it
was clear that something was worrying him
tremor/'trema/ noun [a slight movement of the earth during an
earthquake] oc10µ1K~ 66vriori +Earth tremors were felt in Sicily yes
terday
tie in with phrasal verb + prep. [fit or agree with or help to prove
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
the same thing) ra1p1cizw, ouµnlmw t The conclusions of the marketing research tie in perfectly with our suggestions
folk/fauk/ adj. [traditional and typical of the common people of a
coootry) 1'.a.iK6c;, 5riµw5ric;
sang an old Irish folk song
proceed/pra'si:d/ verb [move or continue moving in a particular direction) ouvextzo, npoxwpw • The passengers proceeded to the departure lounge
snort/sn:>:t/ verb [force air noisily through the nostrils, breathing either in or out) pou0ouvizw t The horses snorted impatiently
evaluale/1'va:ljue1t/ verb [think about something carefully so as to
form an idea of its worth, significance, etc.) £Kt1µW, 0~101'.oyw t It's
difficult to evaluate him as a writer
reliable/rr'larabl/ adj. (worthy of being depended upon] 0~16nrmoc:.
ota0ep6c; •Being reliable is what makes him such a valuable employee
doubHul/'dautfal/ adj. [of a questionable or suspicious character]
aµ(l)IBo:>-oc:. unornoc t I know you trust him completely, but I find
his honesty rather doubtful
conclusive/kan'klu:srv/ adj. [undoubtedly true and convincing]
a51aµq>10B~u1wc; t I will not prosecute him unless I have conclusive
evidence
infallible/m'frelabl/ adj. [never making a mistake) aM0riwc: •No
man is infallible
legend/'led3and/ noun [a myth or traditional story, handed down
from generation to generation] 0pu:>-oc: • The legend of King Arthur
still fascinates
reliancetrr'larans/ noun [the state of being dependent on or showing trust in someone or something) cumotoown ncnol0riori
I
were you, I wouldn't put so much reliance on his words
predictability/prr,d1kta'b1lat1/ noun [the state of being easily foretold) co vo £fvo1 xovetc npoBM4J1µoc: t His predictability makes him
rather boring
•He
•
:
!
:
!
:
:
:
•ff
Page 57 - Text 4
oullaw/'autb:/ noun [a person who has committed an illegal act
and is escaping arrest) nop6vo1JQC, emKripuyµtvoc: t Bands of outlaws used to attack and loot cities in the past
jurisdiction/,d3uris'd1kjan/ noun [the authority to enforce or
make legal decisions) 61Ka1o5ooro t This case is outside the jurisdictionof our department
subject to/sab'd3ekt/ verb [cause to suffer, or submit (to something)] unoBciMw/-0µ01 t He was subjected to cruel treatment by
his kidnappers
exterminationlrk,st3:m1'ne1Jan/ noun [the act of killing large
groups of people or animals, often to the point of extinction]
c~oMOPE:uori t The result of the invasion was the extermination
of al/ local tribes
capture/'kreptja/ verb [catch; take prisoner) 01xµo1'.wtlzw t Several animals were captured and sold to European zoos
privateer I .prarva'ua/ noun [an armed ship that did not belong to
the navy but had governmental permission to attack and rob enemy
merchant ships; the commander of such a ship) Koto5pOIJIK6 llAolo
£~ouo1o5ocriµtvo on6 (l")V KUBEPVl']OI") tr)<: xopoc (OU '{10 11")V nc1porela
n1'.orwv ovuno:>-wv xwp6)v
deem/di:m/ verb [consider] 0cwp6) tHe is deemed to be the
next leaderof the party
license/'larsans/ verb {grant official permission for someone to do
something or for something to happen] 6rvw 65e10 t Not all
restaurants are licensed to sell alcohol
harry/'ham/ verb [attack or harass an enemy repeatedly] evcpyw
tvonAI") m6poµn
naval/'nerval/ adj. [related to the navy] volJ'CrK6c; t Mr Carson is
a higher naval officer
merchant/'m3:tjanll adj. [of a country's sailors or ships that are
involved in conveying merchandise) eµnoprK6c; •merchant navy,
merchant marine, merchant bank
brigandage/'brrgandad3/ noun [theft. robbery, or
organized plundering committed by lawless people who live on these
;
gains Al]Ocelo (on6 ouµµopla nou KM £1 KOi A£ri1'.orel
Mare Nostrum [a Roman name for the Mediterranean sea meaning
"our sea"]
formidable/'f~:mrdabl/ adj. (powerful or impressive in a way that
causes respect or dread) cpoB£p6c;, rpopepoc t His work is a formidable combination of imaginationand skill
quasi·/'kwo:1i. 'kwerzai/ prefix [half-, almost] 51Kflv, 5neev, 1)µ1·
t She had assumed a quasi-managerial role after being with tne
company for twenty years
fortify/'fa11fa1/ verb [strengthen an area or city by building towers
walls, etc around it in order to defend it against enemy attack)
oxup6)vw t The king fortified the castle against the attacking enemies
stronghold/'slrn!Jhauld/ noun {(old-fashioned) a fortress; center of
support for a cause, particular way of life, political party, etc.] oxup
- nponupy10 t The army had built strongholds all around the
city. This regionis a Democratic stronghold
ransom/'ra:nsam/ noun [money paid in order for a captive to be
released] :>-lltpo t The kidnappersthreatened to kill the prisoner if
they were not paid the ransom within twenty four hours
subdue/sab'dju:/ verb [conquer, overcome, or bring under controll
unoc6oow t After months of fighting, the rebels were subdued
boisterous/'b:>rstaras/ adj. [noisy and very energetic] 0opuBW6ric:
t The crowd became boisterous when the band walked onto the
stage
unbearably/,..n'bearabh/ adv. (in a way that is too difficult to bear;
intolerably) oeoonro t It was an LH1bearably cold weekend and we
had to stay indoors
harsh/ho:J I adj. ((of conditions) rough and oocomfortableJ tpoxuc,
5UoKo:>-oc: t The harsh living conditions forced the refugees to escape from the camp
unrewarding/ ,,..nrr'wo:d1!JI adj. ((of an activity, job, etc.) causing
dissatisfaction because it seems unimportant or is unprofitable) nou
Sev (oc) ovroµerBe1, nou 5ev a{rm tov K6no t His business ventire turned out to be quite unrewarding
nurture/'n3:1ja/ verb [help the development and growth of some·
thing] cptqx.>, KoM1epyw t The company has always nurtured inno
vative projects
seaworthy/'si:,wn~1/ adj. [(of a ship) in a good condition and able
to sail safely) nM11JO<:, 1Kov6c: vo nkuoc1
1 doubt if this old boat
is seaworthy
gunnery l'gAnan I noun [the construction, management, and firing
of heavy gins] nupoBo:>-1Kr'], BAri11Kri
ameliorationta,mi:lra're1Jan/ noun [the act of making something
better) Be:>-trwori, KOAU'Ctpeuori t The workers demanded ameliora
tion of working conditions
former/'fo:ma/ noun ((formal) the first of two people or things just
mentioned] o np6)coc: t Of the two suggestionsjust mentioned, th
former sounds more feasible than the latter
high seas/ .har 'si.z/ noun [areas of the oceans or seas that are not
under any country's jurisdiction) 51e0vri u5ato
latter/'lreta/ noun [(formal) the second of two people or things just
mentioned) o 6elltepoc; t He suggested two differentsolutions, th
latter being rather more costly
virtually/'v3:tfualr/ adv. ~n effect; more or less, though not strictly
speaking] xot'ouoto - oxc66v t She found it V1rtually impossible to
understand his handwriting
roam/raum/ verb [wander aimlessly] nepin1'.ov1tµa1 tHe had bee
roamingfrom country to country for years before he finally settled
in Brazil
+
· rogress check 1
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in theTest.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
go about quickly looking for a chance to get
food or to steal
sit or lie with the arms and legs spread out
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
---
very enthusiastic
a pointed top of a mountain
come from
go into sleep during the winter
be or get completely wet
the making of a copy of something in order to
deceive people
go against the law
make a loud noise of pain
the dead body of an animal
buy or use the minimum of what is needed
disrespect or treat as unimportant
cause something to happen by using strong
and continual encouragement
a speech given in a church
work hard and long on unpleasant or
uninteresting tasks
dislike or feel disgust
grapple or deal with a problem or a piece of work
give out to each person or group a part or
share of something
be unwilling to give
reach an opinion from facts or reasoning
suggest that something is true without saying it
boast about something in a pompous way
display something in order to attract attention
uncertain or unsafe
at noisily and greedily
tactful and careful about what you say or do
free oneself from a difficult position
treat a person with great care and tenderness
embrace someone or something
· rogress check 2
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in the Test.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to It. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 ~~~--~~~~~~~~~
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 __
26
27
28
29
30
courage and determination
tell a secret to someone
express confidence in a person
use up or empty supplies until little or none remains
a substance that makes you feel more active
stick out or project
cut or tear into small pieces
shake uncontrollably
enter a place when not invited or wanted
slow down the growth or development
have as an origin
a strong, bad smell
increase, become larger or better
continue to become smaller or weaker
make a criminal or a person who has been ill
able to live a normal life again
bossy and authoritative
injure or twist the wrist or ankle
attribute something to someone
be (or off er) an explanation of something
trust a person to complete something or look
after someone or something
quiet and obedient
poor or destitute
angry, especially, because of injustice or undeserved blame
fix one's attention on something and think
seriously and deeply about it
not careful or tactful
a firm belief
go after someone in order to catch them;
continue with something
interfere so as to try to stop something
not easily heard, seen or understood
delay taking a decision or doing something
· rogress check 3
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in theTest.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
great or extreme anger
2
showing contempt
3
deserving contempt
4
make movement or progress difficult
5
shine with a trembling light
6
old and worn-out
7
(of hair) rough, thick and untidy
8
an idea
9
draw or go backwards
10
the back end of a ship or boat
11
mix thoroughly; an excited atmosphere
12
state firmly; claim
13
---
hit a person hard and repeatedly
14
admit unwillingly
15
direct the course of a boat, ship or car
16
drink something slowly and in small amounts
17·
be carried along as if by a current or wind
18
put something into a liquid
19
on fire
20
religious, pious
21
go back to a, usually, bad habit
22
a quantity of goods produced
23
prevent or avoid something
24
an armistice (an agreement during a war or
battle to stop fighting for a time)
25
a feeling of amazement, fear and respect
26
greedy, especially for money
27
profitable or remunerative
28
a total failure to reach agreement or settle a quarrel
29
a condition resembling deep sleep caused by
being hypnotized
30
a condition of great pain, discomfort or sorrow
I
••
· rogress check 12
This is a quick test for you to find out whether you have learnt and
can recognize the words which have already appeared in theTest.
Next to each definition write the word which corresponds to it. In
some cases you may use words with a similar meaning.
1
2
offering strong and loyal support
3
that cannot be afforded
acting quickly and without much thinking
(of wood) become bent or twisted
filled with
dark and dirty
not influenced or moved
not able to walk because of an injury or
bodily deformity
revenue coming from an event or activity
unimportant
wait in hiding, especially with an evil purpose
completely without something, especially a quality
happen or appear again, especially of pain
rent, usually property
rather fat and heavy
stop a meeting or a trial for a short time
lazy
no longer employed
buy something
charm or fascinate
deposit, usually jewelry, as security for
money borrowed
the result
a gradual passing of time
speak publicly against someone
(of time) pass
return to poor health after an improvement;
the corresponding condition
let a liquid or gas out of a hole or crack
containing a lot of substances found in potatoes
and bread
legal measures taken against someone
in general
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
---
15 Tests (12 in the Student's book and 3 in the Companion)
Exam Tips & Strategies
24 Model Essays (2 for each test)
24 extra Writing topics with key points that guide
students on what to include in their essays
It incorporates all the latest changes in the Speaking section
Revision Photocopiable Progress Tests
Audio CDs
The COMPANION includes:
e All the words from the Reading & the Vocabulary, along with
extra Vocabulary Exercises
e
Revision Vocabulary Exercises for each test