Anatomy (dissect/cut) – structure; Physiology – function
2 basic approaches to the study of Anatomy:
1. Systemic Anatomy – study of body by systems (Skeletal)
2. Regional Anatomy – study of the organization of the body
by areas. (Head, abdomen)
2 ways to examine the internal structures of a living person:
1. Surface Anatomy – study of external features (bony
projections)
2. Anatomical imaging – x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, etc.
Structural Levels: (CCTOOO)
1. Chemical Level – atoms combine to form molecules.
2. Cell Level – molecules form organelles such as the nucleus
and mitochondria, which make up cells.
3. Tissue Level –similar cells and the materials surrounding
them (CEMN)
4. Organ Level – Different tissues combine to form organs.
Ex. Kidneys
5. Organ System Level – group of organs classified as a unit
because of a common function or set of functions. Ex.
Urinary system
6. Organism Level – organ system makes up an organism;
any living thing considered as a whole. Ex. Bacterium,
human
Characteristics of Life: (OMRGDR)
1. Organization – specific relationship of many individual
parts of an organism, interacting and working together.
Disruption can result in loss of function and death.
2. Metabolism – ability to use energy to perform vital
functions.
3. Responsiveness – ability of an organism to sense changes
in the environment and make the adjustments that help
maintain its life. Ex. Body temp increases, produces sweat
4. Growth – increase in size of all or part of the organism.
5. Development – changes an organism undergoes through
time. Differentiation – change in cell structure and function
from generalized to specialized.
6. Reproduction – formation of new cells or new organisms.
Homeostasis – maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body despite fluctuations in
external/internal environment.
Homeostatic Mechanisms – sweating, shivering
Organ Systems of the Body: (MINCES, LURR2D)
1. Muscular – produces body movements, maintains posture,
produces body heat.
2. Integumentary – provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water, helps produce vitamin D
3. Nervous – major regulatory system, detects sensation &
controls movements, physiological processes, intellectual
functions.
4. Cardiovascular – transports nutrients, waste products,
gases, and hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in the
immune response & regulation of body temperature.
5. Endocrine – major regulatory system, influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction
6. Skeletal – provides protection & support, allows body
movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and
adipose tissue.
7. Lymphatic – removes foreign substances from the blood &
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance,
absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
8. Urinary – removes waste products from the blood &
regulates blood pH, ion balance, water balance.
9. Respiratory – exchanges O & CO2 between blood and air,
regulates blood pH. Normal: 7.35 – 7.45
10. Female Reproductive – produces oocytes, site of
fertilization, fetal development, produces milk, hormones
that influence sexual function & behavior.
11. Male Reproductive – produces and transfers sperm cells
to the female.
12. Digestive – performs mechanical & chemical digestion,
absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes.
Negative-Feedback Mechanisms – maintain homeostasis
“decreases”.
Positive-Feedback Mechanisms – “increases”
Components of Negative-Feedback: (RCE)
1. Receptor – monitors the value of a variable, ex. body temp
2. Control Center – determines the set point for the variable
& receives input from the receptor about the variable ex. Part
of the brain
3. Effector – ex. sweat glands, can change the value of the
variable when directed by the control center.
Anatomical position – person standing upright with the face
directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the side, and the
palms are facing forward.
Supine – lying face upward; Prone – lying face downward
Superior/Cephalic – up, above; Inferior/Caudal –
down/below
Anterior/Ventral – front, belly; Posterior/Dorsal – back
Proximal – nearest; Distal – distant
Medial – midline; Lateral – away from midline
Superficial – structure close to the surface of body
Deep – toward the interior of the body.
Frontal – forehead; Orbital – eye; Nasal – nose
Oral – mouth; Cervical – neck; Otic – ear; Buccal – cheek
Mental – chin; Clavicular – collarbone; Axillary – armpit
Brachial – arm; Antecubital – front of elbow
Antebrachial – forearm; Carpal – wrist; Palmar – palm
Digital – fingers; Pectoral – chest; Sternal – breastbone
Mammary – breast; Abdominal – abdomen
Umbilical – navel; Pelvic – pelvis; Inguinal – groin;
Pubic – genital; Coxal – hip; Femoral – thigh;
Patellar – knee cap; Crural – leg; Talus – ankle;
Dorsum – top of foot; Digital – toes
Central Region of the Body – head, neck, trunk
Trunk – thorax, abdomen, pelvis
Upper Limb - arm, forearm, wrist, & hand
Arm – extends from shoulder – elbow
Forearm – extends from elbow – wrist
Lower Limb – thigh, leg, ankle, & foot
Thigh – hip to knee
Leg – knee to ankle
4 quadrants & 9 regions of abdomen:
RightUpper
Quadrant
LeftUpper
Quadrant
RightLower
Quadrant
LeftLower
Quadrant
Occipital – base of skull
Nuchal – back of neck
Cranial – skull
Scapular – shoulder blade
Acromial – point of shoulder
Vertebral – spinal column
Lumbar – loin
Olecranon – point of elbow
Sacral – between hips
Dorsum – back of hand
Right
Hypochondriac
Region
Epigastric
Region
Left
Hypochondriac
Region
Right Lumbar
Region
Umbilical
Region
Left Lumbar
Region
Right Iliac
Region
Hypogastric
Region
Left Iliac
Region
Gluteal – buttock; Perineal – perineum; Sural – calf
Popliteal – hollow behind knee; plantar – sole
Calcaneal – heel
Planes
Sagittal – vertically through the body, separates left & right.
Median – sagittal plane that passes through the midline,
dividing equally left and right halves.
Transverse/Horizontal – dividing into superior & inferior.
Frontal/Coronal – divides anterior & posterior parts.
Anatomy (dissect/cut) – structure; Physiology – function
2 basic approaches to the study of Anatomy:
1. Systemic Anatomy – study of body by systems (Skeletal)
2. Regional Anatomy – study of the organization of the body
by areas. (Head, abdomen)
2 ways to examine the internal structures of a living person:
1. Surface Anatomy – study of external features (bony
projections)
2. Anatomical imaging – x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, etc.
Structural Levels: (CCTOOO)
1. Chemical Level – atoms combine to form molecules.
2. Cell Level – molecules form organelles such as the nucleus
and mitochondria, which make up cells.
3. Tissue Level –similar cells and the materials surrounding
them (CEMN)
4. Organ Level – Different tissues combine to form organs.
Ex. Kidneys
5. Organ System Level – group of organs classified as a unit
because of a common function or set of functions. Ex.
Urinary system
6. Organism Level – organ system makes up an organism;
any living thing considered as a whole. Ex. Bacterium,
human
Characteristics of Life: (OMRGDR)
1. Organization – specific relationship of many individual
parts of an organism, interacting and working together.
Disruption can result in loss of function and death.
2. Metabolism – ability to use energy to perform vital
functions.
3. Responsiveness – ability of an organism to sense changes
in the environment and make the adjustments that help
maintain its life. Ex. Body temp increases, produces sweat
4. Growth – increase in size of all or part of the organism.
5. Development – changes an organism undergoes through
time. Differentiation – change in cell structure and function
from generalized to specialized.
6. Reproduction – formation of new cells or new organisms.
Homeostasis – maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body despite fluctuations in
external/internal environment.
Homeostatic Mechanisms – sweating, shivering
Organ Systems of the Body: (MINCES, LURR2D)
1. Muscular – produces body movements, maintains posture,
produces body heat.
2. Integumentary – provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water, helps produce vitamin D
3. Nervous – major regulatory system, detects sensation &
controls movements, physiological processes, intellectual
functions.
4. Cardiovascular – transports nutrients, waste products,
gases, and hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in the
immune response & regulation of body temperature.
5. Endocrine – major regulatory system, influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction
6. Skeletal – provides protection & support, allows body
movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and
adipose tissue.
7. Lymphatic – removes foreign substances from the blood &
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance,
absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
8. Urinary – removes waste products from the blood &
regulates blood pH, ion balance, water balance.
9. Respiratory – exchanges O & CO2 between blood and air,
regulates blood pH. Normal: 7.35 – 7.45
10. Female Reproductive – produces oocytes, site of
fertilization, fetal development, produces milk, hormones
that influence sexual function & behavior.
11. Male Reproductive – produces and transfers sperm cells
to the female.
12. Digestive – performs mechanical & chemical digestion,
absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes.
Negative-Feedback Mechanisms – maintain homeostasis
“decreases”.
Positive-Feedback Mechanisms – “increases”
Components of Negative-Feedback: (RCE)
1. Receptor – monitors the value of a variable, ex. body temp
2. Control Center – determines the set point for the variable
& receives input from the receptor about the variable ex. Part
of the brain
3. Effector – ex. sweat glands, can change the value of the
variable when directed by the control center.
Anatomical position – person standing upright with the face
directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the side, and the
palms are facing forward.
Supine – lying face upward; Prone – lying face downward
Superior/Cephalic – up, above; Inferior/Caudal –
down/below
Anterior/Ventral – front, belly; Posterior/Dorsal – back
Proximal – nearest; Distal – distant
Medial – midline; Lateral – away from midline
Superficial – structure close to the surface of body
Deep – toward the interior of the body.
Frontal – forehead; Orbital – eye; Nasal – nose
Oral – mouth; Cervical – neck; Otic – ear; Buccal – cheek
Mental – chin; Clavicular – collarbone; Axillary – armpit
Brachial – arm; Antecubital – front of elbow
Antebrachial – forearm; Carpal – wrist; Palmar – palm
Digital – fingers; Pectoral – chest; Sternal – breastbone
Mammary – breast; Abdominal – abdomen
Umbilical – navel; Pelvic – pelvis; Inguinal – groin;
Pubic – genital; Coxal – hip; Femoral – thigh;
Patellar – knee cap; Crural – leg; Talus – ankle;
Dorsum – top of foot; Digital – toes
Central Region of the Body – head, neck, trunk
Trunk – thorax, abdomen, pelvis
Upper Limb - arm, forearm, wrist, & hand
Arm – extends from shoulder – elbow
Forearm – extends from elbow – wrist
Lower Limb – thigh, leg, ankle, & foot
Thigh – hip to knee
Leg – knee to ankle
Anatomy (dissect/cut) – structure; Physiology – function
2 basic approaches to the study of Anatomy:
1. Systemic Anatomy – study of body by systems (Skeletal)
2. Regional Anatomy – study of the organization of the body
by areas. (Head, abdomen)
2 ways to examine the internal structures of a living person:
1. Surface Anatomy – study of external features (bony
projections)
2. Anatomical imaging – x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, etc.
Structural Levels: (CCTOOO)
1. Chemical Level – atoms combine to form molecules.
2. Cell Level – molecules form organelles such as the nucleus
and mitochondria, which make up cells.
3. Tissue Level –similar cells and the materials surrounding
them (CEMN)
4. Organ Level – Different tissues combine to form organs.
Ex. Kidneys
5. Organ System Level – group of organs classified as a unit
because of a common function or set of functions. Ex.
Urinary system
6. Organism Level – organ system makes up an organism;
any living thing considered as a whole. Ex. Bacterium,
human
Characteristics of Life: (OMRGDR)
1. Organization – specific relationship of many individual
parts of an organism, interacting and working together.
Disruption can result in loss of function and death.
2. Metabolism – ability to use energy to perform vital
functions.
3. Responsiveness – ability of an organism to sense changes
in the environment and make the adjustments that help
maintain its life. Ex. Body temp increases, produces sweat
4. Growth – increase in size of all or part of the organism.
5. Development – changes an organism undergoes through
time. Differentiation – change in cell structure and function
from generalized to specialized.
6. Reproduction – formation of new cells or new organisms.
Homeostasis – maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body despite fluctuations in
external/internal environment.
Homeostatic Mechanisms – sweating, shivering
Organ Systems of the Body: (MINCES, LURR2D)
1. Muscular – produces body movements, maintains posture,
produces body heat.
2. Integumentary – provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water, helps produce vitamin D
3. Nervous – major regulatory system, detects sensation &
controls movements, physiological processes, intellectual
functions.
4. Cardiovascular – transports nutrients, waste products,
gases, and hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in the
immune response & regulation of body temperature.
5. Endocrine – major regulatory system, influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction
6. Skeletal – provides protection & support, allows body
movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and
adipose tissue.
7. Lymphatic – removes foreign substances from the blood &
lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance,
absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
8. Urinary – removes waste products from the blood &
regulates blood pH, ion balance, water balance.
9. Respiratory – exchanges O & CO2 between blood and air,
regulates blood pH. Normal: 7.35 – 7.45
10. Female Reproductive – produces oocytes, site of
fertilization, fetal development, produces milk, hormones
that influence sexual function & behavior.
11. Male Reproductive – produces and transfers sperm cells
to the female.
12. Digestive – performs mechanical & chemical digestion,
absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes.
Negative-Feedback Mechanisms – maintain homeostasis
“decreases”.
Positive-Feedback Mechanisms – “increases”
Components of Negative-Feedback: (RCE)
1. Receptor – monitors the value of a variable, ex. body temp
2. Control Center – determines the set point for the variable
& receives input from the receptor about the variable ex. Part
of the brain
3. Effector – ex. sweat glands, can change the value of the
variable when directed by the control center.
Anatomical position – person standing upright with the face
directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the side, and the
palms are facing forward.
Supine – lying face upward; Prone – lying face downward
Superior/Cephalic – up, above; Inferior/Caudal –
down/below
Anterior/Ventral – front, belly; Posterior/Dorsal – back
Proximal – nearest; Distal – distant
Medial – midline; Lateral – away from midline
Superficial – structure close to the surface of body
Deep – toward the interior of the body.
Frontal – forehead; Orbital – eye; Nasal – nose
Oral – mouth; Cervical – neck; Otic – ear; Buccal – cheek
Mental – chin; Clavicular – collarbone; Axillary – armpit
Brachial – arm; Antecubital – front of elbow
Antebrachial – forearm; Carpal – wrist; Palmar – palm
Digital – fingers; Pectoral – chest; Sternal – breastbone
Mammary – breast; Abdominal – abdomen
Umbilical – navel; Pelvic – pelvis; Inguinal – groin;
Pubic – genital; Coxal – hip; Femoral – thigh;
Patellar – knee cap; Crural – leg; Talus – ankle;
Dorsum – top of foot; Digital – toes
Central Region of the Body – head, neck, trunk
Trunk – thorax, abdomen, pelvis
Upper Limb - arm, forearm, wrist, & hand
Arm – extends from shoulder – elbow
Forearm – extends from elbow – wrist
Lower Limb – thigh, leg, ankle, & foot
Thigh – hip to knee
Leg – knee to ankle