ENGLISH GRAMMAR WORKBOOK
2009
Nouns
Exercise 1
Pick out the nouns that name people in these sentences.
Example: Those women are teachers in my school.
Answer: women, teachers
1.
The boy saw his brother.
2.
The teacher speaks to his pupils.
3.
My sister is a clever girl.
4.
That boy is my friend.
5.
There are a man and a woman in the picture.
6.
Three doctors work in this hospital.
7.
The children are staying with their uncle and aunt.
8.
The man opened the door for his wife.
9.
My father and mother have asked my cousin to come and stay at our house.
10.
The soldiers marched through the town.
11.
That little girl is my daughter.
12.
The sailors were led by an officer.
13.
A supermarket sells tea and sugar.
14.
The chemist has a shop in that street.
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Exercise 2
Pick out the nouns that name things in these sentences.
1.
There is a pen on the desk.
2.
The boy kicked the football through the goal.
3.
Put the chalk on the table.
4.
On the plate there were some apples and oranges.
5.
The car went quickly along the road.
6.
There were some new pencils in the box.
7.
You can buy tea and sugar at the shop.
8.
There are three windows in this room.
9.
The bus is coming along the road.
10.
The driver stops the bus at the corner.
11.
The men are putting the boxes on the top of the bus.
12.
The passengers are in their seats, and the bus starts.
13.
Open your books and read the words on the first page.
14.
There aren't any nuts on that tree.
15.
The boy put too many nuts in his mouth.
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Exercise 3
Pick out the nouns that name animals in these sentences. There are 21 of them.
('Animals' here include birds, fish and insects.)
1.
The dog is running in the field.
2.
Look! The cat has caught a mouse.
3.
I saw lions and tigers in the zoo.
4.
The bird is singing in the tree.
5.
Try to keep flies and other insects away from the food.
6.
Here is a hen with twelve chickens.
7.
We get milk from cows.
8.
There are horses and donkeys in the field.
9.
The eagle is a very big bird.
10.
The kittens and the puppies were playing together.
11.
A whale lives in the sea, but it isn't really a fish.
12.
I am going now to feed the ducks and geese.
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Exercise 4
Here are some nouns that name ideas. Use one to complete each sentence. We have completed
number 1 for you.
Journey time
answer peace
news noise price winter
1.
What is the answer to this question?
2.
In some countries, ____________ is a very cold season.
3.
We measure ____________ in hours.
4.
What's the ____________ of those shoes? - Forty dollars.
5.
Everybody wants ____________ and not war.
6.
Please don't make so much ____________ . I'm trying to study.
7.
Have you heard the ____________ ? The war has ended.
8.
They arrived at the end of their long ____________.
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Exercise 5
Pick out the abstract nouns in these sentences.
Example: Some British people don't like the heat.
Answer:
heat
1.
The soldiers fought with great courage.
2.
He has always had very good health.
3.
The flight of the birds is very beautiful.
4.
I made this table without any help.
5.
That flower has a pretty colour.
6.
He was filled with admiration for my skill in rowing the boat.
7.
The explorer was suffering from hunger and thirst but was full of hope of
success.
8.
There is wisdom in the old man's advice.
9.
I want you to get the measurements of this room. Write down its length,
breadth, and height.
10.
We all admire beauty not ugliness; strength not weakness; bravery not
cowardice; kindness not cruelty; generosity not meanness.
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Exercise 6
Pick out the collective nouns in these sentences.
Example: The team was chosen by a committee.
Answer:
team, committee
1.
The man was driving a herd of cattle.
2.
That ship has a crew of a hundred men.
3.
He has a whole library of books.
4.
A swarm of bees flew out of the hive.
5.
The audience listened in breathless silence to the singer.
6.
The regiment of soldiers marched into battle.
7.
A pack of wolves chased the sledge.
8.
The fishermen saw a big shoal of fish.
9.
The police were trying to control the mob.
10.
Men are wanted for the army, the navy and the air force.
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Exercise 7
Pick out all the nouns in this story. There are 15 different nouns in it.
To cure a headache
A man went into a chemist's shop and said, I want something for a very bad headache.'
The chemist took a bottle from a shelf, held it under the man's nose and opened it. The smell
was so strong that tears came into the man's eyes and ran down his cheeks.
'What did you do that for?' he said angrily, as soon as he could get back his breath.
'But that medicine has cured your headache, hasn't it?' said the chemist.
'You fool,' said the man. 'It's my wife that has the headache, not me!'
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Exercise 8
Pick out the nouns in the following story and arrange them in columns under these headings.
Common
Proper
Abstract
Collective
man
Pat
cold
family
morning
hunger
We have done the first two sentences as an example.
Wit can gain a breakfast
Pat was a poor man with a large family. One morning, cold and hunger made him wake up early.
He decided to go shooting in a wood near his cottage.
The wood belonged to Lord Northwood, a rich gentleman, and Pat had no right to go there. But
there were families of rabbits in the wood, and Pat determined to take the risk. Suddenly he saw
the owner, with a group of friends, coming towards him through the wood. There was a look of
anger on Lord Northwood's face as he caught sight of the gun in Pat's hands. Pat's heart sank
with fear, but he saw there was no hope of escape. So he walked boldly towards the company
and said to Lord Northwood, 'Good morning, sir. What has brought you out so early this
morning?'
Lord Northwood was rather surprised but he said, 'My friends and I are taking a little exercise to
get an appetite for our breakfast.' Then, looking at Pat with suspicion, he said, 'But why are you
out so early in the morning?'
'Well, sir,' said Pat, 'I just came out to try to get a breakfast for my appetite.'
The whole crowd burst into laughter at Pat's ready wit, and with a smile Lord Northwood walked
on, leaving Pat to try his luck with the rabbits.
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Exercise 9
Arrange the nouns in the box in two columns: countable nouns in column 1 and uncountable
nouns in column 2. We have put the first two nouns in the correct columns for you.
gold, machine, tree, silver, happiness, flower, flour, machinery, wool, spoon, milk,
electricity, tea, steam, book, house, rain, cigarette, mud, wheel, cotton, teacher,
education, butter, hat, shoe, leather, goodness, grass, pen, paper, corn.
Countable nouns
machine
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Uncountable nouns
gold
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Exercise 10
Copy out these sentences putting a or an where necessary. Remember that only countable nouns
that are singular take a or an. Don't put anything before a plural countable noun or an
uncountable noun.
1. That is __________ man.
2. These are __________ men.
3. __________ house can be built of __________ stone.
4. __________ cow is __________ animal.
5. __________ cows are __________ animal.
6. __________ cigarette is made of __________ tobacco and __________ paper.
7. __________ chair is made of __________ wood.
8. __________ chairs are made of __________ wood.
9. __________ man must have __________ air to live.
10. __________ hen can lay __________ egg.
11. __________ flower grows in __________ garden.
12. __________ flowers grow in __________ gardens.
13. We get __________ milk from __________ cow.
14. We get __________ milk from __________ cows.
15. __________ window is made of __________ glass.
16. __________ rain falls from the sky.
17. __________ shoe is made of __________ leather.
18. __________ shoes are made of __________ leather.
19. __________ grass grows in __________ English field.
20. __________ grass grows in __________ English fields.
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21. _________ record-player plays __________ music.
22. You put __________ record on __________ to get __________ music.
23. __________ flour is made from __________ wheat.
24. __________ loaf is made from __________ flour.
25. __________ loaves are made from __________ flour.
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Exercise 11
Put these sentences into the singular.
Example: There are some birds in those trees. They are building nests.
Answer:
There is a bird in that tree. It is building a nest.
1.
Some books are on my desk.
2.
Roses are flowers.
3.
Dogs are animals.
4.
Houses are buildings.
5.
Chairs are pieces of furniture.
6.
Nouns are the names of things.
7.
Knives are made of steel.
8.
Carpenters work with hammers and saws.
9.
People light cigarettes with matches.
10.
Dogs have tails.
11.
Jackets are made of cloth.
12.
Oaks are big trees.
13.
Soldiers carry guns.
14.
Horses are useful to farmers.
15.
Bridges are often made of stone.
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Exercise 12
Make the following sentences plural.
Example: The fisherman caught a fish in his net.
Answer:
The fishermen caught (some) fish in their nets.
1.
There is a deer on the hillside.
2.
This sheep is white, but that sheep is black.
3.
The bookcase is made of oak.
4.
I am going to pay the workman.
5.
My grandfather is coming to visit me.
6.
He is a schoolboy but he isn't at school today.
7.
A sheep is eating a cabbage in my garden.
8.
She has invited her boyfriend to the party.
9.
That newspaper used to cost a penny. (Use two in your answer).
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Exercise 13
Put the missing verbs (is, are, was, were) in the following sentences. Write singular or plural after
each sentence.
Example: The boy's trousers __________ torn.
Answer:
The boy's trousers were torn, (plural)
1.
There __________ some bad news in the paper this morning.
2.
His clothes __________ made by a good tailor.
3.
That furniture __________ very dear.
4.
The advice that he gave me __________ good.
5.
The people in that room __________waiting for me.
6.
My scissors __________ not very sharp.
7.
This information __________ just what I want.
8.
All the fish in the pond __________ gold and red.
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Exercise 14
In the following sentences put the Nouns in bold type into the Plural if they require it.
1.
The floor was covered with dirt.
2.
I have lost my spectacle.
3.
They have no knowledge of guns.
4.
He tore his trouser on a nail.
5.
There are not enough police in this town.
6.
His cattle all died.
7.
Most of the enemy surrendered.
8.
They threw stone into the water.
9.
The committee decided to meet again.
10.
These savages never eat meat.
11.
Some people only eat vegetable.
12.
She spent a lot of money.
13.
We had plenty of fun.
14.
They reaped the wheat in the upper field.
15.
We always cut our corn with the razor.
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The article
Exercise 15
Put in the articles missing in the following sentences.
1.
Tiger is very fierce animal.
2.
Tea is best drink for hot weather.
3.
Ink is black fluid used for writing.
4.
If you have good health, you are fortunate man.
5.
Health of that man is not good.
6.
Money is used for trade and commerce.
7.
Junk is larger than sampan.
8.
Money in that safe has been stolen.
9.
Cost of third class ticket is dollar.
10.
Knowledge is better than wealth.
11.
Wolf is animal of same family as dog.
12.
Table is usually made of wood.
13.
Tea plant requires warm climate.
14.
Diamonds are finest jewels of all.
15.
Diamonds that she is wearing are false.
16.
Education will improve conditions of life among poor.
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17.
Clock is instrument for telling time.
18.
Chinese are industrious race.
19.
Library is room where books are kept.
20.
Gold is most valuable of all metals.
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Exercise 16
Turn the following sentences into the Singular.
1.
Camels travel across the desert.
2.
Coolies work very hard.
3.
Rats are larger than mice.
4.
Sharks are dangerous creatures.
5.
Bicycles have two wheels.
6.
Cows do not eat flesh.
7.
Monkeys have long tails.
8.
Fire engines carry ladders.
9.
Kangaroos do not lay eggs.
10.
Footballs are filled with air.
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Exercise 17
Rewrite the following short essay putting in the articles wherever they are left out.
Horse is one of the most useful animals. Qualities which have made horse so valuable are its
speed and strength. In most parts of world horse was used to carry travelers until invention of
machinery, and it is still needed where roads are not good enough for use of cars. In many
countries it is animal which is chiefly employed for agriculture. At present time horse is much
used for sport and hunting. Horse riding is one of pleasantest and healthiest forms of exercise.
Horses have always been held in honour by men, and strong friendship often exists between
owner and his horse. Names of some horses have become famous in history, one of most
celebrated being Bucephalus, war-horse of Alexander Great.
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Adjectives
Exercise 18
Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences.
Example: Look at that old black car.
Answer:
old, black
1.
They live in a big red house.
2.
Lloyd is a clever boy.
3.
This plant has small yellow flowers.
4.
Mr. Chung is a kind man.
5.
The camel is a very useful animal.
6.
In New York they have warm weather in summer and cold weather in winter.
7.
Mary has a new green jumper.
8.
Lions are strong, fierce animals.
9.
Cairo is a large, busy city.
10.
These small apples have a sweet taste.
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Exercise 19
Complete these sentences with adjectives from the box. We have filled in number 1 for you.
nasty
cold
favourite
hot
new
big
interesting
sweet
black
small
1.
The man bought a
new car.
2.
The teacher gave us an __________ lesson.
3.
Henry has broken his __________ knife.
4.
An elephant is a __________ animal, a mouse is a __________ one.
5.
Do you like __________ apples?
6.
In my country we have __________ weather in summer and __________ weather in
winter.
7.
Have you seen a __________ cow? We have lost it.
8.
Mr. Brown is not a __________ man.
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Exercise 20
Read this short story. Then make 2 columns with the headings adjectives and nouns. In the first
column write down each adjective you find in the story. In the second column write the noun
that the adjective goes with. We have printed the adjectives and nouns from the first sentence for
you as an example.
Adjectives
Nouns
poor
woodcutter
big
piece
wide
river
The woodcutter and the fairy
A poor woodcutter was cutting a big piece of wood near a wide river. Suddenly his old axe
slipped from his hand and fell into the deep water. He was a sad man because he had lost his only
axe. But suddenly a lovely, bright fairy appeared.
'What's the matter?' she asked the unhappy woodcutter.
'I have lost my old axe,' he said. 'It fell into the deep water.'
The fairy showed him a gold axe and said, 'Is this yours?'
'No,' said the woodcutter.
The fairy then showed him a silver axe and said again in her clear voice, 'Is this yours?'
'No,' answered the woodcutter.
Then she showed him a common, iron axe with an old, wooden handle.
'Yes, that's mine,' said the happy woodcutter.
'I know,' said the kind fairy. 'I only wanted a true answer. You are an honest man, so I can give
you the gold axe and the silver axe as well as the old iron axe.'
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Exercise 21
Put ―few‖, ―a few‖, ―little‖, ―a little‖ into the following sentences.
1.
A clever student has __________ difficultly in doing this.
2.
__________ days ago there was an accident at this corner.
3.
It was so cold that there were __________ people about.
4.
Will you have __________ food?
5.
There were still __________ books to be sold.
6.
Though the wind was strong, _________ damage was done.
7.
The food is finished, but _________ water remains.
8.
He is so ill that __________ hope is left.
9.
The show was good, but __________ came.
10.
I am sorry that __________ coal fell out of the fire.
Exercise 22
Complete the sentences with an interrogative adjective in each blank space.
Example: hand am I holding it in?
Answer:
Which hand am I holding it in?
1.
__________ bicycle is that?
2.
__________ questions have you answered?
3.
__________ time is it now?
4.
__________ lesson do you like best?
5.
__________ colour were the bottles on the wall?
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Exercise 23
Write these sentences with possessive adjectives instead of the words in italics.
Example: This is the key that belongs to me.
Answer:
This is my key.
1. The mother told the mother's little girl a story.
2. Tom rode Tom's bicycle to school.
3. The little bird built the little bird's nest in the tree.
4. Susan gave a present to Susan's friend.
5. The teacher told Richard to bring Richard's book to the desk
6. I have lost the penknife that belongs to me.
7. Mr. and Mrs. Robinson have just gone into Mr. and Mrs. Robinson's house.
8. We have sold the car that belonged to us.
9. The dog is in the basket that is the dog's.
10. I want the book that belongs to me, not the book that belongs to you.
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Exercise 24
Here is a short story. Rewrite it with possessive adjectives in the blank spaces and instead of the
words in italics.
Dr Swift and the boy
More than two hundred years ago, the writer Jonathan Swift lived near a rich old lady. The lady
sometimes sent a boy with a present for Swift. Swift took the lady's presents gladly, but he never
gave the boy anything for __________ trouble.
One day Swift was busy with __________ writing, when the boy rushed into Swift's room,
knocked some books out of the books' place, threw __________ parcel on the desk and said, ' __________ mistress has sent you two of __________ rabbits.'
Swift turned round and said, 'That is not the way to deliver __________ parcel. Now, you sit in __________ chair and watch __________ way of doing it.'
The boy sat down. Swift went out, knocked on Swift's door and waited. The boy said, 'Come in.'
Swift entered, walked to __________ desk and said, 'If you please, sir, __________ mistress
sends__________ kind regards and hopes you will accept these rabbits which __________ son
shot this morning in __________ fields.'
The boy answered, 'Thank you, __________ boy. Give __________ mistress and son Dr Swift's
thanks for kindness and here is sixpence for yourself.'
Swift laughed, and after that, he never forgot to give the boy __________ tip.
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Exercise 25
Pick out the adjectives in the following and say what kind of adjective each one is.
Example: Whose car is that red Peugeot?
Answer:
Whose - interrogative adjective
that - demonstrative adjective
red - adjective of quality
1.
There were four apples and two oranges on the plate.
2.
This book is a good one.
3.
A clever boy can soon do these exercises.
4.
There are not many students in the class today.
5.
I saw four birds in the tall tree.
6.
We haven't much time to do this long exercise.
7.
I wish my mother would buy me that big, new bicycle.
8.
Which bicycle do you want?
9.
What price is that bicycle?
10.
Those four boys are brothers.
11.
Nine green bottles were standing on this old wall.
12.
When that song finished, there were no green bottles on the wall.
13.
Whose pencil is on the desk?
14.
What time are you going to the football match?
15.
I think this new watch is a good one.
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Exercise 26
Fill in the missing words.
1.
Tom is older __________ Richard.
2.
Fred is not __________ old __________ Tom.
3.
Tom is __________ oldest __________ the three.
4.
This book is better __________ that.
5.
This book is not __________ good __________ that.
6.
This book is __________ best of the three.
7.
That exercise is more difficult __________ this one.
8.
The weather is worse today __________ it was yesterday.
9.
It was not __________ bad yesterday __________ it is today.
10.
Today's weather is __________ worst __________ the week.
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Exercise 27
Write out these sentences. Put the adjectives that are in brackets into their correct form.
(Some are already in the correct form. Leave them as they are.)
1.
Tom is (old) than Richard.
2.
John is the (clever) boy in the class.
3.
The weather is (fine) today than it was yesterday.
4.
Cairo is the (big) city in Egypt.
5.
This sentence is (difficult) than the first one.
6.
My bicycle is as (good) as yours.
7.
My bicycle is (good) than yours.
8.
My bicycle is the (good) of the three.
9.
Your bicycle is (old) than mine.
10.
My cold is (bad) today than it was yesterday.
11.
This mountain is the (high) in Europe.
12.
This piece of homework is as (bad) as your last one.
13.
This piece of homework is (bad) than your last one.
14.
This piece of homework is the (bad) of all your exercises.
15.
Richard is not as (tall) as Tom.
16.
Tom is (tall) than Richard.
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17.
Tom is the (tall) boy in the class.
18.
Tokyo is (far) from London than Rome
19.
Mr Chung is (rich) than Mr Huang, but I don't think he is (happy) than Mr Huang.
20.
Their hens are (good) than ours. They are the (good) in the country.
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Exercise 28
Position and order of adjectives
1. Adjectives usually go before the word they describe:
A red flag, a clever boy, a new idea.
2. If there are two or more adjectives describing a word, we put the one with the most general
or subjective meaning first and the most specific and objective last :
A nice new carpet,
a fine old house, a pretty yellow flower.
3. If the adjectives are both equally exact, we put the shorter first :
a quiet intelligent boy,
a long interesting book.
4. Two adjectives are often joined by and for greater emphasis:
a dark and stormy night,
5.
a new and useful idea.
Certain types of adjectives usually come immediately before the word
they describe:
6.
(a)
colours: a big red book, stylish black trousers.
(b)
styles: a tall gothic building, a beautiful renaissance church.
(c)
nationality: a clever French girl, an old Turkish carpet.
(d)
nouns used adjectively: a paper bag, a cotton shirt.
Be careful with the adjectives: old, new, young, sick, poor, rich.
a sick young boy (=a young boy who happens to be sick).
a young sick boy (=a sick boy who is also young).
Arrange the adjectives supplied in the correct order before these nouns:
1.
a household (well-ordered, quiet)
2.
a cup of tea (China, hot, delicious)
3.
a girl (poor, defenceless)
4.
a farmhouse (Tudor, old, fine)
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5.
an armchair (luxurious, deep)
6.
a lecture (long, technical, boring)
7.
clothes (old, useless)
8.
a child (weak, pale, sick)
9.
a boy (intelligent, active, happy)
10.
The news (depressing, recent)
11.
a town (industrial, dirty, nasty)
12.
pupils (lazy, disobedient, rude)
13.
food (indigestible, rich)
14.
a servant (elderly, slow, incompetent)
15.
water (clear, deep, motionless)
16.
a porcelain (Japanese, delicate, pink)
17.
story (incredible, fantastic, ghost)
18.
a garden (French, formal, beautiful)
19.
a table (fine, oak, old, carved)
20.
a hat (broad-brimmed, attractive, Mexican)
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Verbs
Exercise 29
Pick out the verbs expressing an action in the following sentences.
Example: The train stopped at a station.
Answer:
stopped
1.
The boy ran out of the house.
2.
The girls danced.
3.
The teacher gave us a lesson.
4.
Birds sing.
5.
The man smokes a pipe.
6.
Fish swim in the sea.
7.
The camel carries a load.
8.
The train started again.
9.
A car came to our door.
10.
The sun shines.
11.
I wrote a letter.
12.
We learn grammar.
13.
They speak English.
14.
I received a letter this morning.
15.
Wayne wrote the letter.
16.
He put the letter in a letter-box.
17.
Richard climbed a tree.
18.
George shut the door.
19.
I saw the teacher.
20.
The pupils opened their books.
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Exercise 30
Pick out the two-word verbs in these sentences.
Example: Is he writing a letter?
Answer:
Is ... writing
1.
The boy is writing.
2.
The girls are running.
3.
The teacher is giving us a lesson.
4.
The teacher will give us a lesson.
5.
The teacher has given us a lesson.
6.
The boy will run a race tomorrow.
7.
The camel is carrying a big load.
8.
The train has gone.
9.
The sun is shining.
10.
I will write a letter.
11.
I will write it in English.
12.
I have written the letter.
13.
They are speaking English.
14.
They will speak English.
15.
They have spoken English.
16.
Richard is climbing a tree.
17.
George has shut the door.
18.
I have seen the teacher.
19.
I will see the teacher.
20.
The pupils have opened their books.
21.
What is he doing?
22.
What time will they arrive?
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Exercise 31
Pick out the parts of the verb 'be' in these sentences. Remember that this verb says what people
or things are (or were).
Example: The man was very old.
Answer:
was
1.
Jeremy is tired.
2.
Mary is very happy.
3.
Those men are cold.
4.
My cat is very pretty.
5.
Those flowers are red.
6.
I am tired.
7.
Karen was unhappy.
8.
The boys were hungry.
9.
The teacher is kind.
10.
The woodcutter was honest.
Exercise 32
Complete these sentences with parts of the verb 'be'.
1.
The woodcutter __________ very unhappy.
2.
The fairy said, 'You __________ honest.'
3.
I __________glad that you are here.
4.
My sister __________ very clever.
5.
The flowers __________ pretty.
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Exercise 33
Complete these sentences with verbs from the box. Use each verb once only.
goes
gave
wrote
jumps
opened
painted
bought
1.
The boy __________ the door.
2.
The dog __________ over the gate every morning.
3.
Tom __________ a good dinner every evening.
4.
The woman __________ the dirty clothes.
5.
The aeroplane __________ from Hong Kong to London.
6.
I __________ these apples at the shop.
7.
We __________ to school every day.
8.
The chemist __________ the man a bottle of medicine.
9.
The teacher __________ the words on the blackboard.
10.
I __________ a picture on the paper.
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cooks
go
washed
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Exercise 34
Put a word from the box into the blank spaces to make two-word verbs.
was
am
are
has
were
have
is
1.
The woodcutter __________ cutting a piece of wood.
2.
I __________ doing my work.
3.
The woodcutter __________ lost his axe.
4.
The dog __________ jumped over the gate.
5.
Tom's father __________ cooking a good dinner.
6.
The woman __________ washed the dirty clothes.
7.
I __________ done my work.
8.
The fairy said, 'I __________ giving you the gold axe and the silver axe.'
9.
We __________ drawing pictures on the paper.
10.
The boys __________ playing in the playground.
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Exercise 35
Pick out the nouns, the adjectives and the verbs in the following story. Write them in 3 columns
like this:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
gentleman
old
was walking
street
We have filled in the words for the first sentence.
Poor old gentleman!
An old gentleman was walking slowly along a street. He saw a little boy who was trying to reach a
door-bell. The door-bell was too high. The kind old man stopped and said, 'I'll ring the bell for
you.' He rang the bell, and it made a loud noise in the house.
The little boy looked up at him and said, 'Now we'll run away. Come on!'
And the naughty boy ran round the corner. The old gentleman was still at the door when a big
man came and opened it.
'Yes?' said the angry man. 'What do you want?'
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Exercise 36
Make two columns with the headings sentences and phrases. Then put each group of words
below under the right heading. For a sentence you need a capital letter and a full stop (or '?' or '!').
We have done the first two for you.
Sentences
Phrases
1 We saw the boy.
2 at the chemist's
1
we saw the boy
10
come here
2
at the chemist's
11
from my father
3
in the garden
12
sit down
4
open the door
13
through the window
5
across the garden
14
where are my books
6
at our school
15
did you see Margaret
7
an honest man
16
on Tuesday morning
8
near the school
17
please don't say that
9
on my desk
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Exercise 37
Here is a little story. Copy the sentences that have brackets [ ] after them, and in the brackets
write S (for statement) or Q (for question) or C (for command). We have filled in the first pair of
brackets for you.
The duke and the farmer
The Duke of Wellington was very rich. [S] He had a lot of land in a beautiful part of England.
[
] Next to the Duke's land there was a farm. [
its fields to his land. [
] The Duke wanted to buy the farm and add
]
'Go and see Farmer Jackson,' [
] he said to his agent. 'Try to buy his farm for me.' [
After a few weeks, the agent came to the Duke. [
]
'I've bought the farm for you,' [
] he said.
'How much did you pay for it?' [
] the Duke asked.
'I got it for £30,000,' [
[
] the agent said. 'The real value of Farmer Jackson's land is £40,000.
] Wasn't it a bar-gain?'[
]
'Is the land really worth £40,000? [
£30,000?' [
]
] Then tell me this. [
] How did you get it for
]
'Farmer Jackson is in trouble,' [
] the agent answered. 'He needs the money at once. [
He had to sell his farm cheaply.'[
]
'Go back to Farmer Jackson at once,' [
] said the Duke. 'Give him the £10,000. [
needs the money, we must give him the real value of his land. [
comes from another man's trouble.' [
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]
] If he
] I don't want a bargain that
]
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Exercise 38
Turn these questions into statements.
Example: Was Jackson the owner of the farm?
Answer:
Jackson was the owner of the farm.
1.
Was Jackson's farm next to the Duke's land?
2.
Were there fields on Farmer Jackson's land?
3.
Was the price of the farm £30,000?
4.
Was the real value of the farm £40,000?
5.
Was £30,000 a bargain?
6.
Was Farmer Jackson in trouble?
7.
Was the Duke sorry for Farmer Jackson?
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Exercise 39
Turn the following statements into questions.
Example: The farm is worth £40,000.
Answer:
Is the farm worth £40,000?
1.
The real value of the farm was £40,000.
2.
Farmer Jackson was in trouble.
3.
The fields were round the farm.
4.
The farm was next to the Duke's land.
5.
The Duke will give the farmer £40,000.
6.
That was a fair price for the farm.
7.
Farmer Jackson was very glad.
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Exercise 40
Make commands using these words. Use them in any order, and add more words if you need
them.
Example: Farm, for me, buy.
Answer:
Buy the farm for me.
1.
Door, John, open.
2.
Mary, book, to me, quickly, bring.
3.
At home, exercise, do, carefully.
4.
Tomorrow, homework, here, bring.
5.
Talking, stop, now, and, work, begin.
6.
On page 25, all the questions, do.
7.
Your name, top of paper, write.
8.
For me, at post office, post, letters.
9.
Your exercise book, to school, bring, tomorrow.
10.
Richard, ball, kick, into the goal.
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Exercise 41
Pick out the subject of each of the following sentences:
1.
Birds fly. (Ask: What?)
2.
Fish swim. (Ask: What?)
3.
The pupil reads a book. (Ask: Who?)
4.
The cat caught a mouse. (Ask: What?)
5.
Henry opened the door. (Ask: Who?)
6.
Margaret Lee goes to school.
7.
A man went into the chemist's shop.
8.
The chemist opened the bottle.
9.
The medicine has cured your headache.
10.
A poor woodcutter was cutting wood.
11.
His axe fell into the water.
12.
The fairy showed him a silver axe.
13.
I can give you the gold axe and the silver axe.
14.
An old gentleman was walking along the street.
15.
The naughty boy ran round the corner.
16.
The man was very angry.
17.
The real value of Farmer Jackson's land is £40,000.
18.
The girl is going to the shops.
19.
The moon gives less light than the sun.
20.
The Duke's agent took £10,000 and gave it to Farmer Jackson.
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Exercise 42
Pick out the objects in these sentences.
1.
Cows eat grass.
2.
Richard cut his finger.
3.
The teacher taught his class.
4.
John read a book.
5.
Margaret sang a song.
6.
The pupils read their books.
7.
The policeman caught the thief.
8.
Mr Brown bought a car.
9.
The train left the station.
10.
A supermarket sells tea.
11.
We play football.
12.
George ate an apple.
13.
My mother cooked the dinner.
14.
My sister opened the door.
15.
The men have finished their work.
16.
Eric Lee has scored a goal.
17.
Henry is writing a letter.
18.
Who rang the bell?
19.
Have you seen my new bicycle? (The verb is have seen.)
20.
Can you open this box?
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Exercise 43
Pick out the subjects and the objects of the verbs in the following sentences. Remember the plan:
Who?/What? => verb
= subject
verb => what?
= object
Draw three columns and write the subject, verb and object of each sentence in the correct
column. We have filled in the first sentence for you.
Subject
Verb
Object
The medicine
cured
my headache
1.
The medicine cured my headache.
2.
The woodcutter lost his old axe.
3.
The old gentleman saw a little boy.
4.
The boy couldn't read his book.
5.
Henry wrote a letter.
6.
That man has written a book.
7.
The girls sang songs.
8.
Henry has bought a football.
9.
The woodcutter was cutting a piece of wood.
10.
The Duke of Wellington wanted a farm.
11.
The agent paid £30,000.
12.
The Duke sent £10,000.
13.
The farmer didn't have money.
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14.
The farmer grows potatoes and corn.
15.
Henry ate an apple and an orange.
16.
The teacher marked all our exercises.
17.
At the farm I saw some cows, sheep and horses.
18.
The cows, sheep and horses ate a lot of grass.
19.
The poor woodcutter saw a beautiful fairy.
20.
In her hand she held a gold axe.
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Exercise 44
Pick out the verbs in the following sentences. Put the transitive verbs in one column and the
intransitive verbs in another column. We have done the first two verbs for you.
Transitive
Intransitive
hurt
cried
1.
The little boy hurt his foot.
2.
He cried bitterly.
3.
The sun is shining.
4.
The boys saw the football match.
5.
Richard slept until nine o'clock.
6.
Cotton grows in Egypt.
7.
The children fed the animals.
8.
The train started.
9.
Birds fly.
10.
George is working hard.
11.
We live in Bridgetown.
12.
The water is boiling.
13.
Clouds are passing across the sky.
14.
The boys like their lessons.
15.
The butcher sells meat.
16.
The farmer's wife went to the dairy.
17.
Wood burns easily.
18.
The children are sitting still at their desks.
19.
Please give me those flowers.
20.
I will go to Hong Kong next week.
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Exercise 45
Read this short story.
The joke
Sir William Thompson was very deaf, but he always pretended that he could hear everything.
One evening he invited several friends to dinner. While they were sitting at the table, one of the
friends told a funny story. Everyone laughed. William laughed very loudly too. Then he said, 'That
was a very funny joke, but I know a funnier one. Would you like to hear it?' They all said they
would, so William began his story. When it ended, everyone laughed louder than before. William
smiled happily. But he didn't know the reason for their laughter. He had told the same story.
Ten of the verbs in that story are printed in italics. Draw four columns like this in your exercise
book.
1. Subject
2. Verb
3. Object
4. Kind of Verb
he
invited
several friends
T
Write in column 2 each of the verbs in italics. Write the subject of each verb in column 1. Write
the object (if there is one) in column 3. And in column 4 put T if the verb is transitive, or I if it
is intransitive. We have filled in the columns for the first verb for you.
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Exercise 46
Complete these sentences by adding a complement.
Example: The teacher's mother seems __________ .
Answer:
The teacher's mother seems old.
1.
Anne Carter is __________
2.
She was __________, but now she is __________ .
3.
Today is __________, and tomorrow will be __________.
4.
That old lady feeds the birds. She seems__________ .
5.
Mary was __________, but she has become__________ .
6.
Is your brother __________, or is he __________?
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Exercise 47
Verbs which can be used with or without objects
Some common English verbs can be used with or without an object (transitively or intransitively):
We begin the lesson at six o'clock. The lesson begins at six o'clock.
They are selling cars abroad in large numbers. Cars are selling abroad in large numbers.
Note that these sentences do not necessarily have the same meaning.
Change the following sentences in the same way as in the example. It will be necessary to leave
out the subjects and use the words in italics as the new subjects:
Example:
They spread false rumours throughout the country.
= False rumours spread throughout the country.
1.
The lightning started fires in many parts of the town.
2.
He is improving his knowledge of English every day.
3.
The new headmaster will meet his staff next week.
4.
He dropped a stone into the well.
5.
The pilot flew his plane low over the city.
6.
She leaned her baby against the side of its cradle.
7.
The bicyclist stuck the patch firmly on to the inner tube.
8.
The explosion shook the whole house for several seconds.
9.
They shut the door behind them.
10.
He bent the metal bar at its weakest point.
11.
They are hanging the pictures on the studio wall.
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12.
John broke his pen when he dropped it on the floor.
13.
You must not wake the children too soon.
14.
Leaders should divide their parties into three for the attack.
15.
The captain sailed his ship eastwards for three days.
16.
The students increase their English vocabulary every year.
17.
I have hurt my hand badly.
18.
When is the priest going to marry John and Mary?
19.
The baby's mother is rocking the cradle.
20.
Roll the ball to me along the ground.
21.
The player swung his bat through the air.
22.
The crowd waved flags when the President arrived.
23.
John opened the door and walked into the room.
24.
The teacher collected all the children into one group.
25.
The policemen kept the crowd moving along.
26.
I asked him if he would work the projector.
27.
She stretched the rope from one side of the garden to the other.
28.
She poured the water onto the grass.
29.
She kept the children dry by putting up an umbrella.
30.
She never changed her opinion of him.
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31.
The mechanic turned the engine over and it sprang into life.
32.
The soldiers are gathering all the people together in the main square of the town.
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Exercise 48
Change the following sentences from an intransitive to a transitive construction as in the example,
using the subjects supplied:
Example:
The letter dropped into the letter-box. (John . . .)
John dropped the letter into the letter-box.
1.
Vegetables grow in Mr. Smith's garden. (Mr. Smith . . .)
2.
The rifles were standing in the corner of the barracks. (The soldiers . . .)
3.
The ship sank in shallow water. (The captain . . .)
4.
The business ran very efficiently. (The manager . . .)
5.
The water must freeze before they do the experiment. (They must . . .)
6.
The paper in his hand burnt quickly.
7.
The lesson will begin at six o'clock sharp.
8.
The water must boil before you make tea. (You must . . .)
9.
Has the meat cooked yet? (Has the maid . . .)
(He . . .)
(The teacher will . . .)
10. The wine passed round the table. (Please pass . . .)
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Pronouns
Exercise 49
Pick out the pronouns in the following.
1.
John is a boy. He is at home.
2.
Mary is a girl. She is in the class.
3.
They are brother and sister.
4.
We know them very well.
5.
They stayed with us last year.
6.
John is a clever boy. I like him.
7.
Mary is our friend. She is twelve years old. We like her.
8.
They have a bicycle. It is yellow.
9.
They have asked me to visit them next year.
10.
They live in Kingston. It is a big city.
11.
Do you like these flowers? They are out of the garden.
12.
I read that book. It is very interesting.
13.
Show me how to do this exercise.
14.
Don't you know how to do it?
15.
I don't understand how to do it.
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Exercise 50
Pick out the pronouns in these sentences. Write subject or object after each.
Example: They took us in their car.
Answer:
They - subject; us – object
1.
I taught him at school.
2.
He helped us with this exercise.
3.
She will see them tomorrow.
4.
You broke that window; I saw you.
5.
It will cost a lot of money to mend it.
6.
I asked her to come and see me.
7.
We couldn't do the exercise until the teacher told us how to do it.
8.
They played us at football, and we beat them.
9.
He scored a goal, and we all cheered him.
10.
She did the exercise well. When I had marked it, I praised her.
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Exercise 51
Divide these sentences into subject, verb, object like this:
Subject
Verb
Object
I
taught
you
and then underline each pronoun on your paper. We have answered the first one in the example.
1.
I taught you.
2.
He saw me.
3.
She knows us.
4.
We know her.
5.
They praised him.
6.
He thanked them.
7.
She hit the ball.
8.
He threw it.
9.
It broke a window.
10.
They blamed him.
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Exercise 52
Change the pronouns in these sentences from singular to plural. In some cases you will have to
change the verb too.
Example: He likes me.
Answer:
They like us.
1.
I come to school every day.
2.
He is hungry.
3.
She can sing very well.
4.
The teacher gives me an English lesson.
5.
The teacher asked him a question.
6.
I asked her to sing 'Ten Green Bottles'.
7.
He told me a story.
8.
You are working hard.
9.
I am English; what is he?
10.
He doesn't see me.
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Exercise 53
Write out these sentences, but with pronouns instead of the words printed in italics. You will need
to change the verb too in 17, 18, 19 and 20.
1.
John is a boy.
2.
Margaret is a girl.
3.
John and Margaret met the teacher.
4.
Mrs Smith, the teacher, gave John a lesson.
5.
Margaret is a nice girl. My wife and I like Margaret.
6.
Here is my bicycle. My bicycle is black.
7.
Mr Jones, the teacher, said, 'Give the teacher your book.'
8.
The teacher said to John and Margaret, 'Have John and Margaret done this exercise?'
9.
The lesson is easy. Mrs Smith, the teacher, explained the lesson.
10.
Mr Jones, the teacher, spoke to John and Margaret. The teacher asked John and Margaret to
come and see the teacher.
11.
Tom saw Mary. Tom spoke to Mary.
12.
Mary saw Tom. Mary spoke to Tom.
13.
Tom and Mary saw Mrs Robinson. Tom and Mary spoke to Mrs Robinson.
14.
Mrs Robinson saw Tom and Mary. Mrs Robinson spoke to Tom and Mary.
15.
Mr Sangster met Carl and Linda. Mr Sangster shook hands with Carl and Linda.
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16.
Linda and Carl met Mr Sangster. Linda and Carl shook hands with Mr Sangster.
17.
Linda and Carl said to Mr Sangster, 'Is Mr Sangster pleased to see Linda and Carl?
18.
'My name is Henry. What is your name?' 'My name is George, and George is very pleased to
meet Henry.‘
19.
'My name is Grace. What is your name?' 'My name is Margaret, and Margaret is very pleased
to meet Grace.'
20.
'My name is Linda. What are your names?' 'Our names are Jane and Elizabeth, and Jane and
Elizabeth are very pleased to meet Linda. Is Linda pleased to meet Jane and Elizabeth?'
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Exercise 54
Put reflexive pronouns into the blank spaces in these sentences.
Example: John hurt __________ when he fell.
Answer:
John hurt
himself
when he fell.
1.
Father cut __________ when he was shaving.
2.
Mary saw __________ in the mirror.
3.
We saw __________ in the mirror.
4.
I taught __________ to play the piano.
5.
The kitten tried to bite me, and bit __________ by mistake.
6.
The poor woman threw __________ under the train.
7.
The boys helped __________ to the cakes.
8.
There are plenty of cakes here, Richard. Help __________.
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Exercise 55
Put reflexive pronouns in their emphatic use into the blank spaces.
1.
He did the work all by __________ .
2.
I saw the accident ____________ .
3.
Mary sewed those dresses __________ .
4.
One can't saw a tree like that by __________ .
5.
You children must tidy this room __________ . I am not going to help you.
6.
The children tidied the room by __________ .
7.
Do you think, John, that you can cook the dinner by __________ today?
8.
We cooked the dinner entirely by __________ .
9.
This machine works by __________.
10.
You and Richard can do that job __________ .
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Exercise 56
Put possessive pronouns in the blank spaces
Example: We own that cat. That cat is
Answer. We own that cat. That cat is ours.
1.
I own that cat. That cat is __________ .
2.
You own that cat. That cat is __________.
3.
He owns that cat. That cat is __________ .
4.
She owns that cat. That cat is __________ .
5.
They own that cat. That cat is __________ .
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Exercise 57
In the following sentences use the verb be instead of the verb belong. Make any other necessary
changes.
Example: That house belongs to me.
Answer:
That house is mine.
1.
Those books belong to her.
2.
That new house belongs to him.
3.
These gloves belong to you.
4.
That picture belongs to me.
5.
That car belongs to us.
6.
Those flowers belong to them.
7.
Does that cat belong to you?
8.
Do those toys belong to her?
9.
Do these chocolates belong to us?
10.
Did those chocolates belong to them?
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Exercise 58
Put in the missing possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
Example: John has done __________ homework, and he's helping me with __________ .
Answer:
John has done his
homework, and he's helping me with _mine_ .
1.
I've eaten all __________ sandwiches. Can I have one of __________?
2.
Tell Richard not to forget __________ book. And you mustn't forget __________ .
3.
George has lost __________ pen. Ask Mary if she will lend him __________ .
4.
We've had __________ dinner; have they had __________?
5.
Richard has a dog and so have I. __________ dog and __________ had a fight.
6.
Have you heard from that friend of __________ who went to Hong Kong?
7.
The teacher wants you to return that book of __________ that he lent you.
8.
Margaret wants to know if you've seen a pair of gloves of __________ .
9.
Mr and Mrs Green and a friend of __________ are coming to see us.
10.
We are going to Kingston to stay with a Jamaican friend of __________ .
11.
Dinner has been ready for a long time. I have had __________ and Mary has had
__________; come and have __________ now.
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Exercise 59
Here is a story. Write it out again, but use pronouns instead of nouns where pronouns are better.
Isaac Newton's egg
Three hundred years ago, Isaac Newton was a great man of science. Newton was a greater
thinker, but Newton was very absent-minded about small matters when Newton was thinking
about a problem. One morning Newton got up very early because Newton was working on a
very difficult problem. Newton was thinking about the problem so deeply that Newton would
not leave the problem to go to breakfast. But Mary, his housekeeper, thought Newton needed
food, so the housekeeper took a pan of water and an egg to his study. The housekeeper wanted
to boil the egg and stay with Newton until Newton ate the egg.
But Newton wanted to be alone, and Newton said, 'Mary can leave the egg with Newton, and
Newton will boil the egg.' The housekeeper put the egg on the table beside Newton's watch, and
the housekeeper said, 'Isaac must boil the egg for four minutes and then the egg will be ready.'
Then the housekeeper left the room. But the housekeeper was afraid that Newton might forget
to boil the egg. So the housekeeper returned about an hour later. The housekeeper found
Newton standing by the fireplace. Newton had put the watch in the saucepan, and Newton was
boiling the watch. Newton was holding the egg in his hand. But Newton was still thinking about
his problem.
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Exercise 60
Make two sentences with what as an interrogative pronoun.
Example: What do you want for supper?
Make two sentences with what as an interrogative adjective.
Example: What time is it?
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Exercise 61
Underline the indefinite pronoun in each sentence.
Example: Both of us are going to the zoo.
1.
We want everybody to have fun at the party.
2.
Neither of the trails looks difficult to climb.
3.
He knew none of the answers on the test.
4.
Somebody left a window open, and rain came in during the storm.
5.
Karen gave each of the kittens a dish of food.
6.
Several of these homes were built centuries ago.
7.
Something tells me that we are going to have a problem.
8.
Most of the team members have already boarded the bus.
9.
We can accomplish little unless we work together.
10.
Nothing succeeds like success
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Exercise 62
This is a story about a well-known American millionaire, John D. Rockefeller. A friend of his told
the story. This friend said that though Rockefeller gave away millions to help other people, he
never liked to spend money on himself.
One day he went to stay at a hotel in New York and asked for the cheapest room they had.
'What is the price of the room?' he asked. The manager told him.
'And which floor is it on?' Again the manager told him.
'Is that the lowest priced room you have? I am staying here by myself and only need a small room.'
The manager said, 'That room is the smallest and cheapest we have,' and added, 'But why do you
choose a poor room like that? When your son stays here, he always has our most expensive room;
yours is our cheapest.'
'Yes,' said Rockefeller, 'but his father is a wealthy man; mine isn't.'
Note the words in italics. Say which are adjectives and which are pronouns, and give the kind in
each case. Here is the first one as an example:
Example:
This -- pronoun, demonstrative
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Adverbs
Exercise 63
Find the adverbs in these sentences.
Example: You'll do this exercise carefully, won't you?
Answer:
carefully
1.
The birds sang sweetly.
2.
The man spoke slowly.
3.
The children played happily.
4.
The boy wrote his exercise badly.
5.
The woodcutter looked sadly at the river.
6.
When he saw his axe, he smiled happily.
7.
Every soldier fought bravely.
8.
You must work hard if you want to do this exercise correctly. (2 adverbs)
9.
Richard ate his breakfast fast and then ran quickly to school. (2 adverbs)
10.
The school team played well and won their game easily. (2 adverbs)
11.
Come here.
12.
Why did you go there?
13.
I did the work yesterday.
14.
You didn't do it well; you must do it carefully now. (3 adverbs)
15.
The girl shouted suddenly, 'The car is here!' (2 adverbs)
16.
The teacher spoke clearly, and we understood her easily. (2 adverbs)
17.
George worked hard and did the exercise well today. (3 adverbs)
18.
The child opened the door of the cage and the bird flew out.
19.
He didn't know the bird would fly away.
20.
You came here late today; you must come early tomorrow. (5 adverbs)
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Exercise 64
Use adverbs from the list in the box to fill the blank spaces. Say whether your adverb shows the
manner, or time, or place of the action. We have completed number 1 for you.
well
loudly
quickly
here
carefully
fast
brightly
tomorrow
today
slowly
now
hard
carelessly
1.
The boy wrote quickly (manner).
2.
You are working too __________ .
3.
I will do the work __________ .
4.
Open the door __________ .
5.
Come__________ . I want to speak to you.
6.
I see Jane __________ and I shall see her again__________ .
7.
Carmen drove the car __________ along the wide road but __________ in the crowded
streets.
8.
It was a beautiful day, the sun was shining __________, the birds were singing
__________ and the children were playing in the field.
9.
Mary is a good singer; I didn't know she sang so__________ .
10.
Learning English is hard work, but I want to learn it and so I will work __________ .
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Exercise 65
Use one of the adverbs of degree in the box for each space in the following sentences and then
say whether the adverb that you choose modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. We have
done the first one for you.
Adverb
Modifies
very
adjective difficult
1.
This exercise is not __very___ difficult.
2.
John speaks French __________ well.
3.
The explorers __________ died of thirst.
4.
He drove the car __________ fast in that busy street.
5.
I have __________ finished my work.
6.
I think she answered that question __________ cleverly.
7.
Be careful. You __________ killed me.
8.
I am __________ sorry to hear that your father is ill.
9.
This is one of the __________ difficult questions to answer.
10.
What he said was not __________ true.
11.
I have __________ forgotten what he said.
12.
Your work is __________ important than your games.
13.
I know him __________ .
14.
I __________ know him at all.
15.
Richard ought to listen __________ and talk __________.
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Exercise 66
The words in italics in the following sentences are all adverbs. Say what kind each one is.
Example: John sometimes writes to me.
Answer:
sometimes - adverb of frequency
1.
Richard ran down the field quickly.
2.
We went to see a friend yesterday.
3.
Wayne plays football well.
4.
I quite agree, he plays very well.
5.
We had tea and played games afterwards.
6.
Where are you going today?
7.
I have often made that mistake.
8.
Why don't you work more carefully?
9.
I used to see him once or twice a week; now I never see him.
10.
When will he learn not to drive his car so fast?
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Exercise 67
Say whether the words in italics are adverbs or prepositions and give reasons for your reply.
Example: The gate was open, and the cars went through.
Answer:
through -- adverb, modifies went
1.
The music got louder as the band drew near.
2.
I stood near Richard in the crowd.
3.
Your name will be called before mine.
4.
You ought to have told me that before.
5.
Inside that box there are valuable jewels.
6.
I will never go inside that house again.
7.
It's very nice to be outside when the sun is shining.
8.
He stood outside the door, and listened to what was going on inside.
9.
The horse ran round the race course.
10.
The big wheel turned round slowly.
11.
If you can't climb over the wire fence, get under it.
12.
You can go under; I'm going to climb over.
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Exercise 68
Read this story.
Fire! fire!
Mr King was writing busily in his big room. His son Ian rushed excitedly into the room and
shouted loudly, 'Fire, fire! The kitchen is on fire!'
Mr King got up quickly, and he and Ian ran as fast as they could to the kitchen.
'Look there,' shouted Ian, and he pointed to the flames. He had carelessly left a towel near the
stove and it was burning fiercely.
Mr King saw a big pan of boiling water on the top of the stove. 'You silly boy,' he said. 'Why
didn't you throw that on the burning towel? That would have put it out quickly.'
'Oh no,' said the boy, slowly. 'That water would be useless; it's hot water.'
Draw four columns like this:
1 Nouns
2 Verbs
3 Adjectives
4 Adverbs
Mr King
was writing
big
busily (M)
room
his
Into the first column put all the nouns in the story. Put all the verbs into the second column. Into
the third one put all the adjectives. And put all the adverbs into the fourth one. If the adverb tells
how the action was done, put 'M' (for manner) after it. If it tells when, put T (for time). If it tells
where, put 'P' (for place). We have done the first sentence for you.
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Exercise 69
The Position and Order of Adverbs
1. Most adverbs (and by these we also mean adverbial expressions of more than one word)
follow the verb and the object if there is one. You must not put an adverb between the verb and
its object.
I like coffee very much.
She sang the song beautifully.
2. If we wish to emphasize how an action is performed, the adverb of manner, if it is only one
word, is often put between the subject and the verb.
He quickly shut the door when the teacher came in.
She slowly spelled out her name to the shopkeeper.
In these sentences put the adverb of manner before the verb and all the other adverbs at the end
of the sentence:
1.
She enjoys dancing. (very much)
2.
He turned to face his accusers. (slowly)
3.
I believe you did that. (deliberately)
4.
They seemed to be climbing the mountain.
5.
They went out to get some fresh air.
6.
They tried to save what was left. (desperately)
7.
I believe they will come. (firmly, home)
8.
Then stir in the sugar. (gently)
9.
He wrote an account of his life. (at sixty)
10.
They were dancing together. (all last night)
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(at a snail's pace)
(gladly, in the park)
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11.
Write these sentences. (in ink)
12.
He put the money away. (carefully, in his purse)
13.
I heard a cry. (distinctly, outside)
14.
They left their books. (thoughtlessly, at home)
15.
I remember having heard something like that. (vaguely)
16.
We dislike that food. (strongly)
17.
The car entered the main road. (at ten miles an hour)
18.
I will lend you my pen if you wish. (gladly)
19.
You can't want so much to drink. (possibly)
20.
You should consider it before you accept.
21.
He raised the lid. (cautiously, with one hand)
22.
You must make up your mind. (definitely, tonight)
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(carefully)
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Exercise 70
Pre-verb Adverbs
Here is a list of the most common adverbs which are generally put before the verb:
Still, just, already, yet.
Adverbs of frequency:
Seldom, always, often, rarely, sometimes, generally, frequently, usually, never, occasionally.
Restrictive adverbs:
Partly, largely, in no way, wholly, scarcely, hardly, by no means, only, little.
The correct position for these adverbs is shown in this table:
with different tenses
with anomalous verbs
in short answers
with the verb to be
He
often
goes to the cinema.
He has
never
gone to the cinema.
He will
rarely
go to the cinema.
He would
sometimes
go to the cinema.
He can
go to the cinema.
He must
usually
He
hardly
has.
He
scarcely
can.
He is
only
ill.
He has
always
been ill.
Put the adverbs supplied into the correct place before the verb in these sentences:
1.
We are working on our theses.
2.
They have not finished doing their homework. (yet)
3.
I have told you a thousand times not to do it. (already)
4.
We had come in when the telephone rang.
5.
Her mother approved her choice of husband. (wholly)
6.
I shall believe what they say. (never)
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(still)
(only just)
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7.
You will have heard of Mr. Johnson, I suppose. (scarcely)
8.
It cannot be explained by his illness. (entirely)
9.
They were responsible for the accident. (largely)
10.
Have you seen an octopus?
11.
You can excuse yourself for that reason. (hardly)
12.
I try to do as much work in the evening as possible. (generally)
13.
He comes to see me on Saturdays.
14.
He understands the problems we have. (little)
15.
He would have been an invalid, had he lived. (always)
16.
It is certain that they will succeed.
17.
I have seen a better one. (rarely)
18.
He is to blame for the disaster. (partially)
19.
I can understand his suffering.
20.
She stays in bed all morning. (frequently)
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(ever)
I have. (never)
(sometimes)
(by no means)
(to some extent)
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Exercise 71
If there are several adverbs in a sentence the usual order in which they follow the verb is:
Manner (how?)—place (where?)—time (when?).
They have been studying hard at home all day.
They played football enthusiastically in the rain yesterday.
But there are some variations in this order:
(a)
If there is a verb of movement, we often put the adverb of place straight after the verb in
order to complete its sense:
They walked to the theatre in a hurry last night.
We flew to Rome by B.O.A.C. last summer.
(b)
We often put adverbs of time right at the beginning of the sentence,
particularly if it is a long sentence with other adverbs in it:
Yesterday he unexpectedly flew to Berlin by the afternoon plane.
At three in the morning I heard a loud knock on the front door.
Place the adverbs supplied in the correct place in the sentence:
1.
I have been working. (all day, in this room)
2.
He was born. (in 1943, in Paris)
3.
Take this. (immediately, to your mother)
4.
Look! (at this sentence, carefully)
5.
Come! (immediately, here)
6.
He has loved her. (all his life, fanatically)
7.
They were caught.
8.
You must read your books. (in the library, quietly)
9.
They returned.
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(yesterday, in the rain)
(with their friends, at eleven o'clock, to their hotel)
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10.
He has been sitting. (for ten minutes, quite quietly, on that chair)
11.
They came up.
12.
The goalkeeper remained. (all through the game, lazily, in the goalmouth)
13.
He went to fetch his coat. (upstairs, a few minutes ago)
14.
The plane arrived. (early, at the airport)
15.
I shall meet you.
16.
They are going.
17.
I said goodbye to them.
18.
Let's invite them. (to the theatre, tonight)
19.
I have been living. (in Rome, quietly, since 1924)
20.
She spoke to him. (quietly, in the hall, after dinner)
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(to the fire, a few minutes later)
(this evening, at the party)
(for the weekend, to their parents)
(regretfully, yesterday, at the station)
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Exercise 72
If there is more than one of the same type of adverb in a sentence then:
(a)
we usually put the more exact before the more general—
He was born at 3.42 in the morning on June 34th, 1943.
(b)
if there are two adverbs of manner, we put the shorter first and often join it to the longer
with and—
Press the knob gently with your finger.
Press it firmly and continuously.
Arrange the adverbs supplied in their correct order after the verb:
1.
I shall meet you.
2.
He spoke to the class. (clearly, with deliberation)
3.
Take the third door. (upstairs, on the left, in the passage)
4.
Hand it to me.
5.
Put it. (in the dining-room, on the table)
6.
She arrived. (this morning, at six o'clock)
7.
We should fly.
8.
Speak. (with a loud voice, clearly)
9.
They are leaving for Italy. (next week, on Thursday, in the afternoon)
10.
You must finish your homework. (before midday, tomorrow)
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(outside the town hall, on the steps)
(carefully, with your right hand)
(over Paris, very high)
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Exercise 73
In a passive sentence adverbs of manner are usually put immediately before the past participle:
That house has been badly damaged.
Put the adverbs supplied in their correct position:
1.
It was stuck to the page. (firmly)
2.
The concert was received. (well)
3.
It has been thrown away. (carelessly)
4.
She has been restored to health.
5.
He is respected by his colleagues. (highly)
6.
The roof has been damaged. (seriously)
7.
It has been neglected. (sadly)
8.
It must be understood. (clearly)
9.
This work must be prepared. (better)
10.
The food was served. (beautifully)
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(completely)
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Parts of speech
Exercise 74
What part of speech are the words in italics?
Example: Turn to the right at the corner.
Answer:
Turn -- verb; corner -- noun
1.
Use a big hammer for those nails.
2.
Hammer the nails in well.
3.
Nail the picture on the wall.
4.
I can answer that question.
5.
Give me the answer to the question.
6.
We are going to stay in Athens.
7.
Our stay there will be for only a week.
8.
We drink tea from tea-cups.
9.
Will you come and have a drink?
10.
My father likes to smoke a pipe.
11.
The smoke is going up the chimney.
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Exercise 75
Give the part of speech of the words in italics.
1.
Bathe the baby in the small bath, and dry him with the bath towel.
2.
John's mother is using an electric iron to iron John's shirt.
3.
That iron gate is made of iron that came from England.
4.
These plants need water. You must water them every day in dry weather.
5.
I am going to plant some water-lilies in my pond.
6.
I want you to colour these pictures any colour you like.
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Exercise 76
Here is a short story.
Newspaper headlines
My Harlow newspaper had a big headline: GERMAN WORKS FOR HARLOW.
There was a picture of a German businessman, and I read these words under the picture:
Mr Schwarz in Harlow yesterday.
'That's the man,' I thought. 'That's the German, but what does he do for Harlow?' I began to
read the article.
GERMAN WORKS FOR HARLOW
Car assembly works plan
Final arrangements have been made for the German firm of Schwarz to assemble their
Lakeland and Riverside cars in Harlow. The company plans to build the works on sixty acres
of land close to Harlow. When assembly starts, several hundred Harlow people will work
there. Mr Schwarz, the managing director, expects to open the factory in March next year.
12 words are underlined in the headlines and the article. Say what part of speech each word is in
the sentence you find it in. We have done the first two words for you as an example.
Examples:
GERMAN - adjective
WORKS
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- noun
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Prepositions
Exercise 77
Put in any Prepositions that are left out of the following sentences:
1.
Morning school begins half past eight.
2.
Blasting is carried out midday and five o'clock.
3.
Christmas Day is December.
4.
The western sky is very beautiful sunset.
5.
I come to school by bus every day.
6.
The birds begin to twitter sunrise.
7.
There has not been a typhoon this summer.
8.
He goes home every week.
9.
He will surely be promoted next year.
10.
It is healthy to have a swim early the morning.
11.
Every night nine o'clock a gun is fired from the Dockyard.
12.
My father will be fifty years of age three weeks.
13.
He was born the fourth of June the year 1884.
14.
We have a half-holiday Wednesday.
15.
I shall have tea with him tomorrow.
16.
The Chinese have a good time Chinese New Year.
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17.
The ship left midnight.
18.
I came home very late last night.
19.
Summer begins June 21st.
20.
We have breakfast eight o'clock.
21.
The farmers plant their rice February and July.
22.
You should not work so late night.
23.
There was very little rain 1933.
24.
It is very cold winter.
25.
The milkman comes early the morning.
26.
Winter begins the twenty-first of December.
27.
There were bad floods here a year ago.
28.
We will go for that walk Armistice Day.
29.
A P. & O. boat leaves midday every other Saturday.
30.
He will pay me tomorrow.
31.
Everybody should get some exercise each day.
32.
In the tropics it is good to rest the afternoon.
33.
He visits his village every summer.
34.
The train leaves for Canton eight o'clock every morning.
35.
The examinations will be held next year July.
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36.
The thief broke into the shop midnight.
37.
I heard some strange noises the night.
38.
He works night and rests the day.
39.
Winter we wear thick clothes.
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Exercise 78
Complete the following sentences by inserting Prepositions:
1.
Fresh vegetables are good ________ health.
2.
Some people are good ________ crossword puzzles.
3.
He was good ________ his little sister.
4.
I am good ________ mathematics but bad —— English.
5.
Those barrels are full ________ oil.
6.
I filled them ________ oil myself.
7.
He cared ________ his old father.
8.
He took care ________ his old father.
9.
I do not care ________ toffee.
10.
A brave man does not care ________ danger.
11.
I am fond ________ sweets.
12.
I am angry ________ you.
13.
I am angry ________ his rudeness.
14.
You ought to be ashamed ________ yourself.
15.
They were jealous ________ her success.
16.
The house is ________ the right-hand side.
17.
Turn ________ the right.
18.
I travelled ________ a distance of ten miles.
19.
I saw a lion ________ a distance of ten yards.
20.
I heard a noise
21.
He died ________ youth.
22.
He died ________ an early age.
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________ the distance.
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23.
He died ________ malaria.
24.
He is thirty years ________ age.
25.
________ that time, Home was a small city.
26.
________ those days, the people were savages.
27.
They will not return ________ some time.
28.
The ship was ________ sea for three weeks.
29.
It is cheaper to send goods ________ sea.
30.
I prefer to stay ________ land.
31.
Are you ________ work now?
32.
Are you ________ duty now?
33.
The dog barked ________ us.
34.
The man looked ________ us angrily.
35.
Do not throw stones ________ the cat.
36.
We aimed ________ the lion and fired ________ it.
37.
They set fire ________ the house.
38.
They set the house ________ fire.
39.
Are you ________ command here?
40.
I put an advertisement ________ the newspaper.
41.
The child played ________ its toys.
42.
I sold it ________ a high price.
43.
I sold it ________ a few dollars.
44.
My house is different ________ yours.
45.
There is a difference ________ my house and yours.
46.
There has been a quarrel ________ the two friends.
47.
They quarrelled ________ each other.
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48.
The crops depend ________ rain.
49.
I hope he will arrive ________ time.
50.
Please keep my pen and look ________ it during the game.
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Exercise 79
Complete the following by inserting Prepositions:
1.
I will search ________ my lost pen.
2.
They went in search ________ buried treasure.
3.
The king declared war ________ the rebels.
4.
The two countries were ________ war.
5.
They made an attack ________ the city.
6.
You should pay more attention ________ the lesson.
7.
I took no notice ________ his remarks.
8.
He cannot be cured ________ the disease.
9.
I suffered ________ a painful disease.
10.
I am surprised ________ her carelessness.
11.
We are satisfied ________ our new servant.
12.
Are you interested ________ photography?
13.
The sun shines ________ the moon.
14.
The wind blew ________the windows.
15.
The king reigned ________ a large kingdom.
16.
Sunspots have an effect ________ the weather.
17.
His words made a deep impression ________ me.
18.
His words had a great influence ________ his son.
19.
I do not agree ________ your argument.
20.
He was accused ________ stealing.
21.
He was punished ________ stealing.
22.
He was charged ________ stealing.
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23.
I shall charge you a dollar ________ that meal.
24.
He was put ________ charge ________ the work.
25.
I took a dislike ________ my neighbor.
26.
You should be merciful ________ the weak.
27.
You should have mercy ________ the sinners.
28.
Look out ________ the window.
29.
Do not look down ________ other people.
30.
The car was not ________ his control.
31.
He had no control ________ his car.
32.
They lived happily ________ his rule.
33.
I am ________ need ________ money.
34.
2009
There was no lack ________ water.
35.
I shall help you ________ pleasure.
36.
I did it ________ fun.
37.
He went away ________ a rage.
38.
We sat ________ the dark.
39.
Do not stay ________ the sun in summer.
40.
We lay ________ the shade.
41.
The car went ________ full speed.
42.
He explored the whole ________ Papua.
43.
________ our astonishment he was not hurt.
44.
________ these circumstances I shall pardon you.
45.
________ this way he got out.
46.
________ the way home he got lost.
47.
________ these reasons I gave up.
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48.
________ my opinion you are wrong.
49.
________ the other hand I am right.
50.
________ this method you will succeed.
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Exercise 80
Complete the following by adding prepositions :
1. The Low Countries were a district ________ which lived a race ________ fanners and
merchants, small ________ numbers but full ________ industry and energy, ________
past times they had often been engaged ________ long struggles ________
the sea, for
much of the land, ________ the north ________ least, consisted ________ islands and
low-lying country ________ the level ________ the high tides. This had to be protected
________ floods ________ great walls built ________ stone and earth. These crossed the
land ________ every direction, and there was need ________ constant care, for if the water
broke ________ one of them there was a danger ________ floods ________ a wide area.
2. ________ 1588, the year ________ the Armada, Guise paid a visit ________ Paris, and was
received ________ the people ________ such joy that no one could remain ________
doubt who was ________ their hearts King of France. ________ a fit ________ jealousy,
Henry decided ________ a fearful crime. He resolved ________ the only means ________
his power to get rid ________ the man who was ________ control ________ the country
and making war ________ the Huguenots ________ his name. He summoned Guise
________ the royal palace as though ________ a conference, and as his victim came
________ the room he was stabbed ________ death ________ the guards ________ the
door. The King then made peace ________ the Huguenots and called ________ the people
to recognise Navarre as his heir.
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3. ________ that time onwards, it appeared ________ him that nothing could be done
________ the matter. ________ three months he had not been ________ hope ________
bringing about an agreement ________ the two parties, but when he read a letter ________
the newspaper complaining ________ his interference ________ matters that did not
concern him, it seemed useless to continue. He therefore communicated ________ both
sides saying that he had given up his interest ________ the case and that they would have
to manage ________ him; then he left ________ the south of France ________ the earliest
opportunity.
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Tenses
Exercise 81
Simple Present Tense
Change the following from 1st person singular to 3rd person singular. Use the new subject given
in brackets.
Example: I watch my school hockey team. (My brother)
Answer:
My brother watches his school hockey team.
1.
I like chocolate. (My sister)
2.
I write the exercise. (He)
3.
I know the answer. (She)
4.
I try to do my work well. (Mary)
5.
I wash my face and neck. (John)
6.
I eat my breakfast. (My father)
7.
I brush my teeth. (He)
8.
I say good morning to my mother. (That boy)
9.
I go to school on my bicycle. (This girl)
10.
I do my work carefully. (A good lady teacher)
11.
I can speak English. (He)
12.
I will help you. (She)
13.
I may come here tomorrow. (The cat)
14.
I must finish my work. (My daughter)
15.
I ought to be more careful. (Tom)
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Exercise 82
Put the following sentences into the Negative.
Example:
This man weighs more than that one.
This man does not weigh more than that one.
1.
This man weighs more than that one.
2.
You usually wear a coat.
3.
A box of matches costs a cent.
4.
Ants lay eggs.
5.
Trees live for thousands of years.
6.
A coolie earns a lot of money.
7.
Wasps make honey.
8.
He takes the letters to the Post Office every day.
9.
The sun shines everywhere each day.
10.
We like lemonade.
11.
This seat is made of leather.
12.
These machines are driven by steam.
13.
Flowers are grown in these fields.
14.
I am often punished.
15.
Coal is found in trees.
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Exercise 83
Take the Negatives out of the following sentences.
Example:
Snow does not feel very cold.
Snow feels very cold.
1.
Eagles do not fly very high.
2.
He does not drive very fast.
3.
This river does not often overflow.
4.
I do not write well.
5.
The student does not know the answer.
6.
Aeroplanes do not carry many passengers.
7.
Smoke does not rise into the air.
8.
We do not swim very well.
9.
His father does not wear a hat.
10.
These flowers do not smell sweet.
11.
Crackers are not let off at Chinese New Year.
12.
Rice is not eaten in China.
13.
Gas is not used in Hong Kong.
14.
We are not often taken to the cinema.
15.
I am not given presents on my birthday.
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Exercise 84
Turn all the sentences into questions.
Example:
This man weighs more than that one.
Does this man weigh more than that one?
1.
This man weighs more than that one.
2.
You usually wear a coat.
3.
A box of matches costs a cent.
4.
Ants lay eggs.
5.
Trees live for thousands of years.
6.
A coolie earns a lot of money.
7.
Wasps make honey.
8.
He takes the letters to the Post Office every day.
9.
The sun shines everywhere each day.
10.
We like lemonade.
11.
This seat is made of leather.
12.
These machines are driven by steam.
13.
Flowers are grown in these fields.
14.
I am often punished.
15.
Coal is found in trees.
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Exercise 85
Turn all the sentences into questions.
1.
Eagles do not fly very high.
2.
He does not drive very fast.
3.
This river does not often overflow.
4.
I do not write well.
5.
The student does not know the answer.
6.
Aeroplanes do not carry many passengers.
7.
Smoke does not rise into the air.
8.
We do not swim very well.
9.
His father does not wear a hat.
10.
These flowers do not smell sweet.
11.
Crackers are not let off at Chinese New Year.
12.
Rice is not eaten in China.
13.
Gas is not used in Hong Kong.
14.
We are not often taken to the cinema.
15.
I am not given presents on my birthday.
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Simple Past Tense
Exercise 86
Put these sentences into the simple past tense. Add one of the words or phrases in the box to
show past time.
yesterday, last week,
until yesterday, two years ago, when I was younger,
1.
I am in school.
2.
He is a good swimmer.
3.
The flowers are very beautiful.
4.
Tom has five pence in his pocket.
5.
The sun is very hot.
6.
Mary has a new pen.
7.
I am Richard's friend.
8.
Velma has a new book.
9.
The children are not ready for school.
10.
We have plenty of time to get to school.
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Simple Future Tense
Exercise 87
Put the verbs in the following sentences into the future tense. Change words where necessary,
using, for example, tomorrow, next year, in a few days' time, in five minutes.
Example: We do our homework in the evening.
Answer:
We will do our homework tomorrow.
1.
I am twelve years old today.
2.
You are in the second class this year.
3.
I have plenty of time to finish the work.
4.
They have a busy time today.
5.
I do my work carefully.
6.
Tom is a good swimmer.
7.
It is a fine day today.
8.
I am late for school.
9.
The two boys are late for school.
10.
The flowers are out in my garden.
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Present Continuous Tense
Exercise 88
Change the verbs in these sentences from the simple present tense to the present continuous
tense. Add a word or phrase from the box to each sentence. Leave out the words in brackets.
now, today, at this moment, at present
Example: My father (sometimes) uses a typewriter.
Answer:
My father is using a typewriter at this moment.
1.
I (often) write a letter.
2.
Richard (always) walks to school.
3.
We (usually) get up at six.
4.
My mother (sometimes) works in the garden.
5.
The old man lies down (after lunch).
6.
He (often) stops the bus here.
7.
We travel to Port of Spain (every day).
8.
The gardener (sometimes) cuts down a tree.
9.
John comes home (in the evening).
10.
The shopkeeper (always) ties up the parcel.
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Exercise 89
Put in the Simple Present Tense or the Present Continuous Tense of the verbs in brackets,
judging which is correct by the meaning.
1.
The earth (go) round once in twenty-four hours.
2.
The train (leave) the station at 4 p.m. every day.
3.
At present I (stay) with my aunt.
4.
Every morning I (stay) in bed.
5.
The sun (rise) in the morning.
6.
The sun (set) at this instant.
7.
The monks (hold) a service now.
8.
The Yellow River often (overflow).
9.
These tourists (travel) round the world.
10.
The Chinese (inhabit) a large region.
11.
This afternoon the children (play) in the park.
13.
Hark! The bells of the temple (ring).
14.
This careless child (lose) his clothes too often.
17.
The rain (fall) heavily today.
18.
Our side (lose) in the game.
19.
My guardian (own) a lot of property.
20.
Listen! The clock (strike).
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Exercise 90
In the following sentences the verbs have been left out. Some of the verbs ought to be in the
present simple tense, others in the present continuous tense. Rewrite the sentences putting in the
verbs. (The verb to use is in brackets.)
Example: (cut) It's Saturday, and my brother __________ wood for the fire. He always
__________ wood on Saturdays.
Answer:
It's Saturday, and my brother is cutting wood for the fire. He always cuts wood on
Saturdays.
1.
(play) Elizabeth always __________ the piano well. She __________ it now.
2.
(drive) My mother __________ to her office every day. She __________ there now.
3.
(rain) It __________ today. It usually __________ in winter.
4.
(speak) He generally __________ Chinese, but he __________ English today.
5.
(make) Father __________ toast in the kitchen just now. He usually __________ toast for
breakfast.
6.
(set) The sun always __________ in the west. It __________ now, and it will soon be dark.
7.
(dig) My sister always __________ the garden. She __________ it now.
8.
(ring) The telephone __________ again. It sometimes __________ twenty times a day.
9.
(do) John __________ his homework now. He usually __________ it in the evening.
10.
(go) Richard __________ to school every day.
11.
(do) Careless students never __________ their work well.
12.
(write) 'What is the teacher doing?' 'He __________blackboard.'
13.
(live) That fat man __________ next door to us.
14.
(go) He __________ just __________ in at the front door.
15.
(strike) Listen, the clock __________ . Count the strokes.
16.
(go, give) Whenever we __________ to my aunt's house, she always __________ us a
good tea.
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Exercise 91
Revision exercise on verbs
Here is a story. Some of the verbs should be in the simple present tense, some in the simple past
tense, some in the past continuous and some in the future. Rewrite the story with the verbs in the
right forms.
The rich lady and the poor beggar
A wealthy lady (live) in a big hotel beside New York's Central Park. One day as she (look) out of
the window, she (see) a very poor man dressed in rags. He (sit) on a wooden seat and he (look) up
at the windows of the hotel. She (look) the next day and the next, and the next, and every day he
(look) up at the windows of the hotel. At last one day while she (drive) in her car, she (stop) by
the seat where the man (sit). She (get) out and (speak) to him and (ask) him why he (look) at the
hotel windows.
'Lady,' he (say), 'I (sit) on this seat every day and I (sleep) on this seat every night, and all the time
I (think) that some day I (sleep) in that hotel.'
The lady said, 'I (make) your dream come true. Tonight you (sleep) in the best room in the hotel.'
The next morning as she (sit) at breakfast she (see) the man and (call) him to come to her table.
She (say), 'How did you sleep?'
'Lady,' he (say), 'my seat in the park was better.'
'Surely not,' (say) the lady.
'Yes,' he (say). 'You see, I (sleep) on the seat every night; but every night I (dream) I (be) in a soft
warm bed in the hotel. But all last night while I (sleep), I dreamt that I was back on the cold hard
seat. So I (go) back to my seat in the park tonight.'
The Present Perfect Tense
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Exercise 92
One verb for each of these sentences is in brackets in its base form. In some cases there is an
adverb or adverb phrase as well. Write the sentences down with the verb in the present perfect
tense.
Example: Look. John ______________ his name on this page, (already -write)
Answer:
Look. John has already written his name on this page.
1.
I __________ a picture. Do you like it? (just - draw)
2.
The cat __________ its milk. (not yet - drink)
3.
The train from Paris __________ . (already - arrive)
4.
She __________ her letter. (nearly - finish)
5.
I __________ all the cakes. (already - eat)
6.
Those cars __________ an accident. (just - have)
7.
You __________ a mistake. This is the wrong word. (make)
8.
John __________ his bicycle to his brother Tom. Tom is very
happy. (give)
9.
We __________ him. (not since Monday - see)
10.
My friends __________ the Pyramids. (never-see)
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Exercise 93
Make the following sentences (a) negative, and (b) interrogative. Some are in the present perfect
tense and some are in the simple past tense.
Example l:.
He has opened the door.
Answer: (a) He hasn't opened the door. (b) Has he opened the door?
Example 2:
He opened the window.
Answer: (a) He didn't open the window. (b) Did he open the window?
1.
I have finished the work.
2.
He has written a letter.
3.
Joyce has drunk her milk.
4.
They have understood the lesson.
5.
Richard has gone to the zoo.
6.
I finished the work yesterday.
7.
He wrote a letter last week.
8.
Lloyd drank his orange juice this morning.
9.
They understood the lesson on Monday.
10.
Richard went to the zoo last week.
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Exercise 94
Supply either the present perfect tense or the simple past tense. Put the adverbs in the correct
position in the sentence.
1.
I just (tell) you the answer.
2.
I (tell) you the answer yesterday.
3.
George never (fly) to Japan up to the present.
4.
John and Richard just (go) away.
5.
She already (answer) the letter.
6.
She (answer) it on Tuesday.
7.
John and David (go) away five minutes ago.
8.
I (read) that book in the summer holidays.
9.
The baker (sell) now all his cakes.
10.
He (sell) the last one half an hour ago.
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Exercise 95
Change the following sentences from present continuous to present perfect continuous. Add
phrases from the box to show the time.
all day, all the afternoon, since breakfast time,
1.
I am learning English grammar.
2.
The teacher is teaching in this school.
3.
We are looking for Richard.
4.
Fred is working on his radio set.
5.
It is raining hard.
6.
We are gathering apples.
7.
They are living in Kingston.
8.
The cat is sleeping in front of the fire.
9.
The birds are singing in the woods.
10.
Father is writing letters.
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Past Perfect Tense
Exercise 96
Join the following pairs of sentences so that the verb in one part is in the past perfect tense. Add
when or before.
Example: (a) John arrived at the party. (b) Fred left.
Answer:
When John arrived at the party, Fred had left.
1.
(a) John studied French. (b) He went to Paris.
2.
(a) We arrived at the cinema. (b) The film started.
3.
(a) Richard ate all the cakes. (b) Mark arrived home.
4.
(a) The army commander studied all the maps of the district. (b) He made the attack.
5.
(a) The gardener finished digging the garden. (b) He put in some cabbage plants.
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Future Perfect Tense
Exercise 97
Rewrite the following sentences putting the verbs that are in brackets into the future perfect
tense.
1.
By half past seven we (have) supper.
2.
The baker's shop (close) by tea time.
3.
By the end of the year I (read) three of Shakespeare's plays.
4.
Before his next visit he (be) to Jamaica.
5.
I (finish) this work before you go away.
6.
By this time next week you (take) your examination.
7.
We (leave) the house before you get back.
8.
When you get back from Egypt, I expect you (see) the Pyramids.
9.
The game (start) before we reach the field.
10.
I hope it (stop) raining before we have to go.
11.
When we see you again we (buy) the new car.
12.
He (finish) the building of the house before summer.
13.
The birds (fly) away before winter comes.
14.
At Christmas, Mr Chung (teach) here for fifteen years.
15.
I hope you (not forget) all about the future perfect by the next lesson.
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Exercise 98
Choose which of the two Verbs in brackets in each of the following sentences is correct:
1.
Our side (beat, won) the other team.
2.
Our side (beat, won) the match.
3.
We played a match and our side (beat, won).
4.
His sister always (wore, dressed) pretty clothes.
5.
His sister always (wore, dressed) herself well.
6.
He got up late and (wore, dressed) quickly.
7.
Those attacking the fort (burned, fired) at the walls.
8.
The house caught fire and (burned, fired) furiously.
9.
The spy (burned, fired) all his papers.
10.
He stayed with me and (took, brought) his children.
11.
I (took, brought) my books here this morning.
12.
My books are not here, for I (took, brought) them home.
13.
They (took, brought) my wireless to their shop.
14.
Thunder often (fears, frightens) children.
15.
I am (feared, frightened) of this man.
16.
I (feared, frightened) his anger.
17.
Cats are (feared, frightened) by mice.
18.
The jug (crushed, crashed) to the ground and was broken.
19.
I (crashed, crushed) the paper into a ball.
20.
The aeroplane (crashed, crushed) in a fog.
21.
They went to Kiangsi and (lived, inhabited) there.
22.
He (lives, inhabits) in a big house on the hill.
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23.
These natives (live, inhabit) a part of Africa.
24.
The sick man took some medicine and (cured, recovered).
25.
The medicine (cured, recovered) the sick man.
26.
He cannot be (cured, recovered) of this disease.
27.
He cannot (cure, recover) from this disease.
28.
We (ascended, raised) the slope on hands and knees.
29.
His friends (ascended, raised) a statue in his honour.
30.
The kite (ascended, raised) rapidly.
31.
The weight was (ascended, raised) by a crane.
32.
A tree once (increased, grew) over there.
33.
The farmer (increased, grew) peas and beans.
34.
The governor (increased, grew) the tax on opium.
35.
The father (searched, sought) his lost child.
36.
The detectives (searched, sought) the house for clues.
37.
When I lost my hat I (searched, sought) all my drawers.
38.
They rushed at him and (hit, knocked) him with their fists.
39.
They (hit, knocked) him down.
40.
They (hit, knocked) at the door.
41.
I (answered, replied) his letter.
42.
He did not (answer, reply) to me when I spoke.
43.
He did not (answer, reply) me when I spoke.
44.
I could not (prevent, avoid) him from doing it.
45.
I could not (prevent, avoid) the car.
46.
I could not (prevent, avoid) the quarrel between them.
47.
Watches (consist, compose, contain) of many parts.
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48.
Watches (consist, compost, contain) many parts.
49.
Watches are (consisted, composed, contained) of many parts.
50.
This book (consists, composes, contains) a hundred pages.
51.
What does this object (consist, compose, contain) of?
52.
Of what substance is the object (consisted, composed, contained) ?
53.
He (told, talked, spoke, said) some stories.
54.
He (told, talked, spoke, said) a few words.
55.
He (tells, talks, speaks, says) during the lesson.
56.
We (told, talked, spoke, said) them the news.
57.
I (told, talked, spoke, said) in the debate.
58.
We cannot (resist, defend) our enemies.
59.
We cannot (resist, defend) ourselves.
60.
They cannot (resist, defend) the city.
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Direct speech and indirect speech
Exercise 99
Put the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. The sailor said, ―The tide is ebbing.‖
2. The teacher said, ―The class will not be punished.‖
3. The librarian said, ―The book has been taken out.‖
4. The newspaper said, ―A serious fire has occurred.‖
5. ―Anybody can ride a bicycle,‖ he said.
6. ―Nobody may leave this room,‖ said the detective.
7. The committee reported, ―Shanxi is suffering from a drought.‖
8. ―The town was destroyed by an earthquake,‖ said the historian.
9. ―James works in the university,‖ said his father.
10. The farmer said, ―A shower will help the crops.‖
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Exercise 100
Turn the following from direct speech to indirect speech.
We give you some help in brackets.
1.
MOTHER TO MARGARET: Have you finished your homework yet?
(asked Margaret if she)
2.
JEREMY: Have you been using my toothpaste, Richard? (asked Richard if)
3.
Mary said, 'Is your new baby a boy or a girl, Mrs. Thompson?' (if or whether)
4.
Elizabeth said, 'Did Margaret feed the cat before she went out?'
5.
RICHARD'S MOTHER: Did you brush your teeth properly, Richard? (asked him)
6.
The hunter said, 'Do you hear the roar of a lion?' (asked them if they or us if we)
7.
VISITOR (to boy): Do you go to school every day?
8.
GEORGE: May I borrow your bicycle, John?
9.
STRANGER TO FRED: Can you tell me where Mr. Huang lives?
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Exercise 101
The following sentences use indirect speech. Give the actual words (direct speech) of the speaker.
Don't forget the punctuation.
Example: Mary asked John if he wanted some cake.
Answer:
Mary said, 'Do you want some cake, John?'
or 'Do you want some cake, John?' asked Mary.
or 'Do you want some cake?' Mary asked John.
1.
Mrs. Lee asked Margaret if she was tired.
2.
George asked if they had taken his dog Jock for a walk.
3.
The hunter asked if they had heard the sound of wolves.
4.
The little girl asked if the baby had a name yet.
5.
The passenger inquired what time the train for Bridgetown left.
6.
Carl asked William if he had read 'Treasure Island'.
7.
The stranger asked where the railway station was.
8.
The lady asked Lloyd if he could swim.
9.
Richard asked his mother if he might have another piece of cake.
10.
John asked Henry if his exercise was correct.
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Exercise 102
Write the following as indirect commands or requests:
1.
TEACHER TO RICHARD: Write that exercise out carefully.
2.
HUNTER TO FRIEND: Shoot the Wolf.
3.
OFFICER TO SOLDIERS: Bring the gun into position.
4.
Mary said to John, 'Open the box for me, please.'
5.
Mrs. Sangster said, 'Please sing at our party, Joyce.'
6.
'Release the prisoners,' said the officer to the sergeant.
7.
The captain of the shipwrecked vessel said to the sailors, 'Lower the boats at once.'
8.
TEACHER TO GEORGE: Be careful. Think before you answer.
9.
RICHARD: Read my exercise, John, and tell me if it is correct.
10.
The pirate chief said to the prisoner, 'Look at this map and show me where the treasure is
hidden.'
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Exercise 103
Here is a short story containing direct statements, questions and commands. Rewrite it in indirect
speech. Call the ant he and the grasshopper she.
The Ant and the Grasshopper
It was a cold winter's day, and an ant was bringing out some grains of corn that he had gathered
in the summer. He wanted to dry them. A grasshopper, who was very hungry, saw him and said,
'Give me a few grains of corn; I am dying of hunger.'
'But,' said the ant, 'what did you do in the summer? Didn't you store up some corn?'
'No,' replied the grasshopper, 'I was too busy.'
'What did you do?' said the ant.
'I sang all day,' answered the grasshopper.
'If you sang all summer,' said the ant, 'you can dance all winter.'
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Active voice and passive voice
Exercise 104
Say which is the 'doer' and which is the 'receiver' of the action in the following sentences. We
have done the first one for you.
'Doers'
ten girls
'Receivers'
A hundred cakes
1.
A hundred cakes were eaten by ten girls.
2.
The cat chased the mouse.
3.
Mary hit the ball.
4.
The ball was caught by Richard.
5.
The mouse was chased by the cat.
6.
The train was pulled by a powerful engine.
7.
A powerful engine pulled the train.
8.
The wind blew two big trees down.
9.
Two big trees were blown down by the wind.
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Exercise 105
Change the following sentences from active voice to passive voice.
Example: Mary wrote that letter.
Answer:
That letter was written by Mary.
1.
I took the book.
2.
Richard threw a stone.
3.
Richard broke the window.
4.
The horses pulled the big wagon.
5.
The thief stole a ring.
6.
Mark cooked the dinner.
7.
The postman delivered the letters.
8.
Did you write these letters?
9.
Did you cook the dinner, Mark?
10.
Did you break the window, Richard?
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Exercise 106
Change the following sentences from passive voice to active voice.
1.
The car was repaired by the mechanic.
2.
The book was taken by George.
3.
The dinner was cooked by Mrs Green.
4.
The desk was broken by William.
5.
The shots were fired by the soldiers.
6.
These letters were written by my secretary.
7.
Was this cabbage grown by you?
8.
Was this ring stolen by the thief ?
9.
Were the shots fired by the soldiers?
10.
Were these letters written by my secretary?
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Exercise 107
Change these sentences from active voice to passive voice.
Keep the same tense in each case. Leave something out of your answers to numbers
11,12,13,14,16,18,29.
(a) Present tense
1.
The girl rings the bell.
2.
Everybody forgets that.
3.
The teacher corrects our exercises.
4.
Mrs King controls a big business.
5.
The wind blows the clouds away.
6.
Does the wind blow the clouds away?
7.
Does the girl ring the bell?
(b) Present continuous
8.
Mary is cooking the dinner.
9.
Mr Eckersley is teaching that class.
10.
The soldiers are defending the city.
11.
They are examining the new student now.
12.
They are sending Mr Shah abroad on business.
13.
They are moving troops to the battle area.
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(c) Present perfect
14.
Somebody has broken the window.
15.
The cat has caught a mouse.
16.
Somebody has left on the electric light all night.
17.
Most people have heard this story.
18.
Has somebody broken the window?
19.
Have the pupils finished the exercises?
(d) Past continuous
20.
Our soldiers were driving back the enemy.
21.
The wind was blowing the clouds away.
(d) Past perfect
22.
The shot had frightened the birds.
23.
Lightning had struck the house.
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(d) Future tense
24.
The postman will deliver the letters.
25.
Will the postman deliver the letters?
26.
I will finish the work.
27.
We will spend the money.
28.
Shall we spend the money?
29.
People will forget it after a few weeks.
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Exercise 108
Change these sentences from passive voice to active voice.
Keep the same tense in each case. You will have to supply a subject for your answers to numbers
6,7,8.
1.
The letters are delivered by the postman.
2.
That is forgotten by everybody.
3.
The clouds are blown away by the wind.
4.
That was forgotten by everybody.
5.
The city is being defended by the soldiers.
6.
Mr Brown is being sent abroad on business.
7.
A battleship is being sent to the war area.
8.
Is the new student being examined now?
9.
This chair has been broken by someone.
10.
Everything that was needed had been done by George.
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Gerunds
Exercise 109
Point out the gerunds in the following sentences and give the function of each (ie the work each
is doing). Say whether it is the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb or governed by a
preposition.
Example: I like to watch good dancing.
Answer: dancing - object of verb.
1.
Swimming is a very enjoyable exercise.
2.
I like swimming very much.
3.
John is fond of swimming but Louis prefers dancing.
4.
Every Friday afternoon we have singing.
5.
Richard doesn't like singing very much.
6.
We use a knife and a fork for eating meat.
7.
You will only succeed by trying hard.
8.
Mr Green likes gardening, but he doesn't like cutting the grass.
9.
I don't want to force you into doing something against your will.
10.
Richard hates getting up early in the morning.
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Infinitive
Exercise 110
Copy out the following sentences and draw a box round every infinitive.
1.
I want to write a letter.
2.
I am going to write a letter.
3.
Joyce will write a letter too.
4.
Shall I write my letter now?
5.
Yes, you must write as soon as you can find time.
6.
I can't start yet.
7.
I know I ought to write much more often.
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Exercise 111
Rewrite the following sentences using an infinitive instead of the words in italics.
Example: He likes the sight of people enjoying themselves.
Answer. He likes to see people enjoying themselves.
1.
I like a walk along the sea-shore.
2.
The shipwrecked sailors were overjoyed at the sight of land.
3.
Truthfulness is sometimes more difficult than winning a battle.
4.
I was glad at the sound of his voice.
5.
I should be sorry if I heard that you couldn't do this exercise.
6.
Richard was told that he must not touch the cakes.
7.
Mr Shah asked if he could see the headmaster.
8.
I was very sorry when I heard that you had had an accident.
9.
Richard said that he did not expect that he would get all the exercise right.
10.
The boys laughed when they saw the comical tricks of the clown.
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Participles
Exercise 112
Write down the present participles in the following sentences and show that they are being used
as adjectives. You can do this by pointing out the noun that each one qualifies.
Example: We found the missing piece of the jigsaw.
Answer:
The adjective 'missing' qualifies the noun 'piece'.
1.
I know the missing word in that sentence.
2.
The hero was welcomed home by cheering crowds.
3.
I don't like to see singing birds in cages.
4.
The boy took a flying leap into the water.
5.
I saw the man walking down the street.
6.
The man led a dancing bear on a chain.
7.
I was kept awake by a barking dog.
8.
The rushing wind roared in our ears.
9.
The teacher told us an amusing story.
10.
The boy came running out of the house.
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Exercise 113
Say which of the words in italics are gerunds and which are present participles.
1.
The retreating army took up new positions.
2.
They hated retreating before the enemy, but by retreating they avoided capture.
3.
By working hard he hopes to get the garden ready for sowing seeds.
4.
'There was a rustling that seemed like a bustling.
Small feet were pattering, wooden shoes were clattering,
Little hands clapping and little tongues chattering.
Out came the children running.
All the little boys and girls,
With sparkling eyes and teeth like pearls,
Tripping and skipping, ran merrily after
The wonderful music with shouting and laughter.'
(From the Pied Piper of Hamelin by Robert Browning.)
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General revision of verbs
Exercise 114
Write out the following sentences in full using any part of the Verbs in brackets that is correct:
1.
This motor car which I (drive) at present not (belong) to me, but I just (borrow) it.
2.
(Realize) that darkness (fall), she (light) the lamps and not (let) the children (go) out again
(play).
3.
The German Kings were unable to prevent the Empire from (divide) by the princes into
many states, either (rule) by feudal nobles or (belong) to the Church.
4.
(Astonish) by the news, she (overcome) by faintness and (collapse).
5.
He so (delight) at his success that he (faint).
6.
I noticed a man (dress) in strange clothes (walk) along the street.
7.
He not (satisfy) at present with the work that you (do).
8.
Your work not (satisfy) the examiners last week.
9.
I (please) with your progress, but your mother (disappoint).
10. The country now (call) France once (belong) to the Romans, but Germany (own) by the
barbarians.
11. Whenever wars (break) out disease also (occur) and many people (perish).
12.
Richard I (disappoint) because his attempt to capture Jerusalem (fail).
13.
(Surround) by the Saracens, Roland (fall) at Roncesvalles.
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2009
Dinosaurs once (exist) in large numbers, but now all of them (disappear).
15. The earlier Crusades (consist) of all sorts of people, but the later ones (compose) entirely
of warriors.
16. Mohammed's sayings (write) down by his followers, and they (preserve) up to the present in
a book (call) the Koran.
17.
A lot of trees (grow) here once, but now they all (die).
18.
(Strike) with terror at the sound of my gun, the savages (vanish).
19.
Whenever anybody (surprise) or (receive) a shock, the speed of his heart-beats (raise).
20. After the site (choose), the capital of the Roman Empire (move) to Constantinople, a city
(situate) in a strong position.
21. After the barbarians (conquer) Rome, the Empire (fall) into confusion, though the invaders
(try) to copy the civilization (establish) by the Romans.
22.
(discover) that he could earn a better living by (beg), he stopped (work) as a watchman.
23. Mohammed's followers (please) with his teachings, and they also (surprise) that he (defeat)
the Meccans so easily.
24. At Baghdad several universities (found) and libraries (collect), (contain) over a thousand
books.
25.
Once many monasteries (exist) in England, but now most of them (abolish).
26. The Moors (try) to conquer Constantinople, but they not (succeed) in doing so, and their
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attempt to conquer the Eastern Empire (fail).
27.
While he (live) in China, he (feel) very happy.
28.
She (faint) from excitement while the procession (pass).
29.
You (interest) in these goods which this merchant (bring) ?
30.
The army (defeat) by superior numbers, (flee) to the hills.
31.
You (like) to go for a walk this afternoon, or you (prefer) to go to the cinema?
32.
The mutiny on the Bounty, (plan) for a long time, (break) out suddenly.
33.
Nothing could save the mountaineers from (bury) by the (fall) snow.
34.
This key (belong) to you?
35.
This train ought (arrive) long ago.
36.
He (disappear) last week among the hills, and it is feared that he must (fall) from a
precipice.
37.
This building ought (finish) long ago, but it (delay) by the heavy rain and it will (complete)
next year.
38.
These stones seem (arrange) by some ancient inhabitants, but these others must (fall) from
the cliffs.
39.
I (get) no money left, for I already (spend) it all.
40.
This famous boxer never yet (beat) in a match.
41.
The man to whom I sent the letter (reply) yet?
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42.
The soldiers, (disgust) at the treachery of the leader, (refuse) to fight.
43.
The plan of the first party (fail) but that of the second (succeed).
44.
This (occur) long ago before I (bear).
45.
It (rain) at present, but soon it (clear) up.
46.
The water here (seem) to be deep?
47.
This kite which you just (find) (belong) to me.
48.
Almost everybody (frighten) when the examinations (approach).
49.
The camera which (buy) by my friend yesterday (cost) forty dollars.
50.
Where he (live) before (come) here?
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Noun clauses
Exercise 115
Divide these complex sentences into main clauses and noun clauses. Say what work is done by
each noun clause. We have done the first one for you.
Main clause
Noun clause
Work done by noun clause
Fred said
that he was taking Jock for a walk.
object of said
1.
Fred said that he was taking Jock for a walk.
2.
Richard hopes that the teacher won't ask him a question.
3.
I believe that you are telling the truth.
4.
I have forgotten what your name is.
5.
The pupils said that the questions were too difficult.
6.
The teacher said that the questions are quite easy.
7.
Show me how I must do these exercises.
8.
What you said was quite true.
9.
I asked the porter if the train had gone.
10.
Why I made that mistake I don't know.
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Adjective clauses
Exercise 116
Join each of these pairs of simple sentences to make one complex sentence with a restrictive
adjective clause. If you can leave out the relative pronoun, put it in square brackets [
].
Example: That is the bicycle. Jane rides it.
Answer: That is the bicycle [that] Jane rides.
1.
We liked the girl. Jack is going to marry her.
2.
That is the old bicycle. She rides it.
3.
Jack loves a girl. She rides a red bicycle.
4.
We know some students. They are learning English grammar.
5.
There is the old bicycle. It brings Jane to our house.
6.
I am looking for the book. I was reading it last night.
7.
Has Ali taken the book? I left it on this table.
8.
Did you see a young man? He was eating a sandwich.
9.
Is it the young man? We saw him on Saturday.
10.
Where is the man? Jane is going to marry him.
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Exercise 117
Look at these sentences, pick out the adjective clause, and say whether it is restrictive (R) or
non-restrictive (NR).
Example: He is writing to his mother, who wrote to him last week.
Answer:
who wrote to him last week (NR).
1.
I am writing to those nice people we met on holiday.
2.
I am writing to Mr and Mrs Lee, who were in Spain with us.
3.
They looked in the guide book, which had a good map of the town.
4.
You didn't read the book he sent you.
5.
He sent you a book you didn't want.
6.
Velma went to Spain with Joanna, who speaks Spanish well.
7.
Velma went to Spain with a friend who spoke Spanish.
8.
Which is the clause that qualifies the noun?
9.
We wanted to visit Rome, which is the capital city of Italy.
10.
Do you remember Madame Duval, whom you met in Paris?
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Exercise 118
Write down 10 adjective clauses in this description and say whether they are restrictive or
non-restrictive. The first one is that was very fine (R).
Madame Duval had a house that was very fine. It was in a street which had a lot of fine houses in
it, and Madame Duval knew all the people who lived there. She was very fond of her only
daughter, who lived with her. But she was afraid of her eldest son, who lived in New York. And
she never saw her son who lived in China or her son who worked in Port of Spain.
Madame Duval carefully cleaned the car her daughter drove, but she couldn't drive herself. She
didn't often travel in the buses that came along the next street or in the taxis she saw outside her
door.
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Exercise 119
Take out the relative pronouns whom or which and rewrite the sentences putting the
prepositions in their proper places. The sentences you write will be less formal.
Example: Who owns the house in front of which we are standing?
Answer:
Who owns the house we are standing in front of ?
1.
This is the train by which I came.
2.
Do you know the boy to whom I am referring?
3.
There is the man to whom I wrote the letter.
4.
Who is the boy to whom you were talking?
5.
This is the tree about which I told you.
6.
The children to whom you spoke are learning grammar.
7.
The man from whom I got the information is the pilot.
8.
The chair on which he sat had just been painted.
9.
The people with whom I live are very pleasant.
10.
That is the box out of which he took the money.
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Exercise 120
Join each of the following pairs of simple sentences into one complex sentence by using the
relative pronoun whose.
1
(a) There is the man.
(b) His dog bit me.
2
(a) The pilot has flown
(b) I went in his plane.
10,000 miles.
3
(a) We travelled with a
pilot
4
(a) The man works at a
(b) His plane had flown
round the world.
(b) His dog bit me.
garage.
5
(a) I am looking for a
book.
(b) Its title is 'Brighter
Grammar'.
These are the same, but the adjective clause will be non-restrictive. Don't forget the commas.
6
(a) He introduced us to
(b) Her house is next to ours.
Mrs Smith.
7
(a) Hike their house.
(b) Its garden is very beautiful.
8
(a) This book is a very
(b) Its title is ‗Brighter Grammar‘.
useful one.
9
(a) Carmen has invited
(b) Her mother makes very good cakes.
us to tea.
10
(a) The pilots are all very
good.
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(b) Their training course is a
long one.
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Exercise 121
Copy these sentences. Draw a box round each relative pronoun and draw an arrow pointing to
the noun that the adjective clause qualifies. If there is no relative pronoun put a mark like this
Δ .
Examples:
There is the man to
I like the song
whom
I wrote the letter.
Δ Margaret sang.
1.
The burglar who stole the jewels has been caught.
2.
I didn't like the people we met.
3.
The boy whose dog was lost was very unhappy.
4.
I can't find the book I've just bought.
5.
There is the girl whose song you liked.
6.
The girl who sang the song was Joyce.
7.
The picture which hung on the wall has fallen down.
8.
I didn't read the book he sent me.
9.
Jim MacDonald, whose mother lives in Edinburgh, writes a letter to her every week.
10.
John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who wrote the music for 'A Hard Day's Night', were two
of the Beatles.
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Exercise 122
Combine the following sentences by using Adjective Clauses. Rearrange the order of the Clauses
if it is necessary. Make the more important Clause the Principal Clause. Pay attention to
punctuation.
1.
This question is easy.
2.
The tree was a tall one.
3.
These actors are skilful.
4.
The rebels marched on the capital.
5.
The tower was well fortified.
6.
The Forbidden City in Beijing was beautiful.
7.
The rain was falling heavily.
8.
The bell had a deep tone.
9.
One car broke down.
10.
Canton is the chief city of South China. Sun Yat-sen is honoured there.
11.
These people are my relatives.
12.
These savages are nomads.
13.
Your sons have a talent for music.
14.
The Chinese are an industrious race.
15.
Shanghai is a thriving port.
16.
Pompeii was overwhelmed by an eruption.
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I can answer it.
Nobody could climb it.
I have seen them before.
They had defeated the government in the field.
The besiegers never captured it.
The Emperor lived there.
We went for a walk in it.
It could be heard for ten miles.
The driver mended it.
They visit us often.
They cannot be taught farming.
You should encourage them.
Many arts have been perfected by them.
I am going to live there.
It has recently been excavated.
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17.
The artist is exhibiting his works in America.
18.
The conjurer did some clever tricks.
19.
The untouchables were the lowest caste in India.
20.
This tea is grown in China.
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His ability is greatly admired there.
He was applauded by the audience.
All others despised them.
It is lighter in colour than the Indian variety.
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Adverb clauses
Exercise 123
Analyse the following complex sentences in the style shown in the example.
Main clauses
John did that work
Adverb clauses
as it should be
Kind of adverb
Work done by
clause
adverb clause
Manner
Modifying the verb
done
'did'
1.
When we arrived at the football field, the game had started.
2.
Richard left dirty footmarks wherever he went.
3.
Kick the ball hard as Richard did.
4.
Don't handle those cups and saucers as if they were made of iron.
5.
I'm standing where I can see the game.
6.
You can't come in here while we are having a lesson.
7.
As soon as the boys came into the room, the noise began.
8.
Use a paint-brush as I showed you yesterday.
9.
Everywhere I looked, there were dirty footmarks.
10.
Our friends had arrived when we got home.
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Exercise 124
Analyse the following complex sentences containing a main clause and an adverb clause. Say what
kind of adverb clause it is and what function it performs. (The function of a clause means the
work it is doing.) Number 1 is done for you.
Principal clause
Adverb clause
Kind
Function
I need a hammer
because I am going
Reason
Modifies the verb
and nails
to repair the shed
'need'
1.
I need a hammer and nails because I am going to repair the shed.
2.
We couldn't play the match because the fog was too thick.
3.
We shall come and see you if we have a holiday.
4.
Although it was rather foggy, we played the match.
5.
We shall play the match, even though it is rather foggy.
6.
We had to cancel the match because it was so foggy.
7.
Russ Conway played the piano well though he couldn't use all his fingers.
8.
I will tell you the secret if you won't tell it to anyone else.
9.
If you will tell me the secret, I won't tell it to anyone else.
10.
They went swimming although the sea was very rough.
11.
If I get all these sentences right, I'll have done well.
12.
Mrs Brown locked the cupboard because she didn't want Richard to take the cakes.
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Exercise 125
Analyse these complex sentences in the same style.
Clause
Kind
The boy …
Part of main clause
… who was crying …
Adjective clause qualifying boy
…as if his heart
Adverb clause (manner)
would break …
Modifying was crying
… said …
Part of main clause
… when I asked him …
Adverb clause (time)
Modifying said
… that he was hungry …
Noun clause, object of said
… because he had had no
Adverb clause (reason)
food for two days.
Modifying was (hungry)
1. The pirates, who had hidden the treasure on the island, went back again because they
thought that they could now remove it with safety.
2. Richard, though he had not previously answered any questions when the teacher asked him,
now said that he knew the answer to this one because it was in the lesson that he had just
read.
3. When the teacher asked what part of speech a word was, Gloria said, 'I can tell you the
answer if you will give me a sentence the word is used in.'
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Exercise 126
You can't please everybody
A man who was going to start a business selling hats wanted a good sign to put over his shop. He
chose:
JOHN BROWN HATTER
MAKES AND SELLS HATS FOR READY MONEY
The first friend whose advice he asked for said that the word 'hatter' was not needed. So John
crossed out the-word 'hatter'. The next friend he consulted said that it was not necessary to say 'for
ready money', because buyers would not expect credit. So he crossed out 'for ready money'. The sign
now said:
JOHN BROWN MAKES AND SELLS HATS
A friend who saw this sign said that when a man bought a hat he didn't ask who made it. So John
crossed out 'makes and'. But when another friend saw 'John Brown sells hats', he said, 'Of course
you sell hats. No one thinks that you give them away.' So in the end the sign read:
JOHN BROWN
Analyse these complex sentences that are NOT in italics.
.
Clause
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Kind
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Exercise 127
What kind of clauses are the ones in italics?
1.
Tell me where you are going for your holiday.
2.
The place where we stayed for our holiday was right on the sea coast.
3.
I don't know where we are going this year.
4.
Come where we are going for our holiday.
5.
Do you know where Shakespeare was born?
6.
That is the house where Shakespeare was born.
7.
I don't remember when Tom came to see me.
8.
I think it was the day when we had that heavy thunderstorm.
9.
If that was the day, it can't be a year ago.
10.
I'll ask him if he remembers the visit.
11.
Tell me who is coming to the party.
12.
That's one of the boys who are coming to the party.
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Adverb clause of condition
Exercise 128
Which of the following are open conditions and which are hypothetical conditions?
1.
If it is not foggy tomorrow, we will come.
2.
If I saw him, I would speak to him.
3.
I would play football if you asked me.
4.
If the weather men are right, it's going to rain this evening.
5.
If you gave that answer, you would be wrong.
6.
If he spoke to me, I would speak to him.
7.
If he asked for money, would you give him any?
8.
Will you give him money if he asks for it?
9.
If it were not so foggy, we would play football.
10.
If he feels hungry, he will eat his dinner.
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Exercise 129
Change the following from open conditions to hypothetical conditions.
Example: If I have time, I will help you.
Answer: If I had time, I would help you.
1.
If he asks me, I will play football.
2.
I'll speak to him if he speaks to me.
3.
If he listens to what I say, he won't make silly mistakes.
4.
If the sun comes out, the rain will soon stop.
5.
He will open the box if he can find the key.
6.
If he feels hungry, he will eat his dinner.
7.
If I begin the work, I know he will finish it.
8.
If you feed the baby properly, she will soon be well.
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Main clause
if-clause
Open condition
He will learn
if he works. (simple present)
Hypothetical condition
He would learn
if he worked. (simple past)
Past condition
He would have learned
if he had worked. (past perfect)
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Exercise 130
Turn these sentences (a) into hypothetical conditions (b) into past conditions.
Example: If you do that, you will be all right.
Answer: (a) If you did that, you would be all right.
(b) If you had done that, you would have been all right.
1.
If the cat is hungry, I will give it some food.
2.
If it rains, the garden-party will be spoiled.
3.
If you leave now, you will catch the train.
4.
Ali will pass his examination if he works.
5.
I will give him the money if I see him.
6.
If you drink that, it will kill you.
7.
The boy will post your letter if you give it to him.
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Exercise 131
Put in the proper Tense of the Verb in brackets, according to whether the Conditional Clause is
of the first, second or third kind:
1.
If I get a holiday, I (return) to my native village.
2.
Your head would stop aching if you (rest).
3.
If Napoleon had crossed the Channel, England (conquer).
4.
If I (know) the number, I would ring up the theatre.
5.
You will find the number if you (look) in the book.
6.
The airman (kill) if his parachute had failed.
7.
Unless they hurry they (miss) the boat.
8.
The hunter (shoot) the lion if he had had his rifle.
9.
Cholera (abolish) if sanitation was universal.
10. The streets would be dirty, if gutters not (provide).
11.
If lightning struck your house, damage (occur).
12.
If you changed your mind I (surprise).
13.
If the dam had collapsed, the whole district (flood).
14.
The room will be cleaner if the floor (polish).
15.
If you (buy) those curios, you would have to bargain for them.
16.
If the printing press not (invent), books would be rare.
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17.
It is no use to lock the stable if the horse (steal).
18.
It would be no use to lock the stable if the horse. (steal)
19.
If you had told the truth I (believe) you.
20.
If you had told the truth before, I (believe) you now.
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Phrases
Exercise 132
[a] Copy out these sentences and underline all the prepositions.
[b] Put brackets ( ) round each adjective phrase and show by an arrow the noun it qualifies,
[c] Draw two lines under this noun.
[d] Round each adverb phrase draw a box
, and show by an arrow the verb it modifies,
[e] Draw three lines under this verb.
Examples: The teacher (of the class) explained the lesson.
The boys stood
round the room
.
1.
The driver of the car went fast.
2.
She drove down the main road.
3.
My mother cut the cake with a knife.
4.
The cake was made by my brother.
5.
It had been baked in a big oven.
6.
It was a cake with pink icing.
7.
The boy at the next desk borrowed my pencil.
8.
The son of the king is called the Crown Prince.
9.
The cat jumped through the window.
10.
The lesson finishes at four o'clock.
11.
She spoke with a French accent.
12.
We played football after the lesson.
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13.
The sailor with the wooden leg told us a story.
14.
The girl with the long hair is Grace Brown.
15.
She lives in our street.
16.
Grace sang a song at the concert.
17.
The men in that country work very hard.
18.
The cottage in the woods is very pretty.
19.
The sound of the bell was heard all over the house. (2 phrases)
20.
After a week or two the doctor sent the bill for his visits. (2 phrases)
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Clauses and phrases
Exercise 133
Rewrite the following sentences replacing the Adverb Clauses by Phrases, without changing the
meaning:
1.
Although he is rich he is not proud.
2.
They did not go for the picnic because it rained.
3.
This rope is so strong that it can lift a ton.
4.
When it froze the birds all died.
5.
Long before he arrived they prepared to receive him.
6.
You cannot become a skilful pianist unless you practise.
7.
They tied up the burglar so that he should not escape.
8.
He was so fat that he could not get through the door.
9.
While the chairman was away the secretary was in charge.
10.
The doctor caught the disease as they all did.
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Exercise 134
Change the phrases in the following sentences into Adverb Clauses:
1.
In spite of his size he can run very fast.
2.
Climbing the hill, I saw a snake.
3.
He is very angry because of your disobedience.
4.
The ship drew too much water to enter the harbour.
5.
He got back very late on account of a puncture.
6.
He refused to go out for fear of rain.
7.
During his absence nobody did any work.
8.
He found the house after a long search.
9.
I will go before his return.
10.
In cases of fire, break the glass and pull the alarm.
11.
After trying for some hours, he gave it up.
12.
You cannot do anything well without taking trouble.
13.
Before doing the answers you should read the questions.
14.
I will stay until his departure.
15.
On the stroke of the bell out they rushed.
16.
To obtain a sweet, put a coin in the slot.
17.
During the war he served as a soldier.
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18.
Notwithstanding his cruelty, everyone admires him.
19.
Within an hour the pigeon returned.
20.
I have not seen him since his arrival.
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Exercise 135
Change the following sentences into Simple sentences, using phrases to replace the Subordinate
Clauses:
1.
Genghis Khan succeeded in conquering half Asia, although his troops were not numerous.
2.
The python can swallow very large animals because it crushes them in its coils.
3.
Those that have the means and leisure should travel more so that they may broaden their
minds.
4.
All the lights in the city went out because the electric light plant failed.
5.
A small plant grows with such force that it can split a great stone.
6.
Though the game of lawn tennis was only recently invented, it has become exceedingly
popular.
7.
The value of this ring is as great as the value of that one.
8.
The lifting power of a balloon decreases as it rises higher from the surface of the earth.
9.
When the ice age came, the larger reptiles were exterminated.
10.
After they had conquered the Incas, the Spanish seized their accumulated treasures.
11.
Before British rule was established in India, women had to commit suicide when their
husbands died.
12.
When we are young our limbs are supple and active.
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13.
2009
Most people follow the example of their companions because they are afraid that they will
be ridiculed.
14.
I will have to tell him how his father died.
15.
Dentists tell us that we should brush our teeth night and morning.
16.
Can you tell me how I can get to the post office?
17.
Every good carpenter knows how a lathe should be operated.
18.
The scouts estimated that the creek was forty yards across.
19.
Tin- surveyors went ahead so that they might decide which way the new railway should run.
20.
Nobody knows exactly when the earth was created.
21.
Scientists have computed how many miles light travels a second.
22.
How fast an aeroplane can fly depends partly on how powerful the engines are.
23.
The lecturer said to the audience that he regretted he was unable to complete the course.
24.
That the camel can go without water for long periods has enabled travellers to cross arid
deserts.
25.
That most plants tend to seek the light is a well-known fact of natural history.
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Common mistakes
Exercise 136
Correct the mistakes shown in bold in the following sentences. Explain why they are wrong:
1.
That was happened in 1812.
2.
I astonished at his courage.
3.
The Yang-tse is flowing into the China Sea.
4.
The sun shines this morning.
5.
Having finished all his work, and he took a holiday.
6.
People making fireworks are dangerous.
7.
She married with a rich man.
8.
This sugar is much more cheaper than that.
9.
I know Hong Kong, for I live in there.
10.
The soldier was died of his wounds.
11.
The pirates made their prisoner to pay a ransom.
12.
They are very liked each other in looks.
13.
The master spoke to his slaves friendly.
14.
Those people are working very hardly.
15.
The neighbours were sorrow at the news.
16.
Our house situates on a hill.
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17.
Nobody could find us in spite of they searched us.
18.
The ant is a smallest insect.
19.
I will be ill if I eat unripe fruit.
20.
He was trusted because he was honesty.
21.
We saw the policeman chased the thieves.
22.
The snow fell very fastly.
23.
Hearing these bad news, and she fainted.
24.
We are impossible to do such hard sums.
25.
He got several motor cars now.
26.
At nine o'clock everybody aslept.
27.
Your failure is dued to your idleness.
28.
Every people must eat and drink.
29.
Few days ago, I bought a new suit.
30,
I shall come in next month.
31.
This dog is good for doing tricks.
2009
32. Yesterday an accident had occurred.
33.
In the midnight a ghost was appeared.
34.
He stayed at home owing to he was sick.
35.
You are too far behind to chase up.
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36.
The garden is planted many large trees.
37.
Many peoples go there with their childrens.
38.
The boys play in the grasses and sands.
39.
He was seemed very unhappy.
40.
In winter the ants do not come out for their foods.
41.
In north of China there is very cold in winter.
42.
We could not able to walk quickly.
43.
The temple was decorated very beautiful.
44.
He spent many money in the shop.
45.
The river floods every years.
46.
Even in the midday it was quite dark.
47.
Port of Pleasant Weather means the Heaven.
48.
This ring worths fifty dollars.
49.
I think she is looked more better.
50.
I am very hard to do these sentences.
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Exercise 137
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Some of them have more than one mistake.
Explain what is wrong.
1.
The teacher asked that why I have not finished.
2.
The sergeant commanded the soldiers advanced.
3.
South Africa exports gold. Because there have plenty gold mines in it.
4.
These news, which said that the premier had been perished, but they were not true.
5.
The Emperors were expelled from China was because that they ruled badly.
6.
The Yang-tse is a river which great steamers sail on it.
7.
I wish you will not waste of time.
8.
The streets were widened so that traffics may be improved.
9.
That man would be healthier if he does not take opium.
10.
I like to take a picnic this afternoon.
11.
Ship is used capstan to pull up the anchor.
12.
A rich man needs not to worry about his next meal.
13.
This brand of stockings is superior than all others.
14.
War was broken out, but the enemy dared not to attack.
15.
The pupil did not find the answer yet.
16.
All the workmen said that, " We want higher wages."
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17.
Although their parents called, but they would not came.
18.
For they are rich, they live comfortably.
19.
The scoutmaster inquired that whether we knew that knot.
20.
This woman is very poor. Because there has no work for her.
21.
This term we have to study whole Asia.
22.
Although she took medicine, but she got no better.
23.
If the driver did not see the signal, a collision would have been taken place.
24.
Rain uses to fall in the summer.
25.
You did not ought to neglect your work in last night.
26.
Red Indians never showed that they were suffered, even they were tortured.
27.
This is the most biggest elephant that I have never seen before.
28.
I was looking a shooting star in a moment ago.
29.
Even he tries his possible he cannot succeed.
30.
I do not understand why is this wrong.
31.
Good people are never punished except bad people.
32.
Temple is a building which people sacrifice their gods.
33.
They departed each other hurriedly.
34.
The ship was drowned beneath the waves.
35.
He believed that the country will erect a statue in memory of him.
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36.
They took a travel to Europe for several times.
37.
Before three years I was lived in Beijing.
38.
Beijing is north of China.
39.
No sooner than she heard the news she was fainted.
40.
This is belonged to an old man who called Chan.
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Revision – sentence writing
Exercise 138
Combine the following sentences in any way:
1.
I was fishing.
I saw a huge one.
2. They were angry with the servant.
It was swimming in the pool.
She had broken a plate.
The plate was worth a lot
of money.
3. There is a forest in that country.
An old man lives in it.
He is supposed to be one
hundred years old.
4. The window was left open.
The rain came in.
5.
The wind blew very hard.
The roof carne off.
6.
First we lit the fire.
7.
The door was locked.
8.
The snow began to fall.
It spoiled the furniture.
A lot of other damage was done.
Then we put the kettle on.
Then we prepared to set up the tents.
He jumped out of the window. It was very dangerous.
They turned back immediately.
It was impossible to find the
way.
9.
The wall was very high.
10.
We may come back victorious.
11.
It may rain this afternoon.
12.
Do not drink dirty water.
13.
The water was not cold.
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He climbed over it.
It was the only way to escape.
We may not come back at all.
We shall stay indoors.
It may contain germs.
We did not bathe.
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14.
The climate of the Sahara is very dry.
Nothing can grow there.
15.
My camera has been stolen.
16.
This house is heated by radiators.
17.
The leaves on the trees are turning yellow.
18.
The peasant stepped off a moving bus.
19.
Macadam invented a new way of making highways.
It was a very expensive one.
It is not always warm in winter.
Winter is approaching.
It was going fast. he fell in the road.
They were very firm.
Stage-coaches could travel on them in all kinds of weather.
21.
Men were once afraid of thunder.
They thought it was the voice of a god.
They thought he was angry with them.
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They made sacrifices to appease him.
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Sentence transformation
Exercise 139
Transform the following sentences.
1.
He worked as long as it was light.
Use " until " for " as long as "
2.
I am not frightened of anything.
Use the Verb " fear " and then the Noun " fear "
3.
He is happy although he is poor.
Use " in spite of " for " although '
4.
We like him because he is kind.
Use " because of " for " because '
5.
Some people say that the world is flat.
Start with " the world "
6.
I want to go home tomorrow.
Use ―like" for "want"
7.
I want you to win a prize.
Use "hope " for "want"
8.
We could not beat the champions in that game.
Use "win" for "beat "
9.
He answered my questions.
Use ―reply " for " answer "
10.
They asked us the way.
Use " enquire " for " ask "
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11.
2009
We forbade them to go.
Use " prevent " for " forbade "
12.
We allowed them to go.
Use "stop " for "allow"
13.
We allowed them to go.
Use "let " for " allow "
14.
The ship reached Manila yesterday.
Use " arrive " for " reach "
15.
It will leave Hong Kong to-morrow.
Use " depart" for ―leave "
16.
He failed to solve the problem.
Use " succeed " for " fail "
17.
Watches consist of many parts.
Use " compose " and " contain " for " consist "
18.
She wore black clothes.
Use " dressed " for " wore "
19.
This land is owned by the governor.
Use " belong " for " own "
20.
The car met with an accident.
Use " occur " for " meet "
21.
I do not fear your threats.
Use " afraid " for "fear"
22.
This picture costs many dollars.
Use " worth " for " costs " and " money " for " dollars "
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23.
2009
The garrison could not prevent the enemy from seizing the town.
Use " defend " for " prevent '
24.
Henry Ford possessed great wealth.
Use " got " for " possessed "
25.
I do not mind which of you is left behind.
Use " matter " for " mind " and " remain " for " leave "
26.
They were not allowed by their guards to speak.
'Use "let " for "allow"
27.
The bandit stole all my money from me.
Use " robbed " for " stole "
28.
At present our firm can produce a hundred cars a day.
Use " presently " for " at present "
29.
A man who breaks his neck is likely to die.
Use " probably " for " likely "
30.
They finished the work with great difficulty.
Use " hardly " for " difficulty "
31.
In former times, people used to travel on foot.
Use " nowadays " for " former times"
32.
It was impossible for them to get out.
Start the sentence with " they "
33.
This work is tiresome for everybody.
Start the sentence with " everybody"
34.
I was astonished at his cleverness.
Use " wonderful " for " astonished "
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35.
2009
It would be better for you to use a thinner pen.
Start with " you "
36.
You need not answer at once.
Use the Noun " need "
37.
Something strange happened here last night.
Start with " there was "
38.
A great rampart surrounds the castle.
Start with " there is "
39.
As soon as the sun rose they set out.
Start with " no sooner "
40.
The Chinese used to celebrate a festival with the name of Ching Ming.
Use " call " for " name " and change the Tense to the Present
41.
The forger declared his innocence.
Use " deny " for " declare "
42.
The audience was glad to hear the speech.
Use " enjoy " for " was glad " and " listen " for " hear "
43.
At Ching Ming we worship our ancestors.
Use " sacrifice " for " worship "
44.
He was treated as a traitor.
Use "call " for "treat"
45.
Fire-engines carry ladders.
Put into the singular
46.
All the people were satisfied.
Use "every " for "all"
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47.
2009
Although he did his best, he failed.
Start with " even "
48.
There are many cars on the road.
Use " traffic " for " cars "
49.
He came some days ago.
Use " few " for " some "
50.
The policeman ran and caught the thieves.
Start with " I saw "
51.
This is an animal called a leopard.
Include an Adjective Clause with "we " as subject.
52.
When there is a flood, many people arc killed.
Use " during " for " when " and " perish " for "kill "
53.
He goes to school regularly.
Use " home " and " Cinema "for " school "
54.
The whole town was destroyed by an earthquake.
Use" part " for " whole "
55.
All Asia was involved in the war.
Use " whole " for "all"
56.
Everybody who comes must bring a ticket.
Change the Tense into the Past
57.
You cannot qualify for a pension until you are sixty.
Take out the " not "
58.
He forced his victim to kneel before him.
Use " made " for " forced "
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59.
2009
Unless you can run a mile in five minutes you cannot qualify.
Change the Subordinate Clause into the Principal
60.
Because he had been hurt in the practice he could not play.
Use " for " for " because "
61.
He tried to find the error for several days.
Use "times" for "days "
62.
I shall wait for you at the theatre.
Use " await " for " wait "
63.
I hope you will work harder.
Use "wish" for "hope"
64.
He left the town a few weeks ago.
Use " since "
65.
The buses stop running at midnight.
Use "until "
66.
He always went there in the morning.
Use " every '
67.
He played a joke on me.
Use " fool ', " fun ", and " trick "for "joke "
68.
He thought that it was growing lighter.
Use " seem " for " thought"
69.
The earth has been created for millions of years.
Use the Past Tense
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