Real-Time Revenue Assurance Automation Technology: Factors Influencing Its
Adoption By Internal Audit Functions Of Retail Banks In Cameroon
A Research Proposal
Presented
by
DAVID TATANG GHOGOMU
Submitted to the Research Committee at the
Swiss School of Business and Management
January 2023
© Copyright by DAVID TATANG GHOGOMU 2023
v
All Rights Reserved
REAL-TIME REVENUE ASSURANCE AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY:
FACTORS INFLUENCING ITS ADOPTION BY INTERNAL AUDIT
FUNCTIONS OF RETAIL BANKS IN CAMEROON
A Research Proposal Presented
by
DAVID TATANG GHOGOMU
Approved as to style and content by:
____________________________________
Name O. Chair, Chair
____________________________________
First O. Member, Member
____________________________________
Second M. Name, Member
__________________________________
Name, Department Head or Dean as
appropriate
Department Name
vi
ABSTRACT
REAL-TIME REVENUE ASSURANCE AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY:
FACTORS INFLUENCING ITS ADOPTION BY INTERNAL AUDIT
FUNCTIONS OF RETAIL BANKS IN CAMEROON
Amongst the processes within a bank, the revenue process is regarded as a core activity
due to its income generating ability, the degree of its materiality within the retail banking
sector compared to other economic sectors and its susceptibility to revenue fraud. Recent
technological advances also adds to this importance since fraud is compounded by the
interconnectivity of technologies and the real-time capabilities that is inherent in some of
them. The loan interest revenue is one of the streams that make up the revenue of retail
banks in Cameroon and has the particularity that it is of a derived or calculated nature
involving human intervention with increased possibility of fraud.
In the light of the above, assurance on a near or real-time basis of the revenue process
should be high on the assurance agenda of the Internal Audit functions of these banks.
However, the researcher’s experience, spanning a period of over ten years, shows that loan
interest revenue assurance is still using Microsoft Excel and Audit Command Language
(CAATs-based) technologies that involve human intervention and happens a posteriori.
The consequence of the status quo noted above is that retail banks are left with high
incidence of revenue fraud and leakages, audit inefficiency, audit on a sample rather than
population basis with increased chance of issuing a wrong audit opinion, untimely audit
reporting with corresponding impact on management decision-making and overall low
audit quality.
This study notes that there are many sources from which factors affecting the adoption of a r eal-
time revenue assurance automation technology can originate amongst which process related,
influential technology adoption theories, legal and regulatory, demographic and culture.
To
understand why CAATs tool to the exclusion of near or real-time revenue assurance
automation technology dominate the revenue assurance activity within the Internal Audit
vii
function of retail banks in Cameroon, it has selected the theory of reasoned action as an
influential technology adoption theory and Hofstede and Cameron and Quin cultural
dimensions as factors to investigate, on an empirical basis, their influence on the adoption
of real-time revenue assurance automation technology using a research model developed
for the study that is based on a combination of the above theory’s constructs and Hofstede
and Cameron and Quin cultural dimensions.
Inferential statistical technique by way of multiple linear regression, and investigating only
main effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable (intention to use realtime revenue assurance automation technology), has been used for the investigation.
This study proposes the use of real-time revenue assurance automation technology, as
exemplified by continuous audit/assurance and robotic process automation, to replace the
inadequacies of existing CAATs.
Directed by: DR BHAWNA NIGAM
viii
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................11
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................11
1.2 Its Significance.................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................14
2.1 Problem Statement ...........................................................................................14
Overview ................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................16
3.1 Aim and Objectives..........................................................................................16
3.1.1. Overall Aim .................................................................................................16
3.1.2. Specific objectives .......................................................................................16
3.1.3. Research Questions and Hypotheses. ..........................................................17
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................19
4.1 Preliminary Literature Review Objectives.......................................................19
CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................................24
5.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................24
5.2 Research Design...............................................................................................24
Applied research: .......................................................................................24
Cross-sectional study: ................................................................................24
Explanatory research:.................................................................................24
Positivist or deductive research: ................................................................24
Quantitative method: ..................................................................................25
5.3 Risk Exposure Assessment ..............................................................................26
5.4 Time and Cost Budget .....................................................................................26
5.5 Operationalization of Research Model Constructs ..........................................26
5.6 Hypothesis Development .................................................................................27
5.7 Population and Study Sample ..........................................................................27
5.8 Sample Size and Selection of Sample ..............................................................28
5.9 Sources of Data ................................................................................................28
5.10 Data Collection and Ethical Considerations ..................................................29
5.11 Data Management ..........................................................................................29
Planning Phase Activities: .........................................................................30
Data Collection phase Activities:...............................................................30
Data preparation phase Activities: .............................................................30
5.12 Data Analysis Strategies and Ethical Considerations ....................................31
5.13 Research Results and Ethical Considerations ................................................31
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................33
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Please kindly indicate how you are involved in the acquisition of IT solutions in your
bank.
IT budget approval
IT solution selection
Championing IT solution implementation
IT solution user
IT solution monitor
Other (Please specify): …………………………………………………………
How long has your bank been in operation?
1
Less than 5 years
2
3
4
More than 5 years but More than 10 years
More than 15 years but
less than 10 years
less than 20 years
but less than 15 years
To be added to questionnaire.
x
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
Technology adoption is influenced by factors that derive from many sources including
process-related, influential adoption theory, demographic, legal and regulatory and culture
amongst others.
This study empirically investigates the influence of three factors, namely attitude,
subjective norm and culture on the adoption of real-time revenue assurance automation
technology (RT-RAAT) by the internal audit functions of retail banks in Cameroon using
an extended theory of reasoned action (TRA) as the theoretical framework.
The literature evidence the fact that in recent years (2008/2009), the world suffered from
the rippling effects of financial scandals with epicentre in the USA. The USA also
witnessed the demise or disappearance of large corporations and audit firms as a result of
untimely financial reporting. A study by Chiu et al. (2014) and Vasarhelyi et al. (2004)
asserts that the irregularities that led to the above events could have been averted if realtime reporting had been in place.
Furthermore, technological advances has increased global interconnectivity and enabled
transactions to start and finish in near real-time or real-time and require management to
make decisions in almost like manner.
Despite the technological advances, the experience of the researcher during a period of
over ten years auditing retail and corporate banks in Cameroon noted the persistent use of
CAATS (MS Excel and ACL) to assure loan interest revenue by internal auditors of those
banks with consequential high incidence of revenue fraud and leakages, audit inefficiency,
untimely reporting with corresponding impact on management decision-making process
and low audit quality.
1.2 Its Significance.
The topic of this paper is important, especially so for the banking sector, for many reasons,
amongst which the high risk nature of revenue resulting from its materiality and
11
susceptibility to fraud, the need for auditors to issue audit opinions that are not erroneous
and therefore avoid situations like the demise of Enron, Worldcom and Arthur Andersen
and the financial crisis of 2008-2009 with global consequences. Also, the real-time
electronic nature of today’s economy requires management to make decision on a timelier
basis.
Consistent with the above points, Alles et al., (2006) notes that revenue assurance in banks
like in telecom companies is so important because banks face multi-billion dollar
transactions on a daily basis, therefore, the cost of delay in providing assurance is
intolerable. Moffitt et al (2018) adds that revenue constitutes a high audit risk area on the
basis of PCAOB inspection briefings which consistently highlight revenue as an audit area
with recurring audit deficiencies (PCAOB 2017b).
According to Francis (2018) and the experience of the researcher, Cameroon retail banks
deal with revenue of similar materiality and experience high fraud incidence.
The importance of this study is further highlighted by Twati (2006) who cautions that
failure to investigate important factors to technology adoption such as culture result in
many technology adoption, organizational change and mergers and acquisition faltering or
failing altogether (Rashid et al., 2004; Al-Mashari & Zairi, 1997; Fey & Denison, 2011;
Fontaine & Richardson, 2003). By taking the different issues into account when adopting
a technology, management will enhance the chances of adoption success. In this regard,
O’Reilly and PwC (2006) as cited by Alles et al., (2006) claims that revenue assurance on
a real-time or continuous basis will result in a number of benefits including reduction of
revenue leakage, improvement in assurance quality, audit of 100% of transactions,
reduction of fraud instances and timelier information for management, creditors, investors,
customers, regulators, vendors and consultants, amongst others. Jovanovi et al. (2022) also
agrees with some of those benefits.
The remainder of this paper is divided into six main sections, namely: the problem statement which
encapsulates the problem that will be addressed by the study being the persistent use of CAATs
(MS Excel and ACL) by Internal Audit functions of retail banks to effect loan interest revenue
assurance with attendant shortcomings in an era of real-time technology. The problem begs two
main research questions that will guide the study. Following on from this section, is the aim of the
study which is to empirically investigate the factors influencing the adoption of real-time revenue
12
assurance automation technology using the theory of reasoned action as extended by culture. Ten
specific objectives are provided for the study based on the overall aim. Next is the section relating
to the preliminary literature review objective of the study in which the research gap that justifies
the study is identified, summary of current knowledge of topic is presented, a critique of literature
reviewed is made and improvements to weaknesses identified are suggested. The section that next
follows is an extension of earlier exploratory phases of the study, namely the research methodology
which provides the research design that constitutes the basis for the research method and
operational procedure for the study. This section also addresses the population and study sample,
sample size and selection of samples, sources and collection of data, exposure assessment, data
management, data analysis strategies, ethical considerations and human subject issues and finally
the timeframe of the study.
13
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Problem Statement
Overview
According to literature, audit has evolved from the traditional manual approach to
automation of certain audit processes that are deterministic and structured on a real or near
real-time basis (Alles et al., 2006), however, there are some aspects of it that has not kept
pace with technology evolution. There are still many semi-automated audit procedures
even where professional judgment is not required. Compared to other professions, the audit
profession as a whole is noted to be still lagging behind (Kogan et al., 1999; Moffitt et al.,
2018; Alles et al., 2010; Chan & Vasarhelyi, 2011; Sethibe and Naidoo, 2022).
The professional experience of the researcher during a period of over ten years auditing
retail and corporate banks in Cameroon aligns with the observation above. Revenue
assurance by internal auditors in respect of loan interest income is still at a basic computer
assisted audit technique (CAATs - MS Excel and ACL) level. This CAATS status results
in inefficiency in audit, low audit quality, untimely decision-making and high incidence of
fraud that stack up to huge financial losses to banks. This is compounded by the fact that
the global economy has become real-time or so called ‘Now economy’ (Vasarhelyi et al.,
2010 ; Alles et al., 2002) as a result of technological advances such as the computer,
broadband networking, the internet, mobile telephone, Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP), sensors (bar coding) and extensible business reporting language(XBRL) amongst
others.
Just to highlight the gravity of this situation and on the basis of anecdotal evidence, on the
launch date of the e-banking product of one of the retail banks in Cameroon, in the political
capital, one of its staff in a remote branch thousands of kilometres away from the head
office (launch site) was able to electronically siphon over 90 million francs CFA from a
customer account as a result of this interconnectivity.
As a result of the above shortcomings of CAATS use, the study will explore factors that
influence the adoption of real-time revenue assurance automation technology within the
14
internal audit functions of retail banks in Cameroon from three perspectives: business
process characteristics, major technology adoption theories and culture. These will provide
the basis for the development of the research model which will be used to empirically test
the effect of the constructs of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and cultural dimensions
on the adoption of real-time revenue assurance automation technology. Insights arising
from the study can then inform management intention to transit from the current CAATs
status to real-time revenue assurance automation technology amongst other applications.
The study will be directed by two research questions as below and ten hypotheses that will
be empirically tested using multiple linear regression.
RQ1: What effects do attitude and subjective norm have on the intention to use
(ITU) real-time revenue assurance automation technology (RT-RAAT)?
RQ2: What is the effect of culture on the intention to use RT-RAAT technology by
Internal Audit functions of retail banks in Cameroon?
15
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Aim and Objectives
3.1.1. Overall Aim
The overall aim of this study is to empirically investigate the effect of the constructs of the
theory of reasoned action (TRA), namely attitude and subjective norm, and Hofstede’s
(1980) and Cameron and Quin(1989) cultural dimensions as influential factors on the
adoption of real-time revenue assurance automation technology (RT-RAAT) by the
internal audit functions of retail banks in Cameroon.
3.1.2. Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the study will be to empirically determine if:
1. attitude toward real-time revenue assurance automation technology (RTRAAT) positively and significantly affects the intention to use real-time
automation technology.
2. subjective norm positively and significantly affects the intention to use realtime revenue assurance automation technology.
3. societies with high uncertainty avoidance (UA) culture will have a significant
negative direct effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
4. societies dominated by collectivist (I/C) culture will have a significant negative
effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
5. societies dominated by feminine cultures (MF) will have a significant negative
effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
6. societies with high power distance (PD) culture will have a significant negative
effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
7. retail banks dominated by hierarchy culture (HC) type will have a significant
negative direct effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
8. retail banks dominated by clan culture (CC) type will have a
significant negative effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
16
9. retail banks dominated by adhocracy culture (AC) type will have a significant
positive effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
10. retail banks dominated by market culture (MC) type will have a significant
direct positive effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
Achievement of the above objectives will result in the understanding of the factors that
influence adoption of real-time revenue assurance automation technology and, therefore,
assist management in their implementation decision for such a technology since they must
then be taken into account. A successful implementation that results in RT-RAAT
deployment will take away the inadequacies of existing CAATs use cited above amongst
which revenue fraud and leakages, untimely audit reporting and corresponding
consequences on management decision-making.
3.1.3. Research Questions and Hypotheses.
The research gaps identified in the literature review led to the following research questions
which will direct the study to achieve the above objectives and are operationalized by
corresponding hypotheses.
RQ1: What effects do attitude and subjective norm have on the intention to use
(ITU) real-time revenue assurance automation technology (RT-RAAT)?
The above research question will be operationalized through the following hypotheses.
Hypothesis 1: Attitude toward real-time automation technology positively and
significantly affects the intention to use real-time automation technology.
Hypothesis 2: Subjective norm positively and significantly affects the intention to
use real-time automation technology.
RQ2: What is the effect of culture on the intention to use RT-RAAT technology by
Internal Audit functions of retail banks in Cameroon?
The above research question will be operationalized via two main hypotheses, H1 and H2,
and supported by eight sub-hypotheses, four each for national culture and organizational
culture dimensions as follows:
17
H1: National culture will have a significant positive direct effect on intention to
use RT-RAAT technology by Internal Audit Functions of retail banks in Cameroon.
The above hypothesis will be analyzed into four sub-hypotheses based on Hofstede’s
(1980) four cultural dimensions as follows:
H1-1: Nations with high uncertainty avoidance (UA) culture will have a
significant negative direct effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
H1-2: Nations dominated by collectivist culture (IC) will have a significant
negative effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
H1-3: Nations dominated by feminine cultures (MF) will have a significant
negative effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
H1-4: Nations with high power distance (PD) culture will have a significant
negative effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
H2: Organisational culture will have a significant positive direct effect on intention
to use RT-RAAT technology.
The above hypothesis will be analyzed into four sub-hypotheses based on Cameron and
Quin’s (1989) four organizational cultural dimensions as follows:
H2-1: Banks dominated by hierarchy culture (HC) type will have a
significant negative direct effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
H2-2: Banks dominated by clan culture (CC) type will have a significant
negative effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
H2-3: Banks dominated by adhocracy culture (AC) type will have a
significant positive effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
H2-4: Banks dominated by market culture (MC) type will have a significant
direct positive effect on intention to use RT-RAAT technology.
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CHAPTER 4
4.1 Preliminary Literature Review Objectives
Professional experience of the researcher shows that revenue assurance by Internal
Auditors in retail banks of Cameroon currently exists at a CAATs (MS office and ACL)
level for most if not all of the Internal Audit functions of these banks thus excluding the
presence of real-time availability of assurance information in that process.
This paper through an empirical test of factors influencing technology, therefore, aims to
draw attention to the need for real or near real-time audit in the revenue cycle, particularly
loan interest revenue, of retail banks in Cameroon as a result of certain past catastrophic
financial events in the USA with global ramifications, the high incidence of revenue fraud
and technological advances (the internet, ERP, extensible business reporting language and
broadband network) that have made the world more interconnected thereby creating a
global economy in which transactions start and finish almost instantly (Vasarhelyi et al.,
(2004) and requiring management to make important decisions within a shorter time frame.
Based on the literature reviewed, technologies were identified, such as continuous
auditing/assurance (CA) and robotic process automation (RPA), that can and do provide
real or near real-time revenue assurance for revenues of a direct transactional nature and
derived revenue in the telecom sector only (Kar et al,. 2012). However, this was not the
case as it relates to derived or calculated revenue, of the like of loan interest revenue in
retail banks.
The literature reveals that adoption or deployment of a real-time revenue assurance
automation technology is influenced by a number of factors deriving from many different
sources. The literature revealed three such sources, viz: process derived, influential IT
theory-based extended as deemed necessary and culture. The literature further notes that
technology adoption follows a 5-stage process according to Roger (2003, p.170) and yhe
19
study goes further to select theory-based factors, namely, the TRA constructs (Attitude
and subjective norm) as extended by culture to empirically investigate their influence on
the adoption of real-time revenue assurance automation technology (RT-RAAT).
Overall, literature reviewed indicate that largely conceptual contributions have been made
in respect of continuous auditing/assurance (Alles et al., 2006; Alles et al.,
2008 ;Vasarhelyi et al., (2010) ; Chiu et al, 2014) and robotic process automation as realtime audit automation technologies (Moffit et al., (2018). Factors influencing their
adoption were explored largely from a conceptual perspective with a single empirical case
(Banker et al, 1993) making use of the theory of reasoned action mentioned.
On the contrary, the TRA (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) as one of the influential IT adoption
theories, though used to a very small extent in the literature reviewed when compared to
the other theories (TAM, TPB, DTPB, UTAUT, TOE and DOI), appeared in both
conceptual and empirical studies that investigated factors influencing different technology
adoption (Otieno et al., (2016); Nor et al., (2008); Melitski et al., (2010), etc). Amongst
some of the technologies studied include internet banking, Mobile phone money, mobile
banking, expert systems, CAATS and robotics in Internal audit, m-payments and in respect
of locations investigated were USA, Europe, Middle East, South East Asia and Australia,
North, South, East and West Africa with the exception of Central Africa of which
Cameroon is a part.
The review revealed a number of influential technology adoption theories amongst which
the TRA, TPB, DTPB, TAM, UTAUT, TOE, GLOBE and DOI/IDT with none that had
superior predictive capabilities in all situations.
Even though there were other studies carried out on culture by Inglehart (1998), Schwartz’s
(1992) and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s (1998), Hofstede’s (1980, 2001) work on
cultural dimensions was the most quoted in literature reviewed and most cited on Google
Scholar (5,687 times as of 17/10/2022) and thus one of the reasons for its use in this
research.
20
There were calls being made in almost every related literature reviewed for studies to be
carried out in respect of real-time audit technologies (CA and RPA), the TRA to investigate
the influence of its constructs (attitude and subjective norm) and other important factors
such as culture (Crabbe et al., 2009; Bagchi et al., 2003, 2004) on technology adoption. As
a result of these gaps from the literature reviewed, two research questions emanated, thus:
RQ1: What effect do attitude and subjective norm have on the intention to use realtime revenue assurance automation technology (RT-RAAT) by Internal Audit
functions of retail banks in Cameroon?
RQ2: What is the effect of culture on the intention to use RT-RAAT technology by
Internal Audit functions of retail banks in Cameroon?
The aim of the research will be to answer the above questions through an empirical
investigation of the effects of culture, attitude and subjective norm on the adoption of RTRAAT technology with the expectation that they will possibly explain the CAATS status,
characterized by semi-automation and lack of real-timeliness of loan interest revenue
assurance in Internal Audit functions of most retail banks in Cameroon and thus will assist
the transition to real-time revenue assurance automation technology. Specifically, the study
will investigate, on an empirical basis, the effect of the TRA constructs (attitude and
subjective norm) and national and organizational culture dimensions or measures
postulated by Hofstede (1980) and Cameron and Quin (1989) respectively on RT-RAAT
technology adoption by internal audit functions of retail banks in Cameroon.
Pre-empting the operationalization of these research questions for an anticipated empirical
study, a number of hypotheses in respect of the TRA constructs and culture were proposed
as well as a combined research model developed.
This paper is, therefore, important in that it will answer the clarion research calls made
(Melitski et al., 2010; Crabbe et al., (2009); etc) for TRA and culture related research in
the literature reviewed for this study thereby contribute to building the body of knowledge
of the topic of this paper and hence fill some of the gaps identified as well as assist in
reducing instances of technology adoption failures due to the fact that the factors that
influence their adoption are either not fully considered or given the degree of attention
necessary. Successful deployment or adoption of such technologies will assist in reducing
the incidence of fraud, improve audit quality and enhance management decision-making.
21
The results of this study will inform the decisions of many stakeholders such as
governments and regulatory bodies, academics and researchers, consultants and vendors,
and standard setting bodies. Illustrating such an instance, Mortimer et al., (2015) following
a study carried out in Australia and Thailand on m-banking adoption advised that IT vendor
organizations in their marketing strategy may segment their market from cultural rather
than geographical location perspectives whereby technological products will be marketed
on the basis of regions sharing a factor that influence their adoption, such as culture, rather
than belonging to the same geographical location and not sharing the same factor ( Arab
world countries with similar cultures spanning from Middle East to North Africa Vs
countries of the African continent of same geographical location with dissimilar cultures).
The unique approach adopted in this paper to concurrently explore factors influencing
technology adoption from three perspectives has revealed some limitations in each
approach. For example, no paper using influential technology adoption theory in its
investigation made use of some of the process-derived factors such as data standardization
and digital/electronic requirement as one of its constructs or indeed the organization of the
internal audit function, amongst others despite their potential influence on technology
adoption. This, therefore, is a very novel contribution that opens up an avenue for future
research that will expand theory constructs with process-derived factors.
Critique of literature uncovered weaknesses in hypotheses development (Lee et al., 2013;
Bagchi et al., 2003, 2004; Dasgupta et al., 2000), inaccuracy and incoherence of facts
(Bagchi et al., 2004; Hofstede, 2001), methodological weaknesses (Oluyinka et al., 2013;
Otieno et al., 2016), existence of disparate bodies of knowledge (Schein, 2004; Steenkamp
et al., 2001), inadequacies and anachronism of definitions (Manson et al., 1998; Alles et
al., 2010; IIA, 2000), amongst others. The study made improvements and propositions in
respect of each of them. On a positive note, literature also revealed studies that were
extensive in sample size and period over which data was collected (Bagchi et al, 2004;
Hofstede, 1980, 2001; Shaikh & Karjaluoto, 2015), detailed analysis, sound verification of
instrument and data reliability and validity (Nor et al., 2008; Oluyinka et al., 2013; Crabbe
et al., 2009). This effort will improve the quality and the credibility of those studies for the
good of social science knowledge in general.
22
In the light of the above facts uncovered by the literature there is, therefore, a compelling
case for this study to be carried out given that in all literature reviewed in this study,
Cameroon did not feature as a country-level unit of analysis. Also, loan interest revenue
assurance was not one of the processes considered for real-time automation neither were
the influencing factors used by the different theoretical frameworks (TAM, UTAUT, TOE)
concurrently attitude, subjective norm and culture as in this study.
23
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Methodology
This chapter spells out the research design that will characterize the research and hence
provide the basis for the approach that will be used to achieve the research objectives and
other important considerations.
5.2 Research Design
The research will be characterized using five yardsticks, namely (1) applied vs pure or
basic, (2) cross-sectional vs longitudinal, (3) exploratory vs explanatory vs descriptive, (4)
positivist vs interpretive and (5) quantitative vs qualitative.
Applied research: Applied research is a type of research that is conducted primarily to
address some practical problem (Bhattacherjee, 2012, p2); Jhangiani et al, 2019, p11). This
study addresses the practical real-life problem of persistent semi-automated CAATS (MS
Excel and ACL) use with no real-time capabilities by Internal Audit functions of retail
banks in Cameroon and as such the study is of an applied nature.
Cross-sectional study: Data for the research will be carried out at a single point in time and,
ipso facto, characterises the study as cross-sectional (Metts et al., 1991).
Explanatory research: According to Bhattacherjee (2012, p15), explanatory research
seeks explanations of observed phenomena, problems, or behaviors. The study will
empirically determine the factors that influence real-time revenue assurance automation
technology hence assist to explain the phenomenon of persistent use of CAATs (MS Excel
and ACL) in Internal Audit functions of retail banks in Cameroon, thus an explanatory
research.
Positivist or deductive research: A study that is about theory testing and not building is
defined as positivist or deductive (Bhattacherjee, 2012, p.139; Jhangiani et al, 2019, p.42).
This study will test hypotheses developed from the theory of reasoned action as extended
by culture to determine the factors affecting the adoption of RT-RAAT.
24
Quantitative method: When a study makes use of numeric data, it is characterised as
quantitative. The data that will be used for analysis in this study will be numeric hence a
research with quantitative method.
In conclusion, this study is applied, cross-sectional, explanatory, positivist and quantitative
in nature.
In respect of the approach, firstly, the study will explore different sources of factors that
influence the adoption of technology generally but with particular emphasis on (1) processderived factors given revenue assurance is a process within the Internal Audit function,
(2) influential theory for technology adoption including theory of reasoned action (TRA)
and (3) culture related factors.
Following this and based on the research gap, the theory of reasoned action will be selected
because of paucity of studies using the theory as well as culture due to paucity of studies
particularly in the context of Cameroon and its much touted importance in assuring the
success of technology implementation (Twati, 2007).
Thirdly, a conceptual model will be developed based on constructs of the theory of
reasoned action ( Fishbein and Alzen, 1975) and Hofstede’s (1980) and Cameron and Quin
(1989) cultural dimensions.
Hypotheses, of which ten, and based on the research questions will be developed and tested
using multiple linear regression in order to ascertain the relationship or otherwise that exists
between the dependent (intention to use real-time revenue assurance automation
technology) and independent variables (attitude, subjective norm and cultural dimensions)
of the study.
Fourthly, other important operational aspects as below will be addressed in the order
presented.
25
5.3 Risk Exposure Assessment
According to Jhangiani et al (2019, p.59-60), one of the ethical considerations to be taken
into account is the requirement for researchers to weigh the risks of carrying out a study
against the benefits to be derived in relation to three groups of people (the participants, the
scientific community and the society at large) prior to conducting the study. The study will,
therefore, commence with a risk assessment of undertaking the research project.
In that light and considering that participants will be providing demographic data (sex, age
and educational level) and data on measures of research constructs (attitude, subjective
norm and culture), only privacy risks can be identified which will be minimised by
requiring each participant to individually answer his/her questionnaire in the privacy of
his/her office given they are top officers of the banks. This can further be reduced by
separating their informed consent forms from their anonymous questionnaires.
It is concluded, therefore, that the benefits (revenue fraud reduction, efficiency of the
internal audit department, quality audit and timelier management decision-making,
enhanced going-concern status of the banks and continuing employment) that will accrue
from this study far outweigh any potential risks that may be associated with its conduct.
5.4 Time and Cost Budget
The study is scheduled to be carried with a tentative start date of February 01, 2023 and an
anticipated end date of June 30, 2023 or earlier. Costs related to this study are considered
minimal and will relate to printing and dispatch of questionnaires, photocopying, printing
and binding of thesis, transport fares and telephone calls, amongst others.
(The dissertation is a major undertaking that will incur expenses. Students can expect common
expenses such as printing, copying, and postage. Other expenses may include travel and other
costs associated with the development and administering of surveys or other instruments, and,
potentially, assistance with statistical analysis of data).
5.5 Operationalization of Research Model Constructs
26
Hofstede’s (1980) and Cameron Quin’s (1989) cultural dimensions will be used as
measures of culture and their related tried, tested and validated instruments used in the
study as will Nor et al (2016), Todd and Taylor, (1990) and Bhattacherjee et al. (2012)
validated instruments for attitude and subjective norm constructs.
5.6 Hypothesis Development
Ten hypotheses built on the two research questions will be tested using multiple linear
regression.
5.7 Population and Study Sample
In Cameroon, the banking landscape is characterized by a central bank, thirteen banks of which a
foreign corporate, three foreign retail banks and an extensive network of microfinance institutions.
Thus a total population of twelve retail banks are in Cameroon as of the date of writing this
proposal. According to Malhotra et al. (2007) and Bhattacherjee (2012, p65) the population of a
study is the aggregate of all the elements that share some common set of characteristics on a global
reach. In this study, the sampling frame consisting of employees of the retail banks in the context
of Cameroon will be the target or accessible population from which the sample will be drawn,
however, not all the employees are sufficiently knowledgeable, influential in technology adoption
or can use the technology under consideration and, therefore, the sample frame has been stratified
in line with RT-RAAT stakeholders recommended by Alles et al (2008) as follows:
1. Those who will sanction and champion the use of RT-RAAT in each retail bank
considered for the study and ensure internal auditor independence concerns: Senior
executive management (Members of the board of directors especially the Audit
Committee members) and top management (CEOs);
2. Those whose processes will use the RT-RAAT in each retail bank under study (Process
owners): Credit, Accounting and Finance, Human Resources, Logistics and Operations
including Treasury functions.
3. Those who will use the RT-RAAT in each retail bank under study: the Internal Audit
function and,
4.
Those who will monitor and maintain the RT-RAAT in each retail bank considered
for the study: the IT and/or Internal Audit functions.
27
The above stratification increases the homogeneity of the sampling frame and thus the
representativeness of the samples and in turn the generalizability of the sample results.
5.8 Sample Size and Selection of Sample
Oluyinka et al. (2013) cite Filliben (2012) and Sheridan et al. (2006) as indicating that
numerous studies considered 50 to 100 subjects to be the minimum acceptable sample size
when conducting multiple linear regression. Similarly, Bexley (2007) suggested a sample
size of 100 participants as adequate. Dhungana et al. (2006) suggested that one can also
determine sample size by using the rules of thumb in statistics (i.e., 20 subjects per
variable). This approach is inappropriate for this study as 20 subjects per variable for a ten
variable study results in 200 respondents in the study and yet the sample frame under study
is made up of 156 (13x12) participants. Furthermore, rule of thumb lacks accuracy. The
minimum size proposed by Filliben (2012) and Sheridan et al (2006) will be used in this
study.
Since the sampling frame of retail banks in Cameroon is known, probabilistic simple
random sampling that gives equal chance to every unit of analysis to be selected will be
employed in this study to select the sample thus avoid selection bias.
5.9 Sources of Data
The source of data for this study will be both primary and secondary data sources. Primary
data source will be self-administered questionnaires distributed to participants of the study.
Secondary data source will be organisational charts for the twelve retail banks in Cameroon
collected from the different participating retail banks that will provide details about senior
executive and top management, process owners, IT function and the legal department who
constitute the stratified sampling frame.
28
5.10 Data Collection and Ethical Considerations
Survey approach was considered the most appropriate for this study due to its
inexpensiveness and efficient means of gathering information from the sample frame
(Zikmund, 2009). Survey questionnaires can be forwarded to participants by internet
without physical displacement thus gaining in time, effort and money. Furthermore, the
accessible population for this study will be mainly senior management with very busy
schedules that leave them with little time for interviews.
Data will be collected using tried, tested and validated questionnaire surveys based on
adapted measures of attitude, subjective norm (Nor et al., 2016; Bhattacherjee et al., 2012;
Todd and Taylor, 1990), Hofstede’s (1980) four national culture dimensions (VSM 80) and
Cameron and Quin (1989) organisational culture measures. The questionnaires will be
translated into French and pilot tested amongst participants prior to proper administration
to corroborate correct translation.
Appointments will be taken with participants during which the informed consent procedure
will be explained, the objective of the study spelled out and explained with deadlines fixed
for the return of questionnaires. Where necessary, email, telephone or in-person follow-up
will be made to expedite return of distributed questionnaires.
To help potential subjects decide whether or not they should participate in the study, a
participant information sheet and an informed consent form will be made available and
truthfully explained to them as to who is conducting the study, for what purpose the study
is being conducted, what outcomes are expected and who will benefit from the results
before data is collected.
Furthermore, the consent form should be separated from
questionnaire to enhance confidentiality of data collected. They will be required to sign as
proof of voluntary acceptance to participate or withdraw (Bhattacherjee, 2012, p146).
5.11 Data Management and Ethical Considerations
Data management in this study involves all the activities the researcher will carry out prior
to, during and after data collection to ensure accurate, valid and sufficient data for the study
29
is collected timely and data loss or unintentional disclosure of data is minimised or
eliminated. These activities fall into three main categories: planning phase activities (prior
to), collection phase activities (during) and data preparation phase activities (after).
Planning Phase Activities: These include adoption of plain and simply worded
questionnaires which have been tried, tested and validated in many different studies over
the years to avoid ambiguities and ensure accurate data capture. Translation of the
questionnaires into French for the French-speaking respondents and pilot testing thereof to
ensure accurate data capture.
Design/adaptation of informed consent and SSBM privacy notice to ensure respondent is
aware of who the researcher is, the purpose of the study, its outcome and potential benefits
and rights to discontinue without harm or prejudice. Solicit for appointments with potential
respondents and establish key contact respondent in each bank to liaise with and facilitate
collection and return of questionnaires. Administer the informed consent forms and explain
its contents to allay concerns and enlist the cooperation of respondents.
Data Collection phase Activities: Researcher avails himself to answer any questions
arising as respondents fill the questionnaire, liaises with and follows up on key contact
respondent or individual respondents as the case may be to ascertain status and return of
completed questionnaires.
The researcher ensures all questionnaires are coded to conceal the identity of the
respondents.
Data preparation phase Activities: All returned questionnaires will be populated in an Excel
tabular repository to calculate the response rate of respondents and also determine thereby
the generalizability of the results obtained.
The data will further be coded and normalized for any missing values in readiness for
analysis. Once in its final state, a back-up of the data will be effected on an external hard
disk and safely stored to respect SSBM storage rules for research data.
Percentages, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion
(range, standard deviation, variance) and correlation coefficients are different ways by
which data can be organised or summarised (Jhangiani et al, 2019, p67). In this study
30
percentage, mean and correlation coefficients will be used to summarise demographic and
construct measures related (independent variables) data.
5.12 Data Analysis Strategies and Ethical Considerations
This relates to the techniques that will be used to analyse the data collected and in that
respect two quantitative techniques, namely: descriptive and inferential analysis
techniques, will be used for this study. Descriptive tools will be used to summarize data
concerning the respondents and the retail banks and inferential analysis tools will be used
to generalize the results from the sample to the population (Jhangiani et al, 2019 p.67).
Microsoft Excel will be used to calculate percentage and mean of participant and
organisational demographic data as part of the descriptive analysis.
Inferential statistics via multiple linear regression will help the study to statistically test the
different hypotheses (theory testing) of the study developed and stated above to answer the
research questions of the study based on a sample of the respondents drawn from the
sampling frame. The research model proposes ten independent variables (attitude,
subjective norm, PD, UA, IC, MF and HC, CC, AC, MC) in respect of which data will be
captured from respondents using questionnaire items based on a 5-point Likert scale that
will be analysed using multiple linear regression considering only main effects to the
exclusion of interaction effects of the ten variables on the dependent variable - intention to
use RT-RAAT technology. IBM’s SPSS will be used for the statistical analyses of the
collected data. It will be a necessary resource for the conduct of this study and will require
researcher training for its use.
5.13 Research Results and Ethical Considerations
Following the analysis of the collected data, the results will be interpreted in two reports,
namely a thesis to an academic committee and then a presentation to an academic panel
within specified deadlines.
31
The researcher needs to openly, honestly and fully disclose the findings of this study and
to not manipulate the methodology, data or the results obtained or any aspect of the study
in respect of which a pledge needs to be signed.
Furthermore, to protect subjects’ interests and future well-being, their identity will be
protected using the principle of anonymity which implies that the researcher or readers of
the final research report or paper cannot identify a given response with a specific
respondent thereby enhance the truthfulness of the responses obtained from the subjects.
32
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COMMENT
All factual material that is not original with you must be
accompanied by a reference to its source. Please use proper citation
style.
37