Lecture: 1.4 Topic: Evolution/Generation of Computers Subject Name: IT Applications in Business Subject Code: BBA-109 Semester: 1st Subject Faculty: Bhupender Singh, Asst. Professor, DME Management School Syllabus Suggested Readings • Text: Leon and Leon, (2nd Ed., 2012), Introduction to Information Technology, Vikas Publishing house. Chapter Name: Introduction to Computers • References: Goyal, Anita, (2012) Computer Fundamentals, Pearson Education. Chapter Name: Introduction to Computers • Web links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaSCSGv6kFM Introduction: Generations of Computers • First Generation (Vacuum Tubes Age) • Second Generation (Transistors Age) • Third Generation (Integrated Circuits) • Forth Generation (Microprocessor Age) • Fifth Generation (Artificial Intelligence Era) First Generation - 1951-1959 (Vacuum Tubes) Used vacuum tubes for circuitry, magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. Very expensive , consumed great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. Relied on machine language to perform operations, could solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of firstgeneration computing devices. Image of a Vacuum Tube Image of a Vacuum Tube Computer UNIVAV (1st Gen Computer) Second Gen 1959-1963: (Transistors) ❑ Transistors replaced vacuum tubes allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. ❑ Still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. ❑ Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. ❑ High-level programming languages and FORTRAN were used. like COBOL Images of Transistors Third Generation - 1963-1975: (Integrated Circuits, ICs) Motherboard/PCB (Printed Circuit Board) with ICs Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Image of rd 3 Gen Computer Fourth Gen - 1975-Present: (Microprocessor Age) PCB with Microprocessor In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and Hand held devices. 5th Gen - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence AI Age (Era of Intelligent Machines) Fifth generation computing devices are based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and ANN have made artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Summary 1st Gen Computers Vaccum Tubes Very Large in Size, High Energy Requirements, Very Limited Capabilities 2nd Gen Computers Transistors First Semi-Conductor Device Used, Comparatively Small Size, Fairly Enhanced Capabilities 3rd Gen Computers Integrated Circuits (Large Scale Integration) Large Scale Integration, Transistors were integrated on IC, Good Capabilities, 4th Gen Computers Microprocessor (Very Large Scale Integration, VLSI Technology) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI Technology), Thousand of ICs Integrated, Very Small in Size, Better Capabilities 5th Gen Computers AI, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Neural Networks. Intelligent Machines, Artificial Intelligence Enabled Computing Devices, Machine Learning, etc.
