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Thesis Proposal
Thesis · April 2018
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Project Proposal
The Geological Hazard of Rock Falls with associated
Geomorphological Mapping in the Southern Region of
the Güímar Valley in Tenerife, Canary Islands.
Tom Mucklow
UP720650
25th April 2018
Page 1
Contents Page
1.0 Project Definition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.1 Author Details…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
2.0 Project Description……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
2.1 Project Title…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
2.2 Problem Definition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
2.3 Project Aims & Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
2.4 Study Area Location…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
3.0 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
3.1 Literature Search…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 - 13
3.2 Writing a Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
3.2.1 Justify the choice of project at the design stage………………………………………………………………. 14
3.2.2 Final thesis report or research article……………………………………………………………………….. 14 - 19
4.0 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20 - 21
4.1 Methodology Flow Chart……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
4.2 Facilities……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
5.0 Programme of Works……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
5.1 Project Milestones……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
5.2 Project Deliverables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
5.3 Project Gantt Chart…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
6.0 Extended Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
6.1 Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
6.2 List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
6.3 List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24
7.0 Fieldwork Risk Assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25 - 28
8.0 SEES Masters Ethical Review Form & Ethical Review Information Sheet……………………………. 29 - 33
Appendix A: Gantt Chart displaying project activities for “Programme of Works” section.
Page 2
1.0 Project Definition
1.1 Author Details
Student Number
and Name
UP720650
Tom Mucklow
Institution
University of Portsmouth
Department
School of Earth and Environmental Science (SEES)
Full address
Telephone
76 Cabrera Avenue
Virginia Water
Surrey
GU25 4HA
07553939100
Fax
N/A
E-mail
tommucklow96@outlook.com
Web page
N/A
2.0 Project Description
2.1 Project Title
The Geological Hazard of Rock Falls with an associated Geomorphological
Assessment within the Southern Region of the Güímar Valley in Tenerife, Canary
Islands.
Page 3
2.2 Problem Definition
This project will involve a geological and geomorphological investigation into the large cliff
sections surrounding the South-Western Section of the Güímar Valley. This will entail an
analysis to understand how rock fall events pose as a geological hazard for the densely
populated region of the Güímar Valley.
This will, in turn, lead to the acquisition of specific rock fall parameters that will enable the
creation & simulation of two-dimensional & three-dimensional rock fall models. As well as
this, two geomorphological maps will be formulated to illustrate how the geomorphological
surface features interact with the underlying geology of the area and to understand how
these surface processes lead to the occurrence of rock fall events.
This study will also investigate any remediation or mitigation methods that could be
introduced into the study area to prevent any environmental or property damage to the
surrounding areas such as rock netting etc.
2.3 Project Aims & Objectives
The aim of this project is to understand and forecast the geological hazard of rock falls within
the Güímar Valley via the undertaking of creating 2-D & 3-D rock fall models, as well as
formulating geomorphological maps to illustrate the surface features of the study area.
To achieve this, a series of objectives have been formulated which include:
• The utilisation of satellite imagery and LIDAR data to create two geomorphological maps
to illustrate superficial features encountered within the study area.
• To record highly detailed rock descriptions that describe and explain the bedrock
geology and the volcanological processes that are associated with the study area.
• To take photographs of the individual localities that will be visited during the fieldwork In
order to visualise the type of geological phenomenon encountered in the field.
• The creation of 2-D & 3-D rock fall models to illustrate rock fall events.
• Acquiring specific rock fall parameters in the field such as coefficient of restitution,
density of rock, size of boulder, angle of friction, slope height etc.
Page 4
2.4 Study Area Location
The study area is located within the South-East region of Tenerife, within the Güímar
Valley. Coordinates of study area:
NW -1833338m E 3293819m N
NE -1822191m E 3292761m N
SE -1823713m E 3285088m N
SW -1836876m E3287866m N
Figure 1: Two maps displaying the location of Tenerife within the Canary Archipelago and
where the study area is situated on the island. Red polygon outlines the study area.
Figure 2: The specific boundaries of the study area with an additional dimensional calculation.
Page 5
3.0 Literature Review
3.1 Literature Search
Reference
Notes
Literature reviewed for this study (draft)
Agliardi, F., & Crosta, G. (2003). High resolution
• This particular paper is
three-dimensional numerical modelling of rockfalls.
particularly good for further
International Journal of Rock Mechanics And
explaining the process of rock
Mining Sciences, 40(4), 455-471
fall modelling.
• The publication also puts
forward the key issues to
consider before undertaking
rockfall modelling such as
functions processing different
parameters and the relationships
linking energy loss to different
variables.
Allaby, M. (2013). A dictionary of geology and earth • This dictionary will provide
concise definitions and meanings
sciences. Oxford University Press.
on all aspects of geology, earth
sciences and volcanology that
will be very useful for this thesis
research study.
Ancochea, E., Fuster, J., Ibarrola, E., Cendrero, A.,
• This paper provides interesting
and useful information regarding
Coello, J., & Hernan, D. et al. (1990). Volcanic
the age specific of the main
evolution of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands)
geological/volcanological units.
in the light of new K-Ar data. Journal of
•
This publication also goes into
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44(3-4),
great detail about the type of
231-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377processes that occurred on the
0273(90)90019-c
island of Tenerife, as well as the
types of geological processes
that can be observed.
• This technical paper also
discusses the volcanic evolution
of Tenerife in detail via the use
of an interesting diagram that
illustrates the formation of the
island.
Aydin, A., & Basu, A. (2005). The Schmidt hammer • This geological engineering
paper primarily talks about how
in rock material characterization. Engineering
a standard Schmidt hammer can
Geology, 81(1), 1-14.
be used in the characterisation
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.06.006
of different rock material and
Page 6
•
Bunce, C., Cruden, D., & Morgenstern, N. (1997).
Assessment of the hazard from rock fall on a
highway. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 34(3),
344-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-34-3-344
•
•
•
Carracedo, J. (1996). A simple model for the
genesis of large gravitational landslide hazards in
the Canary Islands. Geological Society, London,
Special Publications, 110(1), 125-135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.110.01.10
•
•
•
what type of data can be
acquired by using this piece of
equipment.
The paper also discusses the
various issues with using a
Schmidt hammer and the
upsides and downsides to
utilising this piece of equipment.
This paper, that was published
by the Canadian Department of
Civil & Environmental
Engineering, provides
information on how rock falls act
as a specific geological hazard to
major highways.
The technical publication also
refers to the Rockfall Hazard
Rating System which is
important to have an
understanding of so that various
ratings can be applied to
individual rock fall events.
This paper also provides
interesting notes on various
scientific, rock fall, risk
calculations that ultimately lead
to the formulation of multiple
graphical illustrations such as a
“distribution of rock fall impact
marks” graph.
The information re-synthesised
from this particular source
provided an interesting
description and explanation
regarding the formulation of the
major large landslide valley on
Tenerife.
This paper also discusses the
growth of the Canary Island
volcanoes with mentions to
historic volcanic activity and
Canary Island rift zones.
The publication primarily
concerns itself with the
formulation of a basic model
that explains the origin of
Page 7
landslide hazards within the
Canary Islands.
Carracedo, J., & Troll, V. (2016) The Geology of the • Carracedo, J., & Troll, V. (2016)
The Geology of the Canary
Canary Islands (Chapter 5).
Islands (Chapter 5). This chapter
within this book helps to explain
the overall geology of the island
referring to specific detail on the
geomorphology, volcanism, main
geological formations/units,
volcanic eruptions, rift zones of
Tenerife etc.
• This chapter also contains large,
colourful and informative images
and diagrams that effectively
supports the text.
• The chapter also provides
multiple locality visit locations
which will be useful for the
fieldwork element of this study.
• The most useful feature of this
source is that the book contains
a large quantity of information
that covers all topics that
interlink with the geology of the
island.
Criado, C., & Paris, R. (2005). Volcanic Landscape
• This publication provides an
effective geomorphological
and Geomorphological Evolution of Tenerife
overview of Tenerife with
Islands. Sixth International Conference on
reference to specific locations.
Geomorphology. Zaragoza: [Universidad de
• Provides useful figures that often
Zaragoza].
contain the outputs of certain,
scientific, three-dimensional
aesthetically pleasing models.
• Unfortunately, the study area is
not mentioned within this
publication in detail, so not a
great deal of information will be
extrapolated from this source,
however, the illustrations are
both informative and helpful.
Dorren, L. (2003). A review of rockfall mechanics and
• This scientific paper is very
modelling approaches. Progress in Physical Geography,
useful in helping to explain what
27(1), 69-87.
actually is a rockfall and what
the current type of protective
measures are available.
Page 8
Gill, R., Thirlwall, M., & Greensmith, J. (2012)
Tenerife Canary Islands.
Huggett, R. (2017). Fundamentals of
geomorphology. London: Routledge.
• This paper also discusses the
various causes of rockfalls as
well as the modes of motion of
falling rocks.
• Finally, the paper compares
different types of rockfall models
which happen to be split into
three types which are; empirical,
process-based & GIS-based
models.
• This guidebook is particularly
informative with regards to all
geological aspects to Tenerife
including formation/unit
descriptions, volcanic activity
etc.
• The core section of this fieldguidebook provides information
on specific localities throughout
the island whilst discussing the
specific geological &
geomorphological features
observed at these individual
locations.
• This published guidebook will be
utilized during the fieldwork
component of this research
project due to the informative
information such as route
planning, how to get to the
informative information such as
route planning, how to get to the
individual localities, what is
expected to observe at the
localities and a final section
containing a useful glossary of
volcanological terms.
• This geomorphological textbook
will assist in the further
understanding of significant
geomorphological components
such as weathering and
associated landforms, hillslopes,
geomorphic systems, volcanoes
etc.
Page 9
Hürlimann, M., Ledesma, A., & Martí, J. (2001).
• This geotechnical paper refers to
mass-movement processes,
Characterisation of a volcanic residual soil and its
specifically discussing large
implications for large landslide phenomena:
landslide phenomena.
application to Tenerife, Canary Islands. Engineering
•
The paper also contains brief
Geology, 59(1-2), 115-132,
discussions about
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(00)00069-7
geomorphology and geological
features that can be observed
today. There are very precise,
scientific figures which are
included within this Engineering
Geology paper which may be
referred to in the final thesis
write-up.
• This technical paper also
discusses the interesting volcanic
soil that contains many
geotechnical properties that
have been tested in a laboratory
for characterisational purposes.
• The paper also, in detail,
describes the relation of the
volcanic residual soil, located on
Tenerife, with the large landslide
valleys like the La Orotava and
Güímar Valleys.
Hurlimann, M., Ledesma, A. and Marti, J. (1999).
• This particular technical paper
discusses the main genesis and
Conditions favouring catastrophic landslides on
conditions that lead to the
Tenerife (Canary Islands). Terra Nova, 11(2-3), pp.
landslide features seen on the
106-111.
island of Tenerife.
• The paper also provides
information regarding the
geological setting of the island
the landslide features found on
the island.
• Within this paper, is also the
publishing of a model that
effectively illustrates the
regional landsliding on the
island.
Hürlimann, M., Martí, J., & Ledesma, A. (2004).
• Regrettably, this paper does not
mention the Güímar Valley (the
Morphological and geological aspects related to
study area) in large detail but
large slope failures on oceanic islands.
there are many interesting
Geomorphology, 62(3-4), 143-158.
scientific hypothetical notions to
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.02.008
this publication.
Page 10
Hürlimann, M., Turon, E., & Martí, J. (1999). Large
landslides triggered by caldera collapse events in
Tenerife, Canary Islands. Physics and Chemistry of
The Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy, 24(10),
921-924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s14641895(99)00136-2
• This paper, interestingly,
discusses the probable notion of
the large regional landsliding
being triggered by caldera
collapse.
Jerram, D. (2011). Introducing Volcanology.
Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.
• This textbook was referred to so
that a further understanding of
volcanology can be gained which
relates to the volcanic island of
Tenerife.
• However, this textbook was only
utilised for background
information and may not be
directly included within the final
thesis write-up as the study
wants to involve more technical
and research-oriented papers
and publications that provide
more specific information on the
dominant themes within this
study. That being said, this book
is a worthy inclusion to this
literature search.
• This guidebook lists the specific
field skills that can be used to
analyse outcrops appropriately
which will be useful during the
fieldwork component of this
research study.
• The guidebook also contains
detailed information on the main
igneous textures and how they
are classified which will assist
with the creation of rock
descriptions that will be written
during the fieldwork element of
the proposal.
• This book will be very useful if
there is a difficulty in identifying
a specific type of igneous rock in
the field.
• As well as Jerram and Petford
(2013) this book will assist to
identify certain rock types when
in the field.
Jerram, D., & Petford, N. (2013). The field
description of igneous rocks. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Jones, A. (2006). Rocks & Minerals.
London: HarperCollins
Page 11
Kim, D., Gratchev, I., Berends, J., &
• This paper helps to provide an
understanding of the specific
Balasubramaniam, A. (2015). Calibration of
parameters of restitution
restitution coefficents using rockfall simulations
coefficients which will be
based on 3D photogrammetry model: a case study.
required for the formulation and
Natural Hazards, 78(3), 1931-1946.
simulation of the rock fall
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1811-x
models.
• The publication also discusses
the use of rock fall simulations
that, interestingly, is based on a
3-D photogrammetry model.
• The research paper has
incorporated fieldwork into its
study containing precise field
measurements which have been
written to aid the creation of
rockfall simulations.
• This research paper also contains
interesting figures that contain
the rock fall models which in
turn provides a valuable insight
into what the end result of rock
fall simulations look like.
Lato, M., Diederichs, M., Hutchinson, D. and
• This paper discusses the
assessment of roadside
Harrap, R. (2011). Evaluating roadside rockmasses
rockmasses with LiDAR to
for rockfall hazards using LiDAR data: optimizing
forecast any potential rockfall
data collection and processing protocols. Natural
hazards.
Hazards, 60(3), pp.831-864.
• The paper provides some
interesting notes on what
rockfall hazards actually are and
why they cause an issue for
roads globally and locally.
• This publication will be referred
to within the full thesis write-up
due to the large amount of
primary information on rockfalls
as a geological hazard.
Mignelli, C., Peila, D., Lo Russo, S., Ratto, S., &
• This paper, interestingly,
referred to the management of
Broccolato, M. (2013). Analysis of rockfall risk on
the risk of rockfalls with an
mountainside roads: evaluation of the effect of
inclusion of a useful procedural
protection devices. Natural Hazards, 73(1), 23-35.
flow chart.
http://dx.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0737-4
• As well as this, the publication
brings to light a valuable insight
into the statistical analysis of
rock fall hazards.
Page 12
• This scientific article is very good
at explaining rock netting and
how they can be applied to rock
faces where rock falls occur.
• This paper also refers to the
interesting thought that is
concerned with the mechanical
behavior of the rockfall “ASM
Nets” (ASM meaning AntiSubmarine) as well as discussing
the spatial distribution of the
material.
Ridley, W. (1970). The Petrology of the Las Canadas • This scientific research paper
Volcanoes, Tenerife, Canary Islands.
provides an informative
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 26(2),
petrological overview of the Las
Canadas Volcanic activity in
124-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00371260
Tenerife, however this source is
slightly outdated but contained
some interesting illustrations
and diagrams that may be
referred to in the final thesis
write-up.
• This paper is one of the few
sources within this literature
search that contains pictures of
thin sections with additional
information regarding the
diagnostic petrographic features
of the main Tenerife rock types.
Ridley, W. (1971). The origin of some collapse
• This paper provides a further
insight into the formation of the
structures in the Canary Islands. Geological
major landslide valleys that can
Magazine, 108(06), 477.
be found on the island of
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800056673
Tenerife.
Rodríguez-Losada, J., Hernández-Gutiérrez, L.,
• This publication provides newly
added data on the
Olalla, C., Perucho, A., Serrano, A. and Eff-Darwich,
Geomechanical properties of the
A. (2009). Geomechanical parameters of intact
Tenerife rock types and the
rocks and rock masses from the Canary Islands:
issues regarding stability that is
Implications on their flank stability. Journal of
associated with them.
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 182(1-2),
pp.67-75.
Nicot, F., Cambou, B., & Mazzoleni, G. (2001).
Design of Rockfall Restraining Nets from a Discrete
Element Modelling. Rock Mechanics And Rock
Engineering, 34(2), 99-118.
Tucker, M. (2011). Sedimentary rocks in the field.
Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
• This sedimentary guidebook will
help to identify any sedimentary
formations located within the
study area.
Page 13
3.2 Writing a literature review
3.2.1 Justify the choice of project at the design stage
The technical papers associated with this study range from 1970 to more recent times
(Ridley, 1970, Ancochea et al., 1990, Hürlimann, Ledesma, & Martí, 2001 and Lato,
Diederichs, Hutchinson and Harrap, 2011). This research project also refers to additional
studies have also been formulated into the form of field guidebooks and textbooks (Gill,
Thirlwall, and Greensmith, 2012, Jerram, and Petford, 2013).
This study aims to utilise the pre-existing literature and publications to assess the geological
hazard of rock fall events along the steep, angular cliff sections within the Güímar Valley on
Tenerife. This particular research topic has been chosen as there is currently no specific
analysis of rock fall events within this particular region on the island of Tenerife. This is
peculiar as rock netting has been observed, within the study area, which has been
constructed and positioned to prevent large volcanic boulders from falling onto the road
and (TF-28) which would cause a major disruption to the steep and busy highway that is
regularly used. As well as this there is a significant hazard of sharp, angular, volcanic rocks to
fall onto the agricultural farming areas below.
In order to carry out a technical investigation into rock fall events within this area of
Tenerife, it is wise to acquire a better understanding of the study area with regards to; the
geology of the study area, the geomorphology of the region, how rock fall events occur in
this type of environment and how this type of geological hazard can be remediated.
3.2.2 Final thesis report or research article
Introduction to the Study Area
The island of Tenerife, is known to be the largest (2034 km2), highest (3718 metres above
sea level) and the most populated (5 million annual visitors in 2015) island within the
Canaries. Tenerife’s geometrical shape is known to be similar to a tetrahedron that has a flat
top which has been created by a partially filled Caldera (Caldera de la Cañadas) and a
stratovolcano (Mount Teide) which forms the apex of the island.
Interestingly, there are three main rift zones on the island that extend toward the
northwest, south and northeast and as well as this there are two largely pronounced
horseshoe-shaped depressions that are more commonly known as the valleys of La Orotava
and Güímar. Carracedo & Troll, (2016) have stated that the pyroclastic deposits located on
the south and southeastern parts of the island are fascinating geomorphological and
geological phenomenon.
This particular study as mentioned above will take place on the island of Tenerife which is
situated within the central area of the Canary Archipelago. More specifically, the study area
is located within the South-Eastern section of the island in the Güímar Valley. This is
illustrated within section “2.4 Study Area”.
Page 14
Geology & Geomorphology of the Study Area
Carracedo & Troll (2016) have claimed that the primary geological/volcanological units on
Tenerife were originally known as the Old Basaltic Series, the trachytic-trachybasaltic series,
the Cañadas series, the Basaltic series II and the recent series. However, the geology of
Tenerife is become more complex than this due to increased studies on the island.
Gill, Thirwall & Greensmith, (2012) have produced a simplified geological map of Tenerife
that displays four main volcanological units which are known to be the Old Basaltic “Series”,
the Cañadas Volcanics, the Cordillera Dorsal Volcanics (which underlies the Güímar Valley)
and The Recent Volcanics unit as well as the geomorphological landslide valleys known as La
Orotava and Güímar.
Figure 3 – Geological Map of Tenerife (Gill, Thirlwall & Greensmith, 2012)
The study area for this thesis, as previously mentioned, is located within the Güímar Valley
which contains the Cordillera Dorsal Volcanics and The Recent Volcanic Series. However,
Gill, Thirlwall & Greensmith, (2012) have stated that that at approximately 0.9 million years
ago, in conjunction with the building of the Cañadas volcano, there were outpourings of
basaltic material that formulated a series of hills termed as the Cordillera Dorsal which is
closely linked to the development of the Cañadas edifice. Gill, Thirlwall & Greensmith,
(2012) have also claimed that the volume of these deposits equate to approximately 250300 kilometres cubed. However, Fúster et al, {locate reference} (1968) has claimed that
these deposits are associated with the Old Basaltic “Series”, but potassium-argon (K-Ar)
dating has suggested that the deposits are much younger.
Interestingly, Annochea et al (1990) attributed a lot of the “Dorsal Series” to a much
narrower time slot but, most probably, there may not be a pronounced distinction
Page 15
inbetween the construction of volcanic activity that created the Dorsal edifice and the
multitude of historic basaltic eruptions that have taken place within the Gúímar Valley. This
is fascinating as one may consider that the “Dorsal” volcanic episode is still in progress.
Due to the nature of the Güímar Valley being an old relic landslide it is obvious to state that
there are a number of superficial deposits, however, Gill, Thirlwall & Greensmith, (2012)
state that analysis of deep water-supply tunnels display that the Güímar Valley floor consists
of over 100 metres of a superficial debris avalanche deposit. Gill, Thirlwall & Greensmith,
(2012) also claim that this lateral collapse post-dates the youngest lava unit within the scarp
of the landslide and as an interesting side note Ancochea et al (1990) have provided a K-Ar
age of 830 ka).
Rock Falls
Dorren (2003) states that within steep rocky regions the geological hazard of rock falls can
occur every day. Additionally, Agliardi and Crosta (2013) also claim that the event of rock fall
can pose as a geological hazard; across slopes that have been engineered, highways and
roads, settlements, facilities, transportation and can also threaten lives. Agliardi and Crosta
(2013) further state that this type of geological hazard can occur due to the process of
precipitation, earthquakes, weathering and freeze-thaw action. All of these processes can
cause singular or multiple boulders, varying in size, to become dislodged eventually entering
a state where gravity operates, with many other complex variables operating, which causes
the mass of rock material to fall in a downward manner.
It is known amongst some geoscientists that rockfalls are categorised into the following
classes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Block falls
Mass falls
Very large mass falls
Mass Displacement
However, the development of this geological hazard relies heavily upon the boundaries of
geo-mechanics which is mimicked at various complex levels via the use of kinematic or
dynamic computer modelling.
Page 16
Rock Fall Modelling
Agliardi and Crosta (2013) have stated that currently there are numerous models that create
a calculation which relates to the runout sector of rockfalls. However, all the current rock
fall models can be placed into three main categories which are: empirical models, processbased models and GIS-based models. The main components of these types of rockfall
models will now be discussed within this literature review.
Empirical Models
Empirical models are known to rely on topographical elements as well as the runout zone
length of singular or multiple events. On the base of multiple correlations Tianchi (1983)
formulated a specific model that estimates the expanse of a threatening rockfall.
Toppe (1987) and Evans and HUngr (1993) proposed the Fahrböschung concept which was
utilised to forecast run-out zones of rockfalls. The Fahrböschung is the angle inbetween the
horizontal plane and a plane that reads from the uppermost point of the rock fall source
scar. This can be seen in Figure 4. However, it Is crucial for the line to follow the falltrack of a
rock boulder.
Figure 4 – The Fahrböschung (F) and minimum angle of talus slope. (Modified from Dorren
(2003)).
Page 17
As well as this Keylock and Domaas (1999) tiraled three empirical models on their capability
to forecast the maximal length of rock fall zones via the use of basic parameters relating to
change in topography. The first model was called “Height Function Model” which assumed
that runout extent beyond the foot of the talus slope. The 2nd model created was termed as
the ά-β model which is associated with the connection inbetween the energy of rockfall
events. The 3rd and final model was called “The Runout Ratio Model”. This particular model
reports the ratio inbetween the extent of the runout zone to the compared length of the
talus slope. The more precise model out of the three turned out to be the Runout Ratio
Model.
Process-Based Models
According to Dorren (2003) process-based models involve simulations regarding the modes
of motion of rock falls over slope surfaces. Additionally, Kirkby and Statham (1975)
formulated a process-based model for the movement of rocks over talus slopes. This model
initially calculates the speed of the falling boulder via the following equation.
Where V is velocity, g is acceleration of gravity [9.81] and h equates to the fall height.
As well as this, the element of the fall speed tangential to the surface of the slope was also
calculated. As a final calculation, the position of where the boulder halted was calculated via
a frictional and the ratio of the fall speed which was processed by using the effectual angle
of friction. However, over many years of operations on a similar design of rockfall model, on
singular type eventually was adapted that became dominated the previous models which
can be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 5 – A diagram that illustrates a rockfall path being projected onto a contour line map
as well as slope sections being represented. (Modified from Dorren (2003)).
Page 18
GIS-Based Models
These types of models are known amongst rock fall scientists are those that operate in a
Geographical Information System (GIS) or alternatively models that are raster-based where
input-data is used from the GIS analysis. These particular models have three main modes of
operation which are: distinguishing the main rock fall source regions, determination of the
fall track and a calculation of the runout zone length.
Alternative, rockfall models are also GIS-based model which operate by utilising a processbased model for the calculation of runout zones. These specific models can be identified as
distributed models as they happen to be process-based and consider the spatial variability
with certain areas.
Conclusion
These three main types of rockfall models are interesting and operate in different ways with
numerous requirements and input demands however it is wise to have an understanding of
how rockfall modelling can be undertaken. A further detailed explanation of these three
main types of modelling will also be included into the main literature review within the final
thesis write-up.
Page 19
4.0 Methodology
The methodology for this study will consist of three main stages that can be compared to
the Gant Chart that has been created for this proposal to see the main types of data
requirements and the particular type of fieldwork that will be undertaken during this MSc
Thesis Research Project.
1) Pre-Fieldwork – This first initial stage will involve the preparation and gathering of fieldequipment so that the fieldwork can be undertaken successfully. In order to note down field
observations that will assist in the formulation of the 2-D & 3-D rock fall models. So that this
can be done, a University of Portsmouth notebook will be acquired including biro pens and
mechanical pencils for accuracy. As well as this, a Schmidt hammer will need to be used to
gather specific parameters such as density of rock, coefficient of restitution etc.
A laminated A4 BS-5930 rock description chart will also be taken out and used in the field so
that different rock types, encountered in the field, can be correctly identified to British
standards. However, in order to do this an A3 weather-writer will also be utilised for the
geomorphological mapping that will be carried out during the study.
Lastly, a geological hand lens will also be taken out in the field to observe the geology of the
study area as well as a compass clinometer to take bearings and to record the dip and strike
of certain geological features. A high-visibility vest will also be used during the fieldwork for
safety reasons like being seen on busy public roads, this also includes the wearing of a
hardhat when operating near large cliff sections that are prone to falling rocks.
However, before the fieldwork is undertaken a comprehensive review of the relevant preexisting literature will be written to understand the study area and the major themes of rock
falling and mass-movement within the Güímar Valley.
2) Fieldwork – This section of the methodology will discuss the various methods that will be
undertaken during the fieldwork such as the formulation of detailed rock descriptions,
creation of geomorphological maps and acquisition of specific parameters to aid the
formulation of the rock fall models.
The formulation of rock descriptions will involve the utilisation of the BS-5930 rock
description chart so that the descriptions are accurate and highly detailed. These rock
descriptions will be very useful in comparison with the geomorphological mapping to see
how the geology relates to the surface features within the study area. The
geomorphological mapping will be done via the usage of an A3 weather-writer that can
withhold large mapping sheets to be written on, as well as this the mapping will assist in the
understanding of the geomorphological features located within the study area and the
various mass-movement processed associated with them. The undertaking of the mapping
will consist of large walk-over surveys of two particular areas within the study area. These
walk-surveys will provide an insight into how the Güímar Valley formed and how massmovement and rock falls interlink with each other.
Page 20
As well as this, specific parameters will be acquired in areas at risk from rock falls, these
parameters are; friction angle, density of rock, coefficient of restitution, mass of boulders &
surface roughness measurements. These parameters will make it easier to create the 2-D &
3-D rockfall models in the post-fieldwork stage.
Finally, photographs will be captured so that a multitude of images can be included within
the final thesis submission, in order to provide illustrations of specific areas within the study
area.
3) Post-Fieldwork – This final stage of the methodology will entail the creation of the 2-D & 3-D
rock fall models as well as completing the write-up for the thesis report. This will involve a
short stay of 31/2 weeks spent in Portsmouth during the month of August to complete the
rock fall modelling and thesis write up.
4.1 Methodology Flow Chart
Figure 4 - Methodology flow chart illustrating the major components of the MSc Thesis
Report.
4.2 Facilities
Resource
Reason
MSc computer suite
Thesis report writing, figure
preparation and use of
geographical information
systems.
Time
Required
26 days
Timings
Aug 2018
Page 21
5.0 Programme of Works
5.1 Project Milestones
Milestone
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
Summary
Date
Completion of acquiring
rock fall parameters
Rock descriptions according
to BS5930
Geomorphological Mapping
Creation of Rock Fall Models
Submission of thesis after
detailed check
Completion of Presentation
Undertaking of Presentation
1st August 2018
08th July 2018
4th August 2018
31st August 2018
05th September 2018
21st September 2018
21st September 2018
5.2 Project Deliverables
Deliverable
Description
Date
1
Digitised Geomorphological
Maps
2-D & 3-D Rock Fall Models
The Completed Thesis
The Presentation
05th August
2
3
4
41st August
05th September
21st September
5.3 Project Gantt Chart
Please refer to Appendix A at the back of this proposal to view the Project Gantt Chart.
Page 22
6.0 Extended Table of Contents
6.1 Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Aims
1.3 Objectives
2. Literature Review
2.1 The Study
2.2 Introduction to Tenerife
2.3 Volcanological Evolution of Tenerife
2.4 Geology & Geomorphology of the Study Area
2.5 The Geological Hazard of Rock Fall Events
3. Methodology
3.1.1 Desk Study
3.1.2 Pre-Fieldwork Stage
3.1.3 Fieldwork Stage
3.1.4 Post-Fieldwork Stage
3.2 Rock Descriptions of Volcanological Units within the Study Area
3.2.1 Volcanic Logs
3.3 Geomorphological Maps
3.3.1 Analysis & Discussion of Geomorphological Maps
3.4 Creation of Rock Fall Models
3.4.1 Simulated 2-D & 3-D Rock Fall Models
3.4.2 Results & Conclusion of Rock Fall Models
3.4.3 Discussion of Simulated 2-D & 3-D Rock Fall Models
4. Results
4.1 Rock Descriptions
4.1.2 Rock Fall Models
4.1.3 Geomorphological Maps
4.1.4 How Geomorphology & Rock Fall Events Interrelate
5. Discussion
5.1 Discussion of Rock Fall Models
5.2 Discussion of Geomorphological Maps
5.3 Discussion of Remediation & Mitigation Measures of Future Rock Fall Events
6. Conclusion
6.1 Conclusive Summary
6.2 Recommendation for Further Research
7. References
8. Appendices
Page 23
6.2 List of Figures
Literature Review
•
•
•
•
•
Geological Map of Tenerife
Volcanic Evolution of Tenerife
Güímar Valley Photograph
GIS Bathymetry Data
Rock Fall Diagram
Methodology
•
•
•
•
•
•
Supporting Rock Description Photographs
Volcanic Logs
Geomorphological Base Maps
Digitised Geomorphological Maps
Screenshots of Rock Fall Model Creation
Screenshots of Simulated 2-D & 3-D Rock Fall Models
Results
•
Statistics of Simulated Rock Fall Models
Discussion
•
Remediation/Mitigation Measures
6. 3 List of Tables
Literature Review
•
•
Geological/Volcanological Units of Tenerife with Stratigraphical Ages
Pre-existing Geological Hazards of Study Area
Methodology
•
•
•
Rock Descriptions
Rock Fall Model Statistics
Results of Rock Fall Models
Discussion
•
Table of pre-existing Rock Fall Remediation Measures
Page 24
7.0 Fieldwork Risk Assessment
Page 25
Identified hazards or Injury causes,
Locality
highlighting risks (Injury focused - see checklist)
Rock Falls – High risk of injury to limbs
2, 3, 4
and major parts of the body.
Score -No
controls
(Probability x
Severity =
calculation)
2x3=6
Control measures
(existing controls, information, Personal protective equipment
etc)
•
•
•
•
•
1, 3,
4, 5
Sun Exposure – Minor risk of temporary
irritation to skin.
1x3=3
1, 2,
3, 5
Falling – High risk of injury to limbs and
major parts of the body.
2 x 5 = 10
2, 5
Passing Traffic – High risk of injury to
major parts of the body.
3x2=6
Trips and slips – Moderate risk of sharp
surfaces on rocky slopes & loose
1x4=4
unconsolidated material causing injury to
limbs.
1, 2,
Bites from Mosquitos – Minor risk of being
1x3=3
3, 4, 5 frequently bitten causing irritation to skin.
Hazardous Vegetation – Risk of skin
1, 2,
becoming severely scratched or bruised that
3x2=6
3
could cause reaction or rashes.
1, 2,
4, 5
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Avoid standing beneath steep slopes.
Take care whilst walking.
Wear hardhat when working underneath
sharp, angular rock slopes.
Carry sunglasses.
Wear sun cap to avoid being burnt on
face.
Carry and apply relevant factor of sun
cream.
Pack plenty of drinking water.
Wear longer clothing.
Wear high ankle walking boots.
Assess walking route.
Only a risk when assessing rock slopes
on mountain roads.
High Visibility Jacket to be worn when
operating on busy mountain roads.
Wear high-ankle support walking boots
Take care whilst walking
Assess route to locality and pathway.
Score -Post
Controls
(Calculation)
4x2=8
Action
Priority
(H/M/L)
H
2x2=4
M
5x1=5
H
1x5=5
H
3x2=6
M
• Wear mosquito repellent to avoid bites
1x1=1
• Wear longer clothing
• Wear appropriate clothing, including
long sleeved/legged clothing and gloves. 1 x 2 = 2
• Stay clear of sharp vegetation
L
L
Page 26
Geology University lecturer at
the
University of La Laguna,
Fellow Geology Postgraduate Student
Tenerife
Samuel Hedges
Jose Antonio
Local contact address whilst in Apartment in Poris de Abona – Home Local contact address Biologia Animal, Edafologia y
the field:
whilst in the field:
6812607
Geologia. Seccíon Biologia.
Campus Anchieta.
07802 794987
Universidad de La Laguna.
38206 La
Laguna. Tenerife (España)
+34 607 19 19 34
YES
Local Emergency phone
112
Is landowner permission required prior to visit ? /
number:
NO
YES
If yes have they given permission?
/
Local Emergency facilities
NO
Carretera Santa Cruz - La Laguna, 53,
(Location and phone number for
38009 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Landowner
local hospital etc)
N/A
details:
Page 27
In the event of an accident or dangerous occurrence you must contact any one of the three persons
listed below.
All accidents must be reported as soon as possible. Do NOT wait until you return from the field.
Important Addresses :
Michelle Halle
Head of School
School of Earth &
Environmental Sciences
University of Portsmouth
Burnaby Building
Portsmouth
PO1 3QL
Tel: 02392 842279 (Work)
02392 460422 (Home)
Mr D Wright
Health & Safety Manager
University of Portsmouth
Nuffield centre
Portsmouth
PO1 2ED
Tel: 02392 843440 (Work)
Mr J Coyne
Principal Technician, Health & Safety Co-ordinator
School of Earth & Environmental Sciences
University of Portsmouth
Burnaby Building
Portsmouth
PO1 3QL
Tel: 02392 842250 (Work)
Page 28
8.0 SEES Masters Ethical Review Form
Proposal Title
Student name
Supervisor(s)
MSc
Date of submission
Proposed start date
Funding details (if
appropriate)
The Geological Hazard of Rock Falls with an associated
Geomorphological Assessment within the Southern Region of the
Güímar Valley in Tenerife, Canary Islands.
Tom Mucklow
720650
Geological & Environmental Hazards
25/04/18
04/06/18
Lay summary of your proposed research (less than 300 words). This should explain the
reason for the research and what the research involves. This should be comprehensible to
a non-specialist reader.
The aim of this study is to assess the geological hazard of rock fall events on the cliff section
located within the Güímar Valley with respect to any remediation/mitigation measures that
could be utilised to reduce the threat of the hazard.
To achieve this, a series of objectives have been formulated which include:
• The utilisation of satellite imagery and LIDAR data to create two geomorphological
maps to illustrate superficial features encountered within the study area.
• To record highly detailed rock descriptions that describe and explain the bedrock
geology and the volcanological processes that are associated with the study area.
• To take photographs of the individual localities that will be visited during the
fieldwork in order to visualise the type of geological phenomenon encountered in the
field.
• The creation of 2-D & 3-D rock fall models to illustrate rock fall events.
• Acquiring specific rock fall parameters in the field such as coefficient of restitution,
density of rock, size of boulder, angle of friction, slope height etc.
Scientific Summary of proposal. This should be less than 300 words, indicating: Research
questions (hypothesis), rationale, proposed data collection and analysis, and dissemination
route.
How much of a geological hazard are mass-movement rock fall events upon the densely
populated region of the Güímar Valley? How does the geomorphology of the study area
interact with the geology? Do the surface processes within the study area lead to rock fall
events?
The rationale for this project is to see how much of a geological hazard rock fall events are
to the populated region of the Güímar Valley and what type of remediation measures can
be put in place to mitigate this type of hazard.
Page 29
Collection of Quantitative data, which will aid the creation of rock fall models, will be
acquired during the site walkover. This will require the acquisition and calculation of specific
rock fall parameters like surface roughness, density of rock, coefficient of restitution etc.
Recruitment and informed consent procedures. This should be less than 100 words
(please consider appropriate sampling permits, consent for access to private sites,
coercion, dignity and participant independence. Include consent forms, participants
information sheets or relevant evidences)
Landowner permission is not required. Should landowner permission be required in the
future, permissions will be requested prior the specific locality visits.
Safety of the researcher (please confirm that the appropriate health and safety form or
laboratory COSHH form has been submitted).
Fieldwork Risk Assessment Form has been completed and included as part of this
proposal. A Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) is not required for this
project.
Confidentiality (please describe how participant and or data confidentiality will be
maintained).
The data that is to be used within this project is considered to be non-confidential. FieldData collected will be written into a field notebook to be consulted at a later stage.
Additional calculated data will be transferred onto a personal external hard drive.
Please identify any ethical issues and strategies to deal with them e.g. Sensitive
scientific or cultural sites, Detrimental effects on the environment (e.g changes on slope
instability or ecological equilibrium) Deception, Vulnerable groups
No ethical issues are anticipated within this project. Fieldwork comprises a site walkover
in an area with no environmental designations and will not have any detrimental effects
on people or the environment. The site walkover will be constrained to public footpaths.
Risks and Benefits (please describe any potential risks and or benefits of participation in
the study and comment on the balance of risks and benefits within the proposal).
There are certain risks to consider before fieldwork commences which are as follows:
• Hazard of rock falls – High risk of injury to limbs and major parts of the body.
• Sun Exposure – Minor risk of irritation to skin.
• Falling from steep cliffs – High risk of injury to limbs and major parts of the body.
• Passing traffic – High risk of injury to limbs and major parts of the body.
• Trips and slips – Moderate risk of sharp surfaces on rocky slopes & loose
unconsolidated material causing injury to limbs.
However, potential benefits to the researcher include:
• Improving site walkover skills, which is a fundamental skill for a hazard geologist.
Page 30
•
•
Understanding the geological hazards of the study area to underpin and support the
projects aims and objectives.
The ability to undertake a large research project in another country independently
within a certain time constraint.
Please state any conflict of interests
No conflicts of interest are anticipated within this project.
Conformation with current conventions (please confirm that the research has been designed
and will be conducted according to professional and or national / international guidance, such as
the Geological fieldwork code, British Psychological Society etc.)
The research has been designed and will be conducted according to:
•
Code for Geological Fieldwork (The Geological Society of London, 2012,
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/FieldResources
•
BSI. (2015). BS 5930:2015 Code of practice for ground investigations. BSI, London, UK.
Please complete the final checklist, ticking for each question ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
Yes
Does the study involve human research participants?
Are there risks of damage to physical and or ecological environmental
features?
Are there risks of damage to features of historical or cultural heritage?
Will the research be conducted in protected scientific, cultural or heritage
No
X
X
X
X
sites?
Are there risks of damage to sensitive flora or fauna?
X
Do human participants take part in studies without their consent or will
X
deception of any form be used?
Does the study involve vulnerable or dependent participants (e.g. children or
X
people with learning difficulties)
Page 31
Does the study involve observation or discussion of sensitive, sexual, political,
X
financial or illicit behaviour?
Could the study induce psychological distress or anxiety in participants or
X
third parties?
Will the study involve prolonged or repetitive testing or participants?
X
Does the study involve the use of ionising radiation?
X
Will financial inducements other than reasonable expenses be offered to
X
participants?
Signed (the student)
Checked and approved
(Signature of the supervisor)
T.Mucklow
Noted. Sent to Supervisor (David Giles) & Awaiting
Response in the form of a signature.
Page 32
SEES Masters Level Ethical Review Information Sheet
Rational
Environmental ethics concerns human beings’ ethical relationship with the natural
environment. While numerous philosophers have written on this topic throughout history,
environmental ethics only developed into a specific philosophical discipline in the 1970s.
This emergence was no doubt due to the increasing awareness in the 1960s of the effects
that technology, industry, economic expansion and population growth were having on the
environment. The development of such awareness was aided by the publication of two
important books at this time. Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, first published in 1962, alerted
readers to how the widespread use of chemical pesticides was posing a serious threat to
public health and leading to the destruction of wildlife. Of similar significance was Paul
Ehrlich’s 1968 book, The Population Bomb, which warned of the devastating effects the
spiralling human population has on the planet’s resources.
Of course, pollution and the depletion of natural resources have not been the only
environmental concerns since that time: dwindling plant and animal biodiversity, the loss of
wilderness, the degradation of ecosystems, and climate change are all part of a raft of
“green” issues that have implanted themselves into both public consciousness and public
policy over subsequent years. The job of environmental ethics is to outline our moral
obligations in the face of such concerns. In a nutshell, the two fundamental questions that
environmental ethics must address are: what duties do humans have with respect to the
environment, and why? The latter question usually needs to be considered prior to the
former. In order to tackle just what our obligations are, it is usually thought necessary to
consider first why we have them. For example, do we have environmental obligations for
the sake of human beings living in the world today, for humans living in the future, or for
the sake of entities within the environment itself, irrespective of any human benefits?
Submission
All research undertaken by students or staff, whether primary (involving fieldwork) or
secondary (involving work which draws on already published sources), requires ethical
approval. Masters students must submit their completed SEES Ethical Review form, Draft
Research Proposal and Health and Safety form to their supervisor by the date agreed.
A favourable ethical opinion must be awarded before fieldwork or any data collection can
commence. In the first instance, your supervisor will review the submitted documentation,
however, if any ethical issues are identified the SEES Ethics Representatives Dr Michelle
Bloor and Dr Carmen Solana will also consider your application. A favourable or
unfavourable ethical outcome will be awarded - if you receive an unfavourable outcome,
the proposed research must be modified to address the highlighted ethical issues. If a
favourable outcome is awarded, your research can go ahead as planned.
Page 33
Appendix A: Gantt Chart displaying project activities
Research Project Gant Chart
Date: 25th April 2018
Student Name: Tom Mucklow
Student Number: 720650
Supervisor: David Giles
Key:
Progress meeting with Supervisor
Originate Section
Detailed check of thesis
Assignment Submission
(Month & Year)
Apr-18
May-18
Jun-18
Jul-18
Aug-18
Sep-18
(Weeks of Month)
02-08 | 09-15 | 16-22 | 23-30 01-06 | 07-13 | 14-20 | 21-27 | 28-31 01-03 | 04-10 | 11-17 | 18-24 | 25-30 01-08 | 09-15 | 16-22 | 23-29 | 30-31 01-05 | 06-12 | 13-19 | 20-26 | 27-31 01-09 | 10-16 | 17-23 | 24-30
Thesis Proposal
Thesis Proposal (25th April)
Thesis Month 1 (May)
Literature Review
Progress meeting (14th May)
Thesis Month 2 (June)
Acquisition of Rock Fall Parameters
Progress meeting (14th June)
Rock Descriptions according to BS5930
Thesis Month 3 (July)
Geomorphological Mapping
Progress meeting (14th July)
Results
Conclusion
Discussion
Thesis Month 4 (August)
Creation of Rock Fall Models
Progress meeting (14th August)
Introduction
Check Thesis
Thesis Month 5 (September)
Thesis Report
Formulate Presentation
Check Presentation
Presentation (19-21 September)
Page 34
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