THE NIPAH VIRUS
OUR TEAM MEMBERS
ABENA LEEN MV - 20221007
ATHEENA S KUMAR - 20221062
B NITHIN - 20221069
RIJUL B - 20221223
SWETHA SATHEESAN - 20221275
Introduction
•Transmitted to humans from animals
•Natural host - fruit bats
• Symptoms - fever, headache, drowsiness,
respiratory illness, disorientation and mental
confusion. These signs and symptoms can
progress to coma within 24-48 hours
•A range of clinical presentations, from
asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute
respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis
• The case fatality rate is estimated at 40% to
75%
•Can be prevented by avoiding exposure to sick
pigs and bats in endemic areas and not drinking
raw date palm sap
Brief History Of Nipah Virus
• The first case of Nipah virus was identified in 1998, after an outbreak of neurological and respiratory
disease on pig farms in Malaysia caused 265 human cases,with 108 fatalities.
• The name “Nipah” comesfrom the place Sungai Nipah in Malaysia(thesource of human case from
which the virus was first isolated).
• The primary source of the virus was identified as fruit bats found in Malaysia and the transmission to
humans were carried by pigs.
• The symptoms were primarily encephalitic in humans and respiratory in pigs. During 1998, the viral
spread was aided by the transfer of infected pigs to other pig farms.
• The virus has been reported in other countries like Singapore, Bangladesh and India.
Timeline Of Nipah Virus Outbreak In Kerala
Index case reported on May 2
Index patients- Mohd Sabith
Mohd Salih
(28 yrs old) admitted to BMH.
Symptoms:Vomiting,high
fever and mentally agitated.
Expected it to be encephalitis
Nippah crossed Jayakrishnan’s
mind first. On the second day
hospital authorities have confirmed
the symptoms to be that of Nippah.
Father and aunt tested positive for
Nippah.
Neurologist Dr Jayakrishnan
found out something wrong.
Heart beat shot up to 180 bpm
,BP shoot up ,limbs got limp
and no reflexes, which was
never symptoms of encephalitis.
Chances of rabies were
cancelled out.
Asked help of virologist Dr.
Arunkumar at MCVR .He was
interested in testing Nippah virus
for two reasons:
*Potential geographies
*Bioterrorist agent
Ajanya was the first person to
survive Nipah while 18 others
died in the state.
Without prompt diagnosis it
would have been worse.
*Diagnosed in Bangladesh
after the death of many.
*In 2001 Silluguri could
diagnose after a span of 6
months
Trapping suspects
• The strongest suspects are large fruit bat population which were to be carriers of the Nipah Virus in
both Malaysia and Bangladesh
• Experiments have shown that the Nipah virus circulates within bats for brief periods of time,
during which the likelihood of transmission to humans or a “spillover” event increases
• In a 2011 study published in the American Journal of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine , virologists
experimentally infected fruit bats from Malaysia and Australia with the Nipah virus, and the
closely related Hendra virus.
• When they tried to isolate the pathogen from the bats only a few days later, they were unable to do
so in most cases.
• Trapping bats is a tough job. The district animal husbandry department collected bat droppings
and urine from the ground which is harder during monsoon because the quantity of urine is only
0.5 ml per animal.
• The sample collected from the bat-infested well near Sabith’s house turned out to be Nipah
negative.
Detection, Treatment And Safety Protocols
Sister Lini – An Epitome Of Selfless Service
"I don't think I will be able to see
you again. Sorry. Please raise our
children well.“ – Sister Lini’s words
*The Florence Nightingale award
*President Ram Nath Kovind’s appreciation
“THE SAVIORS”
U V Jose
(District collector)
T P Ramakrishnan
(MLA Perambra)
K K Shyalaja (Health Minister)
Dr A S Anoop Kumar, Dr C Jayakrishnan and
Dr G Arun Kumar - The doctors who led the efforts to establish
the virus...
Later Outbreaks And Control Activities
• New case in 2019
• 2021 outbreak:12 year old boy in Chathamangalam of Kozhikode district.
• Currently there are no drugs or vaccines specific for Nipah Virus Infiection.
Thank You!