Biology “Cheat Sheet” Top Concepts on the EOC
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Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Plant and animal cells.
Ribosomes make proteins
Mitochondria generate energy. ATP, cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, and produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
Photosynthesis is how plants make food. Carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen
Cellular respiration all organisms need energy glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water+ ATP
Carbohydrates are used for energy and structural support. Monomers- monosaccharides (simple sugar)
examples sugar, starch, cellulose
Glycogen is used by animals and starch is used by plants
Lipids store energy and provide protection and insulation. Monomers fatty acids and glycerol. Examples
fats, oil, waxes, and steroids.
Proteins control reactions, transport materials, and many other functions. Monomers Amino Acids.
Examples enzymes, hemoglobin, keratin
Nucleic acids store genetic information. Monomers nucleotides. Examples DNA and RNA
A nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
DNA has ATGC, RNA has AUGC
DNA must replicate before mitosis and meiosis
DNA to mRNA transcription, takes place in the nucleus
mRNA to protein translation, takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosome
tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosome
Mutations are a change in DNA and can lead to many problems
Mutations are also a source of genetic variations
Restrictions enzyme cut DNA
The cell cycle is interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Interphase is the longest phase. DNA replication takes place in the “S” phase during interphase
Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes
Meiosis occurs in sex cells, produces 4 different cells, with HALF the number of chromosomes
Crossing over in meiosis is when chromosomes exchange pieces
Dominant traits cover up recessive traits
A parent can pass a recessive trait to child without showing the trait
Sex linked traits, such as hemophilia and colorblindness are on the X chromosome. Males get them more
often because they only have one X chromosome
XX female XY male;
Down syndrome 3 copies of #21 chromosome
Organisms are influenced by genetic factors (DNA) and environmental factors (soil, diet, nutrition,
sunlight, exercise)
The SEQUENCE of DNA is what determines the organism
Cells differentiate because some genes in the cell are turned ON and others are turned OFF
The key to a protein is the SHAPE
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts. A catalyst speeds up a reaction. Enzymes are shaped to fit a
substrate.
Enzymes are specific and reusable.
Enzymes can be denatured (lose shape) by changes in temperature and pH.
Humans have 46 chromosomes in their body cells and 23 in their sex cells.
Evolution is change over time.
A question about evolution usually involves a common ancestor or DNA (biochemical) evidence.
Other evidence of evolution include fossils, embryonic (larval) stages and vestigial organs (no longer used)
Homologous structures are structures that look similar on animals but have different functions. (Ex. Wing,
flipper, arm)
44. Natural selection means “survival of the fittest” the organism best suited for the environment will survive.
45. Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics if antibiotics are overused. The bacteria that are not killed will
reproduce and pass that resistance to the other bacteria.
46. Insects resistant to pesticides pass those genes to offspring.
47. An animal is a multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotroph without a cell wall
48. A plant is a multicellular, eukaryotic autotroph with a cell wall
49. Autotroph means “self-feeding”. Plants make their own food.
50. A population is a group of the same organisms living in an area
51. A community is a group of populations that live in a certain area
52. An ecosystem consists of the abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) factors in an area
53. The biosphere supports life on earth
54. The ultimate source of energy in a food web is the sun
55. Producers support the food web because they make their own food
56. Primary consumers eat producers
57. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers
58. Tertiary consumer feed on primary and secondary consumers
59. Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level
60. Deforestation removes trees from the ecosystem Trees remove carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas.
Greenhous gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to climate change.
61. The number one cause of extinction or loss of biodiversity is habitat destruction
62. In the carbon cycle, plants remove carbon through photosynthesis, animals add carbon through respiration,
but the number one source of carbon is burning fossil fuels
Other helpful hints
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Read the question and all answer choices
If you get stuck skip the question and come back to it.
Get a good night’s rest before testing.
Eat a good dinner and a good breakfast.
Bring a fully charged Chromebook for testing!