Defining Psychology
The Major Theories of Psychology:
Careers in Psychology:

Psychiatrist:

Psychologist

MFT

LCSW

Research Psychologist

Academic Psychologist

Applied Psychologist
Biological Psychology:
Cognitive Psychologists:
Behavioral Psychologists:
Psychoanalytic Psychologists:
Humanistic Psychologists:
Social Psychologists:
Evolutionary Psychologists:
Biopsychosocial Psychologists:
Diversity or Cross-Cultural Psychologists:
Scientific Method
5 Types of Psychological Evidence
1) Case Studies:
a. Pro:
b. Con:
Testimonials:
Example:
2) Surveys: Individuals respond to a standardized set of questions.
a. Pro:
b. Con:
3) Naturalistic Observations:
a. Pro:
b. Con:
4) Correlational Research:
Positive Correlation:
Negative Correlation:
Question: If correlation does not mean causation why do we use it?
5) Laboratory Research and the Scientific Method: Seven Steps (+ one of my own)
1) Form a hypothesis:
2) Identify your independent and dependent variables:
a. Independent Variable:
b. Dependent Variable:
3) Randomly Select your Subjects:
4) Randomly assign your subjects to an experimental and a control group:
4) Manipulate the Variables:
Three areas of bias in science
1) Personal Beliefs:
2) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy:
3) Confounds:
a. Single Blind Studies:
b. Double Blind Studies:
6) Measure the Experimental Effects: How did the treatment affect the subjects?
7) Analyze the Data:
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
8) Interpret the data and make sure that you have avoided confounds.
You will be asked to design an experiment to answer a particular question in psychological research. You
will need to create a hypothesis for your research. You need to identify your independent (with levels) and
dependent variables, and tell us how you are going to randomly select and randomly assign your subjects.
Tell us how you would run the experiment. Also tell us any confounds or problems you might encounter
in running the study, and how you might deal with them and eliminate them.
Biological Basis of Behavior
The Central Nervous System: = The Brain and Spinal Cord
The Brain is made up of two types of cells:
1. Glial Cells:
1.
2.
3.
2. Neurons:
Anatomy of the Neuron
Dendrites:
Cell Body (Soma):
Nucleus:
Axon:
Myelin:
End bulbs:
Neurotransmitters:
Synapse:
Synaptic Gap:
Peripheral Nervous System:
There are two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System:
1) Somatic Nervous System:
Two Types of Neurons in the Somatic Nervous System:
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons:
Efferent (Motor) Neurons :
2) Autonomic Nervous System:
Sympathetic Nervous System:
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
Anatomy of the Brain
Fore Brain:
Cortex:
Frontal Lobe:
Broca’s Area:
Motor Cortex:
Parietal Lobe:
Somatosensory cortex:
Temporal Lobe:
Primary Auditory Cortex:
Wernickes Area:
Occipital Lobe:
Primary Visual Cortex:
Visual Association Area:
Inside the Forebrain:
Lymbic System:
Hypothalamus:
Hippocampus:
Amygdala:
Thalamus:
MidBrain:
Reticular Formation:
Hind Brain:
Pons:
Medulla:
Cerebellum:
Consciousness
Consciousness –
Controlled Processes:
Automatic Processes:
Daydreaming:
Altered States:
Sleep and Dreams:
Unconscious and Implicit Memory:
Unconsciousness:
Circadian Rhythm- Internal Clock
The Interval Clock- internal clock located in the basal ganglia that allows us voluntary control
and monitoring of the length of time we participate in activities such as sleep.
The Superchiasmic Nucleus (the circadian clock)- cells in the hypothalamus that regulates the
release of certain hormones and neurotransmitters. The nucleus receives direct input from the eyes
and controls the release of cortisol and saratonin responsible for sleep wake cycles.
Food Entrainable Circadian Clock (midnight snack clock) – regulates eating patterns in people
or animals. It is said to be responsible for the midnight cravings. Studies indicate that many obese
people often have a abnormality in their clock (located in the hypothalamus).
Other Clock Issues:
 Jet Lag
 Melatonin
 Seasonal Affective Disorder
 Swing Shift Depression
Journey Through Sleep
Wakefulness- Beta Waves
Characterized by low amplitude and high frequency, and cycle at about 12-30 cycles/second.
Drowsy- Alpha Waves
Relaxed and Drowsy, generally with eyes closed or dipping Low amplitude high frequency waves. 8-12
cycles per second.
NREM Sleep Stage 1- Theta Waves
Theta waves. Last about 1-7 minutes. These waves are lower in amplitude and frequency than alpha wave
(3-7 cycles per second).
NREM Sleep Stage 2 – Sleep Spindles and K-Complex Waves
Definitely asleep characterized by sleep spindles (12-14 cycles/second)
NREM Sleep Stages 3 and 4 – Delta Waves
30-45 minutes after dozing off. Deepest sleep. Delta waves have low frequency and high amplitude.
REM Sleep – Beta Waves
Waves are high in frequency and low amplitude, the look very similar to beta waves seen during
wakefulness.
Why do we sleep?
The Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus is a group of cells in the hypothalamus that act like a master switch
for sleep. When the VPN turns on you secrete GABA that turns of areas that usually keep the brain
awake. When VPN is turned off, certain brain areas become active and you wake up. One of the areas
that the VPN turns off, is the reticular formation which is responsible for sending message alerting the
forebrain of incoming sensory information (controls consciousness).
Sleep Theories:

Reparative Theory:

Adaptive Theory:
Why Don’t We Sleep? - Sleep Disorders:

Insomnia:
o Sunday night insomnia
o Drug induced insomnia
o Stress induced insomnia
o Behavioral patterns
Treatments for Insomnia:
o Progressive Relaxation:
o Stimulus Control:
o Visual Imagery:
o Drugs:
Problems with Sleep Deprivation:
Sleep Disorders:

Sleep Apnea:

Narcolepsy:

Rem Behavioral Disorder:

Rebound Rem:
Dreams
Psychoanalytic Dream Interpretation: “The Royal Road to the Unconscious” (Freud)

Manifest Content:

Latent Content:
Continuation of Waking Concerns:
Activation Synthesis Theory: (Hobson & McClarley)
Carl Jung and The Collective Unconscious:
Hypnosis
Altered State Theory:
Social Cognitive Theory:
Used For:

Analgesia

Age Regression

Post Hypnotic Suggestion

Post Hypnotic Amnesia

Imagined Perception

Behavioral control and Therapy
Consciousness Cont.—Drugs
No Notes—In Class Exercise
Intelligence
3 Theories of Intelligence:
Psychometric Approach: Measures or quantifies cognitive abilities that make up intellect.
You are either a lumper or a splitter:
Lumpers: think intellect is a general unified concept or capacity for learning, problem solving, reasoning
etc. Tests that lump are efficient predictors because you can use one score. But they exclude other types
of intellect and they don't specify processes of intelligence.
Spearman says we have: G factors (general knowledge) and S
factor
(Specific knowledge).
Splitters: Think that intelligence is made up of many independent mental abilities.
Howard Gardner is a splitter. He believes that intelligence is
of many different types of intelligence.
made up
Information Processing Approach: Looks at the cognitive components of the way people solve
problems.
Sternberg: His triarchical theory of intelligence says we divide
intelligence into:
1) Logical Thinking Skills
2) Problem Solving Skills
3) Practical Thinking Skills
Stanford Binet Test of Intelligence:
In 1905 Binet invented the first intelligence test to look at French school children. It tested memory,
vocabulary and common knowledge. He measured mental age by standardizing tests to measure the
"normal" children at each age group and then scaled others accordingly.
In 1916 the test was brought to America through Louis Terman at Stanford University. The scale is now
called the Stanford Binet. Terman revised the scale to reflect the equation IQ= MA/CA X 100. The test
included a verbal and a performance scale.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (WAIS-R):
Is used for adults 16 years of age and older. It includes a verbal subtest that studies information,
comprehension, arithmetic, similarities, vocabulary, and digit span and has a performance scale that covers
digit symbols, block design, picture completion, picture arrangement and object assembly.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC): Is similar on measures as the adult version but
is standardized for children 4-16.
Learning/Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning:
Neutral Stimulus: It is a stimulus that in and of itself causes no reaction. But later, paired with another
stimuli, it will produce a target behavior (Bell)
Unconditional Stimuli: Something that already produces a response without any prompting (Meat
Powder)
Unconditioned Response: Unlearned, innate response that you need not teach or request for it to happen
(Salivation)
Through numerous pairings of the neutral stimuli (Bell) and the Unconditioned Stimuli (meat powder)
producing an Uncondition Response (salivation) the neutral stimuli (bell) now becomes a Conditioned
Stimuli, which produces a Conditioned Response (salivation).
Taste Aversion:
Extinction: When the conditioned stimuli is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimuli and
no longer produces the conditioned response.
Spontaneous Recovery: Is when the conditioned response reappears even though no further conditioning
is going on.
John B. Watson and the Little Albert Experiment:
1. Stimulus Discrimination: Organism learns to respond to certain particular stimuli but not to
other similar stimuli.
2. Stimulus Generalization: When a stimulus similar to the Conditioned one produces a
conditioned response.
B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning:
Positive Reinforcement:
Negative Reinforcement:
Positive Punishment:
Negative Punishment:
+
-
Reinforcement
Punishment
Fixed
Variable
Primary ReinforcementSecondary Reinforcement-
Schedules of Reinforcement :
1. Fixed Interval:
2. Fixed Ratio:
3. Variable Interval :
4. Variable Ratio:
Fixed
Variable
Interval
Ratio
Shaping:
Superstitious Learning:
Primary Reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
Albert Bandura and Cognitive Learning - The Vicarious Learning Experiment
Insight Learning and the “Aha” Moment-
Seligman - Learned helplessness:
Behavioral Therapies:
Systematic Desensitization:
1) Subject is asked to make a hierarchy of stressful events from the most stressful to the least
stressful.
2) Then subject is taught relaxation techniques based on the premise that one can’t be both
relaxed and afraid at the same time.
3) 3) Subject is put herself in this relaxed state and then walked through the hierarchy at a very
slow rate.
Flooding: Sink or Swim
Behavioral Modification (B-Mod) :
Behavioral Chart:
Token Economies:
Potty Training and the Behavioral Chart
Cognition
Memories……
Sensory Memory
There are five modality specific sensory registers. We'll talk about echoic and iconic because they are the
easiest to test.
Sperlings (1960) partial and whole report tasks (demo)
Five Characteristics of the Sensory register:
1) Pre-categorical:
2) Veridical (Photographic):
3) Large but limited:
4) Short in duration:
5) Summates information:
Iconic Sensory Register: can hold 9-10 bits of information for 200-400 milliseconds. Aids in smoothing
visual information (i.e. nothing is lost in a blink).
Echoic Sensory Register: can hold 5 bits of information for as long as 2 seconds. Echoic sensory
memory is longer because it aids in speech comprehension.
Short Term or Working Memory
Capacity:
Duration:
Ways to get information from short to long term memory
Encoding Memories: By rehearsal
Maintenance Rehearsal: Repetition of the subject matter verbatim.
Elaborative Rehearsal: Adding meaning to the information for
deeper level processing.
Mnemonics
 Chunking: exploiting the 7 bits capacity of short-term memory by Memorizing
information in meaningful chunks.

Clustering: Learning like concepts together

Method of Loci: Attaching meaningful information to locations.

Pegword Technique: Memorizing a concept by making rhymes of jingles.

First Letter Technique: Every Good Boy Does Fine etc.
LONG TERM MEMORY
Duration:
Capacity:
Recall vs. Recognition:

Recall:

Recognition:
Declarative vs. Non-Declarative MemoriesDeclarative:

Episodic Memories: Personal Experiences

Semantic Memory: Memory for the meaning of information
Non-Declarative or Procedural Memory: Memory for Processes and Procedures
GLITCHES IN MEMORY
Serial Position Curve and Primacy/Recency Effect:
Mood/State Dependent Learning: Material learned in a particular state will be best remembered in that
same state.
Encoding Specificity: Material is best retrieved in a similar manner to the way it was encoded.
How information can be lost:
Not Remembering: Loss of information before it gets to long-term memory.
Interference: Information is lost during the rehearsal phase due to
a) Proactive interference: The learning of A interferes with
the learning of B
interference
b) Retroactive interference: The learning of B interferes
with the learning of A.
Decay: Information not attended to will not be processed into long
term memory.
Forgetting: Inability to retrieve information once learned, from long term memory.
“Use it or Lose it”:
Memory Disorders
a) Amnesiac Syndrome:
When serious mental disorders occur outside of delirium or dementias. Both the short and
long-term memory can be affected by some organic factors. Those with this disorder are
unable to store memories for more than 20-30 minutes.
b) Anterograde Amnesia:
Subjects cannot encode new information into long-term
memory. Generally indicative or progressive brain disorder
c) Retrograde Amnesia:
Can't remember things that occurred prior to the Brain
Injury. Generally caused by traumatic head injury.
.
d) Psychogenic Amnesia:
Occurs in the absence of any physical causes. The personality stays intact but the
person forgets incidents, people and even ones own name.
e) Fugues:
Generally involve geographic relocation and suppression of memory
from previous lives.
Flashbulb Memory-
Eye Witness Identification:
Loftus study on eyewitness testimony found:

74% conviction rate with only one eyewitness in England

18% conviction rate with only circumstantial evidence

72% with one eyewitness

68% when the subject is informed that the witness is legally blind

Judges warnings have no effect
Buchout
 14.7% identified the suspect correctly out of a television enactment (N=2145)
Motivation and Emotion/Stress and Health
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (From the bottom up):

Biological Needs:

Safety/Shelter Needs:

Belongingness Needs:

Self esteem Needs:

Self-Actualization:
Theories of Emotion:

James-Lange Theory: says that Emotions come from distinct physiological patterns of arousal.
The theory posits that each emotion has a different physiology.

Facial Feedback Theory: says that the muscles in the face signal the production of emotions. It is
the theory behind the saying "put on a happy face"

Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Schacter and Singer): Says that physiological arousal produces a
need for an attribution, which in turn produces the labeling of an emotion.
When it comes to emotion appraisal is everything:
When a stressor is present you must:
First: ask yourself whether the situation is one of:
Harm/loss (already lost something)
Threat (may lose something) or
Challenge (potential for gain but must conserve energy, resources)
Second: Decide how to manage the stressor.
Ways to deal with stress:
Reappraisal of the situation:
Social Support:
Coping:
Problem Centered Coping: Actively change the problem.
Emotion Centered Coping: Handling the emotions produced by a stressor.
Locus of Control:
Internal:
External:
Gender Differences in Locus of Control:
Affects of Stress: - The Psychoneuroimmunology connection.
Mind Body Research – Yoga and EMDR vs. Traditional Therapy and CBT
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome:
Stage 1: Alarm
Stage 2: Resistance
Stage 3: Exhaustion
Risk Factors
Genetics:
Lifestyle:
Personality
Type A Personality – Higher Risk






Type B Personality – Lower Risk




Psychosomatic Disorders: Disorders caused by poor coping to stress.
Ex: Ulcers, some migraines, insomnia, high blood pressure, heart disease.
Hypochondria: Thinking you have a disorder when you don’t.
Child Development
Sensorimotor 0-2 years.
Child learns to differentiate self from others
Child learns object permanence
Child learns intentional actions
Preoperational 2-7 years old.
Child learns language
Child learns egocentric thinking
Child learns to classify objects on a single factor
Concrete Operational 7-11
Child learns logical thinking
Child learns conservation of numbers (6) mass(7) and weight(9)
Child learns to classify objects on several dimensions
Formal Operational 12+
Child learns logical abstract hypothesis building
Child learns to look to future able to deal with ramifications
Accommodation: Changing old concepts
Assimilation: Adding new concepts
Personality
What is personality? Changing? Temporary? Permanent? Easy or hard to change?
Personality Defined: Combination of relatively stable and distinctive traits and how these traits
influence thinking behavior and feeling response to other people and situations.
Theories of Personality:
Humanist Theories stress our own ability to seek out and integrate information and experiences in the
outside world. It doesn’t matter what really happened it only matters what you think happens. Believes
that personalities are more than a sum of the parts, rather they work as a cohesive unit. All theories work
toward self actualization. Rogers focused on self concept and the division between the real self and the
ideal self. Focused on unconditional positive regard. The human is basically good.
Social learning theory: Bandura- Locus of control- ( internal vs external). We learn from our
environment.
Trait Theories say that we must analyze personalities by traits
5 Factor Model (OCEAN):
O
C
E
A
N
Freud: Believed the mind is a little black box and there is no way to get access to it other than to look at a
person’s symbolic interactions. Freud looks at unconscious motivations toward death and sex.
Freud: Said the mind is a black box that cannot be accessed directly.
The unconscious can be reached indirectly by one of several ways:
1. Parapraxi’s or chance occurrences (“Freudian Slips”) – slips of the tongue that reflect your
unconscious.
2. Dreams – Freud said that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious.
3. Free association – Lets you see the unconscious.
Unconscious Mind
Id: Works on the pleasure principle, it is the child in you. The id has two main divisions of emotions – sex
and aggression. The id wants to satisfy these needs no matter what. But the id runs into conflict when it
tries to interact with the outside world; so, the ego develops.
Superego: Is the moral portion of your mind. Includes all of the teachings of right and wrong handed
down by parents and social conditioning.
Ego: Works on the reality principle. It is developed to negotiate between the pleasure seeking id and the
moralistic superego.
Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development:
Oral Stage: 0-18 months. Sticks everything in their mouth, all gratifications are reached by oral
stimulation.
Anal Stage: 18 months to 3 years. Gratification comes from elimination.
Anally retentive:
Anally expulsive:
Phallic Stage: 3-6 years. Oedipus complex, penis envy and castration anxiety all come from this stage. All
pleasure is reached through the genitals.
Oedipus Complex:
Electra Complex:
Penis envy:
Castration anxiety:
Latency Stage: 6 years old to puberty. All sexual desires are dormant or suppressed and the child
concentrates on social development.
Genital Stage: Puberty to adulthood. A child’s desires are now back and whether or not he copes with
them properly is due to his getting through the first 4 stages.
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms: Serve to reduce anxieties and bring the person to a functional level.
Denial: Refusing to recognize some anxiety producing events or behaviors.
Ex:
Projection: Transferring an unattractive trait of your own to someone else.
Ex:
Rationalization: Making up an excuse to relieve anxiety.
Ex:
Repression: Unconsciously ushing unpleasant memories back into the unconscious – Child abuse
victims use this.
Ex:
Reaction Formation: Turning to doing the opposite of what you are encouraged because of some
kind of anxiety.
Ex:
Displacement: Transferring the anxiety from its true source to a safer, more acceptable source.
Ex:
Sublimation: Turning your unacceptable urges into acceptable ones.
Ex:
Personality Assessment
When we speak of personality test we are looking for two very important factors
1) Is it reliable? Does the test relatively consistent results every time it is given to a single
individual?
2) Is the test valid? Does it test what it is supposed to test?
Types of Tests:
Projective Tests: These are tests where a person is given ambiguous stimuli and asked for their
interpretation. Assessment is based on the therapist subjective perspective.
Rorschach: 10 cards with inkblots, black and white with a little color.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 20 cards with ambiguous situations on them and the
individuals are asked to tell the story about the picture.
Exercise: Walk on the path of life
Paper and Pencil Tests: Objective test based on standardized questions and answers. Is scored by a
computer, generally the practitioner does not have access to the key and has very little interaction with the
client during the test taking process.
MMPI: 566 true false questions
Myers-Briggs:
Psychological Disorders
Three Approaches:
1) Medical Model: Mental disorders are likened to diseases and as such have symptoms that can
be diagnosed and treated. This model often treats disorders with psychoactive drugs.
2) Psychoanalytic Approach: Says that mental disorders lie in unconscious conflicts or in
problems with unresolved conflicts at one or more of Freud's psychosexual stages.
3) Cognitive Behavioral Approach: Psychological disorders come from a distortion in cognitive
processes, learning and conditioning.
Defining Abnormal:
Statistical Frequency: Defines a behavior as abnormal if it occurs at a statistically infrequent rate.
Deviation from Social Norms: A behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates greatly from
accepted social values or norms.
Maladaptive behavior: A behavior is abnormal if it interferes with the individual's ability to
function as a person or in a society.
Assessment:
1. Neurological
2. Clinical Interviews
3. Personality Tests
4. DSM
DSM-5 Classification Preface Taken from the DSM 5
Section I: DSM-5 Basics
Introduction
Use of the Manual
Cautionary Statement for Forensic Use of DSM-5
Section II: Diagnostic Criteria and Codes
1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Intellectual Disabilities
Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental
Disorder) Global Developmental Delay
Unspecified Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
Communication Disorders
Language Disorder
Speech Sound Disorder (previously Phonological Disorder)
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
Unspecified Communication Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Other Specified Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Unspecified Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Specific Learning Disorder
Specific Learning Disorder
Motor Disorders
Developmental Coordination Disorder
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Tic Disorders
Tourette's Disorder
Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
Provisional Tic Disorder
Other Specified Tic
Disorder Unspecified
Tic Disorder
Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Other Specified Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Unspecified Neurodevelopmental Disorder
2. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Brief Psychotic Disorder Schizophreniform Disorder
Schizophrenia Schizoaffective Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder
Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Catatonia


Periods of wild excitement or rigidity and/or
prolonged immobility like waxy flexibility
Catatonia Associated with Another Mental Disorder (Catatonia Specifier)
Catatonic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Unspecified Catatonia
Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder
Unspecified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder
3. Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar II Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder
Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorder
Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder
4. Depressive Disorders
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder, Single and Recurrent Episodes
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder
Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Other Specified Depressive Disorder
Unspecified Depressive Disorder
5. Anxiety Disorders
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Selective Mutism
Specific Phobia intense irrational fear that is out of proportion to the stimuli.
 Specific or Simple Phobia: Encountered by objects, animals or heights

Social Phobias: Triggered by people or social situations (13%)

Agoraphobia: Fear of open places (5%)
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Panic Disorder (4%): recurrent unexplained panic attacks due to currently thought to be caused
by a chemical imbalance that produces surges. Symptom are intense panic with physiological
symptoms.
 Nausea
 Chest pain
 Trembling
 Shortness of breath
 Pounding heart
 Dizzy Feeling
 Fear of losing control or dying
Treatment: Benzodiazapines or Antidepressants
Panic Attack (Specifier) Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (5%): Chronic and pervasive feeling of general
apprehension, extreme sensitivity to criticism
Physiological Indicators of Anxiety:
 Heart palpitations
 Sweating
 Tense muscles
 Insomnia
 Clamminess
Psychological Indicators of Anxiety:
 Irritable
 Difficulty concentrating
 Inability to control ones worry (which is out of proportion to the event)
Treatment: Benzodiazepines or Antidepressants
Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical
Condition Other Specified Anxiety Disorder
Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
6. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 Obsessions: persistent reoccurring irrational thoughts
 Compulsions: persistent reoccurring irrational thoughts or behaviors tied to obsessions
 Treatment: Can be treated with medication (helps about 50% of the time) or exposure
therapy (helps 25-50% of the time)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding Disorder
Trichotillomania
 Hair-Pulling Disorder
Excoriation

Skin Picking Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder
Unspecified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder
7. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Reactive Attachment Disorder Disinhibited Social Engagement
Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder Adjustment Disorders
Other Specified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder
Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder
8. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder)
Dissociative Amnesia
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Other Specified Dissociative Disorder
Unspecified Dissociative Disorder
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorder Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
 Formerly called hysteria – as in Hysterical Blindness.
 Changing anxiety into real physical, motor sensory or neurological symptoms
 Thought to be from trauma related reasons
 No physical cause can be identified
Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions Factitious Disorder
Other Specified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder
Unspecified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder
9. Feeding and Eating Disorders
Pica
Rumination Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake
Disorder Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Eating Disorder
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder
Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder
10. Elimination Disorders
Enuresis
Encopresis
Other Specified Elimination Disorder
Unspecified Elimination Disorder
11. Sleep-Wake Disorders (See Consciousness Modules)
Insomnia Disorder
Hypersomnolence Disorder
Narcolepsy
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Hypopnea
Central Sleep Apnea
Sleep-Related Hypoventilation Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
Parasomnias
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders
Sleepwalking
Sleep Terrors
Nightmare Disorder
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Restless Legs Syndrome Substance/Medication-Induced Sleep Disorder
Other Specified Insomnia Disorder
Unspecified Insomnia Disorder
Other Specified Hypersomnolence Disorder
Unspecified Hypersomnolence Disorder
Other Specified Sleep-Wake Disorder
Unspecified Sleep-Wake Disorder
12. Sexual Dysfunctions
Delayed Ejaculation Erectile Disorder
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Premature (Early) Ejaculation
Substance/Medication-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
Other Specified Sexual Dysfunction
Unspecified Sexual Dysfunction
13. Gender Dysphoria
Gender Dysphoria
Other Specified Gender Dysphoria
Unspecified Gender Dysphoria
14. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Intermittent Explosive Disorder Conduct Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Pyromania
Kleptomania
Other Specified Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder
Unspecified Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder
15. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders (See Consciousness Modules)
Substance-Related Disorders
Substance Use Disorders
Substance-Induced Disorders
Substance Intoxication and Withdrawal
Substance/Medication-Induced Mental Disorders
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol Intoxication
Alcohol Withdrawal
Other Alcohol-Induced Disorders
Unspecified Alcohol-Related Disorder
Caffeine-Related Disorders
Caffeine Intoxication
Caffeine Withdrawal
Other Caffeine-Induced Disorders
Unspecified Caffeine-Related Disorder
Cannabis-Related Disorders
Cannabis Use Disorder
Cannabis Intoxication
Cannabis Withdrawal
Other Cannabis-Induced Disorders
DSM-5 Table of Contents • 5
Unspecified Cannabis-Related Disorder
Hallucinogen-Related Disorders
Phencyclidine Use Disorder Other
Hallucinogen Use Disorder
Phencyclidine Intoxication
Other Hallucinogen Intoxication
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder
Other Phencyclidine-Induced Disorders Other
Hallucinogen-Induced Disorders Unspecified
Phencyclidine-Related Disorder Unspecified
Hallucinogen-Related Disorder
Inhalant-Related Disorders
Inhalant Use Disorder
Inhalant Intoxication
Other Inhalant-Induced Disorders
Unspecified Inhalant-Related Disorder
Opioid-Related Disorders
Opioid Use Disorder
Opioid Intoxication
Opioid Withdrawal
Other Opioid-Induced Disorders
Unspecified Opioid-Related Disorder
Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders
Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder
Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Intoxication
Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Withdrawal
Other Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Induced Disorders
Unspecified Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorder
Stimulant-Related Disorders
Stimulant Use Disorder
Stimulant Intoxication
Stimulant Withdrawal
Other Stimulant-Induced Disorders
Unspecified Stimulant-Related Disorder
Tobacco-Related Disorders
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco Withdrawal
Other Tobacco-Induced Disorders
Unspecified Tobacco-Related Disorder
Other (or Unknown) Substance-Related Disorders
Other (or Unknown) Substance Use Disorder
Other (or Unknown) Substance Intoxication
Other (or Unknown) Substance Withdrawal
Other (or Unknown) Substance-Induced Disorders
Unspecified Other (or Unknown) Substance-Related Disorder
Non-Substance-Related Disorders
Gambling Disorder
16. Neurocognitive Disorders (See Modules 3-4)
Delirium
Other Specified Delirium Unspecified Delirium
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders
Major Neurocognitive Disorder
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer's Disease
Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
Major or Mild Neurocognitive
Disorder with Lewy Bodies
Major or Mild Vascular
Neurocognitive Disorder
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury
Substance/Medication-Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Prior Disease
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson's Disease
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Huntington's Disease
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Multiple Etiologies
Unspecified Neurocognitive Disorder
17. Personality Disorders
General Personality Disorder
Cluster A Personality Disorders
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster B Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster C Personality Disorders
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Other Personality Disorders
Personality Change Due to Another
Medical Condition Other Specified
Personality Disorder
Unspecified Personality Disorder
18. Paraphilic Disorders
Voyeuristic Disorder
 Get Sexual Arousal from watching others
Exhibitionistic Disorder
 Gets Sexual Arousal from showing themselves to others
Frotteuristic Disorder
Sexual Masochism Disorder
 Achieves Sexual Arousal from being hurt or dominated
Sexual Sadism Disorder
 Achieves Sexual arousal from Dominating or Hurting others
Pedophilic Disorder
Fetishistic Disorder
Transvestic Disorder
Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder
Unspecified Paraphilic Disorder
19. Other Mental Disorders
Other Specified Mental Disorder Due to
Another Medical Condition Unspecified
Mental Disorder Due to Another Medical
Condition Other Specified Mental Disorder
Unspecified Mental Disorder
20. Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other
Adverse Effects of Medication
21. Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention
Social Psychology
Definitions
Obedience: The submission to a request by a person of authority
Conformity: behavior performed in response to perceived group pressure, regardless of whether
it involves direct requests.
Compliance: A kind of conformity where we give in to perceived group pressure with changes
in behavior but not in mind.
Know the Famous Social Psychological Experiments:
Stanley Milgram: Shock Experiment on Obedience to authority/ “Learning”
Soloman Asch: Conformity Experiment
Phillip Zimbardo: Stanford Prison Experiment
David Rosenhan: “Insane in Sane Places”
Muzafer Sharif – “Robbers Cave Experiment” (Eagles and the Rattlers)
Group Behaviors
Social facilitation: an increase in performance in the presence of a crowd. Like sports stars or
rock stars.
Social Inhibition: A decrease in performance in the presence of a crowd. For instance with
people at a crime scene.
Diffusion of Responsibility: The presence of others makes one feel less personal responsibility
and inhibits taking action.
Informational Influence Theory: we use the reactions of others to judge the seriousness of the
situation
Bystander effect: inhibits an individual from taking some action because of the presence of
others. As # of people goes up, time to respond increases and likelihood of helping decreases.
Depersonalization: Increased tendency for subjects to behave irrationally or perform antisocial
behaviors when there is less chance of being personally identified. The LA Riots
Group polarization: Group discussion reinforcing the majority's point of view and shifting that
view to a more extreme direction.
Groupthink: when a group discussion emphasizes cohesion and agreement over critical thinking
and making the best decision.
Cognitive Dissonance: A state of unpleasant psychological arousal (or tension) that motivates us
to reduce our inconsistencies and return to amore consistent state. Ex: Initiation rituals: Boot
camp Vs Fraternity.
Altruism: Doing something, often at a cost or risk to oneself for reasons other than the
expectation of a material or social reward.
Pro-social Behavior: Any behavior that benefits others or has positive social consequences.
Social loafing: Slacking and depending on others to carry the load.
Territory: Area people define as their own.

Primary Territory is your home

Secondary Territory is a space you may have staked out at school or work.

Intimate Space: < 18 inches

Personal Space: 18 inches-4 feet

Social Space: 4-12 feet. (business relationship)
Person Perception
Person Perception: Making judgments about the traits of others through social interactions and
gaining knowledge from social perceptions. The opposite of this is image management.
Stereotypes: Widely held beliefs that people have certain traits because the belong to a
particular group
Prejudice: Unfair biased or intolerant attitude toward another group of people.
A. Recent Conflict Theory believes that prejudice goes up when resources are limited.
B. Social Learning theory says that prejudice is learned through modeling and
reinforcements.
Discrimination: Unfair actions or behaviors based on prejudice. The term discrimination is a
legal one and has shaped the way we now define discrimination psychologically. Much like the
term "obscene"
Schemas: Cognitive structures that represent an organized collection of knowledge about people,
events and concepts. Schemas influence attention, perception, interpretation and memory for an
event.
Person Schemas: include our judgments about the traits that we and others possess.
Self-Schema: How you see yourself
Role Schemas: based on the jobs that people perform or the social positions they hold.
Event Schemas or Scripts: contain behaviors that we associate with familiar activities,
events or procedures.
Attribution
Attribution: is the process by which we determine causes for and explain people’s behavior.
Dispositional Attributions: are toward a person’s internal characteristic.
Situational Attributions: focus on the circumstances or context of a behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error: we tend to attribute the cause of behaviors to a
person’s disposition and overlook the demands of an environment or situation.
Actor/Observer difference: we as actors attribute our own behavior to situational
factors and others as dispositional factors. Example: when we are driving and we are cut
off, the guy becomes an "idiot" but when we are the one cutting someone else off, it is
because they wouldn't let us get over.
Self-Serving Bias: We attribute success to our disposition and failure to the situation.
She gave me an F on the test, but I earned an A.
Therapy
Types of Therapy:
Behavioral Therapy: Concentrates on identifying problem behaviors and changing
them. It is a quick focused therapy often good for use with phobias.
1) Systematic Desensitization: Create a hierarchy of stressful situations and
focus on relaxing the client as you move up the hierarchy.
2) Flooding: Sudden and total submersion into a stressful-stimuli.
3) Token Economies: Give token toward rewards for target behaviors.
Cognitive Therapies:
Albert Ellis created Rational Emotive Therapy: Focuses on changing the irrational
interpretations of situation that cause us disturbances of the psyche.

A – Activating Event

B – Belief triggered by activating events

C – Cognitive beliefs Emotions resulting from beliefs
Aaron Beck created cognitive therapy that focuses on changing maladaptive thought
patterns. He posits that negative (automatic) thoughts produce disturbances. He
emphasized Though Monitoring, Thought-Stopping, and Thought Substitution.
Beck says we have three types of automatic thoughts:

Over generalization: Everybody hates me, I never win anything Etc.

Polarization: Things are all black and white people are all good or all bad)

Selective Attention: focusing on certain things and seeing things only from one
way
Psychodynamic Theories on Dreams.
Freud says that Therapy should center on uncovering unconscious desires. It is
often longer term than many other therapies and requires that the client do some
in-depth analysis. Target is to get to a catharsis- Emotional out burst or climax.
Client may experience transference and the therapist can encounter counter
transference.
Three ways to access the unconscious:

Parapraxis: Freudian Slips

Dreams: Freud said that dreams were the Royal Road to the
Unconscious. They had to be analyzed for their latent symbolic
content.

Free Associations: produce quick access to the unconscious
Humanistic Theories
These theories assume that each individual has the ability to make their own rational
decisions
Person Centered Therapy: Developed by Carl Rogers. Humanist
therapists focus maximizing potential.
Six Components of a Therapeutic Relationship:

Must Have a Relationship with the Client: Therapist must establish trust
etc.

Must Have Unconditional Positive Regard: Non-judgmental acceptance
of one’s client.

Must Have Genuineness: Ability to be real and non-defensive.

Must Have Empathy: Ability to put your-self in the shoes of another.

Client Must Have Incongruence: client must be somewhat unsettled
about their current situation or frame of mind. They must see their true
self and ideal self as different.

Must Have Reflective Listening: Client must know that the therapist has
the above mentioned components. She shows this by communication and
reflective listening.
Barriers to Therapy?