Note: Unwritten rules for behaviour, that become formalized in laws and regulations. They help
us coordinate and predict each other’s behaviour. Norms serve as the glue t that binds us together
and tend to be stronger in some culture than others. This is what she refers to Tightness, some
cultures have strong norms and deviating from these norms has strong punishments for deviance
that restrict the range of behaviours and in loose cultures that have weaker norms that are much
more permissive where there is a wider range of behaviour that is permissible.
02- methods 6 slide start 11
Meaurement Bias
Operationalization: translate hypothetical constructs into observable measures
Linguistic Bias
:Back translation is when one bilingual people translate language A to B then get another to
translate language B back to language A and if it is the same translation then that measn there
is good validity.
Psychometrics
Liu and lynn(2011 construct validity  read up on it
Are constructs equivalent in different cultures
Idea of structure is sometimes called construct validity and is the same in every culture
 People who have finished university tend to have a higher iq than people who have only
finished high school.
Response Bias 17 &18
Tendency to give a Socially desirable responding: Paulhus breaks it down into 2 components
 1: people deceive themselves/Self-deception “I NEVER REGRET MY DECISIONS”
 2: Impression management /seeing yourself how other people see you “I NEVER
SWEAR”
o These are related to individualism collectivism
Acquiescence Bias (AB) & Extreme Responses Bias
 ABTendency to agree instead of disagreeing with questionnaire items
 ERBUsing the extreme scales
Reference group effect
Theoretical
Interpretational Bias:
Non-equivalent data (Poortinga,1889)
 Precludes
 Reduce
 Interpret ignore
Interpreting findings
 Consider alternative interpretation:
o Differences in emotional expressions are because of suppression of one group
 CC(cross cultural) Research primarily correlational, not expireemntal
o Limits causal interferences
 Cultural attribution fallacy
o Attribute results to culture without direct tests
o Linkage studies
Types of cc research
Method validation studies
 Equivalence of measures and procedures
o Reliability, validity for example life satisfaction
Hegemony one group is imposing their views/senses on another.
Kuru disease