MINISTRY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH NKUMBI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE GEOGRAPHY FIELD PROJECT TITLE: GLOBAL WARMING THIRD YEAR (2015) GEOGRAPHY DIPLOMA STUDENT MINISTER OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH NKUMBI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE GEOGRAPHY FIELD PROJECT TITLE: GLOBAL WARMING THIRD YEAR (2014) GEOGRAPHY DIPLOMA STUDENT ACKNOWLEDGEGEMENT My special appreciation goes to the following titles that helped me to carry out my project successfully. The Management of Nkumbi International College. My Geography Lecturer Mr.Mwewa. The Librarian Mr.simbeye Name: Siame Austin THIRD YEAR GEOGRAPHY DIPLOMA STUDENT 2015 DECLARATION I declare that the project was prepared by the undersigned with help of information gathered from different books and magazines. ACKNOWLEDEDICATION I would like to dedicate this research project to the following people My entire Family especially Brother Peter Munkondya for his sponsorship to my education. To my friendsfor their support and encouragement. Pastor Boas Chungu and the Church at large for their prayers and words of exaltation. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTROUDCTION: ………………………………………………… 2. HYPOTHESIS: …………………………………………………….. 3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: ……………………………………….... 4. METHEDOLOGY: ……………………………………………….... 5. FINDINGS: …………………………………………………………. 6. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS: …………………………. 7. CONCLUSION: …………………………………………………….. 8. RECOMMENDATION: ……………………………………………. 9. REFFERENCES: ……………………………………………………. INTRODUCTION Climate changes have threatened almost all the world‘s cultural, economic, social, and the physical environment. The records of the earth‘s past climate reconstructed from ice core pale climate figure prints in sediment and even ship records of sea-surface temperatures , confirm that global warming is real and unprecedented . HYPOTHESIS Global Warming is caused by the massive increase of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissionin the atmosphere resulting from human activities, burning of fossils fuel and deforestation. However, heat from the earth’s surface escapes into the atmosphere; some of it is absorbed by greenhouse gases which then emit energy back towards Earth and the Earth is warmed. Meaning the more the heat on earth the higher changes of climate may likely to occur. AIM AND OBJECTIVES This project aims at finding the Sources of global warming. Causes and damages of global warming socially, economically, and the physical impact on environment. Suggestions or Possible solutions to the stated challenges. METHODOLOGY The study was undertaken from 19th June 2013 to September 2014. It involved collecting data from a. Magazines about climate change, b. readings articles from newspapers, c. Book research d. watching documentaries suchas [An Inconvenience Truth DVD] e. Internet research FINDINGS SOURCES OF GLOBAL WARMING The diagram below shows how earth is warmed. SUN CLOUDS EARTH KEY a. The Orange line represents = incoming shortwave(solar radiation) from the SUN b. Red lines =solar radiation that have been reflected back into the atmosphere c. Purple lines =long wave radiation which is emitted back to Earth’s surface; though some are absorbed by greenhouse gases. According Kirstin, D and Thomas, E, D. (2006) “solar radiation is about 30 % of incoming short wave is reflected back to space by atmosphere (clouds and particulates) and by the Earth’s surface varies like in snow, ice and water which reflect more energy than land surfaces. However, solar radiation that reaches the surface is converted to heat energy, warming the Earth’s surface and evaporating water. Long wave or heat from the Earth’s surface escapes into atmosphere while some of it continues on into space but some of it is absolvedby greenhouse gases. Below is the pie chart that was taken from the book of (Atlas of Climate Change) showing the contribution of different gases since Industrial Revolution which leads to increasing in temperatures. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Halocarbon dioxide 5 % Carbon dioxide (CO2) 12% Tropospheric 53% 13% Ozone (03) 17% Methane (CH4) Over the last century, global average temperature has increased by more than one degree Fahrenheit or 0.7 degree Celsius from 2001-2010 decades is the warmest since 1880 the earliest year for which comprehensive global temperature records were available. CAUSES AND DAMAGES OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE ENVIRONMENT However, a warming world has also the potential to change rainfall and patterns, increase drought and severe storm, reduce lake ice cover, melt glaciers and increase in sea levels which can lead to change of animal behavior and plants .For example in 2005 the Atlantic Hurricane season broke record for the frequency of storms and for the number of category 5 hurricane. The diagram below is showing a hurricane in japan. Other signs of change were the foods in Bolivia, heavy rain and flooding early in 2006 affected around 17,500 people. According to Kirstin, D and Thomas, E, D (2006) 11million people in Horn Africa were affected and led to cities imposing water restrictions. Change in china increasing of temperatures rainfall and glacial melt rates are consistent with expectations of climate change in Northwest of China. Warming in the polar region is driving large –scale melting of ice hat will have both the local and global consequences. The picture below is showing how ice melting is reducing at the Arctic Circle. The average temperatures in the artic and much of the Antarctic are increasing and ice is melting in both regions. Floating artic has covered the North Pole for millions of years it extent fluctuates with the season but has decline by is to 20percent over the past 30 years. Most the world‘s glaciers are retreating at unprecedented rates a clear sign of warming. Warmer temperatures lead to increased precipitation, so in some parts of the world, even though glacier is retreating they are getting thicker. However, the total volume of ice held in glacier is decreasing dramatically .Glacier melting changes the flow of rivers, adding to water tress for millions of people .Lakes formed from melting glacier are unstable, prone to abrupt collapse and flooding threating lives downstream . INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING Global warming has brought impact on economic, social and physical environment which are increasing daily. Kirstin, D and Thomas E, D, (2006) postulates some of disaster that has been caused by extreme weather event in recent year, caused heavy loss of life and extensive damage. In Mumbai, India, The diagram showing deaths caused by floods 800 people were killed in July 2005 as flood swept through the street after nearly a meter of life fell in just24hours. Now we are understand that an intensive heat causes more evaporation to take place and these leads to higher rainfall causing flood in India and this is because of global warming .Record kept by International DisasterDatabase indicate that the incidence of flood and windstorm disasters has not only increased markedly since the 1960s but event themselves are more intensive, last longer and affect more people. Most climate models indicate an increase in the frequency and duration of extreme events in some areas. For instance, in the United State of American total precipitation has increased between 5and 10 percent over the last decade and rain and snow are failing in fewer, more extreme,events. Summer heats are likely to become more common in Europe. Below are a bar chart showing number of deaths worldwide from weather-related disasters from 2000 -2005. According to Kirstin, D and Thomas, E, D (2006) a lot of deaths are a result of natural cause. 52,279 30,988 15,963 4,537 . 1,171 Drought Extreme temperature Floods Slides Windstorms Shah, A, (2009) argued that climate change will accelerate the extension of a wide range of species; some regions rich in biodiversity are already being affected. The change in average temperatures can disrupt ecosystems built on the inter-independency of thousand species,sealevel rise is destroying low-lying habitats. There are unprecedented rates of migration by both animals and plants will be needed if species are to keep up with climate change .Moreover, the effect of warmer temperature will lead to general shift of ecosystem towards the pole. However, climate change is threatening parts of the world’s cultural and history heritage .for example the oldest human foot print ,estimated to have been 11700 years ago ,were found near langebaan lagoon in the national park. Flooding increases the risk of waterborne disease such as cholera, typhoid and dysentery; including malaria and yellow fever. Over 3.2of billion people are currently exposed to the risk of malaria and over million died from it each year. These numbers are likely to increase with climate change .malaria is carried by mosquitoes, which in tolerably warmer temperatures, mature more quickly , bite more often reproduce and breed longer. The impacts of climate on agriculture may begin with changes in crop at a local scale, but are ultimately felt around the world in higher price sand transportation cost .Vast subsides in many industrialized countries ensure farmers in these countries remain in business, poor farmers in developing countries with little support are lightly vulnerable . Food manufactures will find alternative suppliers and consumers will face changes in price quality and availability. Federal government will be called on to reduce the impact6s of all such changes. Economic impact of global warming is costing the world more than $1.2 trillion a year, wiping 1.2% annually from global gross domestic production domestic production. For example,Bangladeshi villagers rebuild an embankment after cyclone Ail nit in 2009; Bangladeshi faces total losses of about 3.45% OF Gross Domestic product due to climate change. Climate change is already contributing to the deaths of nearly 400000 people a year and costing the world more than $1.2 trillion, wiping 1.6 annually from global gross domestic product according to a new study. The drought which occurs can lead to higher princes of foods and in India the disruption to the monsoon this caused widespread damage to farmers. Connie hedegard, the European Union’s climate chief warmed that extreme weather was becoming more common as the effects of climate change and weather extreme are not about a distant future. CONCLUSION Finally, the united nation frame work convection on climate change (UNFCC) aims to stabilize greenhouse gas emission a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interference with the climate system. This level should be achieved within a time –frame that allows ecosystems to adapt not threatened and enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. Negotiations over climate change response recognized a complex pattern of causes, relative contribution to the problem. Moreover, nations have signed agreement of international. Buyers invest in project or companies where there is a commitment to use money to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared with what would have happened without the investment. Countries, companies or individuals are awarded carbon credits in exchange. These can be used to meet regulatory targets for greenhouse gas emission, such as those set in the Kyoto protocol, or voluntary target that companies are increasingly setting for themselves. However, increasing the use of renewable energy sources is an important way of reducing greenhouse gas emission. For example in Columbia 15 wind turbine have funded to provide power for the indigenous wayuu people, the wind turbine will serve more than 1.1 million tons of carbon dioxide over 21 years, compared with emission from fossil fueled powered . Individual effort is essential stating point and knowledge and technology exist to support substantial improvement but meeting the scale of this challenge will require more than our personal commitment. RECOMMENDATION Having looked at global warming the causes and impacts on mankind and to environment, I would like to advise the nations to create some serious policy towards environment such as I. Each and every families must engage themselves in planting trees in order to reduce deforestation II. The government to employ individuals on the correct way of refuse disposal III. No burning of bushes or forest IV. Industries to set up some technologies to trap dangerous gases that may destroy the ozone layer V. Encouraging people to buy transport equipment that does not release carbon monoxide like bicycles. VI. Using the sources of energy that does not emeses gas promoting global warming such as HYDRO ELECTRO POWER STATION, SOLAR SYSTEM, BLOW WIND MIL and the like. Above all teaching people to be responsible of their activities knowing that man is the cause of all these problems we are facing like global warming which can be the rewards of our own actions from nature. REFERENCE Bill, m, (2002), Global Catastrophes: Oxford University, press Inc. New York Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2007) Climate Change impart, Adaptation and Vulnerability .Cambridge University press. Keratin, D and Thomas E, D, (2006), the atlas of Climate Change. Earth scan .United Kingdom Mark, M, (2004), A short Introduction to Global Warming. Oxford University .press Inc. New York Newell, P, J, (2000), Climate for Change, Non State After and Global politics of Green House.Cambridge University press. Weart, S, R, (2003), The Discovery of Global Warming, New Histories of science, technology and medicine. Harvard University press.