LANGUAGE
- Grammar
- Sounds
- Vocabulary
- Methods of Human Communication
- Acquired or Learned
- Mother Tongue/Second Language
- Language Contact
- Language Change
COMMUNICATION
- “communic” / “communicares” (latin)
- To share and inform
- The process of transmitting information
and common understanding from one
person to another (Keyton, 2011)
- A process wherein sender, displays,
transmits or otherwise directs a set of
symbols to a receive to change
something. (Johnston, 2008)
- A dynamic process which includes the
sending and receiving of messages at a
conscious or unconscious level.
(Abulencia, 2001)
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
- It is much more than words
- It is a process
- It is between two or more people
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Sender – one who crafts a message,
idea, or information
2. Encoding – process of converting idea
or thoughts of the information to
symbols
3. Message – information, idea, thought,
etc. that the speaker wants to convey
(Written, verbal, or non-verbal)
4. Channel – means of transmission or
distribution of the message
5. Receiver – for whom the message was
created
6. Feedback – receiver’s response or
reaction
7. Context – common and shared
understanding of the situation
(environment, topic, culture,
relationship)
8. Environment – physical or
psychological source where
communication happens (Location, time,
temperature, event)
9. Interference – a hindrance that
prevents effective communication
KIND OF BARRIERS
1. Psychological
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
− Thoughts that hamper the
message to be interpreted
correctly by the receiver.
Physiological
− Related to person’s health and
fitness
Linguistic
− Different in word usage and
meaning of words cause
confusion
Cultural
− Misunderstanding of meaning,
caused by cultural differences
between sender and receiver
Physical
− Environment factors that limit the
sending and receiving of
message
Mechanical
− Flaw in the machinery,
instruments, or channel used to
convey the message (ex. Internet
or gadgets)
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
TO MODE
1. Verbal – words are used (orally)
2. Non-verbal – body signals
3. Visual – uses image, sign and symbols
4. Written – printed or composed tasks
Body language – general; intentional or
non-intentional
Gestures – specific; intentional reaction
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
TO CONTEXT
1. Intrapersonal – within an individual
2. Interpersonal – among people
a. Dyadic – between two (2) people
b. Small group – 3 or more (15
people)
3. Extended – use of technological tools
4. Organizational – business
environments
5. Intercultural – among people of diverse
culture
a. Intracultural
b. Interracial
c. Interethnic
d. International
6. Mass – to large audiences through
different models
Principles of Interpersonal Communication
1. Inevitable – all actions communicate
2. Irreversible – cannot take back what
was said
3. Complex – interpret meanings from
symbols
4. Contextual – these are diverse
meanings (Psychological, Relational,
Situational, Cultural)
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
1. Formal – carefully thought of to selected
channel and audience to inform,
persuade, and entertain
2. Informal – casual and takes place in
ordinary conversation to socialize
STRUCTURE OF COMMUNICATION
1. Downward – superior to subordinates
2. Upward – subordinates to superior
3. Horizontal or lateral – among member
4. Crosswise – came from different
department and positions
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
1. Know your purpose in communicating
2. Know your audience
3. Know your topic
4. Adjust tour speech or writing to the
context of the situation
5. Work on the feedback given to you
PRICIPLE OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
1. Clarity
• This makes speeches
understandable
• Fuzzy language is absolutely
forbidden (jargons, slangs,
current lingos)
2. Conciseness
• Simplicity and directness
• Avoid using lengthy expressions
and words that may confuse the
recipient
3. Concreteness
• Message must be supported by
facts
• Abstract words must be avoided
4. Correctness
• Grammar mistakes can obscure
the message’s meaning
• The misuse of language can
damage your credibility
5. Coherence – paragraph to paragraph
(organization); Cohesion – arrangement
of words in sentences
6. Completeness
7. Courteousness
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Respect audience
Consider the result of communication
Value truth
Use information correctly
Do not falsify information
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Globalization – the communication and
assimilation among individuals.
Global village – different parts of the
world from one community linked
together by electronic communication.
Cultural barrier – misunderstanding of
meaning caused by cultural differences
between sender and receiver.
Cultural Relativism – cultural norms
and values
Lack of knowledge of other’s culture
– behavior and beliefs; signs and
symbols
Discrimination/Harassment –
stereotypes or prejudices
Language Difference – contextual words
STRATEGIES TO BECOME A GLOBAL
COMMUNICATOR
1. Mindful presence
2. Mindful speech
3. Mindful listening
4. Unconditional friendliness
5. Mindful responsiveness
LOCAL AND FLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN
MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
Local – communication with the
members of one’s local area.
Global – ways to connect across
geographic.
Multicultural – refers to a society that
contains several cultural or ethnic
groups.
SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. Cultural identity
2. Gender role – it affects the
communication as well; Females are
more indirect, emotional, and don’t have
more authority. Males are direct,
concise, and convey so much
knowledge.
3. Age identity – biological age of the
person can affect the understanding of
the meaning of the communication
4. Social class – many people respect
with people whom they think from the
higher class
5. Religious identity
EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES
OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS
REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES
FORMS OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Intracultural – communicating with
member of the same racial or ethnic
group
2. Interethnic – interacting with people of
different groups
3. Interracial – communicating with people
from different races
4. International – communicating between
representatives from different nations
Multimodal – “multi” (many or various)
and “mode” (way, channel, form, or
medium of doing something)
TEXT
• (Then) a linguistic structure woven out
of words or signs to express meaning
• (Now) any mode or resource that is
used to convey a set of meanings to the
people who rea or examine the text
• A text refers to any sign such as
emoticons, and emojis, pictures, lines,
drawings, music, etc., that expresses or
enhances meanings
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN
ENGLISH
Written Language is:
- Carefully organized and explanatory
o Words of choice is deliberate
o Follows a particular structure
Spoken language is:
- Spontaneous
- Momentary
- Maintained in the form of dialogue
CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN AND
SPOKEN LANGUAGE
Characteristics
Flow of
Language
Written L.
Steady
Organization
Structured
Register
Both formal
and
informal
Spoken L.
Pauses /
Utterances
Less
Particular
with
structure
Mostly
informal
LANGUAGE REGISTER
Varieties of English
British
Flat
Timetable
Lift
Nappy
Loo
Biscuit
Chips
Dustbin
Football
Holiday
Jumper
Pavement
American
Apartment
Schedule
Elevator
Diaper
Toilet
Cookie
French fries
Garbage can
Soccer
Vacation
Sweater
sidewalk
MULTIMODAL TEXT IN COMMUNICATION
TEXT TYPES
1. Linguistic Landscape
− this is the language in the
environment, words and images
displayed and exposed in public
spaces, that is the center of
attention.
Features:
i. Top-down – public signs,
created by the state and
local government bodies
(no left turn, no U-turn)
ii. Bottom-up – created by
shop owners, private
businesses, etc. (Private
property, no trespassing)
2. Geosemiotics
− It is the study of social meaning
of the materials placements of
signs and discourses
Kinds of Signs:
i. Regulating signs
▪ Used to indicate or
reinforce traffic law,
regulations, and
requirements
ii. Infrastructural signs
▪ Defined as the
basic physical
systems of a
business, region, or
nation
iii. Commercial signs
▪ Sign, displays, or
devices designed,
intended or used to
encourage or
promote
iv. Transgressive signs
▪ Signs which violate
(intentionally or
accidentally) the
conventional
semiotics at that
place
3. Online Landscape
− Mode used to display widescreen content, such as a web
page, image, document, and text.
MEDIA LITERACY
1. Media
• All electronic or digital means
and print or artistic visuals used
to transmit messages (basically
the channel)
2. Literacy
• The ability to encode and
decode symbols and synthesize
and analyze messages
3. Media Literacy
• Ability to encode and decode
the symbols transmitted via
media ability to synthesize,
analyze, and produce mediated
messages
4. Media Education
• The study of media, including
“hands-on” experiences and
media production
5. Media Literacy Education
• The education field dedicated
to teaching the skills associated
with media literacy
MULTIMEDIA
• It is a form of communication that
combines different contexts as text,
audio, images, animations or video into
a single presentation.
Characteristics of Multimedia Presentation
1. Multimedia systems must be computer
controlled.
2. Multimedia systems are integrated.
3. Information they handle must be
represented digitally
4. Interface to the final presentation of
media is usually interactive.
Step in Making Effective Communication
Presentation
1. Determine the purpose
2. Identify the target audience
3. Gather information
4. Use a variety of resources
5. Cite source
6. Organize information
7. Add and format graphics, audio and
video
8. Add animations and transitions
9. Be creative
10. Revise as needed
Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation
• 20x20 presentation
• “Chit chat” – Japanese
• Mark Dytham and Astrid Klein
• A presentation form of 20 slides/images
for 20 second each = 6 minutes, 40
seconds
Steps in Making Pecha Kucha
Presentations
1. Sentence topic
2. Minimum slide text
3. Build a story in your topic
4. Tell a story with images
5. Use few points
6. Timing
7. Visual clues
BLOGGING
• Personal journal websites which a
user can type an entry and add images,
videos and links to other websites
•
•
•
BLOG
Written form
with graphics
Hosted on
exclusive
websites
Online event
cannot be
streamed
•
•
•
VLOG
Publishing
videos
Hosted on
video
platforms
Online event
can be
streamed
Effective Ways of Introducing a Blog
1. Be short and direct
2. Ask a thought-provoking question
3. Ask a multiple-choice question
4. Share a shocking facts or statistics
5. Share something personal
6. Withheld a compelling piece of
information
7. Refute a conventional wisdom
8. Lead with a success story
9. Start with a reader’s questions
COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES
1. INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATION
− Focuses on talking about people,
events, processes, places, or
things
Characteristics of Informative
Communication
a. Clear
b. Accurate
c. Meaningful and interesting
2. PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
− Message given to an audience
with the intention of influencing
your listeners to agree with a
particular point of view
Characteristics of Persuasive
Communication
a. Attention-getting introduction
b. Authority to speak
c. Logical presentation
d. Smart pacing
e. Stirring conclusions
3. ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
− The art of persuading based on
reason, facts and not emotions
Elements
Claims
Reasons
Support
Warrants
Definition
The
statement
you wish to
prove
Statements
that support
the given
claims –
“why?”
Evidences
that convince
audiences to
support a
claim
Connection
between
support and
claim
(conclusion)
Example
“People
should not
eat
mushrooms”
“…because it
is poisonous”
“Researches
prove that
mushrooms
have toxic
components”
“So, eating
mushroom is
dangerous
and might kill
us”
4. PUBLIC SPEAKING
− Process of speaking in
structured, deliberate manner to
inform, influence, or entertain an
audience
SPEECH – term used to refer to the spoken
expressions of information and ideas (verbal)
TYPES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
1. Manuscript reading
− Word-for-word iteration of a
written message
2. Memorized speech
− Reciting a message that the
speaker has committed to
memory
3. Extemporaneous speech
− A well-prepared speech that
prepared and practiced but is
neither read nor memorized
4. Impromptu speech
− This is a speech that has no
advanced planning or practice
MAKING INQUIRIES
Inquiry Letter – written when a person needs
more information
Content and Organization of Letter of
Inquiry
1. First paragraph
− Identify yourself and if
appropriate, your position, and
your institution or firm
2. Second paragraph
− Briefly explains why you are
writing and how you will use the
requested information
3. Third paragraph
− List the specific information you
need
4. Conclusion
− Conclude your letter by offering
your reader some incentive for
responding
ELECTRONIC MAIL – is a computer-based
application for the exchange of messages
between user. E-mail is the electronic
equivalent of a letter.
Parts of an E-mail
• Recipient
• Other recipient
• Sender
• Email’s title or subject
• Salutation
• Body
• Closing
• Sender’s e-signature
E-mail Notations
CB: JODL
Identification
Initials
ENCL:
CC:
BCC:
P.S.
Writer’s
Initials
Assistant
initials
Enclosure
Attached
Files
Carbon Copy Name of
other
recipients
Blind carbon
Secret
copy
recipient
Postscript
Additional
(Postscriptum) information,
emphasis on
a point
INTERVIEW – a structured conversation where
one participant asks questions, and the other
provides answers
Parts of the Interview
1. Introduction
2. Small talk
3. Information gathering
4. Question and answer
5. Wrapping up
COMMUNICATION FOR WORK
PURPOSES
COMMUNICATION FOR NURSES
Communication for Nurses: Writing Basic
Patient Note
PATIENT’S NOTES – this records the
assessment of the patient’s condition
before, during, and after the treatment.
Initial notes – first or earliest
assessment
Intern or progress notes – assessment
reports done to monitor the patient’s
condition
Discharge notes – reports given once
medication is discontinued or the patient
is released from the hospital
Organization of Patient’s Notes (SOAP)
• Subjective – (assessment given by the
family member or patient himself)
• Objective – assessment seen by you or
reflected in laboratory or other medical
reports
• Assessment – diagnosis
• Plan – procedures to be done to
address the diagnosis
COMMUNICATION FOR JOURNALISTS
Communication for Journalist: Writing a
Lead
Lead – this is the beginning of a news story.
Kinds of Lead
1. Conventional or summary lead
2. Question lead
3. Quotation lead
4. Funny lead
5. Descriptive lead
6. Anecdotal lead
Writing a Lead
- The five W’s and H
- Keep it short
- Keep it simple
- Write in active voice
-
Structure your lead properly
Be honest
COMMUNICATION FOR TOURISM
Communication for Tourism: Tour Guiding
Tourism – it is the activities of people travelling
to and staying in places outside their usual
environment.
Tour guiding – it is the process od
interpreting attractions to visitors directing,
informing, instructing, and leading them in the
visited places.
Communicative Goals in Tour Guiding
1. Inform, remind, advise
2. Promote and persuade
3. Build rapport and relationship
4. Clarify
5. Gather feedback for improvement
Communication Tasks for Tour Guides
1. Receiving telephone calls
2. Preparing an itinerary
3. Giving tour commentary
Communication Techniques with Dealing
with Complaints
- Acknowledge the tourists’ right to
complaint
- Express your empathy
- Act on their complaints ASAP
- Offer an alternative plan/solution for
problems
- Follow through on the solutions
COMMUNICATION FOR TEACHERS
Communication for Teachers: Storytelling
Why story tell?
- Provides a context for students’
attention
- Enormous language treasure
- Provides a lively atmosphere and a reallife environment for encouragement
Image description
- A detailed explanation of an image that
provides textual access to visual context
- Digital graphics online and in digital files
- Can be used as alternative text in
coding
COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS AND
TRADE
SWOT ANALYSIS or SWOT MATRIX
- It is a diagram that shows an
organizations’ or person’s key
Writing Business and Technical Reports
Reports – it is a comprehensive document that
covers all aspects of the subject matter of
study.
Characteristics of a Report
- It presents information not an
argument
- It is meant to be scanned quickly by
the reader
- It uses numbered heading and
subheadings
- It is composed of short and concise
paragraphs
- It uses illustrations like tables, graphs,
charts, etc.
- It may have an abstract or an executive
summary
- It may or may not have references or
bibliography
- It often contains recommendations
and/or appendices
Report Categories
Formal Report
- Detailed
information
- complex and
used at an
official level
- written
account or
major project
Informal Report
- Important data
- Conveying
routine
messages
- Written based
on the
organization’s
style and rules
Formal Report
- Informational report
- Analytical report
- Recommendation report
- Research report
- Case Study Analysis report
Informal Report
- Progress report
- Sales activity report
- Personal evaluation
- Financial report
- Feasibility report
- Literature review
- Credit report
COMMUNICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT
The Resume – a formal document that a job
applicant creates to itemize their
qualifications for a position.
Resume
- Concise
- 1 – 2 pages
Curriculum Vitae
- Comprehensive
- 2 or more
pages
Tailored to fit
specific job
-
Not made for
specific jobs
(detailed view
of your profiles)
Application Letter – a document that provides
deeper insight into an applicant’s
experience and skills.
Cover Letter – one part of an application
packet, along with a resume, portfolio
and letters of recommendation.
COMMUNICATION WITHIN A COMPANY
Memorandum – a short concise message or
record that is used for internal
communication in a business,
administration, or an institution.
Writing Minutes of the Meeting – notes taken
of discussions and decisions made
during meetings.
Parts of the Meeting Minutes
a. Committee/Organizational
Name
b. Kind of meeting
c. Date/Place/Time of start and
adjournment
d. Chair/Secretary or substitute
e. Names of attendees
f. Guests and their meeting
roles
g. Reference on the previous
meetings
h. Motion raised
i. Reports
j. Secretary’s signature
k. Other matters
COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC
PURPOSES
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism – presenting someone else’s work
or ideas as your own, with or without
their consent, by incorporating it into
your work without full acknowledgement
Ways to Avoid:
- Quoting
- Paraphrasing
- Summarizing
WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL: THE
TOPIC PROPOSAL
Research – this is a scientific method which
uses logical and systematic procedure
for the acquisition of new knowledge
Topic Proposal – a concise and coherent
summary of your proposed research
Research Categories:
1. Qualitative Research (nonnumerical/descriptive)
2. Quantitative Research (numerical)
Research Types:
1. Pure Research – finding the truth
2. Applied Research – also known as
Action Research
3. Policy Research – provides solution to
social problems
Common Elements of a Research Paper
- Research Title
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methodology
- Results/Findings/Discussion
- Conclusion and Recommendation
- References
WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL: THE
INTRODUCTION
Research Introduction – the introduction to a
research paper is where you set up
your topic and approach for the
reader.
How to write a Research Introduction
(Steps)
1. Introduce your topic
2. Describe the background
3. Establish your research problem
4. Specify your objectives
5. Map out your paper
WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL: THE
METHOD
Research Method – refer to the tools that one
uses to do research, these can either be
qualitative or quantitative or mixed.
Research Approaches – choosing the
research approach depends on the
research problem.
(Qualitative/Quantitative)
Research Designs – these are strategies of
inquiry like experimental for
Quantitative. Case Study for Qualitative
or Concurrent for Mixed.
Research Techniques – these can be rating
behaviors, field observations, closeended measure and open-ended
measure.
Parts of the Method
- Population and Locale
- Data Gathering Tools
- Ethical Considerations
- Data Analysis
- Data Collection Procedures
-
Designs
WRITING A LITERARY ANALYSIS
Literary Analysis – this means closely
studying a text, interpreting its
meanings, and explaining why the
author made certain choices.
LITERATURE
Prose
Poetry
- Fiction
- Narrative
- Non-fiction
- Lyric
- Dramatic
ELEMENTS OF A FICTION
- Settings
- Characters
- Plot
- Point of View
- Theme
LITERARY APPROACHES
- Formalistic
- Moral/Humanistic
- Cultural
- Sociological
- Historical
- Feministic
- Reader Response
- Psychological
Writing a literary analysis
1. Introduction
− Must capture the reader’s interest
2. Body
− Develop topic statement
3. Conclusion
− Re-emphasize the topic
statement
4. References
− List entries cited in the text
WRITING POLITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER
Political Analysis Paper – answering a
question about a certain political
process, event, as well as at predicting
future developments
- Vast understanding of Politics and
Affairs
- Knowledge on the Parts of Political
Analysis Paper
- Citation and Referencing
- Clear, concise, and well-structured
- Extensive reading and research
- Objectivity
- Formality of the tone
- Clearly-defined tone
ACADEMIC PRESENTATION
- Speaking to a group of people to make a
point, educate, or share information
You must:
- Understand the topic and the audience
- Have appropriate breadth and depth
- Embed an argument in the context
- Establish a distinct beginning, middle,
and end
- Utilize suitable visual aids
- Use evidence of having practiced the
talk
- Have proper timing/length
Three (3) P’s of an Academic Presentation
1. Planning – this is the fundamentals in
all the activities and it includes the
following:
a. Set the objectives
b. Evaluate the audience
c. Evaluate the content
2. Prepare – this is the time to prepare the
content of and visuals for your
presentation and yourself as presenter.
a. Content
b. Visuals
c. Yourself
3. Present – this is the part that you will
now present your presentation.
a. Check the equipment
b. Establish eye contact
c. Respond to querries