Module Title:
Office Management I
Module Code:
BBO131
Unit Title:
Introduction to Modern Offices
BBO131 - 1
Business & Office Management Program
Khan Younis Training Centre – KYTC
Department of Education, Gaza Field Office, UNRWA
V7, Feb, 2021
Unit Objectives:
After studying this unit students should be able to;
 Define the office management and its importance.
 Understand the nature of the modern office.
 Recognize how to be a successful office manager.
 Understand what is the job description and its contents.
 Recognize the organizational structure and the organizational chart.
 Differentiate between the different office functions.
 Understand the workspace.
 Differentiate between the centralized and the decentralized organizational systems.
 Understand the meaning of virtual offices.
 Differentiate between the modern and virtual office work.
 Recognize the up to date trends in office management.
 Know the office management needed skills.
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Unit Contents:
1. Introduction to Modern offices
1.1. Introduction
1.2. The Importance of Office Management
1.3. Modern Office
1.4. What to know before start working;
1.4.1. Good knowledge about company
1.4.1.1. Know the company
1.4.1.2. Authority and responsibility
1.4.1.3. Mission statement
1.4.1.4. Ethics in business
1.4.2. Well knowledge of Job Description
1.4.3. Organizational structure
1.4.3.1. Organization chart
1.4.4. clear background about Your Role in the work
1.4.5. Knowledge of the Work Space (Ergonomics)
1.4.5.1. The workspace consists of 4 components
1.4.6. Knowledge of the organizational system
1.5. The roles and duties of an administrator and secretaries.
1.5.1. Title
1.5.2. Responsibilities.
1.5.3. Levels of jobs.
1.6. Virtual Office
1.6.1. How Virtual Offices Work
1.6.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Virtual Office
1.6.3. Virtual assistant
1.6.4. How a Virtual Assistant Works
1.6.5. Virtual Assistant Duties
1.6.6. Virtual Assistant Qualifications
1.7. Qualification required for employment.
1.7.1. Skill Qualification
1.7.2. Academic qualification.
1.7.3. Professional qualification.
1.7.4. Secretarial/Administrative virtues
1.8. Up to date TRENDS IN OFFICE MANAGEMENT
1.8.1. top trends in office management:
1.8.1.1.
MOBILITY
2
1.8.1.2.
SHARED WORKSPACES
1.8.1.3.
The cloud
1.8.1.4.
Automating office tasks
1.8.1.5.
Accommodating a mobile workforce
1.8.1.6.
Office management software
1.8.1.7.
Computer-aided facility management (CAFM)
1.8.1.8.
Activity-based working
1.8.1.9.
Bring your own device (BYOD)
1.8.2. Top 9 Office Management Skills
1.8.2.1.
Planning skills
1.8.2.2.
Administrative skills
1.8.2.3.
Analytical skills
1.8.2.4.
Computer skills
1.8.2.5.
Communication skills
1.8.2.6.
Time management skills
1.8.2.7.
Out of the box thinking
1.8.2.8.
Leadership skills
1.8.2.9.
Interpersonal Skills
3
1. Introduction to Modern Offices
1.1.
Introduction1
•
Office management is a profession involving the design, implementation,
evaluation, and maintenance of the process of work within an office or other
organization, in order to sustain and improve efficiency and productivity.
•
Office management is thus a part of the overall administration of business and
since the elements of management are forecasting and planning, organising,
command, control and coordination, the office is a part of the total management
function.
•
Office management is the technique of planning, organizing, coordinating and
controlling office activities with a view to achieve business objectives and is
concerned with efficient and effective performance of the office work. The
success of a business depends upon the efficiency of its office. The volume of
paper
work
in
offices
has
increased
manifold
in
these
days
due
to
industrialization, population explosion, government control and application of
various tax and
labor laws to any business enterprise. Efficiency and
effectiveness which are key words in management are achieved only through
proper planning and control of activities, reduction of office costs and
coordination of all activities of business.
•
“Office management can be defined as a task of planning, coordination,
motivating the efforts of others towards the specific objectives in the office.”
•
An office manager is an employee charged with the general administrative
responsibilities of any given office of a corporation. In small and medium sized
companies the task is often given to the corporation's bookkeeper. In large
companies there will often be several offices in several geographical areas, and
each one will have an office manager.
•
The job
of secretary
or administrator is requested
for every
kind
of
organizations.
•
They undertake work activities that support managers in order to run the
organization successfully.
1
Access April 2021: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_management
4
1.2. The importance of office Management:
2
• Helps in Achievement of Targets
• Optimum Use of Resources
• Minimization of Costs
• Smooth Flow of Work
• Helps in Maintaining Office Efficiency
• Managing Survival and Growth
• Provides Innovation
• Helps in Retaining Talent and Inculcating Sense of Loyalty in Office Staff
• Provides Leadership
• Managing Change
• Maintaining Public Relations
• Social Benefits
1.3.
Modern Office
•
Modern office is a workplace shaped by technology. The modern workplace is centered
on the use of computers, the Internet, and a variety of electronic equipment that were
unavailable only a few years ago. Technology has thus modified and redesigned the
nature of most office work.
•
Office and Technology, The widespread use of technology has created an upheaval in
many employee duties and responsibilities and has transformed the work life of the
office staff.
The basic office tasks of placing and answering telephone calls,
keyboarding documents, greeting clients, arranging meetings, filing, and numerous
other jobs are no longer solely the responsibility of the administrative assistant.
•
Office Skills is essential. Today these office-sustaining duties are performed by all
workers regardless of their degree of responsibility, from an individual in an entrylevel position to an employee at the management level. Knowledge of essential office
procedures, including Internet skills, therefore cannot be limited to a secretary,
administrative assistant, or administrative aide.
Employees at all levels must be
technically skilled and socially competent. Knowing only the technical aspects of a job
is insufficient; soft skills, such as how to work with others, are also important.
1.4. What to know before start working;
2
Access April 2021: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_management
5
•
Any employee working as office worker to be successful, he should have collection of
knowledge in different aspects. The employee should have a good knowledge about the
followings;
▪
Your company
▪
Job description
▪
Organizational structure and organizational chart.
▪
Clear background about your role at work
▪
Knowledge of the workspace.
▪
Knowledge of the organizational system.
1.4.1. Your Company (Organization)
• Background about the company Name, product, environment, foundation,
development and growth.
• Your authority and responsibilities:
•
Your organization Mission statement.
• Business ethics.
1.4.1.1. Good knowledge about company
1.4.1.1.1. Know your company
•
Background about the company Name, product, environment, foundation,
development and growth
1.4.1.1.2. Authority and responsibility:
•
Authority: is the ability of an individual to inform others of what he or she
expects them to do and to expect they will do as asked.
•
Responsibility: Obligation that those who have been asked by a manager or
supervisor to do something will in fact as they have been asked.
1.4.1.1.3. Mission statement
6
•
Mission statement is a formal, short, written statement of the purpose of a company or
organization. The mission statement should guide the actions of the organization, spell out
its overall goal, provide a sense of direction, and guide decision-making. It provides "the
framework or context within which the company's strategies are formulated
•
Mission statements often contain the following:
▪
Purpose and aim of the organization
▪
The organization's primary stakeholders: clients, stockholders, congregation,
etc.
▪
Responsibilities of the organization toward these stakeholders
▪
Products and services offered
1.4.1.1.4.
Ethics in business
• Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or
professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems
that arise in a business environment.
• Ethics are considered the moral standards by which people judge behavior. Ethics
are often summed up in what is considered the “golden rule”—do unto others as
you would have them do unto you. While this makes sense as a general rule of
thumb, it is not entirely useful when looking to define business ethics. In business,
there are many different people you have to answer to: customers, shareholders
and clients. Determining what to do when an ethical dilemma arises among these
different interests can be extremely tricky and as such business ethics as a field is
complex and multi-faceted.
1.4.2. Well knowledge of Job Description
•
The Job Description:
▪
A job description is a list of all of the duties and responsibilities of a
particular job. A good job description should also contain the outcomes of
company expects the employee to provide as well as how the outcomes will
be measured. As a new employee, you should be given a copy of your job
description. Study your job description carefully so you will be familiar with
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your assigned duties and responsibilities.
You do not want to be guilty of
neglecting a job duty because you were unaware that it was your
responsibility.
•
A typical job description: 3
▪
Administrative Assistant Job Responsibilities:
▪
Provides administrative support to ensure efficient operation of office.
▪
Answers phone calls, schedules meetings and supports visitors.
▪
Carries out administrative duties such as filing, typing, copying, binding,
scanning etc.
▪
Completes
operational
requirements
by
scheduling
and
assigning
administrative projects and expediting work results.
▪
Makes travel arrangements for senior staff such as booking flights, cars, and
hotel or restaurant reservations.
▪
Exhibits polite and professional communication via phone, e-mail, and mail.
▪
Supports team by performing tasks related to organization and strong
communication.
▪
Develops
administrative
staff
by
providing
information,
educational
opportunities, and experiential growth opportunities.
▪
Ensures operation of equipment by completing preventive maintenance
requirements, calling for repairs, maintaining equipment inventories and
evaluating new equipment and techniques.
▪
Provides information by answering questions and requests.
▪
Maintains supplies inventory by checking stock to determine inventory level,
anticipating needed supplies, placing and expediting orders for supplies.
▪
Contributes to team effort by accomplishing related results as needed
1.4.3. Organizational structure
▪
The form of an organization that is evident in the way divisions, departments,
functions, and people link together and interact. Organization structure reveals
vertical
operational
responsibilities,
and
horizontal
linkages,
and
may
be
represented by an organization chart.
3
Access April 2021 https://hiring.monster.com/employer-resources/job-description-templates/administrativeassistant-job-description-sample
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1.4.3.1.
▪
Organization Chart
An organizational chart is a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and
the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs, it helps the
organization to:
▪
Importance of organizational chart
▪
Identifies lines of authority
▪
Gives employees a better understanding of the Formal structure of the organization
▪
Helps identify areas of overlapping
▪
Responsibility that should be eliminated.
▪
Identifies promotional opportunities for job applicants and new employees.
▪
Identifies areas suitable for training and Orientation.
Figure 1.1: Organizational chart
1.4.4. Clear Background about Your Role in the work
•
Job titles
9
▪
Many titles can be used to describe persons who work in an office, some of these titles are
Administrative
Assistant,
Administrative
aid,
personal
assistant,
coordinator,
office
manager, office worker, executive assistant and clerk, in addition to know its degree or
grade, in addition to the grading scale, in other meaning good knowledge of the job
description.
•
▪
Office functions
To identify the office functions that should be done by the office practitioners, which
referred to the tasks duties of the employees that contains of the following types:
- Routine:
Daily repeated tasks and duties
The routine work of any office requires the use of various
documents for various purposes. They are letters, applications,
sales reports, business evaluation reports, presentations and
many others.
-
Technical:
Task that needs special technical skills to be achieved
-
Analytical:
Task and duties need critical thinking skill
-
Interpersonal
Functions need special personal abilities
-
Managerial:
Functions related to managerial skills and capabilities
•
Telecommuting
▪
Telecommuting
is
working
using
computers,
telephones,
facsimile
machines, and other remote capabilities.
▪
Telecommuting and advances in technology, particularly the internet, are
changing the way companies operate.
1.4.5. Knowledge of the Work Space (Ergonomics)
▪ Ergonomics
10
▪
Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to fit the worker.
Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can
develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.
▪
The field of study concerned with finding ways to keep people safe, comfortable, and
productive while they perform tasks at work and home.
▪
Ergonomics is based on one simple principle: Make the task fit the person performing it
without overly stressing the person's abilities or ignoring limitations.
▪
Ergonomics removes barriers to quality, productivity, and human performance. The goal of
ergonomics is to design equipment, tools, job tasks, and the environment to maximize
productivity and efficiency by decreasing risk of injury/illness, reducing worker fatigue and
discomfort, and improving quality of work life. It is the science of fitting products, tasks,
and environments to people.
1.4.5.1. The workspace consists of 3 components
•
Computer workstation: Identifying the number of computers available in the office
or in the pace that controlled by the officer, in addition place of each computer and
the candidates working on each computer.
•
Décor: The style of decoration of a room, building. Interior decoration: decoration
consisting of the layout and furnishings of a working interior
•
Furniture: Furniture and fixtures that places in the offices and what is needed in
future
•
Good secretary or administrator must take the following facts in consideration:
a) Knowledge of new technology and good skills in IT are essential to success.
b) The job is varied and more challenging than ever with the opportunity to
organize video conference, carry out desktop publishing and variety of
software packages.
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c) In many organizations, the title of secretary has been abolished and skill
levels have been designed for administrators.
d) Computer literati on is an essential need for any job.
1.4.6. Knowledge of the organizational system
The organizational system: is the structure of how an organization is set up.
That structure defines how each division of a business is set up, the hierarchy of
who reports to whom and how communication flows throughout the organization.
There are two systems; Centralized system and decentralized system
•
Centralization: is a type of structure that places all related activities under the
authority of one person.
•
Factors That Determine Feasibility of Centralization:
1) Nature of the organization.
2) Size of the organization.
3) Diversification of the organization.
4) Conformity to standardized processes.
5) Quality of personnel.
6) Distribution of operations.
7) Attitude of personnel.
•
Decentralization: type of structure in which several individuals located throughout
the organization have control or authority over related activities. (Delegation of
Authorities)
1.5. The roles and duties of an administrator and secretaries
1.5.1. Titles
•
Administrative and secretarial jobs can be advertised under a wide range of titles
like: (administrator, secretary, administrative assistant, deputy administrator).
1.5.2. Responsibilities
12
•
Office staff main responsibilities and duties:
a) Handling information.
b) Dealing with others.
c) Operating control systems.
•
In addition to that, administrator services include.
a) Dealing with visitors.
b) Dealing with telephone calls
c) Reprographics.
d) Mail handling.
e) Document production.
f)
Document transmission.
g) Classification, storage and retrieval of information.
h) Purchasing of consumables and stock control systems.
i)
Financial services.
j)
Communicating information promptly to those who need it.
1.5.3. Levels of jobs.
•
Junior administrator: is likely to operate within a team, a specific department or in a
separate administration section.
•
Administrative assistant: The range of duties required are changed, he may be
responsible for making more decisions on his own to help junior staff or to assist
management. He may have a second sight to foresee and prevent problems before
13
occurring and other duties like responding to correspondences, making financial
payments, contacting suppliers … etc.
1.6.
Virtual Office4
A virtual office gives businesses a physical address and office-related services without the
overhead of a long lease and administrative staff. With a virtual office, employees can work from
anywhere but still have things like a mailing address, phone answering services, meeting rooms,
and videoconferencing.
1.6.1. How Virtual Offices Work
Virtual offices operate as one unit to serve customers but do not exist in a fixed location. This type
of set up is especially popular with startups and small businesses that want to minimize overhead.
The creation of web-based office productivity software and services, such as videoconferencing,
has helped drive the growth in virtual offices.
A virtual office can also lead to greater productivity, as its services free workers from
administrative tasks, as well as commutes. Each employee can work from the location that is
most convenient, and the business is not restricted to hiring employees who live locally.
As more people find ways to work remotely, the benefits of a virtual office are immediately
noticeable. However, not everything is as easy as it seems. Some may find scheduling of virtual
office space no different than the time-consuming scheduling conflicts inherent in a physical office.
1.6.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Virtual Office
The appeal of a virtual office to users is twofold. First, the monthly cost of a virtual office is far
less than that of a traditional office. After all, it has none of the maintenance and upkeep costs,
nor does it need to be staffed. A virtual office can also be secured via a month-to-month lease, so
there is greater flexibility if a user's business changes (no waiting for a lease to expire or incurring
the cost of a broken lease).
Costs for using a virtual office can run as low as $50 for a membership fee and $250 per month or
more for a month-to-month lease for basic services. The more services that are added on, the
more expensive it will be.
Second, a virtual office can provide a mailing address, telephone answering, and
videoconferencing services. Therefore, a small business can appear larger than it is. It also can
provide a physical address (or multiple addresses) for users to meet clients. Sometimes, the
4
Kinton W. 2020, Access April 2021 , URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/virtual-office.asp
14
address can lend an aura of prestige to a virtual office user, such as if the address is a well-known
location or street. A professional phone answering service can have the same effect.
Some of the services that a virtual office arrangement offers require pre-planning to utilize. For
example, many packages come with limited use of conference rooms or limited teleconferencing
and videoconferencing services. Virtual offices also may have restricted access on nights and
weekends. Users may find the lack of flexibility limiting and inconvenient. There is also the
potential for distractions that come with working from home and therefore some workers might
not be as productive when operating in a virtual office environment.
1.6.3. Virtual assistant
•
A virtual assistant is a self-employed worker who specializes in offering administrative
services to clients from a remote location, usually a home office.
•
Typical tasks a virtual assistant might perform include scheduling appointments,
making phone calls, making travel arrangements, and managing email accounts.
•
Some virtual assistants specialize in offering graphic design, blog writing, bookkeeping,
social media, and marketing services.
•
For an employer, one advantage of hiring a virtual assistant is the flexibility to contract
for just the services they need.
1.6.4. How a Virtual Assistant Works
Virtual assistants have become more prominent as small businesses and startups rely on virtual
offices to keep costs down and businesses of all sizes increase their use of the Internet for daily
operations. Because a virtual assistant is an independent contractor, a business does not have to
provide the same benefits or pay the same taxes that it would for a full-time employee.
Also, since the virtual assistant works offsite, there is no need for a desk or other workspace at
the company's office. A virtual assistant is expected to pay for and provide their own computer
equipment, commonly used software programs, and high-speed Internet service.
In a study of over 100,000 job listings, FlexJobs found virtual administration was one of the top
five fastest-growing remote career categories.
1.6.5. Virtual Assistant Duties
The specific duties of a virtual assistant vary according to the needs of the client and the terms of
the contract. Some virtual assistants handle clerical and bookkeeping tasks, while others may post
regular updates to social media or write articles for a blog. A well-rounded virtual assistant may
also handle travel arrangements, appointment scheduling, data entry, and online file storage.
15
1.6.6. Virtual Assistant Qualifications
While there are no hard-and-fast educational requirements to become a virtual assistant, many
clients will look for virtual assistants who have some higher-level education or specialized training.
A few online companies and community colleges offer courses and certification for virtual assistant
skills.
A virtual assistant should be tech-savvy, having a wide range of computer skills and a high level
of proficiency with commonly used software and business programs. A virtual assistant who
specializes in bookkeeping should be adept at basic accounting tasks, such as account
reconciliations and double-entry bookkeeping.
1.7. Qualification required for employment.
•
After tracing how any graduate can find a job now superficially a question is asked,
what should be my qualification as an office Manager to get this job. Qualifications
can be divided into different categories, these include:
1.7.1. Skill Qualification
•
Refers to computer skills
•
Typing and shorthand speed … etc.
1.7.2. Academic qualification.
•
Refers to education and academic degrees obtained.
English language is very
essential to enable secretaries and administrators to write a clear and correct
correspondence.
1.7.3. Professional qualification.
•
Refers to certificates obtained and related to secretary and administration studies
Secretary Diploma, BOP diploma & Executive secretary diploma.
1.7.4. Secretarial/Administrative virtues
•
Enthusiasm: The most people you joy to work with those who are keen and eager.
16
•
A positive attitude: This means that always seeing any problem as an opportunity.
•
Examples: If something needs retyping, this is an opportunity to make a better job.
•
If there is a backlog of filing, think that this is an opportunity to find that letter you
are looking for.
•
Commitment and loyalty:
1) If you cannot stand the organization you work for, then leave.
2) Don’t undermine everyone else’s effort to do a good job.
3) Commitment also means looking for opportunities to do your firm a favor.
4) Loyalty means to belong to your organization.
•
An eye for detail: It means that you must check everything in time and take
suitable notes may be required to make decision.
•
A good memory
•
Discretion: What ever your boss tells you must be kept quietly and you must
keep your mouth shut or otherwise your boss will never tell you anything.
•
Reliability: It is not necessary to be watched 24 hours a day to be sure that you
do your job. Being personable and humble.
•
Serenity: Panicking has never been a good way to solve a problem. People know
you as someone who can cope and doesn’t go to be panicking if anything goes
wrong.
1.7.5. Top 9 Office Management Skills5
1.7.5.1.
Planning skills
5
Rayhan , K 2020 , Top 9 office management skills, Access April 2021,
URL0https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-9-office-management-skills-khandaker-rayhan/
17
As an office manager, you should be pretty good at planning, ranging from office meetings,
handling the delegations, and other business operations within the organization to execute
everything efficiently on its proper time.
1.7.5.2.
Administrative skills
As a part of your job, you will be responsible to do the other administrative tasks in the
organization. You will be responsible to hire new employees, fire the underperforming ones,
and evaluate performance appraisal, training and supervising new employees. You will have to
make plans, schedule and attend meetings and perform other business operations as well.
1.7.5.3. Analytical skills
As an office manager, you should have some sort of analytical skills to do your job in the best
possible way. You should be well aware of the process, practices, and procedures to do your
job efficiently. You should be sharp in identifying any inefficiency and suggest the best possible
solutions which will contribute to the company growth.
1.7.5.4. Computer skills
As an office manager, you should have strong hands-on practice on computer skills ranging
from the word processor to excel and powerpoint because you could be asked to do a range of
tasks depending upon your job specifics such as data entry, making sheets in excel and
creating and presenting in powerpoint.
You should be at best in doing your day to day office management computer operations
accurately, efficiently and in a professional way. So your arsenal should be equipped with the
desired computer skills because a tremendous amount of responsibility falls on the office
managers.
1.7.5.5. Communication skills
As an office manager, you should have strong communication skills as you would be the first
person to see the visitors coming in case the respective professionals are out from th e office.
You will have to delegate the work as well within the organization and also give attention
simultaneously to the other tasks.
You will have to communicate effectively within the organization both verbally and written in a
friendly, efficient and professional way to make sure everything goes just fine. You will play the
role of a bridge between the employees working in the organization.
1.7.5.6. Time management skills
18
As part of your job, you should have excellent skills in time management in order to utilize
every minute of your duty to its fullest potential and squeeze out the maximum outcome. You
should be able to properly allocate and handle every task on time without any wastage of time.
1.7.5.7. Out of the box thinking
As an office manager, you should think out of the box to cater to every business task
effectively that can contribute towards the organization growth both in the short term and the
long.
1.7.5.8. Leadership skills
As an office manager, you will always lead from the front to make ensure everything is going
just fine within the organization. You will have to motivate the employees to get them to
produce the best work results possible. Developing leadership skills will help you in better office
management.
You will have to make teamwork happen and helping others to communicate well with one
another in the organization to create a healthy and productive company culture. You have to
set the standards for everyone in the organization to put the things up on the right track.
1.7.5.9. Interpersonal Skills
As part of your job, you should have social skills towards your employees involved in the
company or outside visitors. You should use a positive approach and attitude which will result
in great teamwork.
Unit exercise
1. Define the followings; Put them in a table
a. Office management.
b. Modern office.
c. Office manager.
d. Virtual office.
e. Organizational chart.
f.
Organizational structure.
g. Job description.
h. Authority.
i.
Responsibility
j.
Mission statement.
k. Business ethics.
l.
Job title
m. Ergonomics
19
2. Mention 5 importance of the office management.
3. Mention 6 things an office manager should understand to be a successful office worker.
4. Mention 5 office functions and give example for each function
5. Mention 4 elements of ergonomics.
6. Compare between centralized and decentralized office systems
7. Mention 5 office manager’s responsibilities?
8. Mention 5 key office manager’s skills?
9. What are the advantages of the disadvantages of virtual work?
10. What are the key virtual assistant duties?
11. Explain the following Key up to date office management needed skills:
1. Planning skills
2. Administrative skills
3. Computer skills
4. Analytical skills
5. Computer skills
6. Time management skills
7. Leadership skills
8. Out of the box thinking
9. Interpersonal Skills
References
• Burton, Sharon, Office Procedures for the 21st Century & Student Workbook Package, 8th
Edition, Publisher: Prentice Hall, (2011), ISBN-10: 0132343436, ISBN-13: 9780132343435
• Quible, Z, Administrative Office Management, 8th Edition, Publisher; Prentice Hall(2005).
• Access April 2021: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_management
• Rayhan , K 2020 , Top 9 office management skills, Access April 2021,
URL0https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-9-office-management-skills-khandaker-rayhan/
• Kinton W. 2020, Access April 2021 , URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/virtual-office.asp.
• Access April 2021 https://hiring.monster.com/employer-resources/job-descriptiontemplates/administrative-assistant-job-description-sample
20