Oh, China!
An Elementary Reader of Modern
Chinese for Advanced Beginners
Revised Edition
%JJVt-tChih-p'ing Chou
~*-J*~
Perry Link
J_* tj;
Xuedong Wang
Princeton Language Program: Modern Chinese
Princeton University Press is proud to publish the Princeton Language Program in Modern
Chinese. Based on courses taught through Princeton University Department of East Asian
Studies and the Princeton in Beijing Program, this comprehensive series is designed for
university students who wish to learn or improve upon their knowledge of Mandarin Chinese.
Students begin with either Chinese Primer or Oh, China! depending on their previous
exposure to the language. After the first year, any combination of texts at a given level can
be used. While all of the intermediate and advanced texts focus on modern life in China, and
especially on the media, texts marked with an asterisk(*) in the chart below compare China
to the United States and are particularly appropriate for American students.
Chinas Peril
and Promise
in
Contemporary
Chinese Cinema
ffe>nnina<
Oh, China!
An Elementary Reader of Modern
Chinese for Advanced Beginners
Revised Edition
%1~-t
Chih-p'ing Chou
~,f..t%~
Perry Link
_f_~
t
Xuedong Wang
Princeton University Press
Princeton, New 1ersey
Copyright© 2012 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press
41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press
6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW
press.princeton.edu
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931452
ISBN 978-0-691-15308-7
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
This book has been composed in STKaiti, Simsun, and Times New Roman
The publisher would like to acknowledge the authors of this volume for
providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed.
Printed on acid-free paper. oo
Printed in the United States of America
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Table of Contents
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Preface to the Revised Edition
IX
XI
To the Student
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XVll
List of Abbreviations
Mandarin Pronunciation
XXI
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Preface to the Revised Edition
Oh, China! was first published in 1997 and has been adopted by many institutions.
In the process of using this book, we discovered a few errors and a few insufficient
explanations, which we have now taken the opportunity to correct and append in this
revised edition.
The main focus of this revision has been rearranging and reformatting the layout
of each page. Originally, traditional and simplified character texts were juxtaposed on
adjacent pages, with vocabulary words following. The revised edition juxtaposes the
simplified character text and vocabulary words on adjacent pages and includes the
traditional character text at the end of each lesson. This change makes it much more
convenient for students to prepare the lesson, while at the same time it reflects the
growing trend of using simplified characters in international Chinese language education.
In the original edition, each lesson contained a table showing the strokes of
Chinese characters, in which we added handwritten Arabic numbers depicting the stroke
order. However, in the case of characters with a greater number of strokes, it was difficult
to see the actual stroke order. In the revised edition, we have selected a certain number of
new vocabulary words for each lesson and provided the English glosses for each
individual character, as well as relevant compounds. We have completely omitted the
numbers depicting stroke order. We decided to make this change because, in the past few
years, the development of the Internet has provided students with Web sites containing
animated illustrations of how to write Chinese characters using the proper stroke order. It
is our hope that teachers will encourage students to make effective use of these Web sites
to gain a clearer, more solid understanding of Chinese character stroke order.
Although we have actually increased the number of vocabulary words and
example sentences in the revised edition, due to changes in formatting and font size, this
edition has fewer pages than the last, making the book easier to flip through and carry.
Ms. Anmin Liu undertook the revision of this book, coordinating the
supplementation of vocabulary words and example sentences. Ms. Cara Healey proofread
the entire English portion of the manuscript and also provided many valuable suggestions.
To them we extend our sincere thanks. Of course, any errors in the final manuscript are
the authors' own.
Chih-p'ing Chou
Perry Link
Xuedong Wang
May 10,2011
ix
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XV
B
To the Student
The study of spoken Chinese and modem written Chinese is fairly new to
universities in Europe and North America. Until the 1940s, only classical Chinese was
taught, and only at a few places. The first important effort to teach modem Chinese to
Americans came during World War II, when the U.S. Army, realizing that its soldiers
had better be able to talk to their Chinese allies in Asia, designed a crash course.
Nearly all of these first soldier-students were Caucasian-Americans. From the 1950s
through the 1970s, the teaching of modem Chinese spread to many colleges and
Asian-Americans or Africa-Americans mixed in. All the textbooks and other teaching
materials that were developed during these decades aimed to teach Chinese to people
who began their study knowing no Chinese at all.
During the 1980s, first on the West Coast and later on the East Coast as well,
students from Chinese-American families began to enroll in Chinese courses in large
numbers. On many campuses they became the majority in class. These students had a
variety of language-learning needs: some could speak Mandarin, but had nonstandard
accents; some could speak quite well, but could not read or write; some could read
and write fluently, but could speak only Cantonese or another dialect; and so on. In
any of these cases, the student did not qualify for intermediate or advanced courses
and had to begin with "beginning Chinese."
At first, most college programs simply lumped all the "beginners" together, but
this generally proved awkward for all concerned. The students who started from zero
felt intimidated: "How come I have to learn Chinese next to a guy who already speaks
Chinese?" The Chinese-American students, on the other hand, often found the oral
drills ridiculously boring: "Yes, I am a person. You are also a person. Therefore we
are two people," and so on. They could hardly wait to get out of class to do something
else. For obvious reasons, not only students but teachers, too, found the situation
frustrating.
Many Chinese programs responded by instituting special courses for students
who had some experience with Chinese. (Sometimes these students were called "false
beginners," but this term is not very fair. Beginning with a head start may be different
from beginning at the beginning, but there is nothing "false" about it.) The special
new courses were an important advance, but were still not ideal, because the
textbooks and other teaching materials remained the same old ones. The new courses
sometimes progressed through the old materials at double speed, but to learn at double
xvii
speed how to say "I am a person" still was not exactly the point. A new kind of
material, prepared to meet the particular needs of American students with Chinese in
their backgrounds, was necessary.
Hence this textbook. No book can perfectly suit every variety of
Chinese-speaking background, but this book will do in most cases. We assume that
you can understand, and to some extent speak, daily-life Mandarin Chinese. (If you
are a speaker of Cantonese or another dialect, check with your teacher on how to use
this book.) The book aims to help you in three areas: 1) reading and writing; 2)
correction of Mandarin pronunciation; and 3) understanding of the grammatical
structures of Mandarin and correction of your grammatical irregularities, if any.
We could have saved ourselves the trouble of writing this book by simply
recommending that you use elementary primers from mainland China or Taiwan.
These books, after all, are prepared for students who, like you, can speak some
Chinese but cannot read. The trouble is, these books are written for six-year-olds, and
in Chinese culture (as you may know from your home life), six-year-olds are
supposed to listen to morality tales about patriotism, historical heroes, and obedience
to parents. This is what the primers from China and Taiwan contain; as adult
Americans, you would rebel if we gave them to you as college texts. As adults,
moreover, you can handle the grown-up explanations of pronunciation, grammar, and
usage that our book contains and the primers do not.
The contents of the lessons in this book comprise three parts. The first part looks
at home life and social life in America of Chinese-American young people; the second
part links the ideas of "overseas Chinese" and "Chinatown" to life in "Guangdong
province," and includes vignettes of daily life in China; the third part introduces some
major figures in modem Chinese history. We feel that these themes will suit your
practical needs in using Chinese and will provide a bridge to using Chinese for
advanced study of China.
You should remember, though, that the main purpose of your study is to master
language, not content. With your teacher's help, analyze what your particular
strengths and weaknesses in Chinese are, and concentrate on the weaknesses. You are
only kidding yourself if you "rely" on the strengths and let the weaknesses slide. If
writing characters is your weakness, work on characters; if you can't analyze
do not pronounce retroflex initials (zhi, chi, shi) correctly, don't just "let it go,"
grammar, learn to. If, like many students whose families are from southern China, you
thinking that, in any case, correct Mandarin pronunciation will sound funny to your
grandmother. It might. But the benefits of having correct pronunciation will bring you
xviii
much further in business, politics, academics, or wherever you tum in the big Chinese
world. You can always temporarily switch back when you talk to Granny. If your
teacher grades your work properly, he or she will grade you on how well you
strengthen your weak points, not on how well you can show off your strong points.
the first 15 lessons, in hanyupinyin as well. After the texts you will find vocabulary
Our lesson texts are given in both simplified and traditional characters, and, for
lists, grammar notes, usage exercises, and, for the first 15 lessons, exercises in how to
write characters with proper stroke order.
Good luck.
Chih-p'ing Chou
Perry Link
Xuedong Wang
Princeton University
June 18, 1997
xix
List of Abbreviations
Adj.= adjective
Adv. = adverb
AN = auxiliary noun (measure word)
Aux =auxiliary
Conj. = conjunction
Det. = determinative
Int.= interjection
N=noun
Prep. = preposition
Pron. = Pronoun
QW = question word
V=verb
V-C = verb-complement
V-0 =verb-object
xxi
MANDARIN PRONUNCIATION
Accurate standard pronunciation is an invaluable part of mastery of Chinese. If
you speak with a standard Mandarin accent, you will have access to the largest
possible number of Chinese speakers. You will, moreover, be judged by your accent.
Many Chinese feel that standard Mandarin is a "better" accent than others. This may
be unfair, but it is a fact of life. It is in your own self-interest to master and use
standard pronunciation.
If you already speak Mandarin with a nonstandard accent, first study the
differences between your accent and Mandarin, and then make a conscious effort to
use Mandarin pronunciation until it becomes unconscious habit. Don't feel defensive
about your native accent. It is no one's "fault"---certainly not yours or your parents'and has nothing to do with anyone's adequacy as a human being. It is simply a
mechanical adjustment that is in your own interest.
If you are a native or semi-native speaker of English, you will also have to
study how some Mandarin sounds differ from English sounds that seem the same but
are not. For example, the ao sound in Mandarin (as in Mao Zedong) does not rhyme
with "cow" in American English. If you speak as if it does, people in China will
immediately think of you as some kind of peculiar foreigner every time you open your
mouth.
THE SOUND SYSTEM
The sound of every syllable in Mandarin is made of three parts: an initial, a
final, and a tone. Some syllables lack an initial, but no syllable can be without a final,
because the final contains the vowel. Every syllable has tone, but the tone does not
always have to be used (for more, see "neutral tones" below).
There are twenty-one initials, thirty-seven finals, and four basic tones. If you
master these sixty-two items, you will be able to pronounce all the basic sounds of
Mandarin accurately. (There are a few sounds-mostly expletives and particles-that
fall slightly outside the formal sound system; don't worry about them for now.) Initials,
finals, and tones can all be spelled out in systematic order. We begin with tones.
xxiii
The Single Tones
Table 1: Single Tones
5ffie;hPitch
4 Middle High Pitch
3 Middle Pitch
2 Middle Low Pitch
iLowPitch
The scale on the right-hand side of Table 1 divides the comfortable voice range
into five levels: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower. The lines in the
table show the pitch contours used in pronouncing the four basic tones. From these
lines we build the following four ''tone signs":\, 1'\, ..A, and '-!.The vertical line on the
right-hand side of each stem is there only to remind you of where the comfortable
.
.
VOICe range IS.
The First Tone (5-5 l), which we designate using the sign l,. is high and level.
It is approximately 5-5, meaning that it starts at levelS and ends at level 5, and is
pitched near the top of your comfortable voice range. Do not worry if your first tone is
higher or lower than the next person's, including your teacher's. It is the relative pitch
that is important. (You can check yourself on the frrst tone by seeing whether you can
hold the tone, as in singing.)
The Second Tone (3-5 1'\) starts around the middle of your voice range (3) and
rises straight ·toward the level of the first tone (5). Do not let it sag. As a serviceable
check on whether you have it right, compare your intonation to the one you use in
saying "What?!" ( 1'\ ) or "Who?!" ( 1'\) when you hear something unbelievable.
The Third Tone (2-1-4 ..A) begins near the bottom ofyour comfortable voice
range (2), proceeds to reach the bottom (1), then turns upward to end above the middle
(4). Thinking of this rise at the end, many students make the mistake of not reaching
the very bottom of their range at the beginning. You must think low in pronouncing
the third tone. If you wish to check yourself, compare your intonation to the skeptical
tone you might use with the word "Yeah ... " ( ..A) in conceding a point which you feel
is true but irrelevant to the issue at hand.
·
xxiv
The Forth Tone (5-1 '-!)begins at the top of your comfortable range (5) and
proceeds quickly to the bottom (1). To check yourself, compare your intonation to that
of an emphatic ''No!!" ( '4 ), which you might use if someone were to urge you to jump
off a building.
Exercises
Note: You have not yet studied initials and fmals, yet you must use them in
order to do the following exercises. Don't worry. We have chosen easy initials and
fmals. Any small problems they might present can be cleared up later.
1. Read the following syllables in rows from left to right.
1st tone
2nd
tone
3rd
tone
fa
a1
mi
ting
ym
tan
huang
tu
ling
2. Read the following syllables across the rows, then down the columns. The
tones are in scrambled order.
tu
rna
yt
fei
tang
-1
'-1
l
ting
lai
fa
~
'-1
l
~
-1
'-1
~
-1
l
~
l
-1
'4
3. Listen to the dictated syllables and record the proper tones using l, -1, vi,
and '-1.
1.
6.
11.
16.
2.
7.
12.
17.
4.
9.
14.
19.
3.
8.
13.
18.
XXV
5.
10.
15.
20.
The Initials
Table 2: Table of Initials
columns 1
rows
1
b
2
d
3
z
4
zh
5
J
g
6
2
3
4
p
t
c
ch
q
k
m
n
f
s
sh
5
r
X
h
Table 2 shows the twenty-one initials in hanyu pinyin spelling. We will
introduce all the rules of hanyu pinyin below, but for now, just memorize the spellings
as given in the chart. The rows and columns of the chart are determined by the
phonetic properties of the sounds, so it makes sense to memorize the table in its exact
order.
The spellings in Table 2 can be analyzed and memorized but not pronounced.
In order to pronounce them, you need to add a final and a tone.
Table 3: Table of (Pronounceable) Initials
columns 1
rows
1
bo
2
de
Zl
3
4
zhi
5
Jl
ge
6
2
3
4
po
te
mo
ne
fo
Cl
5
le
Sl
chi
shi
ql
Xl
ke
he
n
Read each of the rows and columns in Table 3, following the model
pronunciation of your teacher. Although you should, of course, try to pronounce the
finals correctly, your strongest concentration should be on getting the initials right.
Rows 3, 4, and 5 usually need the most practice. The following descriptions of the
sounds and how to produce them may be of some help; nothing, however, can
substitute for your careful listening to a teacher's proper pronunciation.
The syllables of row 1 in the Table oflnitials are called "labials" because they
use the lips. Those of row 2 are called "dentals" because they use the top front teeth.
You should have little trouble with the labials and dentals.
Row 3, "dental sibilants," contain buzzing or hissing sounds made when the tip
of the tongue is placed behind the top front teeth. The tongue must be farther toward
xxvi
the front than when pronouncing an English s. In English we do not begin syllables
with sounds like the zi and ci sounds in row 3. But we do approximate them at the
middle or end of certain words. The ci sound is rather near the ts in "rats," though
more air should be blown out with the Chinese ci. The Chinese sound is also more
"forward"-meaning the tongue is nearer the front of the mouth-than is the English
sound. The Chinese zi sound is not too far from ds in "reads."
For many students, row 4 is the one that needs the most work. Unless you are
already a speaker of northern Mandarin, this row of "retroflex" sounds will seem new
to you, and maybe even strange. But you are only hurting yourself if you reject row 4
because it "sounds funny." To speakers of standard Mandarin, it sounds very nice
indeed. In pronouncing retroflexes, the tongue is curled back (retroflexed) until the tip
touches the front part of the roof of the mouth. The tongue is only a little farther
toward the back of the mouth than when pronouncing the initial r of the word "run" in
English. In pronouncing the retroflex zhi and chi sounds, the tip of the tongue begins
by actually touching the roof of the mouth, then quickly moving slightly away. The
two sounds differ only in that a strong puff of air accompanies the chi sound. Making
the retroflex shi and ri sounds, however, the tip of the tongue does not ever touch the
roof of the mouth but simply rests in a close-by position (see Figure 1).
zh-ch
sh-r
Figure 1: Retroflex Tongue Position
Row 5 contains the "palatal" sounds. To make them, put the tip of your tongue
behind your bottom teeth and let the top surface of your tongue form a thin
passageway with the roof of your mouth (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: Palatal Tongue Position
xxvii
The zh, ch, and sh of the retroflex row and the j, q, and x of the palatal row all
in some ways resemble j, ch, or sh in English. (It is for this reason that hanyu pinyin
needs to invent "weird" spellings like zh for one ofthej's, q for one of the ch's, and x
for one of the sh's; don't let that little quirk disturb you.) But, in fact, neither the
retroflexes nor the palatals are exactly like the j, ch, sh, and r of English. The English
sounds, for one thing, are pronounced with the lips slightly protruded or rounded.
(Watch yourself in the mirror and say "Show the judge his chair.") That same lip
movement should not be present in Chinese retroflexes and palatals (unless, of course,
the following vowel sound is something like the Chinese u, which itself requires
rounding).
The retroflex r, besides being retroflex, is different from an English r in that it
carries the hint of a buzzing sound-rather like the sound of the gin the French
"Georges." The buzz is clearer when a given syllable is stressed. Ask your teacher for
a demonstration.
Row 6 in the Table oflnitials contains the "gutturals," which means their
pronunciation is controlled at the very back of the mouth. The gutturals generally are
not difficult, but one special note should be made regarding the Chinese h. It is
somewhat rougher than an English h-almost like the ch in the German "ach," but
rarely as rough as that. The roughness usually increases with increasing stress on a
syllable.
Even when the tongue is in a fixed position in the mouth, different sounds may
be produced by blowing out more air or less, by using the nasal passages, and so on.
These distinctions are categorized in the columns ofthe Table of Initials. The most
important is the one between the first column, called the "unaspirated" initials, and the
second, called the "aspirated" initials. To "aspirate" means to blow out air, and as a
check on your pronunciation, you might hold a sheet of paper right in front ofyour
face for a moment (holding from the top) and then pronounce an initial from column
one. The paper should not move. When you pronounce the corresponding initial in
column two, the paper should fly out from in front of your mouth.
The unaspirated initials b, d, and g are also unvoiced, meaning that they do not
employ the vocal cords in their pronunciation. This makes them slightly different from
the English bas in "boy," d as in "dog," orgas in "goat." To be very precise, they are
like the pin "sport," the tin "stage," and the kin "sky."
The remaining three columns--called "nasals," "fricatives," and "voiced
continuants," respectively-are seldom troublesome, and require no special comment.
xxviii
Exercises on Initials
1. Pronounce the following syllables, which use initials from row 4 in the
Table of Initials. Pay special attention to the retroflex tongue position.
..,
chi l
chu '-1
chan vi
chou '-1
cheng l
chao '-1
chen '-1
chu -1
zhi
zhu '-1
zhan vi
zhou '-1
zheng l
zhao '-1
zhen -.J
zhu -1
shi
shu
shan
shou
sheng
shao
shen
shu
..,
..,
n
ru
vi
'-1
ran
rou
reng
rao
ren
'-1
-,
'-1
'-1
-1
vi
'-1
'-1
ru
..,
'-1
'-1
-1
2. Pronounce the following syllables, which use initials from row 5 in the
Table of Initials. Pay special attention to the palatal tongue position.
l
Jl
Jia l
jing l
Jie -1
jiangvi
'-1
Jl
l
qt
qta l
qmg
qte -1
qiang vi
qi
'-1
l
x1a l
xmg l
x1e
-1
xiang vi
Xl
'-1
X1
..,
3. Pronounce the following syllables, paying special attention to the distinction
between palatal and retroflex initials.
zhu
zhou
shao
zha
chou
chu
sha
chang
shen
...
l
l
l
JU
JlU l
XIaO vi
jia -1
qm vi
qii
-1
xia '-1
qtang '-1
xm l
vi
vi
-1
-1
'-1
'-1
l
4. Listen to the dictated syllables. Write "r" ifthe initial is retroflex, "i" if it is
palatal.
1.
2.
11.
16.
7.
12.
17.
6.
4.
9.
3.
8.
13.
14.
19.
18.
xxix
5.
10.
15.
20.
The Finals
Table 4: The Table of Finals in Basic Form
-1
fOW-l
1
row-u u
row-ii ii
row-a
a
e
ie
ua uo
lie
ai
e1
Ia
Uai
ao
iao
ou
IUO
U1
an
Ian
uan
iian
en
m
un
iin
ang eng
iang ing
uang ueng
ong er
wng
Table 4 shows all the finals in Mandarin Chinese, arranged according to their
phonetic properties. Memorize the table in the given order. Below is a list of hints that
may be of help in learning the correct vowel quality of the finals.
Row-a. The -i final is the only final that cannot be pronounced by itself; it is
always preceded by an initial (hence the hyphen in the notation -i). Its initial must be
from row 3 or row 4 in the Table oflnitials (i.e., z, c, s, zh, ch, sh, and r). Following z,
c, and s, the -i final is simply a buzzing prolongation of the initial itself. Keep the lips
spread back. Following zh, ch, sh, and r, the -i final is a prolongation of the retroflex
initial, producing a vocalized r sound. Shi, for example, sounds rather like the shr of
"shrill." Be sure to keep both tongue and lips in the standard retroflex position from
start to finish.
The e final will need special practice. It is not the same as e in the English
word "the." Listen carefully to your teacher.
The ao final falls about midway between aw in "law" and ow in "cow." You
are definitely wrong to approach either of these extremes, and many American
students approach the "cow" extreme too readily. Stay in the middle and be conscious
of the back, dark, broad quality of this sound.
Be sure to distinguish clearly between the finals that end in -n and in -ng.
These finals appear in each of rows -a, -i, and -u. Some "southern accents" of
Mandarin do not make the distinction, or use -n and -ng in the reverse order from
standard Mandarin. If your own Mandarin is subject to either of these problems,
review every word you know that ends in either -n or -ng to be sure you have it right.
The an final falls between the an of"Dan" and the on of"Don," though it is a
bit nearer the latter. The "a" vowel in the ang final is darker (closer to "Don") than in
the an final.
The ong final requires you to round your lips as if you were going to say oo as
in "boo." The correct sound does not contain this "oo" sound, however, nor does it
rhyme with "dong" as in "ding-dong." Listen to your teacher.
XXX
Row-i. The i final sounds like the name of the letter "e" in English. In principle,
all the other finals of row-i are formed by adding i to the finals of row-a. There are,
however, some important variations from this principle, as noted below.
The ie final is like the ye in "yet." Note that thee in ie has a different value
from the e final by itself.
The ian final comes close to "yen" in English. (Some spelling systems, in fact,
use ien to spell this sound.) Note the difference from the an final.
The vowel sound of the in and ing finals falls between "inn" and "machine."
Row-u. The u final is not the same as the oo in English "boo." To produce the
Chinese u sound, the tongue must be pulled toward the back of the mouth while the
lips make a very small opening in front. The cavity of the mouth is maximized.
Professor Y.R. Chao has devised two ingenious tricks for producing the correct oral
positioning.
...try to whistle the lowest note possible, then vocalize instead of actually
whistling. Another device is to imagine holding as much water as possible without
either swallowing it or spilling any of it out of the lips. 1
The uo final is pronounced as a person with a "New York accent" pronounces
"door." Combined with the initials b, p, m, andf, the u component of the sounds is
barely discernible.
Row-ii. The ii final is produced by using the lip position of the u final and the
tongue position of the i final. It is like the ii in German or a French u as in "usine."
The iie final rhymes with the ie final.
The iian final rhymes with the ian final.
1 Mandarin
Primer, Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 23-24.
xxxi
Exercises on Finals
Refer to the Table of Finals. The exercises focus upon important points as they
come up column by column in the Table, beginning from the left.
1. The "prolonged initial" -i.
'4
zhi
shi
Z1
chi
shi
C1
l
l
shi
shi
S1
'.J
-1
l
'4
'4
n
shi
'.J
vi
l
2. The u fmal.
u
hu
fu
u
hu
fu
l
l
l
vi
vi
vi
u
hu
fu
-1
-1
-1
'-1
'-1
'.J
u
hu
fu
3. Contrasting the u final and the ii fmal. Change the tongue position while
keeping the same lip position.
u
u
l
chu l
l
l
qu
u
chu
u -,
l
l
qu -,
4. Contrasting the i final and the ii final. Change the lip position while keeping
the same tongue position.
1
q1
l
l
u
qu
l
l
l
u
xu
ju
qu
l
l
-1
'-1
u
l
xi
l
zhu -1
q1
'-1
q1
-,
l
u
qu
5. Contrasting i, u, and ii by "pivoting" on the latter.
1
shu
J1
chu
l
-1
'.J
6. The e final.
u
xu
...
JU
qu
-,
-,
-1
'-1
e
le
l
'-1
ke
zhe
l
'-I
zhe
se
l
'-1
l
-1
x1e
J1e
1e
l
-1
'-1
she
zhe
e
l
-1
xue
jue
tie
l
-,
1
shu
J1
chu
7. The varying quality of"e" in thee, ie, and iie finals.
she
zhe
e
'4
xxxii
'4
l
-1
'.J
l
-,
-1
'-I
vi
she
vi
xie
8. Contrasting -i, e, and u.
l
chi
Sl
shi
chi
Cl
-1
vi
~
9. "Back" vowels e and uo.
l
-1
l
l
e
de
ke
luo
10. Ao and iao.
-1
vi
~
l
ao
dao
chao
iao
diao
q1ao
~
vi
11. Contrasting ii and iu.
...
l
vi
-1
JU
xu
qu
lu
ke
luo
JIU
XlU
qm
liu
\j
vi
xue
chu
su
shu
chu
cu
~.
l
-1
-1
-1
uo
duo
ke
luo
vi
l
che
se
she
che
ce
\j
she
vi
vi
l
\j
-1
vi
~
ke
luo
~
~
l
\j
vi
l
vi
-1
\j
12. The changing quality of"a" in an, ian, uan, and iian.
l
an
zhan vi
1an
Jlan
uan
l
-1
13. Contrasting uan and un.
tuan
luan
guan
l
vi
l
uan
zhuan vi
l
-1
~
un
tun
lun
vi
gun
vi
l
vi
bing
dang
l
vi
kan
lin
xxxiii
l
vi
\j
14. Distinguishing the -n and -ng endings.
bin
dan
Uan
...
Juan
\j
-1
kang
ling
~
-1
l
zhuan '-I
zhuang '-1
zheng l zhen l
~
~ Jill
Jmg
l
chuang l chuan
rang ~
q1ang -1
meng '-I
ran
qian
men
Jian
l
jiang
~
-1
'-I
15. Listen to the syllables and tell which are-nand which are -ng endings.
1.
7.
2.
8.
3.
9.
4.
10.
5.
11.
6.
12.
HANYU PINYINROMANIZATION
Himyu pfnyfn has been the official Romanization system in the People's
Republic since 1958. Its spelling rules are simple.
Rule 1: The four tones are indicated by the diacritical marks: - , ..... that appear
above the vowels of spelled syllables. 2 For example: shu "book," ren "person," gou
"dog," mai "sell."
Rule 2: When the uo final combines with the labial initials b, p, m, orf, the "u"
drops out. For example, bo "wave," m6 "rub." The "u" stays when any other initial is
used: duo "many," ruo "weak."
Rule 3: When the il final combines with the palatal initialsj, q, or x, the umlaut
drops out: 3 qu "go," xu "permit." The only other initials that il combines with are land
n. In these cases, the umlaut stays: Iii "green," m1 "female."
Rule 4: When the finals beginning with "i'' occur without an initial, the "i"
changes to "y." Thus ye "also," yao "want." The three fmals i, in, and ing are
exceptions to rule four. In these cases a "y" is added while the "i" remains. Thus yf
"one," yin "print," ying "hard." When the fmal iu occurs without an initial, it is spelled
you. Thus you "have," you "again."
If you want to be technically correct about where to put the diacritical marks, follow these rules: 1) If there is a
single vowel in the syllable, put it over the vowel. For example, shii, zhang. 2) If there is more than one vowel, put
it over the second to last vowel, unless that vowel is i or u, in which case you put it over the last vowel. For
example, gou, bao, xiiio, xie, yuan. 3) If the diacritical mark is over ani, omit the dot.
2
3 This is because the u final can combine withj, q, or x, but the u final cannot. Therefore, any time a "u" comes
afterj, q, or x, you know it has to be the u final even though the umlaut is absent.
xxxiv
Rule 5: When the finals beginning with "u" occur without an initial, the "u"
changes to "w." Thus wo "I," wan "bowl." The "u" final is an exception to rule five.
When it occurs without an initial, the "w" is added. Thus wu "five." When the ui and
un finals occur without an initial, they are spelled wei and wen. Thus wei "stomach,"
wen "ask."
Rule 6: When the finals beginning with ii occur without an initial, the umlaut
drops out and a "y" is added in front. For example yu "fish," yuan "far."
Rule 7: For all syllables not covered by rules 1-6, simply use the initials and
finals as listed in Tables 2 and 4.
Additional notes:
1. When two or more syllables in Mandarin Chinese are strung together to
form a single word, they are spelled in the himyu piny'in system without spaces
between the syllables. Thus: heiban "blackboard," jisuimjf "calculator," etc. In rare
instances, putting syllables together can cause ambiguities. For example,pingan
"peaceful" is ping+ an; but just to look at the spelling, you might think it was pin+ gan.
In order to avoid such problems, himyu pinyin uses apostrophes where ambiguities are
possible. Pingan becomes ping 'an.
2. When Chinese is spoken by native speakers from North China, especially
Beijing (Peking), an optional ending that sounds rather like an American "r" sound is
frequently included at the ends of words. In your study of Chinese you will inevitably
run across this usage in greater or lesser degree depending upon the dialectal
preferences of those with whom you speak. This textbook will introduce you to some
of these forms, adding an "r" at the ends of certain words. For example, when
pronounced with the "r" ending, the syllables hua, yimg, miim, andyfng become huar,
yimgr, miimr, and yfngr. When "r" is added to syllables that end inn, the n is not
pronounced. Thus miimr sounds as if it were miar, dianr sounds like diar.
3. There are certain sounds used as interjections that have unusual spellings
such as e, mm, o, etc. They do not appear in Table 4, but you can learn them case by
case as you proceed.
Exercises
Spell the dictated syllables and indicate tones by adding diacritical marks.
1.
6.
11.
16.
21.
2.
7.
12.
17.
22.
4.
9.
14.
19.
24.
3.
8.
13.
18.
23.
XXXV
5.
10.
15.
20.
25.
TONES IN COMBINATION
In some cases the value of a tone in Chinese changes depending on the tones
that precede or follow it. Some of these changes you need not worry about, both
because they are infrequent and because, in any case, eventually they will come to you
naturally. 4 But some are very basic and should be studied. These include half-third
tone, third-tone sandhi, fourth-tone sandhi, neutral tones, and special tone sandhi for
yf"one" and bit "no." (Sandhi is a Sanskrit word that refers to phonetic changes
determined by context.)
The Half-Third Tone
The half-third tone is a variant of the regular third tone. (For purposes of
distinction, we will call the latter "full-third tone.") The difference between the halfthird and full-third tones is shown in Table 5.
Table 5: The Half-Third and Full-Third Tones
SHighPitrh
3 MilldlePitcll
ZMiddle Low Piicll
The half-third tone begins as the full-third does, but, having reached its low
point, remains at that level without rising again. As with the first tone, you may check
yourself on the half-third tone by seeing whether you can prolong it at a constant pitch.
We use the sign J to indicate the half-third tone.
A third-tone syllable is pronounced in the half-third tone when it is followed
by a syllable in the first, second, or fourth tones. Thus, nf tfng "you listen" is J l ; nf
/ai "you come" is J -1 and nf yew "you want" is J '..! •
For example, when a second-tone syllable occurs between two first-tone syllables in a single phrase, it is usually
said as a fust tone: dongruinfong "southeast wind" becomes l l l .
4
xxxvi
Exercise
Say the following combinations using half-third tone:
hao shu "good book"
da men "strike door"
shou da "hands are big"
laoshi "teacher"
haokan "good-looking"
wo mai "I sell"
hen gao "very tall"
xiao bao "little newspaper"
Meigu6 "America"
Beijing "Beijing"
Third-tone Sandhi
When one third-tone syllable immediately precedes another, the first is
pronounced as if it were second tone. For example, in saying w6 da "I beat," you use
neither vi vi nor J vi, but II vi.
When three or more third-tone syllables are strung together (w6 mai wan "I
buy bowls," etc.), the third-tone sandhi rule can telescope upon itself and change all
but the fmal syllable to second tone (vivivi ---+llllvl, etc.). But this is not always the
case. Depending upon the phrase structure of the string of syllables, or upon whether
the speaker chooses to pause, the ''telescoping" of tone sandhi may or may not occur.
For example, the sentence w6 mai wan can be said either -1-1 vi or J -1 vi. The diacritical
marks showing tone in the himyu pznyzn system remain the same when tone sandhi
occurs. You have to learn to make the adjustment to second tone automatically.
Exercise
Pronounce the following phrases, some of which involve third-tone sandhi:
wo xie "I write"
ni dong "you understand"
da wo "beat me"
wo da gou "I beat dogs"
hen xiao "very small"
shei dong "who understand?"
da shei "beat whom?"
ni xiang chi "you want to eat"
gou yao laoshi "dog bites teacher"
Beijing hen yuan "Beijing is far away."
wo pao rna, ni ye pao rna "I ride horseback, and so do you."
xxxvii
Fourth-tone Sandhi
When two fourth-tone syllables occur in sequence, the tone on the first
receives less stress and falls less in tone than the second. We say the first has a
"modified" fourth tone.
Table 6: Full and Modified Fourth Tones
Modified Foutlt
...... ....
...... ....
.... ......
SHighPitch
4 Middle High Pitch
3 Middle Pitch
Regular
Fourth
2 Middle Low Pitch
-------------.J~ l
L"(llfPitch
As with third-tone sandhi, there is no alteration of diacritical marks to indicate
fourth-tone sandhi.
Exercise
Pronounce the following phrases:
kan bao "read newpaper"
daochu "everywhere"
yao mai "want to sell"
da rna "curse intensely"
wo yao zhaoxiang, dan daochu pimgbi. "I want to take a photo, but don't
get anywhere ["run into walls everywhere"]."
xxxviii
Neutral Tones
In normal rapid speech, a good number of syllables, sometimes a majority,
temporarily lose their tonal configuration and are pronounced in a "neutral tone"
(q'fngsheng). All but a very few, however, retain their original tone at a latent level
from where it re-emerges whenever the syllable in question is stressed. Therefore, you
must always know the original tone for a given syllable, even if it is usually
pronounced in the neutral tone. In the hcmy(t p'fy'fn system, neutral tone is indicated by
omitting a syllable's diacritical mark.
In this text we also put a dot before neutral-tone syllables to remind the student
of this important feature of pronunciation. For example, .le and .ni, for this book, are
neutral-tone spellings.
The neutral tone takes very little time to say, and does not hold or change its
pitch. The tone sings '1, ·1, and J can be used to show where the neutral tone-at least
usually-is pitched within one's voice range. After a first tone, it usually is fairly low:
tii .de "hers" l .1. After a second tone, it is usually about in the middle: ltii .le "has
come" -1 ·1. When a third tone precedes a neutral tone, it becomes half-third and the
neutral tone usually is fairly high: nf .de "yours" J '1. After a fourth tone, a neutral
tone is at the bottom of one's voice range: da .de "the big one" \J ./. (We have said
"usually" four times in this paragraph because there are plenty of exceptions to the
above rules. The exceptions are determined by the overall tonal flow of phrases and
generally come naturally to language learners. Unless you want to write a research
paper on phonetics, you do not need to worry about the additional rules.)
If you want to be regarded as a speaker of standard Mandarin, it is important to
know when to use the neutral tone. For example, in standard Mandarin the wordjf.qi
l ./ "machine" uses a neutral tone on qi. Some speakers say j'fqi l '-1, but this is
considered non-standard Mandarin. Pronoun direct objects are always said in the
neutral tone unless, for some reason, they need special stress. Thus w6 yao dii . nl "I
want to hit you" isJ -..J-1 ·I; but w6 yao dii ni, bu yao dii tii "I want to hit you, not him''
would be ..J '-1-1 .A, -1-..) J l.
The fourth tone sandhi rule does not apply when a neutral tone is involved. For
example,jiao.shou "professor" consists of two fourth-tone syllables with the second
pronounced in the neutral tone. The result is '-.! .1, not 'i .1.
However, the third-tone sandhi rule does apply when neutral tones are
involved. Thus dii "beat"+ .nf"you" is pronounced -1 ·l,not J ·1. Similarly deng. w6
"wait for me" is -1 ·1. In the spelling system these are written dii .nfand deng .w6; you
have to make the tonal adjustment yourself. This general rule has a number of
exceptions in which tone sandhi does not apply and the tonal pattern is J '1. These
When we put a dot before a syllable that also has a tone mark, as in dii .n(, the syllable is still pronounced in
neutral tone. The tone mark is included in order to tell you what the regular full tone of the syllable is.
5
xxxix
exceptions include jie.jie "older sister," niii.niii "(paternal) grandmother," er.duo
"ear," and many third-tone syllables that take the "diminutive suffix" zi, such as yl.zi
"chair," liio.zi "father," and biii.zi "malaria."
The particles .de, .le, .ne, and .me are always pronounced in the neutral tone,
and the vowel quality of their e varies slightly from the e in the table of finals. It is
closer to a schwa sound, like the a in the English word soda.
Exercise
Pronounce the following phrases that use neutral tones:
ta .de "his"
zhuo.zi "table"
shei .de hi "whose pen?''
lai chi .ba! "come and eat"
yi.zi .ne? "and the chair?"
shao mei .de "coal burner"
shi .ge "ten"
xue.sheng "student"
rei .lai .le "have flown here"
kan.de jian "able to see"
Zhong .gu6hua "Chinese language"
lai wan .le "came late"
ji.qi lao .le "the machine is old"
Wang .xian.sheng .de er.duo "Mr. Wang's ears"
ni .de bi.zi chang .de duo .le "your nose is much longer now"
xl
Special Tone Sandhi for Yi and BU.
The two words y'f "one" and bu "no" follow special rules for tone sanhi.
Preceding a first-, second-, or third-tone syllable, y'f and bu are pronounced in the
fourth tone. Thus:
yi-tian
yi-nian
yi-hitir
bushuo
but6ng
bUhao
'\ll
'\1-1
'\1~
'\ll
'\1-1
'\1~
"one day"
"one year"
"a moment"
"not say"
"not same---different"
"not good"
When followed by fourth-tone syllable, y'f and bu are second tone, as in:
yiyang
budui
"one type-alike"
"not correct"
When used alone or at the end of a phrase, y'f is first tone, and bu fourth tone.
Hence:
-1l
'\1
"ten, one--eleven"
"no!"
shiyi
bu!
In the official himyu p'fny'fn system, y'f is always writtenyf and bu is always bu
regardless of which tone is actually used. In this book, to make matters easier for you,
we change the tone marks for y'f and bu to reflect actual pronunciations.
Remember: The rules for y'f and bu apply only to the two words meaning "one"
and "no." There are about eighteen other fairly common characters pronounced y'f and
about eight pronounced bu that always keep their tones and are affected by regular
tone sandhi.
Exercise
Pronounce the following phrases that use y'l "one" and bu "no."
bllicii "does not come"
yidian "a bit"
budui "incorrect"
yiyang "the same"
bu yiyang "not the same"
yi qian "one thousand"
xli
General Review Exercises
1. Spell the following:
1.
2.
6.
7.
11.
12.
16.
17.
21.
22.
26.
27.
31.
32.
36.
37.
41.
42.
4.
9.
14.
19.
3.
8.
13.
18.
23.
24.
29.
34.
39.
44.
28.
33.
38.
43.
5.
10.
15.
20.
25.
30.
35.
40.
45.
2. Pronounce the following:
henda
sheishuo
henhao
mai zhr
liu .ge
men gao
xiao xie
mai tang
kan Zhong .guo
kan diandeng
maMei .guo
wo da .nr
yao hii warn
da bi.zi
wo henxiao
gou budong
mai yi .ge
kan ta .de
nr you shu
yao mai bao
zhuo.ziduo
tahen gao
da yl .zi
shuhenhao
mai tang
ta.da
shei .de bl
ta he tang
heiban duo
xiaohair chi
yao moshur
jiao.shi da
shuo Yingwen
nr da .ta
ting Zhongwen
tada .wo
xlii
xie san .ge
yao rna shei
xie hen duo
shou hen da
hao xuexiao
you renbr
henhaokan
xue sheng xiao
xiao daxue
Zhong .guo ren
maijiu .ge
Mei .guo ren
Oh, China!
Text
~(1)-­
~ (2) *(3) ;tIll
o/ (4): l!.:tt1t z. (5)?
o/ : !!. :tt1t z. (7) J~ 00 ?
G : !!. :tt tf i¥l cs) J~ 00 o
G : JJ~ ~c11) :tt tf i¥l J~ 00 o
o/ : 7-J 1t Z. (12)1!. ~~Rtf Lm J~ 00 ~ -{f ')t(13)?
G: I!J 7-J -~it :tt tf ~ ~ Lm J~ 00; -~it :tt tf Lm A~~ :ft7 Lm J~ 00 o
i*~
di
~
ke
~
~
liang
sR
~
zhang
J~f!l
:l:if11lil
ditu
lf
Jt
i!
1t~
··~
Jia
,_,_
xa.
ftM
ordinal
prefix
n.
-st, -nd, -rd, -th
lesson
no.
two (used with AN)
n.
map
AN
AN. for flat things
pron.
person A; also the first of the ten
Heavenly Stems
zhe
det.
shi
v.
is; am; are; fall into the category
of
shem.me
qw.
what
this; these
2
Diyi ke
Liang zhang ditti
A: Zhe .shi shem.me?
B : Zhe .shi ditu.
A: Zhe .shi shem.me ditu?
B: Zhe .shi Zhonggu6 ditu.
A: .Ne.me, na .shi shen.me ditu .ne?
B: Na ye .shi Zhonggu6 ditu.
A: Wei. shem.me zhei liangzhang Zhonggu6 ditu buyiyang .ne?
B: Yinwei yizhang .shi Zhonghua Mingu6 ditu; yizhang .shi Zhonghua Renmin
Gonghegu6 ditu.
L..
yi
t~
r:f:lll
Zhong. guo
J]~ ~
JJ~M
na.me/ne.me
J]~
na
o/t
.ne
~
ye
7!J 1+~
~
-{f
!EJ7!}
t~
~~
~1tM weishem.me
-**
~~
r:r•
~~~
yiyang
yin. wei
Zhonghua
mingu6
renmin
A~
*':fl:z~
a'-J
bu
~fOil
gonghegu6
pron.
person B; also the second of the
ten Heavenly Stems
China
n.
conj.
well then; then
det.
that; those
particle for follow-up questions
adv.
also; too
qw.
adv.
why
conj.
same
no; not
adj.
n.
because, since
n.
republic
China
n.
the people
n.
republic
.de
particle for modification
3
-
"G: fEl
7-J tf jf- tt ~ J~ lJl )l1949
J;
17~?
• "' JL(t T) :;r;. •
1!:1 ~ ~?.A~ JYL-?±. a'-J ~ -t- ~ o
tf :
tt # ~ ~ a'-; J~ 1!:1 )lJJiL-?±. a'-; tf ~
jf- A
,
~t T
o
l::t.
br
k.
da
1¥-
'"'JL
-~Ut;L
v.A 1W
at
yidianr
.'
man
y1qhin
~
jj!
hru
@A~
ffl{£
baokuo
lt-t-1!1
II:!
~~~
.'
xtanzat
,.
Menggiigu6
0
r (25)
o
o
compare
adj.
nashi
JJ{I.,(f.
i~ -:t- (24)
V.
}3~ ffif
11~
JJ~
at a'-; J~
iif JL tf jf- tt ~ ~ ~ .'k: ±c22):tlm 3tJ: a'-; tf ~ ,
1-t 1n (23) 19 49 Jt--ta jlJ {;;
-,1;
nt c19) a'-; tf ~ ,
tf jf- tt ~ a'-; J~ 1!:1 JL)Jj 3tl:c2t) a'-; tf ~ , tf
~ , ~·If T c2o) o
"G: ~t T
-fc1s) YA
big
n.
a little
n./ time word
year
adv.
that time
n./ time word
include
n.
before
v.
still; also
n.
now
Mongolia
int.
oh; I see
4
A: Zhonghua Mingu6 .de ditu wei.shem.me bl Zhonghua Renmin Gonghegu6 .de ditu
da.yi.dianr .ne?
B: Yinwei Zhonghua Mingu6 .de ditu .shi yijiusijiu nian ylqian .de Zhonggu6, na
shi .de ditu hai baokuo xianzai .de Menggugu6.
A:
6, wo dong.le. Zhonghua Mingu6 .de ditu .shi lishr .shang .de Zhonggu6,
Zhonghua Renmin Gonghegu6 .de ditu .shi xianzai .de Zhonggu6.
B: DuLle, dui.le. Ke.shi Zhonghua Mingu6 ye buwanquan .shi lishr .shang.de
Zhonggu6, ta.men yijiusijiu nian bandao Taiwan .qu.le.
A:
6, Taiwan jiu.shi Zhonghua Mingu6; Zhonghua Mingu6 jiu.shi Taiwan.
~
wo
·ti
dong
T
JJik.
J::_
J.t1f.
.xtr
!flt
:7t±
1-t{fl
.fAt
.ftl ..
·*
{;; i~
"ff/GJt
Iff !E.
IJl:(£
!17
.le
li.shr
.shang
xianzai
dui.le
ke.shi
fmfr,
wanquan
ta.men
ban
dao ... qu
~M
Taiwan
jiu.shi
pron.
I; me
V.
understand
n.
particle for new situation
localizer
history
conj.
that's right
pron.
completely, entirely
m; on
n. I time word now
however; but
adv.
they
V.
move
n.
go to ...
v.
Taiwan
be exactly
V.
5
B: Zh6nggu6 he Taiwan .de zhengru dou shuo zhi.you yi.ge Zhonggu6, er Taiwan .shi
Zh6nggu6.de yibu.fen.
A: Ke.shi ... , Zhonggu6 he Taiwan .shi liang.ge gu6jia, dui.bu.dui?
B: Zhei.ge ... zhei.ge ... hennanshuo, hennanshuo ....
i&.M-
he
~
zheng.ru
iJL
_R;ff
mt
+
1m!
dou
~
ifi1
ge
er
bu. fen
~*
1tl)({i.-j_JL f~ftmt
)(t /(-: )(t
and
n.
government
adv.
in all cases
speak, say, talk
V.
zhlyou
~L~
'7J
00~
shuo
conj.
f-J~f-J
, ··gUOJia
dui.bu.dui
there's only
AN.
general AN. used for nouns
n.
and; yet
conj.
n.
part
country
Is it correct?
hennanshuo
It's hard to say.
6
+ Grammar Notes
1.
2.
~ di- is a prefix that turns cardinal numbers
c- yz,
numbers(~- diyz, ~= di'er, ~= disiin ... ).
er, -=.. siin .. . ) into ordinal
W3 liang and er both mean "two." er is used (a) when there is no auxiliary
noun (called an AN, see note 3), as in simple counting or reading off a number
like a telephone number; (b) at the end of higher numbers that end in two
shier "twelve," IZY
1'- A
(whether or not an AN is involved):
si.shi 'er.ge ren "forty-two people," etc., and (c) whenever the ordinal prefix ~
di- is used (with or without an AN): ~= di 'er "second," ~=+.:=.1'- A
di 'er.shisiin.ge ren "the twenty-third person," etc. p;Jj liang is used every time an
AN is used, except as noted in (b) and (c) above: p;Jj-t'- A liang.ge ren "two
er can both
people," W31lHI!!OO liang zhiing ditu "two maps," etc. p;Jj liang and
be used before Ef bai "hundred"; -T qiiin "thousand," and Jj wan "ten thousand":
Ef er bai or p;JjEf liang bai "two hundred"; -T er qiiin "two thousand"; p;JjJj
liang wan "twenty thousand."
=
=
=
=
+
=
3.
=
+
=
=
Some nouns in English, such as water and sugar, are called "collective nouns." In
order to talk about certain amounts of water or sugar, you have to say a pail of
water, a lump of sugar, or the like. In theory, all Chinese nouns are collective in
this sense. In order to talk about an individual thing, you have to use a "measure
word"(!l:iiil liangcl) such as 1'-.ge in -1'- A siin.ge ren "three people" or 5*
zhiing in p;jj5*±1!!00 liang zhiing ditu "two maps." These measure words are called
"Auxiliary Nouns," or "ANs" for short.
Some nouns, by custom, take special ANs. For example, flat things, such as ±!!!
00 ditu "map," ga; zhf"paper," *-"f zhuo.zi "table" (because the top is flat) and
~-"f deng.zi "stool," all take the AN 5* zhiing. You should use the customary
ANs when you can. With nouns that have no customary AN, or if you can't
remember the customary AN, use the default AN 1'-.ge. p;Jj-t'-±11!00 liang.ge ditu
is acceptable.
Some nouns serve as their own ANs.
ke in the phrase ~-i* di yz ke is an
example. fffl?t bu.fen "part," which appears later in this lesson, is another. In such
cases you cannot "add" an AN even if you want to. ~-1'-iW: diyl.ge ke is wrong.
i*
4.
5.
jia is the first of the ten XT tiiingiin "heavenly stems." The others are Z yf,
~ brng, T ding, JX; wu, Bjf, ~ geng, $ xfn, £ ren, and ~ guf. You should
learn at least the first four, which are used like A, B, C, D ... in English.
~
1t.Z. shem.me is composed of two characters that singly are pronounced shen and
ma, but in this combination there are tone and vowel changes. The n sound drops,
producing shem.me. (In the official & WH#if han.yu pinyin system, then is kept
even though it is not pronounced, and the word is spelled 1t.Z. shen.me.) 1t.Z.
7
<-) WHI.Ht!!OO
Shem.me is used as a question word, meaning that it can, by itself, make a whole
sentence into a question. Other question words are il shei "who?" I!Jj~)~ niir
"where?" and ;'@-2',. zem.me "how?"
Note that in Chinese the word order is the same for both questions and answers.
:i!~{t-2;. Zhe.shi shem.me and J!~:l:t!!OO zhe.shi ditu have exactly the same
structure. This is not true of English, where we normally reverse the word order of
statements ("This is a map") in order to make a question ("What is this?"). We
can, of course, say in English "This is a what?" but then the question takes on a
special sense.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Chinese sentences of the form "Noun 1 ~ shi Noun 2" can be used for two
different concepts: (1) Noun 1 and Noun 2 are the same thing, and (2) Noun 1
falls into the category of Noun 2. The first use can be translated with the English
"to be," but the second often cannot. A soldier in China might say to you, "ft~
M:1J)(~ w6 .shijiefongjiln [People's Liberation Army]." This does not mean "I am
the People's Liberation Army," but "I am among (fall into the category of) the
PLA."
The question word 1t1,. shem. me? can be used as a noun, as it was two lines
above, or as the modifier of a noun, as it is here: 1t-2',. :l:t!! 00 Shem. me ditu? "What
map?."
In the phrase ~ OO:I:t!!OO Zhong. guo ditu, it might appear that ~ 00 Zhong.guo
"China" is an adjective modifying :l:t!! 00 ditu "map," but this is not the case. ~ 00
Zhong. guo is a noun. It can modify another noun, like :l:t!! 00 ditu, using the
particle I¥J .de in a phrase like ~ OOI¥J:I:t!!OO Zhong.guo .de ditu (see note 14).
But here the I¥J .de drops out, leaving ~ 00 :1:-fu 00 Zhong. guo ditu. This kind of
dropping of 1¥J.de happens frequently.
jj~-2',. .ne.me, pronounced in neutral tones at the beginning of a question, and
paired with ~~ .neat its end, operates something like "Well, then ... " in English.
It tells the listener that the question it envelops is related to the immediately
preceding topic. ~ yfhas just referred to a map of China, and Ej3 }iii, staying on
the topic of maps, says, "Well then, what map is that?" jj~.Z,..ne.me is not a
question word as defined in note 5 because, although it accompanies a question, it
does not make the sentence a question. The sentence here is a question because of
the question word 1t-2;. shem.me.
10. jj~ na "that, those" belongs to a group of words called determinatives. Other
determinatives are ~ zhe "this, these" (as used in the previous four lines), I!Jj~ nii
"which?" and &: mei "each." jj~ na, ~ zhe, and I!Jj~ nii have alternate
pronunciations of jj~ nei, J! zhei, and I!Jj~ nei (originally derived from jj~ na+yf, ~ zhe+- yf, I!Jj~ na+- yi). The following rules govern determinatives:
8
(a) They combine with ANs, with or without following nouns, to form noun
phrases: JK-1'- zhei.ge "this one"; 4ij:-1'- A mei.ge ren "each person"; JJ~5*:!:1!!00
nei zhang ditu "that map."
(b) A number can be added after the determinative in such phrases: ~jlij5*:f:l!!
00 zh(d liang zhang ditu "these two maps"; JJ~.=:. -1'- nei san.ge "those three."
(c) JK zhe and Jj~ na can be followed directly by a verb, which is often J! shi:
~J!ft~ Zhe.shi shem.me? "What are these?"; Jj~J!:l:t!!OO na.shi ditu "That is a
map."
In pronunciation, most native speakers say ~zhei, Jj~ nei, and ll}J~ nei for uses (a)
and (b), and ~ zhe and Jj~ na for (c).
Note that
11.
ll}j~
nii (nei) is both a determinative and a question word.
ill ye "also" is an adverb. An adverb in Chinese comes right before the verb
(unless another adverb intervenes). It cannot come before the subject, or at the end
of a sentence, as adverbs can in English. In English we can say "I am a person,
too"; in Chinese it would sound ridiculous to say :f!GJ!A ill w6 .shi ren ye.
12 . .lgft~ weishem.me? "why?" is called a movable modifier because it can come
either before or after the subject. 1¥ }iii could just as well have said ~jlij5*:f:I!!OO
.lgft~~-f.Fn~ zhei liang zhang ditu weishem.me buyfyang .ne? Movable
modifiers (such as A,J(jfn.tian "today") sometimes seem like adverbs and can be
translated using adverbs in English, but they are importantly different from true
adverbs as defined in note 11.
13. The n~ .ne here is the one that goes with Jj~~.ne.me as described in note 9, but
with the Jj~ ~. ne. me omitted.
14. The particle 1¥3 .de is used to modify nouns in the pattern:
[modifier] 1¥J.de Noun. The modifier can be:
(1) a noun or pronoun: ~grpi¥J=*-=f liioshf .de zhuo.zi "the teacher's desk," ffl\
1¥3:!:1!!00 nz.de ditu "your map";
(2) and adjective (as defined in note 16): ::kl¥3 fii]H] da .de went[ "big problem"
(usually shortened to ::kfiiJH] da wentf);
(3) a verb: ~'l'ii¥JA bud6ng de ren "people who don't understand";
(4) a predicate: ~.:lx.X~:l:t!!OOI¥3~1: bitxinuan kim ditu .de xuesheng
"students who don't like to look at maps";
(5) a whole clause (subject plus predicate): ~grp~.:lx.XI¥JA liioshf bu
xlhuan .de ren "the people the teacher doesn't like";
(6) another I¥J.de phrase: :flti¥J~grpi¥Jt-ti!OO w6 .de liioshf .de ditu "the map of
the teacher of me-my teacher's map."
9
<-) WHlOI!!OO
If you have studied French, note that de in French has exactly the reverse function
of I¥J .de in Chinese. La plume de rna tante "my aunt's pen," using a Chinese
a<J.de, would be rna tante .de plume.
15.
rt bf, a verb meaning "compare," is used to compare nouns in the pattern:
Noun1 rt bfNoun2 +Adjective
Examples:
3!**-TrtJJ~*~o
Zhei zhang zhuo.zi bf nei zhang
gao.
This table is higher than that one.
.!fnnian .de liioshf bf qimian .de
geng qiguai.
This year the teacher is even
more strange than last.
~~ EJ<J ~ giP rt ~ ~ EJ<J £ ~·11:
In the second example
0
£ geng carries the sense of"even (more)."
For the opposite meaning, that something is not as [Adjective] as something else,
use: Noun 1 ~:ff mei.you Noun 2 (jj~,Z,. nem.me) Adj. For example:
Zhei zhang zhuo.zi mei.you nei zhang
(nem.me) gao.
This table is not as tall as that one.
3!**-T~::ffjj~* (jj~,Z,.) ~0
16. j( da "big" looks like an English adjective, but grammatically it is a type of verb,
because it can follow a subject directly to make a complete sentence. The
sentences ±t!! 00j( ditu da "the map is big(ger)" and *-T ~ zhuo.zi gao "the table
is tall(er)" use j( da and ~gao as verbs. Some grammars call such words
"stative verbs," because of their grammatical properties, while others call them
adjectives because of their semantic properties. In this book we call them
adjectives, but you should remember that they include "verbness" within them.
You must note, as well, that whenever adjectives follow subjects directly, they
imply comparison. ±t!! 00 j( ditu da, strictly speaking, does not mean "the map is
big," but "the map is bigger (than something else)." The sentence :f:t!!OOj( ditu da
might be the answer to a question like *r*~£:f:t!!00j( zhuo.zi da .hai.shi ditu
da? "Which is bigger, the table or the map?" The normal way to say the "the map
is big," without implying comparison, is to add an unstressed 1~ hen before the
adjective: ±t!!001~j( ditu .hen. da "the map is big." If you stress the 1~ hen, then
you have said "the map is very big." (This rule does not apply if the adjective is
negated. ±t!!OO:::fj( ditu buda means "the map is not big," without implying
comparison.)
10
C-)
WHIH!I100
17. The l:l:: hi'-pattern introduced in note 15 tells the listener that one thing exceeds
another, but doesn't say by how much. Adding - #,)Lyidiiinr (.yi.dianr) or #,)Lyidiiir (.yi.diar) after the adjective says that the difference is small; adding
f~=$.de duo or =$ 7 duo .le says it is large:
jsJ-LE:~ -=f l:I::JJ~ 5iE ~- .8 JLo
Zhe zhang zhuo.zi bl nei zhang
gao yidiiir.
A, iF I¥J ~ ~rp l:l:: *iF I¥J ~·[1:f~ =$
Jfnnitin .de liioshf bl qimitin .de
qiguai .de duo.
This table is a bit taller than that
one.
This year's teacher is much
stranger than last year's.
0
- .#.( yidiiin, -l!,JLyidiiir, f~=$.de duo, and =$ 7 duo .le are frequently used
=: i.*xt- .8 JLdis an ke
without the l:l:: hi'-pattern, when comparison is implied:
nan .yi. diiir "the third lesson is a bit harder"; J! 5iE:l:!!! 00 j(f~ =$ zhei zhang ditu
da .de duo "this map is much larger."
m
18. 1949-1¥ nian is formally a noun, but is also a time word. Other time words are f.W.
tE xianzai "now," A,xjfntian "today," and so on. Although time words often
correspond to English adverbs in meaning, they are not adverbs in Chinese. They
are "movable modifiers" (see note 12).
19. ~ 1W yi'qitin "before" and its opposite ~}§ ylhou "after" can attach to time words
(as here) or to verbs: ¥:1.:!!!00 ~IW kiln ditu yi'qian "before looking at the map";
:!k-tS ~}§ miii shu ylhou "after buying the books."
20.
7 .le, a particle with several functions, here signals that the speaker has taken
note of a new situation. The sense is rather like the word "now" in the English
sentence "Oh, now I get it." This use of .le is called the "new situation 7 .le," or
sometimes the "sentence 7./e," because this 7./e normally comes at the end of
a sentence.
21. Note that while English says "in history," in Chinese we say )JJ .9::--.t lishf.shang,
literally "on history."
22. Note that here two adverbs, ill ye "also" and /GiG± bitwanquan "not entirely,"
both precede the verb~ shi; ill ye usually comes first in such cases. Note, too,
that the order of /G bit and 5G± wanquan could be reversed, but that the meaning
would then change: :ftt/GiG±'II w6 bitwanquan dong "I don't entirely
understand"; :ftt5G±/G'II w6 wanquan bitdong "I don't understand at all."
11
<-) WHlHti!.OO
23. {f] .men is a "pluralizing suffix" that usually attaches to pronouns: ft{f] wo.men
"we"; 1~1fJ nl.men "you (pl.)"; f1B1fJ tii.men "they." It can also be used with
regular nouns, but only a select few: ~-=f1f] hai.zi.men "children," :?t9fll1fJ
liioshf.men "the teachers," and certain others.
24.
jtl -Et~-* diw Taiwiin qu "go to Taiwan" illustrates the pattern:
Subject
jtl dao place word* lai (or-* qu).
Place words are a special group of words that include geographical proper names,
like Taiwan. (For the definition of place words, see L.2, note 2). The use of jtl
dao in this pattern requires that a place word follow. * lai "come" or -* qu "go"
at the end of the pattern indicates that the direction of action is toward C* lai) or
away from C-* qu) the speaker.
As used here, the whole phrase jtl 'El~-* dao Taiwiin qu is called a complement.
A complement is any verb (remember that "adjectives" are also verbs) or verbal
phrase that comes right after a verb and tells something about its result:
Subject+ Verb+ Complement (tells result of verb)
Here,
jtl 'Et ~-* dao Taiwiin qu tells the result of the verb 1M biin "move."
There are a number of common single-syllable complements in Chinese,
including:
!JJ..,jian "preceive": ll}f !JJ.., tfngjian "hear,"
:W !JJ.., kim.jian "see," etc.
11 zhu "hold fast": *11 na zhu "hold tight,"
etc.
1¥ diao "off, away":
16 wan "finish":
tidying up," etc.
i211ji zhu "commit to memory,"
~1¥ cii.diao "wipe off," ~1¥ wang.diao "forget," etc.
~ 16 xie wan "finish writing," ~:£.116 zhengll wan "finish
jtl dao "arrive": :Wjtl kim.dao "see,"
j'~jtl zhiio.dao "find," etc.
7f kiii "open, away": 1T7f dii kiii "open up,"
~* san.kai "disperse," etc.
~ zhao "take effect": 1~~ zhao zhao "find," !It~ shui zhao "fall asleep," etc.
English seldom uses this kind of construction, but phrases such as "tickled pink"
(tickled with the result of turning pink) or "scared stiff' are logically similar.
12
<-) WHlHi!! 00
Complements are very important in Chinese, and there are many different kinds of
them.
The last example, !ljtf shui zhao "fall asleep," must be distinguished from !ljjjt
shui-jiiw, a verb-object compound (see L.5, note 10) meaning "sleep." !ljjjt
shui-jiao refers to the whole process of going to bed, waiting to fall asleep,
sleeping, lolling in the bed after waking, and other bedtime activities (including
the sexual). !ljtf shui zhao is much more precise: it refers only to the instant in
which one "falls" asleep.
25. Here T.le indicates that the narrated event happened in the past. This is another
kind of "sentence 7 .le." It must refer to a specific happening, not to a general
condition. You cannot use it to say "I used to be a Yankee fan" or "the weather
was lousy yesterday," even though these sentences refer to the past.
26. fiJtfi:.jiit.shi "is none other than, is the very same as" is a more precise and
emphatic way to say the first meaning of fi:..shi as described in note 6 above.
27.
*0 he (often pronounced han in Taiwan) means "and" but is used only between
nouns: ~ OO*OEi-~ Zhong.guo he Taiwan "China and Taiwan"; 1$*0ft n( he w6
"you and I." Note that "and" in English can also connect verbs ("They ran and
jumped and sang and screeched ... "), but *0 he cannot be used in this way. R~ gen
"with, and" is a less formal alternative of ~ he.
28. t!) dou is an adverb meaning "in all cases." It is by no means equivalent to the
English word "all." Both t!) dou and "all" have many uses that the other cannot
accommodate.
29. ffjj er "and" can be used to connect (a) whole clauses or (b) two predicates
following a single subject.
30.
00* gu6jiii can mean "country" as well as "state" in the sense of"governing
state" and "state bureaucracy."
31.
X't::fX't dui.budui? "true or not?-right?" is a "choice-type question," which is
one of the commonest ways of asking questions in Chinese. In these questions the
speaker asks the listener to choose between the positive and negative alternatives
of a verb: 1$-l-xx::f-1-xx~Jt nzxfhuan .bu xthuan Zhongwen? "You like
Chinese (or] not like Chinese?-Do you like Chinese?"; 1$!1:./Ffi:.~OOA n(
shi.bu.shi mei.guoren? "Are you American?"; etc.
People sometimes ask, "How do you say 'yes' and 'no' in Chinese?" The
question is hard to answer, because the commonest ways of saying "yes" and "no"
are simply to choose the positive or negative alternatives in choice-type questions.
The "yes" answer to the question "Do you like Chinese?" is .:gx_x xfhuan; the
13
c-) WB!Ht!!OO
"yes" answer to "Do you understand Chinese?" is 'II dong; and "yes" to "Are you
Chinese?" is :I!! shi. But if you say to people, "There are many, many words for
'yes' in Chinese," people think that Chinese must be an extremely complex and
mysterious language, which is not true.
32. ~ 1- zhei.ge "this" and 13~1- nei.ge "that" can be used, and are often repeated, as
"time filler" words, rather like "well ... " and "mm ... " in English. They are used
when the speaker wants to say something, or feels obliged to, but has not yet
figured out what it should be.
33 .
.Xi min "difficult" is an adjective (see note 16), and hence can operate as a verb in
sentences like ~-il~H~.Xi diyf ke hen nan "lesson one is hard." But .Xi min also
has a special use in which it can combine with a following verb to make an
adjective xiiJl nanshuo "hard to say"; .Xi'll nandong "hard to understand." The
opposite of xi nan in this use is YJ hiio "easy to": ~fi}l hiioshuo "easy to talk
about"; YJ'II hiiodong "easy to understand." For a small number of verbs,
including ~ kim "look at," lljf tfng "listen to," and Ill; chi "eat," xi nan means
"bad-" and YJ hiio means "good-": PJ~ hiiokim "good-looking"; xillZ; nanchr
"bad-tasting"; ~flljf hiiotfng "pleasant-sounding."
+
~>.1 (Exercises)
-. Using pin yin or characters trace and fill in the map with the names of cities or
provinces you know.
(]
14
=·Write the characters for the following words:
1. xianzai
2. lishi._____ 3. zheng:fii._ _ __
4. weishem.me
5. mindong,_ _ _ _ 6.liangzhang ditu:____ _
.:=..Translate the following into Chinese characters:
1. one part of China
2. two different countries
3. present-day Taiwan 4. exactly the same
5. China in history
6. a government that moved to Taiwan
I2Y. Rearrange the following phrases to make coherent sentences:
-+, ~ I!J ,~•tf, '€; i~ ~ ,.R ;ff, ~ I!J ,JlkJM-,;fp,7J 1t Z, ,~,~·iJLo
3. 1!1 ~,~-t-'f-,JYl-4. a~,~ 1!1,~1:-,)Jj ;tJ:.a~, ~ 1!1,~ 1-,;fp,JL,11Jb?
1. J~l!],o/t., ~ ~A.~*-;fpi!J ~,~l:.,-.~,JL, ~ ~~1!1 ~,k,~l!l,7J1tZ.?
2.
Ji. Answer the following questions with the given expressions:
( 151 7J · · ·)
1. A: 7J1tZ.l!.~ 5R ~ 1!1 J-1!!.1!] ~-t-'f-o/t.?
B:
( · · · ~ ~ 1:-· · ·, 151 7J · · ·)
1.f-1Jt.-€; i~ JL ~ 1!1 ~ -~ 'lt-, JJ~ ~ ~ ~ 1!1 o/t.?
( ... :fk.JL· .. )
7J 1t Z. ~ 1- JlkJM-~-iJt..R ;t- 1- ~ 1!1 '1t.?
( ... iiJ JL· .. )
2. A: ~ 1!1 ~ 1!1 .R JL)Jj
B:
3. A:
B:
4.
A:
B:
;tJ:. ~ -1- 1!J ~ 11.!b?
;\. Fill in the blanks with a word chosen from the given list, and then rewrite each
sentence in pinyin:
;f,t 1 jtl ~ r7i1 ;fp ~l:. .R ;t
1. JJj ;tJ:. {!~ ~ if<. ~ l¥1 Jil1t
2. -+1!1 ~
3. JJ~.li.. (five) 1-1!1~
JtJJL~ ~
-+JJ:.JM-JL-t-'f-a~ 11.!b?
{;
i·~ Jil1t 0
~l:.~I!Jk-.~,JLa
7J 1t z. ¥;.(tit a~~ 1!1
4. ~~·tf7J1tZ.~1fJ~jji,
-1-~I!Jo
s. l!. 5RJ~ ru JL 1949 4- ¥;.(tit a~ ~ 1!1 ,
JJl-4. a~~ 1!1 k- A JL o/t.?
7. ~1f17J 1t z. -tM
-€; i~ 1 o/t.?
8. YA tit~~ •tf, JYL4. •tf- A JL_ _ _ _ o
6.
JJ~ 5RJLJYL4. a~ ~
*
-t. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a) ~ 1!1 A. ~*';fp 1!1
b)
~ ~ ~ 1!1
c) -€;
15
i~ Jl.t,qt
1!1 o
+
&*~ (Character Table)
i*
J~
~
~t
,,_
}Jij
'If
47l
ke
(n.) lesson
~ -i* lesson one
di
(n.) land
:1:1:!!00 map
hua
!=f:$
China
(v.) compare
bf
~tt{tB~o
I am taller than him.
qilin
(prep.) before, ago
~ ffir;
-*l=fOO~ffir
dong
(v. )understand
/F 'li: flixt 'li
biin
(v.) move
.itlf:f~:
5~
~
zhiing
AN for flat things
-*:1:1:!!00 amap
guo
(n.) country
00%
~00 Meigu6
(n.) America
min
~
A~ renmin, the
people
YA
yr
~
w6
!Jj
II$
' '
';'"fb
16
(n.) people
~ ffir;
1949 iF~ffir
(pron.) I; me
~/F~!=fOOAo
li
(v.) pass
)Jj~
wiin
(n.) a bay, a gulf
f:f~
·(1)-(tl
ti
Efl (4):
(2)
~(3):lif!lil
~:.l~dt M(5) ?
z.:
~£±11! Iii (6) 0
Efl :
~£
1+ Mm±11! Iii ?
Z.: ~£ q=t ~ (8J-tl!il o
Efl :
33~ M(9) , 33~ £
ooAt M±11! Iii ~JE ?
z. :
33~ ili (ll) £
Efl:
~1tM(l2)~~~q=tW]I±-tl!ii:IF-~~JE?
G:
~~-~£q=t~-~~~il; -~£q=t~A~~~~~ilo
q=t ~ ±11! Iii
0
Efl: q=t W]l ~~ I¥J (t4)±-tl!il~1tlif ttos> q=t¥A~~tll ~ B"J±-tl!il-:ko6J-J!tlJW7l
~~q=t¥ ~~±-tl!il£ 1949 ~(18) ~ 1W (19) 1¥1 q=t W]l' 33~ffifi¥J±-tl!i!JI§
~JE?
z.:
mx~aa<J~ti~
Efl: P}l, ft'll7 (2Q)o
0
q=t¥~~Ef<J±-tl!ii£~~J::(2l)Ef<Jq=tW]j,
q=t~A~~
til ~ EJ<J ±11! Iii£ ma EJ<J q=t ~
G: fi7, ti7oey£q=t¥~~-{:g/F%~~£~~J::Ef<Jq=t~,
0
(23) 1949 ~m~u-& ~"* (24) 7 (25)
0
q=t ~til (27) -& ~ 8"1 l&JM~ (28) ~ ~ ff-00 q=t ~ , mi (29) -& ~£ q=t ~ 1¥1-
Efl: .,
z.:
'Ef~~£~q=t¥~~;
q=t¥~~~£-&~o
ffj)Jj-o
Et': PJ£···,
z.:
~~
q=t~tll'Et~£~00~~(30),
~1m! (32) ···~1m! ···1~-(33)~, 1~-~···
17
ti/f'ti(3l)?
0
~ (4) iff)
Jl. ~?
l:J •
m j/L
(5)
Jl.
{f.] -
+IJ. ,W.. ~' iJL :
1
J€; *-(10)~;f (11)~ilJJ~ +,J . ,W.. '~'Jl.Jt~~
*- ~ ~
·t:k:(13).E..
-r-+ 7
wo.de
~
jia
1±.
,.
za1
"'* •x:m
45&
•m
11}1~ Jl
nar
)L I '
ru.qin
.f;
shu
~i
v~
I
•m
Vif
J'
at1it
shufang
li
gua
V .zhe, V .zhi
xiao
ffif{~
0
shi.hou
1-t!?..
ta
rJ;.
$
chang
~~
zhi .
~m
xi' nan
pron.
n.
my
V.
QW
be located in; at; on
n.
where
n.
book
home
father
n.
localizer
a study
inside
V.
particle
hang
adj.
keep on V -ing
n.
young; small
pron.
time
adv.
he
n.
point
often
V.
southwest
18
0
f)~ at 1~
~ )( -Ht !a 14(12)
(14)'
~a~
.2.
!!. ;f,t Jt ~ 1f1 al.] ~ ~
Jl.
Di er ke
Wo .de jia zai nar?
Fu.qin .de shufang li gml.zhe yizhang Zhonggu6 ditu. Wo xHio.de shihou ta chang
zhi.zhe xi'nanbianr .de yi.ge xiao hei.dianr shuo: zhe .jiu.shi wo.men.de laojia.
Neishihou wo jue.de henqigmli, wo.men.de jia zai Niiiyue, zem.me hui .shi nei.ge xiao
hei.dianr .ne? Houhii wo cai zhi.dao nei.ge xiao hei.dianr .shi Chengdu. Wo firmii
suiran lai Meigu6 kuai san.shinian .le,
:'I!
,.,,
UL;L
'~'JL
~ 1n a'-J
J!JL
hei
~~JL
dianr
ftfr,l¥1
wo.men.de
laojia
:;t-~
~ /."E1
~1-1"
1:1~
qf<_
~11. i'-J
J€1*~
jue.de
hen
~·tl.t.~
bianr
qiguru
fffif.t~
Niiiyue
;t;M
W!
zem.me
hui
1&*
houlai
,.
;f
ca1
~it
zhidao
A~
Chengdu
~~
**~
·tic··· 7
B~
*
~~
suiran
lai
Meigu6
kuai ... .le
n.
adj.
side
n.
black; dark
n.
our; ours
pron.
spot; dot
hometown
V.
adv.
think; feel
adj.
very
n.
strange
QW
New York
aux.
how; how come
n./time
word
could; would; can
V.
n.
know
conj.
name of a city
V.
come
The United States of
America
almost, about to
adv.
n.
adv.
19
later
later than expected
although
1-t 1n .t, ~ Jt(15) iJL l!!1 J11 ;f (16) Jt 1-t 1n fr!J ::t
~ 1-1£ (17) ~11. ~'-; '
iJL(21):
"~ 1f1 Jt t
*-(18)
wA."
*
o
1£ ~11. ~'-; ' !if Jt N\. J~ (19) )(_
0
*'
~ 11'11£ *1[(22) iJL t ~'
I
T1t t w~'
;f,t(20)
j~ ~
~~~~~t~~~~m, x•*~~~~~fr!Jt~~~~
t~, ~fr!J~~~~~~~Jt'tWA.o~~A~Jt'tWA.~
i5
~~
~~vt:!J-
~00
zong
~it
J!!R::
hai.shi
Y!}]
)Jj
Sichuan
;f
cai
1..
sheng
*
M._,J,
ft
zhang
1j£/j\
c6ngxiao
adv.
adv.
adv.
v.
Zhongwen n.
chi
,.
*
:ff at
cru
if~
1"m
!l$J]
!lfttJ
*
from one's childhood
sooner than expected; as
early as
with; to
prep.
the Chinese language
v.
n.
eat
n.ltime word
food; vegetables
n.
sometimes
kan
V.
see; look
~:f~
dianshi
frl§
jiemu
n.
television
~
~AYl-
youshi
grow up
adv.
~
f1t
be born
V.
jiu
tfk
still
a province in southwest
China
emphasizing contrast
n.
#JG
gen
always
xingqi
xingqniu
n.
program
week
n.
Saturday
20
ta.men zong hai.shi shuo Sichuan cru.shi ta.men.de laojia.
Wo sheng zai Niiiyue, zhang zai Niiiyue, ke.shi c6ngxiao ru.qin .jiu gen .wo shuo:
"wo.men .shi Zhong.guo ren." Wo.men zaijia.li shuo Zhongwen, chi Zhonggu6cai,
youshi yekan Zhongwen dianshi jie.mu, xingqTiiu hai qu rujin .de Zhongwen xuexiao
xue Zhongwen, wo.de t6ngxue ye doujue.de wo .shi Zhong.guoren. Wo daodi .shi
Zhong.guoren hai.shi Mei.guoren? "Jia" .de yi.si daodi .shi shem.me? Wo.de jia zai
nar .ne.?
v
~
*Ntlli
qu
Jtll!.
*!Wl*
~it
~~
*~
:.:r
~
~*
hai
~
fujin
xuexiao
*~
xue
t6ngxue
daodr
hai.shi
yi.si
~'\£1
·~·~
+
1.
2.
adv.
also
v.
n.; place word
n.
go
nearby; vicinity
v.
school
adv.
classmates; schoolmates
after all (emphatic use)
n.
meaning
study; learn
n.
conj.
or
Grammar Notes
Do not think of -tE zai as the same as an English preposition. It is a verb that
means "be located at, in, or on." As a verb it takes a subject, which here is ftl¥:1
wo.dejiii "my home."
*
P}j~JL niir "where?" is a noun and a question word. It is also a localizer. Localizers
are a small group of words including (but not limited to):
~JL zher (or ~_m zhe.li, ~iti zhei.bian, zhei.bianr) here
JJ~JL nar (or JJ~Jl na.li, JJ~iti nei.bian, nei.bianr) there
Jl~ lltou (or
JlOO llmian) inside
~~- ~ wai. tou (or ~~- 00 wai. mian) outside
21
shimg.tou (or _tOO shimg.mian) above, on the top of
~r df.xia (or rOO xia.mian, rJil xia.bianr) below, under
$~ qitin.tou (or !WOO qicmmian, IWJil qian.bianr) ahead, in front of
}§~ hou.tou (or J§OO hou.mian, J§Jil hou.bianr) behind, in back
1iJil zuo.bian, zuo.bianr to the left of
;;(jJil you. bian, youbianr to the right of
~fa] zhongjiiin, zhongjianr in the middle of, in between
_t~
lf.tou and _t~ shang.tou are commonly shortened to the single syllables lt!.
ll and _t shang.
lt!.~
Localizers are important because of place words, which are required in certain
grammatical patterns. There are three kinds of place words.
1) geographical proper names(~ 00 Zhong.guo,
etc.)
E!ri'l Taiwiin,
3) localizers by themselves (although lt!. .li and
cannot be used alone)
_t
~00 Mei.guo,
2) nouns or pronouns with localizers attached C*r _t zhuo.zi.shang "on the
table," ~ffij !'[~ shilfang lf.tou "inside the study," !lti3:JL wo zher "here by me,
my place," etc.)
.shang as single syllables
The patterns that require place words include "subject ¥U dao place word
(or) ~ qit" (L.l, note 24) and the pattern ofthis sentence, which is:
Subject ;ff zai place word
Other examples:
~JBI'J<J~*tl:Er~o
Tii .de liiojiii zai Taiwiin.
Her old (family) home is in
Taiwan.
Ditu zai liioshf .nar.
The map is there by the teacher.
IZY JII :::f:ff~ 00 o
Si.chuan buzai Meigu6.
Sichuan is not in America.
~rtE*r~lHli'J<J~faJJLo
Yr.zi zai zhuo.zi .gen men .de
zhongjianr.
The chair is between the desk
and the door.
:1:!1! 00 tE ~ Yill fl~ JLo
22
*
lai
Note the pattern ofthe last example: X tE .zai Y .gen .IE~ Z .de zhongjiimr X is in
between Y and Z. Although the character fBJ jilin is usually first tone, with the
Mandarin )L-r ending it is fourth tone fB])Ljit:1nr.
3.
4.
.zhe (also pronounced .zhi) is a verbal suffix that indicates that the action of
the verb continues to be in effect. Here the idea is that the map on father's wall
was hung there and keeps on hanging. The pattern of this sentence is "place word
+ ttlf gua .zhe +noun," in which the place word is required. (In other words,
this sentence would be ungrammatical if the localizer li! tr were omitted.)
lf
Here lf.zhe, with basically the same meaning as described in the preceding note,
is part of the pattern:
Subject Verb 1
lf
.zhe Verb 2
Subject Verb 2 while Verb l-ing
This pattern is used when the subject, while continuing with the one action, also
does another. Note that the order of the verbs in the Chinese pattern is opposite to
the order in English: mlf:l:i!!OOiJl zhlzhe ditu shuo technically means "said while
pointing," not "pointed while saying," although often, in both languages, the idea
is simply that two actions were going to at the same time.
Another pattern that expresses the same idea, without implying which of two
verbs is the "main" one, is:
Subject
-Jil yibiiin Verb 1, -Jil yibian Verb 2.
Examples:
I like to eat candy while I
study.
W6 xlhuan yibiiin kimshu, yibiiin
chltimg.
:It 9fiJ -Jil ~~-J21~11L
Liioshf yibiiin he cha, yibiiin kim bao.
The teacher drinks tea drinks
while reading the paper.
In northern Mandarin, -Jil) Lyibiiinr is often used for
southern Mandarin -00 yimian is used.
5.
*m
-Jil yibiiin, and in
The four compound directions in Chinese are constructed oppositely from their
English counterparts. "Southwest" is g§l¥j xf'nan, never l¥jg§ nanxf. Similarly,
dongnan, northeast is *~~ dongbei, and northwest is ®~~
southeast is
xfbei. The customary order of the primary directions is also different. In English,
23
people usually say "north, south, east, and west," but in Chinese it is either
iffl~t dong nan xf bei or *iffll¥1~t dong xf nan bei.
6.
7.
8.
JJ~B1{~ na shi.hou "(at) that time" is a movable modifier; hence it can come
*1¥1
before the subject ft wo. To say "when XXX (happens)," use XXX Ef<Ja1{~.de
shi.hou: 1llilf:l:ti!00Ef<JB1{~ ta kim ditu .de shi.hou "when he looks at the map"; ft
itltl~Ef<JB1{~ wo dao Taiwan .de shi.hou "when I go to Taiwan."
~.fl.~'-3 Niuyue "New York." Foreign place names usually enter Chinese through
imitation of sound: Z:1J1Ji& Zhfjiage "Chicago"; ~!Ji~Jl Huashengdim
"Washington"; ~rrrm~ Agenting "Argentina"; IXJIJ* Gangguo "Congo."
Sometimes the name is based on a combination of meaning and sound: fJT~ iffl
Xlnzexf"New Jersey"; l¥J:;is:t~ Nanbende "South Bend." Japanese and Korean
names, because they use Chinese characters, are pronounced according to the
sounds ofthe characters. Hence Tokyo is *JJ( Dongjfng; Seoul is ""§~$ Shou'er.
~~ zem.me, a question word, can come before a verb to mean "how?": ~~ i>?.
zem.me shuo? "how do you say it?" ~~tt zem.me gua? "how do you hang it?"
etc. Or, as here, it can come between a subject and the rest of the predicate, often
using P~ .neat the end of the sentences, to mean "how come?'' or "why?"
Other examples:
~9rp~~/F*P~?
Liioshf zem.me bu lai .ne?
How come the teacher isn't
coming?
Zhei zhang ditu zem. me bl
nei zhang da . ne?
Why is this map bigger than
that one?
J3:5*:!:ti!OO~~ ttJJ~5*j(P~?
9.
4? hui is there an auxiliary verb meaning "be likely" or "be possible."
10. J§* houlai "later (on)" is a time word. Although "later" in English can refer to a
past time (Later I understood) or a future time (I'll do it later), ]§* houlai can
refer only to the past. (For the future, use ~]§ ylhou or ~~*jianglcii.)
11. ~ cai, an adverb meaning "only then," is awkward if translated directly into
English: "Later on only then did I know the little black dot was Chengdu" is
awkward. The most natural way to express the same idea in English is often to use
"not [verb] until. .. ": "I didn't know until later that the little dot was Chengdu."
Other examples:
~ 9fP i>?. Ef<J 61 {~ ft~tl
Liioshf shuo .de shi.hou w6 cai dong.
I didn't understand until the
teacher said it.
0
24
Tii shuo Si.chuan hua wo caijue.de
qfguai.
I didn't feel strange until she
spoke in Sichuan dialect.
~-J,~lm}l[i!~~~~~~'~o
12. $1't.{ sufran "although" can be paired with {S~ dan.shi, PJ ~ ke.shi, or /Fu
buguo, all meaning "but," in sentences of the pattern:
{S~ dan.shi
Subject $1't.{ sufran Predicate 1,
PJ ~ ke.shi Predicate 2
:::ftt huguo
This is a good desk, but it's
not your desk.
$1't.{l3:~~*r· {S~:::f~
1/i\B"J*ro
Suzran zhe .shi hiio zhuo.zi,
dan.shi bu.shi nl.de zhuo.zi.
$1't.{ sufran is a movable modifier, and therefore can go either before the subject,
as in the above example, or after it, as in this one:
Wo suzran dong, ke.shi bit
wanquan dong.
~srt.{'li,
PJ ~/F.o/G~'Iia
Although I understand, I don't
completely understand.
The pattern can also be used with two different subjects:
$1't.{ sufran subject 1 verb 1,
$1't.{)(:£J:~lm}ll)'-,
{S~ dan.shi
PJ ~ ke.shi subject 2 verb 2
/Ftt huguo
PJ ~1m/F~i~
Although his parents are
Sichuanese, he cannot speak
Sichuan dialect.
lZ!I}!["i!o
Suzranfu.mu .shi Si.chuanren,
ke.shi .ta buhui shuo Si.chuan hua.
Note two differences between the use of these Chinese words and the use of
"although" and "but" in English.
1) "Although" in English can come only before the subject, not after. You can't
say, "This although is a good desk ... ".
2) In English, you can use either "although" or "but," but not both. You can say
"Although I understand, I don't completely understand." or "I understand, but not
completely." Chinese is more flexible. In Chinese the following are all possible:
25
w0 sufr(m dong, bu wanquan dong.
:f!tli~'liL /FiG~'IIo
Wo dong, ke.shi bu wanquan dong.
~·11,
PJ J!/FiG~'IIo
Wo sufran dong, ke.shi bu wanquan dong.
~_li~'ll,
PJ J!/FjG~'IIo
13. ·~ kuai, normally an adjective meaning "fast," here is an adverb meaning
"almost" in the sense of "will pretty soon be ... ".
14. This is a "new situation 1./e" (see L. 1, note 20) of a special kind. It comes after
an expression for a span of time and indicates that the span continues to extend as
we speak. *~IE- +1F- 7 lai mei.guo siin.shi nian .le has the sense of"have
been in America thirty years and counting" but lacks the awkwardness of this
English phrase.
What we have just called "an expression for a span of time" is not the same as a
"time word" as defined in lesson 1, note 18. Time words tell when something
happens; examples are A, 7( jfn. tian "today" and
/.!, # siindian zhi5ng "three
o'clock." "Time span expressions" tell how long something takes; examples are
pij 7( liangtiiin "two days" and - -1' lj\ at siin.ge xiaoshi "three hours."
=
15. ~Ji!: hai.shi means "still," but be careful to distinguish two senses of"still," both
involving ~ hai. "Still" can mean "continuing in time."
~1f.~t!!.~Uil9JII"* 7, 4-R.~tl!.~iEilY
JII o
Qunian tii dao Si.chuan .qu .le,
jfnnitin tii hai zai Si. chuan.
Last year she went to Sichuan;
this year she's still in Sichuan.
Or it can mean "nevertheless" or "anyway":
Sufran tii .shi laoshf, wo hai.shi hen
xl. huan . ta.
Even though he's the teacher, still
I like him.
li~111!.J!~VffJ, ~~}!1~#x.X111!.a
For the second meaning, you have to use ~Ji!: hai.shi, not ~ hai alone. ~ hai
alone always has the first meaning. In the example in the book, both senses are
implied.
16. Review note 11 on .:t cai. Here .:t cai looks as if it means "only," not "only
then." But "only then" is still the basic idea: "(when you to get to the case of)
Sichuan, only then is (it) their family home."
26
17. 1± zai requires a place word, and ~.BJ"J Niuyue "New York," as a proper name, is
one. The whole phrase ;ff~.B.~"J zai Niuyue here is a complement for the verb 1:.
sheng "be born." (Review L. 1, note 24.)
18.
-K zhang "grow up" is a verb. The same character, pronounced -K chang, is an
adjective meaning "(is) long."
19.
JA cong "from" can be used for either space or time. For space, it requires a place
word and often goes with ~U dao "to" in the same sentence: ~JUJdtJi(~UII!!Jll~
Wo cong Beijing dao Si.chuan .qu "I'm going from Beijing to Sichuan." For time,
it takes a time word, which is often followed by 1E9 qf"begin": JAIJ'F~IE9 cong
zuotiiin qf"beginning yesterday," JA -fL[gfLi:f:.IE9 cong 1949 nian qf"beginning
in 1949," etc. ,/,}JJ' congxiao "from an early age" is a standard abbreviation in
which /j\ xiao "small" stands for if ~G /j\ B<J a1 {'* nianji xiao. de shi. hou "when age
was small." The speaker could have said JA:ftB<Ji:f:.~fi:VJ'E!<JB'f{'*fE9 cong wo.de
nianji hen xiao .de shi.hou qf, but )A/j\ congxiao is much more efficient.
20. ff.Jtjiit is an adverb with many uses, all of which are in some way related to the
idea of"right away," "already," or "sooner than expected." ff.Jtjiit could be
omitted in this sentence, but putting it in emphasizes how early, and well in
advance, the father said what he wanted to say. Compare Lesson 1, note 26 on
another use of ff.Jtjiit. Can you see why it means "right away" in that case?
21. Jf~:fti~ gen .wo shuo "with me say" and
both can mean "say to me."
xt:ft-m dui .wo shuo "facing me say"
22. In the phrase 1±%£ zaijiii.li "at home," £.li is a localizer making %jiii into a
place word, which 1± zai requires. 1±% zaijiii, however, is an exception to this
rule, because it can be used without a localizer and can stand alone as an
independent predicate. (~*1±% Lao Zhang zaijiii "Old Zhang is at home"; cf.
chez-soi in French.) Here, however 1±%£ zaijiii.li is paired with a second
predicate, i~t=p)( shuo Zhongwen "speak Chinese." Ofthe two predicates, 1±%
1[ zai jiii.li comes first because it has an adverbial sense (it tells where something
happens), and adverbs precede what they modify.
23.
fia-t you shi "there are times-sometimes" is a movable modifier (see L.1, note
12). It is short for fiB<Ja-f{'*(JL) you .de shi.hou(r). In general, fiB<J you .de X
means "some Xs": fiB<J!-IROO you .de ditu "some maps"; :ffEI<J~t'tyou .de
xuexiao "some schools"; etc. The phrases :ff at{'* you shi. hou and :ff A you ren
"some people" are so common that the EI<J.de normally drops out.
27
24. Review lesson 1, note 24 on "iU dao place word -* qit." -* qit can also precede
place words directly. -*~;f5t qit xuexiao "go to school" is the same as iU~;f5t-*
dao xuexiao .qu.
25. iU~ daodi, literally "arrive at bottom," is an adverb meaning "after all" or "in the
final analysis." Note that English uses the same metaphor in the phrase "when you
come right down to it." iU~ daodi can be used in choice-type questions, as in
this sentence and the next one in the text. It cannot be used with questions using
the ~ .ma? It can also be used in certain statement: 1t!!.J.x.XiJt~JtnZ;~~, iU
~~~lEA Tii xthuiin shuo Ylngwen chfregou, daodt.shi Mei.guo ren "He likes
to speak English and eat hot dogs; he's an American after all."
26. ~~ hai.shi, which at note 15 meant "still," here means "or." Note, though, that
the word "or" in English is ambiguous. The question "Would you like coffee or
tea?" can mean two things. When the voice pitch rises on the last two words, it
means "Would you or would you not like some coffee or tea?'' But if the pitch
falls on the last word "tea," it means "Which would you like----coffee or tea?'' ~
~ hai.shi means "or" only in this second sense. It is a question word, because it
makes a sentence into a question. The word for the other meaning of "or" is ~1'r
huozhe.
+
~;a (Exercises)
-. Transcribe the following characters into pinyin:
1. .t~ ~(
4.
7.
-Jt·t!-(
~it.(
)
2. PX.~(
)
s. M~ (
)
8. .£JJ:] _,\ (
)
3. ,W...AJL(
)
)
6. ~.~(
)
9.
)
)
..=.. t--+c
=·Translate the following phrases into Chinese:
1. hanging in the study
2. Southwest part of China
3. a strange dark spot
4. father's hometown
5. Chinese videotapes
6. the vicinity of the Chinese school
.:=.. Complete the following dialogues with the given expressions:
1. A: 1.f-1fl ~ 1-- A a'-] :;t ~~-/f. flL ~9 "lb?
B:
2. A:
( · · · ;f(contrast)· · ·)
*- -k I~H:JtE.. -t if- 7
( ···ilJA QW···)
B: ~X. -Ef
o
28
3. A: 1.f- ;)t tp ffiJ A, 1-t-- ;t:lf tp .;t ~?
B: (_l~ .. ·'fJt .. ·)
4. A:
( .flj fit .. ·ii.Jt .. ·)
B: ~ a<J
5. A:
B:
4' .;t;t-?t ~.£~a~,
J€1*-;t.. ·)
4' ~ ~ ffil .flj fit-?t PJJ~ JL ~?
(¥~#!" .. ·,
~Jt-?t 4' .;t~tt~ a~ 0
[9. Verb Object: Provide objects for the following verbs:
1. ·tf 2. 17t
3. iJL 4. .:.t 5. ;fi 6. ~ 7. .flit 8. :9;P i!
Ji. Answer the following questions:
1. 1.7- a~ ~-?t PJ}~ JL?
2. 1.7- x. -fJJ: a~ :t- ~-?t PJ}~ JL?
3. 1.f-591t~ £$.}] ...\
:ii.-i-4' .;t~{i~?
1-t- X.* a<]-# & .£#:~1t ~ J~f!J?
5. 1.7- 1--?t PJ}~ JL *--?t PJ}~ JL?
6. 1.7- X. -fJJ: .flJ -k ffiJ *- T Jt.Jf- T?
7. 1.7- ~.£ 1\f .:.ct1t ~ ~~YL "f m?
8. 1-t- M~a<] ~:f!Htt 1-t- ~-{f"~?
4.
;\. Write a dialogue between a father and a son using the following vocabulary:
to point, at that time, strange, to know, to be born, to grow up, sometimes, to feel,
meaning, where, to see, always.
-t. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a) .:.t 4' .;t ~~ i$' m
b) :t-~
c) 4' .;t~{i
29
+
&*~ (Character Table)
ifr
'
1~
jiJ_
~
~
*~
~
qfn
(n.) parents
/.'-*
*A qfnren, family
11}]~
at{'*;
~
)(./.,;
nii
(Q"W) where
191~ JL
member
.hou
~{'* denghou
(v.) wait
biiin
(n.) side
j¥jiftJL
jue
(v./n.) feel; feeling
~/~
_%{
~Jt giinjue
;
mei
(adj.) beautiful
~00
xue
(v.) study; learn
i}!j. 9=t xue
Zhongwen
(v. -o.) learn Chinese
x
rr
~
,.. ''
-tj-
chang
(adv.) often
~2~ jfngchang
(adv.) often
hei
(adj.) black; dark
m~ h-·,
""
ezse
(adj./n.) black
qi
(adj.) new and
strange
fJT~
-!)=
*
F1t
30
xfnqi
~·11::
cai
(n.) food; vegetables
9=t00~
fo
~tili:
~Htf: foj ian
(n.) attachment
X:f-JHI"J• JJHlffi-~<3>-~ q:t 1!±-mlilo ft 1J" 1¥1~1~1-ffi~m~ <4> lffilt <s>
J~JLI¥1-1tm 1J"J.t~~JL§Jt= ~wc~~fr,a<J~~c JJ~~1~(6}ftJt~i1~~·~,
ft1r, l¥1*1£~f.\<J
(7},
:&~ (8} 1W (9}~JJ~100 1J"J.t~~JL~~? 1&*(10}~/t (Il}~nm
jJ~{!m;j"J,t~~JL~IJl o ftX:£3:H~<r2>*~~~·~<r3>- +i:F 7
m~os>§JtllY; ''/t (16}~1m1r, 1¥1~*
ft1:.1£<17}~f.\<J, -Ros>f±~f.\<J,
o4>,
1-ffifr,~~
PI ~fJ£;J"<r9}X:Mwc<2odiH~~§Jt<2o=
0
"~
m~q:ti!A"o~m1£*w~§Jtq:t~, ~q:t~~, ~~~&~q:t~m
me§,£MA~~~~ilii¥Jq:t~·~·q:t~,fti¥1~*&WJt~~
~q:ti!Aoft~~~~q:t~A~~oo~~A?
~? ~I¥1*1£1W~JL~~?
31
"*"l¥1•m~~~*
~-=-iJJt
~ {11 ~ ,t. -k mJ A.
o/:
~=
*- a"J (t)?
~J/;_J-A.it 1·1·1 *- a"J
1~ J/;_l-}" ~~ JL
lf: J-A1t 1·1'1 *- a"J?
"?
u:
o/:
1.f-
(2)
1~ ~i;
lt ./,Z. ~
tfl
?
.~~~(5)·
•' a
Q£.~-~
z. ;t~*-(3)1~+c4) t
00 A 1Jt?
~ \1f1.1b
-!'"
.:!At a ,, m 1 .re;r
~J\.ll'l.-'- •J,-1-f(6)-lfJI~~*-~/~ 11n o
~- Jt(10)' ~- Jto
*-
fxt···*
*
;t~*-
~~*
J.A· ..
o
*-
1.~1·1·1
pron.
ni
c6ng ... hii
V.
come from
n./ place word
come
v.
lai
Dezhou
kan.qi.lai
32
you
Texas
look like, seem
Di san ke
Wo.men dou shi Mei.guoren
A: NI .shi c6ng nar hii .de?
B: Wo .shi c6ng Dezhou lai .de.
A: C6ng Dezhou lai .de? N1 zem.me kan.qi.lai xiang.ge Zhong.guoren .ne?
B: Zhe .shi shem.me yi.si? Wo gen ill yiyang dou.shi Mei.guo ren .a.
A: Ke.shi, wo zhen kan.bu chiilai nl.shi Mei.guoren.
B: N1 jue.de shem.me yang. de ren cai.shi Mei.guoren .ne?
A: Wo xiang Mei.guoren dou.shi ... dou.shi ...
B: Dou .shi shem.me?
A: Dou .shi ... dou .shi ...
B: Dou .shi huangt6u.fa, lanyanjing .de .rna?
A: Buyiding, buyiding.
.'
xtang
1!
.a
li~tf:Df~
kan. buchiilai
-ff
~
yang
;f
cai
~'
•v
v.-c.
n.
adv.
xtang
1t
li
huang
-!k:Ji..
.:Hi
Im~
t6u.ra
~
Ian
Btl*
~-~
adv.
zhen
~~t!:At
11~
conj.
gen
~
trjtf
$.-
v.
n,~
buyiding
33
particle showing obviousness
really
can't figure out by looking;
can't tell
kind; sort
indicating contrast
think
n.
yellow; brown
adj.
hair (on the human head)
adv.
particle for simple questions
n.
.rna
and
v.
adj.
yanjing
resemble
blue
eyes
not necessarily
12-Jt
;1]
-jp
'fv.A
?.Jf v.A
;1fa'.J
you
i§p
pron.
you. de
bairen
,'f., A.
heiren
it# A.
Jl'ifiA
huangzhongren
gti}~
IID\tHI
Ouzhou
n.
but
conj.
suo.yi
{::]A.
have; there be
aux.
keyr
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
Feizhou
34
but
V.
adv.
que
Rl.benren
E1*-A.
~f i?-~1
conj.
dan.shi
Japanese people
can; may
therefore
some
Caucasian American
African American
Asian American
Europe
Africa
B: Zhong.guoren t6u.fa he yanjing dou .shi hei.de, dan.shi you hei t6u.fa, hei
yanjing .de que buyiding dou.shi Zhong.guoren.
A: Dui, Ribemen ye.shi hei t6u.fa hei yanjing.
B: Ne.me Mei.guoren .shi shem.me yang .de .ne?
A: Shem.me ren dou key! .shi Mei.guoren, suoy1 you.de Mei.guoren .shi bairen,
you.de .shi heiren, you.de .shi huangzhongren. Ouzhouren key! .shi Mei.guoren,
Feizhouren ye key! .shi mei.guoren, Yazhouren ye key! .shi Mei.guoren.
B: Dui.le, yi.ge ren zh1yao sheng .zai Mei.guo jiu.shi Mei.guoren.
A: Dan.shi, Mei.guoren que buyiding dou dei sheng zai Meigu6.
B: Suoy1 wo.men dou.shi Mei.guoren.
Yazhou
zh1yao
dei
n.
conj.
aux.
Asia
as long as; provided that
have to
+ Grammar Notes
1.
The noun A ren here is implied after I¥J.de. The same sentence is possible, with
practically no difference in meaning, omitting both !i:...shi and 1¥J.de. {$;.AI9J~JL
nf c6ng nar .tai? is "Where did you come from?" or "Where are you coming
from?"; {$-Ji:..)AI9J~JL*I¥1 nf .shi c6ng nar lai .de? is similar to "Where are you
from?" Watch out for other cases of the pattern (subject) !i:...shi (predicate) 1¥J.de.
2.
t~HI dezhou "Texas." The names of American states, when fully spelled out in
*
Chinese, can be cumbersome. Texas is 1~:£@*Wf dekesasf; California is :fJo;fU:fj
fflSifjiiilifuniya. Such names can be abbreviated by combining the first syllable
35
with 1·1'1 zhou "state": tl1·H dezhou, JJn1·1·1 jiiizhou, etc. (In pre-modem China, 1·1'1
zhou was an administrative district called a "prefecture" in English.)
The same abbreviation principle can apply to cities. Philadelphia is ~:tt.J:it$
SI1Z. Feiledaerfoiyii, which is a mouthful. Most Chinese people say ~:ifi.X Feicheng
"Fei-city."
3.
li~* klm.qi.lai "at first glance" can be used between a subject and verb to mean
"(subject) looks as if (verb)." Here the verb is 1l xiimg "resemble," and the
combination li~* kim . qi.lai 1l xilmg means the same as "look like" in English.
~* qz1ai, meaning "rise up," is an example of a directional complement. A
directional complement is a special kind of complement (see L.l, note 24) that
tells what direction the main verb goes in. There are two kinds of directional
complements, simple and compound.
There are only two simple directional complements,
lai "come" and .:£: qit
"go." They follow main verbs like :111 jin "enter," ttl chii "exit," __t shlmg
"ascend,"
xia "descend," tt guo "cross," ~ ql "rise," and @1 hui "return,"
and tell the direction of action relative to the speaker.
ltii says that the action
moves toward the speaker, and .:£: qu that it moves away.
*
r
*
Examples:
~J::.*o Ta shang.lai.
1~ .:£: o Nl xia. qit.
She is coming up.
You're going down.
They have come over.
He's gone out.
She's come in.
They're going back.
r
1t!!1fJM* 7 o Tii.men guo.lai .le.
1t!!ttl-'t: 7 o Tii chii.qit .le.
~** 7 o Tii jin. ltii .!e.
{t!! {f] @1-'£: o Tii. men huf. qu.
In compound directional complements, two syllables (each itself a verb) follow a
main verb: Verb+ A+ B. The main verb can be any verb that implies movement
through space, such as l@piio "run," ;E zou "walk," li'iJ~ tiao "jump," ~ zuo "sit,"
dii "hit," and a great many others.
rr
The A-syllable is any verb that can be the main verb in simple directional
complements: :l11jin, ttl chii, __t shang,
xia, etc. It tells the direction of action
from an absolute frame of reference-that is, without regard to where the speaker
r
IS.
The B-syllable is
*
lai or
.:£: qu, and tells the direction of action relative to the
36
speaker:
*
ldi for "toward speaker" and
-* qu for "away from speaker."
Examples:
ttl*
I@ :itt* piio jin. ldi
!@:itt-* piiojin.qu
:IE
z6u chu. ldi
:JEte-* z6u chu.qu
li'iJ5M* tiao guo. tai
tr@]-* dii hui. qu
~J:.* na shang.ldi
~~§* zuo ql.lai
run in (speaker is inside something)
run in (speaker is outside something)
walk out (speaker is outside)
walk out (speaker is inside)
jump over (toward speaker)
hit (something) back (away from speaker)
bring (something) up (to speaker)
sit up
*
I§ qf is an exceptional case because it can combine only with
ldi. If you and
someone are lying on a bed and the friend sits up, you have to say ~j§* zuo
qflai (not ~}§-* zuo qfqu) even though the direction of action is away from you.
(}§-* qfqu is possible in some southern dialects of Chinese, but not Mandarin.)
Note directional complements tell direction in a literal sense, but some are used
figuratively as well. The example with which we began, verb + }§* qflai "begin
to (verb)" or "at first (verb-ing)," is a figurative use of }§* qflai. You can begin
with other verbs: llJTj§* tfng.qi.lai "at first listening," {~}§* zuo.qi.lai "(when)
beginning to do (something)," etc.
4.
5.
6.
In informal speech, the number - yf "one" is often omitted before 1'-.ge, the
all-purpose AN. This only works for - yf. If you mean two or more, you have to
say so.
~,ri!J, yi.si
means "meaning" and ~~}~,you yi.si is a compound adjective that
means "interesting." Therefore to ask "What does this mean?'' you should
normally say J!JiHt-i.~}~,zhe .shi shem.me yi.si? not J3:~1+-i.~}~,zhe you
shem.me yi.si? The latter question is something like "What is this doing here?
(Why is it necessary?)"
X R~ gen Y -f$ yiyang means "X andY are the same." R~ gen "with" here is the
equivalent of ~he as explained in lesson 1, note 27. The same pattern can be
used with ~/F$ cha.buduo "about the same" or /FI11J but6ng "different" in
place of -f$ yiyang:
Ta gen .wo cha. buduo.
She's about the same as I.
~R~fJt~/F$o
37
Zhid zhang ditu .gen
nei zhang butong.
This map is different from that one.
i~3LE:I:t!!001flUJ~*;;fp::JJ o
7.
*
chillai "come out" here is a figurative directional complement to the verb li
kim "look at" (see last paragraph of note 3). li tB kim chu/ai, literally "look at
(and have a result) come out" is like the English "make out by looking at."
Similarly, ll}f tB tfng chulai is "make out by listening to," ~Jll tB xiiing chillai
is "figure out by thinking," and so on.
tB
*
*
*
*
kim .bu chu/ai with ;;f .bu inserted between verb and complement,
means "cannot make out by looking at." In the opposite, f!tt .de replaces ;;f .bu:
lif!tttB* kim .de chillai "can make out by looking at." Complements using
f!tt .de or ;;f .bu are called potential complements. Other examples:
li ;;f tB
Ji'i}~f!tt:itt-t: piio .de jinqu
§I* piio .bu huilai
l~A!tt __t*fti .de shimglai
J@ ;;f
Jt;;ftt-t: zou .bu guoqu
8.
9.
canJump m
can't run back (toward speaker)
can fly up (toward speaker)
can't walk across (away from speaker)
Review lesson 1, note 6 on the two senses of t! shi. Here t! shi makes a vaguer
association, something like "to be a case of." The phrase does not mean, obviously,
that all Americans are blonde haired, or are subcategories of blonde haired, but
"are a case of (having) blonde hair."
Note also that jt huang, often translated as "yellow," actually has a scope that
includes tan and brown as well. The famous jt'¥ilJ Huanghe "Yellow River" is
brown, not yellow. Similarly, brown leather shoes are jt£'(¥1 huang pixie. Be
alert for other cases where English and Chinese do not divide the color spectrum
in exactly the same way.
!l!b .ma? can be put at the end of any statement to make it into a question. Note,
however, that !l!b .ma? often casts a bit of doubt on the statement it follows.
Hence the best way to ask a plain question without casting any implications is to
use the choice-type construction (L. 1, note 31 ).
10. ;;f-;E buyiding "not necessarily" should be compared with -}E:f yiding bit
"certainly not." ~fu:f-}E* tii buyiding lai "she's not necessarily coming"; M!}E:f* tii yiding bulai "she's definitely not coming."
11. !p que is an optional verb that reinforces the {S t! dim. shi "but" that precedes the
38
can also be used without{S~ dcm.shi: 1t!!1i~~~OOA!P/F~
i~~Jt tii sufrim .shi Zhong.guoren que buhui shuo Zhongwen.
subject.
!P que
12. ~ ~ zhfyao, literally "only needing," is similar to English "so long as" or
"provided that." ~ ~ zhfyao normally, takes !JJtjiu "then" in the next clause.
+
~>.1 (Exercises)
-. Transcribe the following characters into pinyin and add a character or a word to
each to form a word or phrase:
)
)_ _ _ 3. ::t (
1. *- (
)
2. ,J, (
::t (
)
5.
.w.. (
)
6.
7. jf (
)
8. _Rt (
)
9.
4.
10. -tt·t~
(
)___
-Ji- (
E7 (
____
)___
) ____
-=-. Translate the following into Chinese:
1. Although he looks like an Asian person, he is an American born in Europe.
2. People who have dark hair and eyes are not necessarily all Japanese.
3. People from anywhere can be American; therefore, you can be an American without
being born in America.
4. As long as your hair is brown and your eyes are blue, you don't look like a Chinese.
5. I don't mean what you mean. I mean anybody can be an American.
M.. , jEt 1t!!. , ~ :1t o
,;:., Rearrange the following phrases to make coherent sentences:
1.
-tt 1·1'1,
~,
*- al.j ,
-
.t-t , k L¥J A.,
~.~A.,~~~*-.~··*£, :JL+, ~+o
7r L¥J A., 1-f, ;f, k L¥J A., ~, 1i., :lt, li..lf.o
2.~~-~' ~~~'~:JL, kL¥J~, ~' ~~'~~~'A.,
k L¥J,
.Rta*,
4. iif YA, ~,
3. a~A.,
1t ~ .f-'f al.j A.;f iif YA :JL k L¥J A.~?
T!f1. Answer the following questions with the expressions given:
1.
( ~~ ... :fk.· .. )
39
kl¥JA.o
2. 1.f-~it~~it 1t!!.kM.l1JJ~)~*-~?
( ;-t tt: 3jt)
*
3. 1.r- k,.ff.l1JJ~ ;~ tt: 1. k a~?
( k ··· a~ (emphasize place))
t
4. 1.?- 't ;-t .i:. jf<.1#. -if} ,
( ~p ~- Jt.)
?.if VA 1-t- ·ri t .i:., xt ~ xt?
5. R /f=f f:/ A.;f 'f vAk if_~ A.11Il]?
(QW+~)
Ji.. Circle the best of the items in parentheses:
J.t,.ff.·tk:;.A r
2.
1.r-
3.
1-1!!.1n~kM.3E. Ut~,
~\.
Write a short passage about each of the following:
<Jt-~,
,
*- c:t,
1.
1-1!!..-t ~ 1£~
fiJJ!.,
~,
r)
?
.-t~) ~ittt!!.n1t~~ftlt~~~m~-:!- 17Il]?
rl'l, Jll) -MtfiJ *-. ~ *-~ o
4. Ji- ~·t~! 1-t- ~ ~/f=f a~ .w., /f=f ~ f:l , ( iiL, 1£, it) /f=f ~ ~ o
5. 1.f- R ~-:!- tf ~ ( ;f, ;f,/G, R) ~it?!J 1t ~ 1-1!!.11'1- ~R iif vA 1. -1-.J~ -f o
6. -#J:.~l1JJ~-1'-~~1f1~ (;fJG, {.fJ., R) ~ito
*
a) 3E.ir~A.
b) ~i}~A.
c) *.~A.
40
d) m~~A.
+ &-*~
11\$
/.b
l1faJ
~
~
B~
~X.
(CharacterTable)
de
(n.) moral
1'1'1
i!!t~ daode
t~1·1·[;
.a
particle
showing
obviousness
Jt
xiiing
(v.) think
~ xiiingxiang
(v.) imagine
1ff
*!t
/'
or fo /tZ.foda
(adj.) developed,
advanced
fo !*It
-~
,_
).
Ilk
f\fl_
yiin
(n.) eye
~p
PJf
H~!JW;
fiB I¥J H~ Hf £ :l!?f ~
I¥Jo
ou
!KXliii;
!KX:lG ouyuan
(n.) euro
41
zhou
(n.) state
t~1+1
zhen
(adv.) really
(adj.) real, true
Jl~zhenshi
huang
(adj.) yellow; brown
-~ huangse
(adj./n.) yellow; brown
Ian
(adj.) blue
:l!?f:.R lantiiin
(n.) blue sky
que
(adv.) but
ft!!1: 1£ 9=t IE , iD /F ~iJt
9=JJto
suo
.PJTf~ suode
.PJT~;
(n.) earnings
~
1"E1
-if
yao
(v.) want
ft~~*Xo
I want to learn
Chinese.
6: f.!ti!fJ£~~1·1'1 (2)*1¥1
dei
(aux.) have to
ft1~ J:. * )(i*
I have to go to my
Chinese class.
0
~:fJ£effl*l¥1?~~-~~*w•mw*~A~?
6: ~£1t•~~Ei!1,<s> ?f.itlf~1fx\-;f!<6>~J!~~An~~ o
~:
ey}!, ft-~~ili*rn~J!~~Ao
6: 1fx\fl:1~1t•f!I¥JA;t~~A?
~: f.!t~~~~A~£ .. ·~1!···
6: ~£1t•?
~: ~£· .. ~£···
42
0
Z.: ~~-~~<s>, ~§~Hg8"JP,J®<9>?
E¥:
/G~):£(10), /G~J:E 0
Z.: ~~A~~fO§~Ug~~~B"J, {S~~ ~~~-- ~D~UgB"Ji?P<ro/G~
JE~~~~Ao
E¥: f-J,
B*Aill~~~~i~D~Uwo
Z.: }J~~~~A~1t~f*B"JP~?
E¥:
*~A~ey~~~~A, m~~B"J~~A~sA, ~B"J~~A,
~B"J~IiliAo JID\¥HIA.ey~~~~A, ~~?HIAmey~~~~A,
52¥HIA-!E.ey~~~~Ao
z.:
f-.t7,
~1mJA~~oz>:±.1£~~mt~~~Ao
E¥=~~, ~~Aw/G~J:E~~:±.:t£~~0
Z.: ?JT~fJt1r~~~~~~Ao
43
~1Z!1~
~ 00 A!f!<t) 'f $.
*= -lllb ,
~ ~ ii. -mr, ~:it 1 -
1-t:it 1- n t k-i*-?
~= 1t~?
~: 1.t ~)tJ-A.'J' :YJGit JR.(3)'f
*= ~ *'*-(6)
n rt k 1*-<2)
1?
(!)
rf j:_T1~(4)?
o
~'t ~ JJL~1!1(s)'f~ rf k
~ 'J, at 1r~-#- (8) ~ it JR. r-f k, _g Jt ~ $ ~x. 1-t 11'1 .1! 1-¥- :k.
~~ (9) o JJL~ i~A.i! ~<to) , ~ 1!1 ~- 'f rf k 1
*
-:k~
nfi
~~
rna
4-.7(_
jintian
)i. 7Jjf
zhuce
1!
7
jg
xuan
.le
n.
n.
n./time
word
v.
v.
o
short for }J:.JL (daughter), female
mom, mother
today
register (at school)
choose
particle for completed action
ANfor school courses
f1
r,
men
i}ft
~
ke
n.
course (at school)
mu
n.
short for £3:~ (mother)
-It
it£
§t~
taoyan
v.
find disgusting
44
Di si ke
Mei.guoren xue Zhongwen
Nil: Ma, jintian zhuce, wo xmln.le yimen Zhongwenke.
Mii: Shem.me?! NI xuan.le yimen Zhongwenke?
Nil: Dui, WO xuan.le yimen Zhongwenke.
Mii: NI bu.shi c6ng xiao .jiu taoyan xue Zhongwen .rna? Zem.me xianzai dao xueqi
Zhongwen .lai .le?
Nil: Qishi wo xiaoshihou bing.bu taoyan Zhongwen, zhLshi bilxThuan nLmen bi.de tru
jin. Xianzai mei ren hi .wo, wo dao xiang xue Zhongwen .le.
Mii: Na haoji .le. NI ba.ba ting.dao zhei.ge xHio.xi yiding hen gaoxing. C6ng xiao
ta .jiu gao.su .ni: wo.men dou.shi Zhong.guoren, Zhong.guoren jiu dei xue
Zhongwen.
V~···*,,
7t
V~···* V.qi.lai
M
.R:Jt
~~k
bing
zhLshi
gjX
xihuan
i!
bi
1.'/f
.de
*-
tai
~t
~
jin
i9:.(;1f)
mei(.you)
~-
xiang
-Jtt~7
~f;ft!Jc7
%%
llJf jlJ
haoji.le
ba.ba
~~lj
ting.dao
i
'jlf ·~
€1
xiao.xi
-;t
yiding
"(<i] / '
-i;~
iWJJI!
gaoxing
%i]f
'ffWf
gao.su
v.
adv.
start to V ...
conj.
actually (not)
v.
like
V.
adv.
adj.
v.
only; just
force; push hard
particle to introduce an
predicative complement
too; excessively
strict; tight
have not; there is not
want; would like to
wonderful
n.
father
v.
n.
hear
adv.
adj.
v.
news
for sure; definitely
pleased; happy; glad
tell
45
-k: -:klh , 1.t 5l(12) '*- 7 (13) ! 1~ 11'1 :1t. tf ~ A , iif ~ :1t. ;}t ~ A
A~ iif Jt;{
!f tf .:.t.,
o
;}t
~
1~ ~it~!!;?
~?
-k: J_t_ff.i!!:-~~<14)J~~:fr A-tf.(1s)!f tf .:.t., ~1!!.(16);}t~:fr A!f,
*~, *~(17)' EJ *-···~:f[ A!f tf .:.Zo
-k: tf ~A o -fl~, ~*' 1! ~-fl~l!., ~(1s) tf ~ A1ti1..1;
~~~~'*-~~~' ~~!ft:f.:.t.~A~~-~~-~~
~
7
0
-EJ:-: JJ~ (21) 1~ Jt. f.J 7 (22)
-** t:f ~ 1ti !k
;;t !f t:f .:.t. at.; ~?
*
-k: JJ~ 1J1 ~ JL 1-1- , ~ ~-fl ~, !f - .~. JL(23) t:f ~ at.; JJi ~ ~ .:.t. !f o
1f-5l*-1
1~x*7
nr you lai.le
~
yao
-tit~
shi.jie
~
ge
Jt
di
;r-:1!1.
budan
*=OO
ii-00
~~~
Ying.gu6
¥!11
Hi.gu6
v.
n.
pron.
n.
there you go again
need; want
the world
each and every
conj.
places
n.
England
n.
46
not only
France
Nil: Ma, nr you lai.le! Nr.men .shi Zhong.guoren, ke wo .shi Mei.guoren. Mei.guoren
ye key! xue Zhongwen, nr zhi.dao .rna?
Mil: "Mei.guoren xue Zhongwen," ke.shi... ke.shi ... Mei.guoren wei.shem.me yao
xue Zhongwen .ne?
Nil: Xianzai shijie gedi dou you ren zai xue Zhongwen, budan Meigu6 you ren xue,
Yinggu6, Fagu6, Riben ... dou you ren xue Zhongwen.
Mil:
6! Shi .rna?
NU: Zhonggu6 renkou hen duo, jing.ji, mao.yi hen fiida, gen Zhonggu6ren zuo
shengyi .de gu6jia yue .lai yue duo, suoyr xue Zhongwen .de ren ye .jiu yitian br
yitian duo .le.
Mil: Na nr .shi wei.le yao
qu Zhonggu6 zuo maimai cai xue Zhongwen .de.lo?
NU: Na dao bujian.de, wo ye hen xiang xue .yi.dianr Zhonggu6.de lishr he wenxue.
shi.ma
Ao
renkou
~
duo
.::;t_
"«<
V5N.t
fitr:o=r
jing.ji
1f{Jh
£1!.
1ti
Ji£
mao.yi
~J!
fiida
~:A
_.;:;t:..
1Jl-
int.
6
~
)!_111!;
n.
n.
do; make
yue lai yue
more and more
yitian br yitian
prep.
day by day
adv.
buying and selling; business
v.
n.
maimai
)(*
n.
economy
much; many
adj.
wei.le
~ J!1~
adj.
trade
shengyi
~*~
Is that so?
population
n.
zuo
JJ..~
.::t.. ~~
oh?!
cai
.lo
adv.
bujian.de
n.
wenxue
47
developed, advanced
business
in order to
only for the reason of
particle showing obviousness
not necessarily; not plausible
literature
Mii: NI zhen.shi zhang da.le, zhi.dao zijl .shi Zhong.guoren .le.
Nil: Ma, wo bu.shi cai gen nin shuo, wo .shi Mei.guoren .rna? Mei.guoren xue
Zhongwen cai geng you yi.si .ne!
mG
7[
'"v
Zljl
cai
1!..
geng
;t~.~
youyi.si
l)t
.ne
+
1.
pron.
self
adv.
just now
adj.
meaningful; interesting
adv.
even more
particle for emphasis
Grammar Notes
iJf. xue originally meant "imitate," and you can still say things like IJf.~#iP xue
liioshz "imitate (the good behavior of) the teacher." But iJf. xue is also similar to
English "study" or "learn": IJf.!=f:t)( xue Zhongwen "study Chinese." iJj.~ xue hui
"study (with the result of) knowing how" is "master":
~ 9=t )( xue hui
Zhongwen "master Chinese." But note that iJj. xue is always transitive, meaning
'*
that you have to say what you are studying. If you want to say "study"
intransitively, as in "I'm going to the library to study," then say :f!G.¥U 00 -=fYcg ~~
45"w6 diw tushilguiin .qu niimshil."
2.
This 7 .le is the same character and pronunciation as the "new situation" 7 .le
introduced in Lesson 1, note 20, but grammatically it is very different. It always
follows a verb immediately (unlike the "new situation" 7 .le, which comes at the
end of a sentence or clause) and is often called a "completed action" 7 .le. It has
48
several uses. Here, it comes between a verb and a quantified object:
(Subject) Verb +
7 .le + number+ AN + noun
i* ke here is used as a noun meaning "(academic) course," and fl men is its AN.
Note that when used with a quantified object, a completed action 7./e implies
the past. The sentence in the text means "I selected a Chinese course." But DO
NOT assume that 7 .le is anything like a "past tense marker" in Chinese. There
are many uses of 7 .le that do not refer to the past, and many ways to refer to the
past that do not use 7 .le.
A completed action
7 .le is often used to ask question of the following form:
Subject Verb 7./e 19:.ff.mei.you?
Did Subject Verb? or
Has Subject Verbed?
f$~ 719:.ff?
Nr qu .le .mei.you?
Did you go?
Liioshf kim.jian .le .mei.you?
Did the teacher see?
~ ~rp ~ J1i!, 719:. ff ?
In north China, the same usage sometimes appears this way:
Subject Verb 19:. mei Verb?
~ ~rp ~ J1i!, 19:. ~ J1i!, ?
Liioshf kim.jian mei kim.jian?
Did the teacher see?
And in south China, you will also hear the following pattern:
~ ~rp 1f 19:. ff ~ J1i!, ?
Subject 1f¥9:.ff you mh.you Verb?
Liioshf you mei.you kim.jian?
Did the teacher see?
In all cases, the positive answer to such questions should be "Subject Verb
and the negative "Subject 19:. mei (or 19:.ff meiyou) Verb."
3.
ii 1ft tiioyim can be an adjective, transitive verb, or expletive:
49
7 .le,"
r:FJt~IH1 BL
Zhongwen hen tiioyim.
Chinese is disgusting.
~i11* r:p Jt 0
I can't stand Chinese.
Wo tiioycm Zhongwen.
iil* ! -!>;-7:.. ~ r:p Jti*
Tiioyim! Jin.tian you Zhongwen ke.
4.
5.
6.
/G~···n!?J
fi~ dao
Ugh! We have Chinese class
today.
0
bu.shi ... ma? has the sense of"Isn't it the case that ... ?"
originally means "invert." It also means "pour," because fi~ll< dao-shuf
"pour water" involves inverting a bucket, fi~ ~ dao-cha "pour tea" requires
tipping the teapot, and so on. In this sentence, fi~ dao is an adverb signaling an
"inversion" of normal expectations. "You always detested Chinese," says the
mother, "but now fi~ dao (how surprising!) you signed up for Chinese."
Here
qz1ai is a figurative directional complement to the verb ?!f. xue: ?!f.l£9
xue. qi.lai "start studying" or "set about studying." Directional complements are
sometimes split by inserting an object between A and B elements (see L.3, note 3);
hence ?!f. r:f Jt
xue .qi Zhongwen .lai "start studying Chinese." Other
examples of split directional complements:
*
1£9*
1£9
*
iE:itt~-T-*
zou jin wu.zi . qu
walk into the room
tfng .buchu yi.si .lai
can't make out the meaning by
listening
llJT /G I±!~'~'*
7.
8.
9.
qishi "actually" is used only to correct a mistaken impression: "You thought
I hated Chinese but actually I didn't." To say "actually" when you want to
reinforce a correct impression, use i¥J 1iiO dique : ~ i¥J 1iiO i11* r:f Jt wo dique
tiioyan Zhongwen "I actually do hate Chinese."
X~
:# bing "actually (not)" can only be used right before /G bu or
~ mei.
In this
sentence it is redundant with Jt~ qishi, and simply emphasizes the idea of
"actually."
:lli~~*~ bf .de tai jfn
"pushed (me) too hard" is an example of a predicative
complement. The ~~.de in this usage was originally the same a<J.de that is used
50
for modifying nouns (see L.l, note 14), such as in the phrase i~ 1¥3 i.E shuo . de hua
"words that were spoken," where i~ 1¥3 shuo .de "spoken" modifies i.E hua
"words." In the predicative complement, the modified noun is "way" or "method"
and is always implied, never stated. It is then followed by an adjective, as in i~!¥3
1~~1- shuo .de [method] hen hao "saying method was very good-said it well."
The standard pattern is:
Subject+ Verb +1~ .de+ (modifier) +Adjective
Although the predicative complement is not an adverb in Chinese, you will often
find English adverbs the best way to translate it. Examples:
-m1~X1
shuo .de dui
said it correctly
~1~~·~
xue .de tai kuai
learned too quickly
xiang .de hen hao
thought it over well
t~1~1~tff
Sometimes predicative complements will look and sound exactly like potential
complements. We have just listed i-~1~X1 shuo .de dui, for example, as a
predicative complement meaning "said it correctly." But, as a potential
complement, the same phrase could mean "can say it correctly." Don't worry,
however, because these ambiguities are actually quite rare. Only predicative
complements take modifiers, so -m1~1~X1 shuo .de hen dui, adding a 1~ hen, is
not ambiguous. The negatives and choice-type questions are also differenct:
Predicative complement negative form:
Ta shuo .de budui.
11Bi-~1~/FX1
He said it incorrectly.
0
Potential complement negative form:
Tii shui5 .bu dui.
He can't say it correctly.
Predicative complement question form:
Did you say it correctly?
11Bi.~/FX1
0
Nf shui5 .de dui .bu.dui?
1$i~1~X>t/FX>t?
51
1$ i.#. {~ xtill. ::;f X1?
Potential complement question form:
Nr shuo .de dui shuo .bu.dui?
Can you say it correctly?
10. Pivot sentence. Consider the following clauses:
¥St1f A meiyou ren
AJI ~ ren bz. wo.
There are no people.
People press me.
When the same noun ends one clause and begins another, the two can combine
into one by "pivoting" on the noun: ¥)!:1f AJI~ meiy6u ren bf .wo. Other
examples (the "pivot" noun is in boldface):
~fl ~*~{j:;fr~fJLio
W6 you .ge qfn.qi zhu .zaifojin.
I have a relative who lives
nearby.
~ ~ Yi!.M~ ffl JlJZ..IlZ tlL
W6 kim.jian.guo gou yang diiochii chi
I have seen a dog eat with a knife
and fork.
fon.
11. ¥f1:1 ,@, xiiio.xi "news" and iff llfJ xfnwen "news" are synonyms in the sense that both
can refer to news in newspapers or other public media. In addition, ¥f1:1 ,@, xiiio.xi
can refer to "news" of a friend or relative, but ~ llfJ xfnwen cannot. The sentence,
~1,.¥)!:1f{$1¥J¥f1:1,@, zem.me meiy6u nl.de xiiio.xi? means "How come we haven't
heard from you?"; the sentence ~1,.¥)!:1f{$1¥JiJTilfJ zem.me meiy6u nl.de xfnwen?
would mean "How come you haven't been in the news?"
12. )!... you means "again," but only for actions that are set and unchangeable; to say
"again" for actions that are projected or anticipated, use -11} zai. Usually, this
means that )!... you is used for the present and -11} zai is used for the future:
Mii.ma you b'i. wo xue
Zhongwen .le.
WbWbJl...Ji~~'i='Jt7
Mom is pushing me to study
Chinese again.
0
Mii. ma buhui zai bl. wo xue
Zhongwen .le.
WbWb::;f~.fi}JI~~'i='Jt7
Mom won't push me to study
Chinese again.
0
But not always. )!... you can be used for the future when something is not subject
52
to change:
EA:KX:ff9=J)Cilt T
Mingtiiin you you Zhongwen ke .!e.
Tomorrow there's Chinese class
again.
0
And .jij. zai can be used for the past if someone was, at a particular past moment,
projecting something forward:
To
at :K ~ ~ i~ ~tB ::f ~ .jij. 5I :fit ~ 9=J )C
Zu6tiiin mii. ma shuo .ta buhui zai
bl. wo xue Zhongwen ./e.
13.
Yesterday
Mom
said
she
wouldn't push me to study
Chinese anymore.
*
lai here is a "dummy" verb. It stands for an earlier verbal phrase in the same
way that pronouns stand for earlier nouns. In this case the earlier verbal phrase is
i~:flt1fJ:~iH~9=J OOA shuo w6.men dou .shi Zhong.guoren.
lai as a dummy verb
can also be used before another verb. If you and your roommates are discussing
who will perform the unpleasant duty of telling the Chinese teacher that there is
too much homework, you might make the courageous offer :f!t=*~ifF1t!?. w6 lai
gao.su .tii "I'll (be the one to) tell him."
*
14. ~ ge "every" or "the various" is a determinative that precedes an AN. or a noun:
~:liE. gedi "every place," ~# gezh6ng "all kinds," ~1- gege "each one."
15. To indicate that an action is currently in progress, you can use the pattern:
Subject iEtEJJ~JL zheng .zai .nar Verb ~~M .zhe .ne
(On the use of ~.zhe, review L.2, note 3.) Depending on the emphasis of the
speaker, iE zheng, JJ~JL nar, ~.zhe and ~M.ne all can be omitted; only tE zai is
mandatory. Other examples:
~~iEtE~:liE.OO~Mo
Ba. ba zheng .zai k2m ditu . ne.
Dad's looking at the map (right
now).
Liioshf .zai shuijiao .ne.
The teacher's sleeping.
~~rp;(:E!Jj~~Mo
16. ::f{S budan "not only" is commonly linked with ITff _§. erqie or ft: _§. bingqie
"moreover" to mean "not only ... but also .... "
53
ft ~ {B is.t 1ft ~)C. mJ .§. Jlt {~ ~ »rtJ f~
Wo budlm taoyim Zhongwen, erqie
julde laoshf hen qiguai.
1St'~o
I not only can't stand Chinese,
but also find the teacher weird.
In this pattern, either ~{B budan or mJ .§. erqie (# .§. bingqie) can drop out with
no change of meaning.
17. Just as the names of states and cities can be abbreviated to X-1'1'1 zhou or X-~
cheng (review L.3, note 2), the names of countries are sometimes shortened to X00 guo. Thus ~ftt ~ yfngge/an "England" is ~ 00 Ylng.guo, and r! ~ [§ falimxf
"France" is r!OO Fa.guo. Be careful, though, because you cannot assume the
same kind of abbreviation in all cases. For example ~iiJ:tlU! Agenting "Argentina"
cannot be ~iiJOO A.guo. The ~ mei in ~00 Mei.guo comes from "America."
18. ~~ gen, which can be used to connect nouns (see L. 1, note 27), here is a "first
position verb" (followed by a main verb) and often is similar to "with" in English:
~~~ 001ii!r1:~ gen Zhong.guo zuo shengyi "do business with China."
19. ~yue, an adverb used in pairs, is often translated as "the more ... the more ... ":
Ba. ba yue bz. wo, wo yue taoyan tii.
The more Dad pushes me, the
more disgusted I get.
Tii yue tfng yue budong.
The more she listens, the less she
understands.
Laoshi yue shuo, xuesheng yue
hu.tu.
The more the teacher talks, the
more confused the students get.
ogog~;iifjt, fJt~i,>JJft1tBo
If the verb (or adjective) that follows ~ yue is negative, you will want to use "the
less" to translate into English:
~ti!.~~JT~~~~~o
The two clauses in which ~ yue appears can have the same subject (as in the
preceding examples) or different subject, as in:
~»iP~iJG~1:~m~
0
Note the position of ~ yue when a predicative complement appears:
The less I liked it, the less well I
54
w6 yue bitxthuiin, xue .de
yue buhao.
learned.
When you want to say that some action is simply getting "more and more" (or
"less and less") without measuring it against the progress of some other action,
use the "dummy" verb
Iai (see note 13 above):
*
x
Wo yue lai yue xl.huan Zhongwen.
ft~*~#x.X q.
o
I like Chinese more and more.
20. Review Lesson 1, note 15 on the use of b[j br in comparisons. A special pattern
using b[j br is:
Subject - yf-AN b[j - yf-AN Adjective
q. xi*-i* b[j -i*xi o
meaning the subject "gets more (Adjective) AN-by-AN." For example:
Zhongwen ke yi-ke br yi-ke nan.
Chinese gets harder lesson by
lesson.
Note that the tone on - yf changes according to tone sandhi rules.
21.
22.
na, when used to introduce a speaker's inference, corresponds to English
phrases like "In that case ... ," "That being so ... ," or "I can see that .... "
jJ~
wei.le corresponds to"for (the sake of)" or "in order to" in English. I.le is
a bound part of the word; don't try to analyze it as signaling a completed action or
new situation.
797
23. Here -lUI., yidiiinr is not the same as the -#.,)I., yidiiinr in Lesson 1, note 17.
There, -,~)l..,yidiiinr followed adjectives to mean "a bit more (adjective)": j(
- #.,)!.., da .yi.dianr "a bit bigger," ~f- #.,)!.., hiio .yi.dianr "a bit better." Here #.,)l..,yidiiinr precedes a noun to mean "a bit of (noun)": ~(-)#.,Ji..,q:tX. xue
(yi).dianr Zhongwen "learn a bit of Chinese"; UZ;(-)#.-1=.~ chi (yi).dianr
shengcai "eat a bit of salad"; etc.
24. ::;;f cai here is an adverb meaning "just now." It means the same as IXJIJ::;;f giingcai
"a moment ago," but IXJU::;;f giingcai is a time word and thus can be moved in front
of the subject; ::;;f cai cannot be.
IXJIJ gang can also be used to indicate that something has just happened: ftiXJtljU w6
55
gang dao "I just got here." ~lj gang is not a time word but an adverb, and hence
muse appear right before the verb. When repeated to become ~tl ~IJ ganggang, the
sense is livelier: 1-ffi~tl~tl:lt ta ganggang zou! "He just left!"
25. 11!i nin is a polite form of f$ nf "you." It implies that the person addressed has
higher social standing than the person who is speaking, and hence is used in
addressing parents, teachers, or other superiors. In traditional Northern Mandarin,
it is also widely used, just for politeness, among people who are approximately
equal in status.
26. This is the ~ cai that indicates contrast. The ~JB .ne at the end of the sentence
often accompanies it (but does not have to).
+
~>.] (Exercises)
-. Write out the characters and build a new word by adding a second character for
each of the following:
)
)_ _ _ 3.gao(
1. xuan(
)_ _ _ 2. yan(
)_ _ _
6.yi(
)___
4. jie(
)
5. ke(
)
)_ _ _ 9.kou(
7. xHlo(
)
8. jing(
)___
)_ _ _ 12.ji(
lO.ta(
)
ll.zhi(
___
___
..::.. Expand each of the following groups of expressions into coherent sentences,
adding anything else you need:
1. ilt-~~J~, 1tt.1. ~. ~ tf ~. v.~jJt
~t!. rb • ~If!
-t:;- ~ 'G1 -l1t 1
M .::Jt.
R.
2. J4
1· 5C..l7J'o-, /fJ
,~ ~~ 1"bl.
, ..;.x. or , .!IJ.. ?7J
"WJJ
3.
it JR.~ tf ~. *-*- 1,
*f~~ .~, ~ 7H&.1
1. A: 1.t-~'Jf .fij ~ 1- i~ .~1ft~*~'~?
.E... Complete the following dialogues with the given expressions:
B:C-!t*'-···.ft···,
.R~:.:··)
1.t-1n7-J 1t ~ ~.1!~ ~;tf; ~?
B: (7-J 1 · · · ;f · · · , lt_A J6 · · ·)
3. A: -k I!l M; !£iff-~ ~ 7-J 1t ~ JJ~ ~ £1!. ~?
2. A:
B:
4. A:
tf I!J at.; A. o
c~-w.···(mll)···,
J,
-~~::t-~)
.fij Jlf..;f,f
~Y?
56
B:
5. A:
Cft!*-ft!· .. , - Jt.·. ·)
1.f- iiJGlf..7-J 1 .ll~ tf ~ 1~1± ~ ;;f 'f tf :.ta~T11H
B: (1!1] , ;r-:YlA.f/-, ~)
'f!fl.
1.1-.
W.J
Fill in each of the blanks with one appropriate character:
JJj
-tf~~ ~
b
:k.';!f _ _ , _ _ tf :.ti*~A.ft!*-ft!J,
A. ~-~111 ~1.f/-'f _ _ tf :.t_ _ ~i!.~ z.
.s... • P-> -'-!1. -J;;A-."1" ... 5(_7-"'f~'FJ _ _ _ _ ,
0
____
:.r
__ tf ~a~~~- k~t- k _ _ ~i!.,
__ tf ~ A.1~± ~ r; "f lf..~ __ 1i!!.1n~;r-:-t-f,
*Jt.. + at1r.t IJ 1t z. it JR. 'f tf :.t?
*;t..*'* 4'
11 1t z.
'ftt'
*;t..n1tz. JYL-tfx..*'* 4' :.t r
~
.Ji.. Answer the following questions based on the text:
1.
2. ~~T1JT jiJ
.:t.~ in.~
3.
:.ta~A.IJ1tZ.ft!*-ft!J,?
4.
5.
6.
1.f-IJ 1t z. *:it tf :.ti*~?
~~ *?
7-J1t z. :it~£~i*~ A.1t~'f tf :.t~?
:lti*
~?
.-\.Write a short passage about each of the following:
a)
b) tf ~a~ A. o
A.lf..~1.f/-tf ~
P-> ..b • •
-J;;- -'-1'1. 1l.
- - __
T 5(., - - ' f J 1~:9
c)
tf ~ ~ ~£~
57
d) 'f tf :.t
lf..7-J
fl
r *~x.~~
+
&-*~ (CharacterTable)
~~
7IJ}-
mii
(n.)mom,mother
~~
' '
1£
ce
l2t
ttf]fr;
AN for books
q:t)C~:ffw;jfjfr
-It
$.,--
:t@
*~
mu
it
-ffJ:* muqfn
(n.) mother
)(.£]:
(n.) parents
qi
::l't~ qishi
(adv.)
fact
~
a
actually; m
bf
( v.) force; push hard
{$/F~~iJto
ji
(adv.) extremely
~ 9i11 i~f~HRtlk 1
register
(v.)
school)
(at
xuiin
(v.) to choose
~i;lxuiinke
(v.) take courses
tiio
i>f)J{ tiioyim
1$~ 1'- AJf. ii
(adj.) disgusting
mo
xf
1'- x'x. xfhuiin
(v.) like
ilt .W x'x. ~ 9=' x
l,t
jfn
(adj.) strict; tight
0
58
ttfJfr
-~
_tl:-
o
zhit
~ 9i11 ~ 1~HI.ti' o
gao
15i!F giwsit
(v.) tell
i)f
%(~
' '
i]f-
~
su
i!fi!F giwsu
(v.) tell
-&:-
-a
Wb Wb ifF fJt ' fjt:)!
~OOAo
jie
tl:!:Jf shljif~
~
tl:!:Jf~OOtl!~~oo
Ao
yfng
~00 Yfng.gu6
(n.) England
~)( Yfngwen
(n.) English
~A
,;;x:.
-v.,u
J),
ji
~Vf
...:.:r:.
~~~Vfi¥J~1:~*
~~0
yi
?(;. ~ rongyi
(adj.) easy
~ ~r!HJL
~0
'
~~
-a
9=t Jt 1~ ?G
~~
yue
~
shi
1t!:Jf. shljie
(n.) the world
ge
(pron.) each; the
varwus
fJt j: )(J\ ~ # ~ 00
~0
jfng
~~Vf jfng.ji
(n.) economy
miw
YJ1. ~ miwyi
(n.) trade
1:.~ shengyi
(n.) businesss
;ff-""'83 youyz. sz
Ji!J, ,c_,,
(adj.)
meaningful;
interesting
yi
v
'
•
ma1
(v.) buy
v•
~*~
yue laiyue
more and more
~ oo a<J~~m~*~
~~
/tZo
59
fjt~j-;;$:~)(
-t=So
,.
~
G
mru
(v.) sell
it
£b
~
11B~ 7 JJ~~LHti!OO o
Jl
•v
§ Bzijf
(pron.) self
fJt ¥i :ff :?!; 9iP ' fJt §
B~rftXo
xue
(v.) learn; study
flt1£~9=tx
x~ wenxue
0
(n.) literature
9=t ffil x ~ 1~
Jfi!I,
:ff Xl
0
geng
iJ: I;J, J§ , fJt
£ -3 xJ\ 9=t ffil x ~
To
(adv.) even more
_t 9=t x
-9:.: ~~' A,*~i-fffi, ~~7~r~!f:!Jt~<2>o
£1:: 1tM? 1fl\~7~r~!f:!Jt~?
fr.: t-t, ~~ 7 ~ r~ 9=' Jt~~L
£1: : 1/J\ /F ~1ft. Jj\ JWt ~t ~
(3)
~ 9=' Jt P,J® (4)
7?
? ~ MIJl;(£ {ftl
(5)
~@ 9=' Jt
*
(6)
fr_:~·m~~~-~oo/FM~!f:!Jt,~~/F#•~~m~~-~om
60
f:E&},j@f\t(lol'
£J::
!\t{ftl~~*9=tJt To
JJ~~f~j Jo {~-@--@-l@fU~~1~ '~'(ll)-]E1~~JI!o 1Jf/J'1tB~1§-Wf1~:
~~, 1~X(l2)* T (13)! 1~1Pt~ 9=t ~A, PJ!\t~~~Ao ~~A -ill. PI
!\t~m~9=t~A, 9=t~A~~*9=tJto
-9:.:
~*9=tJt, 1~~nJ:!!PJ®?
-BJ::
-9:.:
"~~A*9=tJt," PJ~···PJ~···~~A~1tM~*9=tXW~?
lJt1:Etlt~~(14):f:-t!I.m:ff A1:E(ls)* 9=t Jt,
~!~(17),
/G{B (l6)~~:ff A*,
~~,
B :tfs:···m:ff A*9=tJto
£J::
P~! ~PJ@?
-9:.:
9=t~AI=I1~~, ~~~, Ji~1~~Ji, N~(ls)9=t~A1~~~1¥JII%~
-*~(19)~, JiJT~*9=tJti¥JA-IE.~-:JCI:t-:JC<2o)~ 7
HJ::
-9:.:
o
J3~(21)1~~~ 7 (22)~*9=t~1~Ji:tf~*9=tx8"J~?
JJ~{ftl/G Jl.1~, !\t-fE.1~~~*-~liJL(23) 9=t ljB"JJJf~fOJt*o
-BJ::~~~~*T, ~m~B~9=t~ATo
-9:.:.,!\t/G~~oom~~~,f\t~~~A~?~~A*9=t)C~~:ff
61
(Ji) ~~lmJliA?
-k: -lllb , 4-- ~ J:. 'f k i)ft, :t- Yip f~ ~ ;1f ~~ ;1[ ct> 'f .:t.~ ~ , ~ iJL ~
aJ.J
'f .:t.~ ~ J1~ F* -k 1. ···o
~:~~~ ~{f.J'fj:_~~~~~-k1.~o
*=
:t- Yip 5lcz> 101 ~ , " -k 1."
-k: JJ~ ~ , .~« cs) 'f ~ A al.j iJL
~= .~« ~ 1n
.Li*
;t-y;p
'f ~A aviJL
*,
~ PJJ~ ~
*,
shangke
laoshr
X.
you
I'Ul
wen
;tr ii:;tJ
youmeiyou
+~ , .t. ~ 'ey av ,
~ ~ PJl~ JL A~?
~~ :Jt P}]~ JLA, 1~
n.
-r iJG:JtPJJ~
v.
hold class; go to class
adv.
teacher
v.
62
~ ;r,t lE1
again
ask
have or not? are there?
JLA(6),
Cli) ~~llYJIIA?
Diwu ke
Wo shi Sichuanren?
Nti: Ma, jintian shang Zhongwen ke, Hiosh1 wen wo you.mei.you Zhongwen ming.zi,
wo shuo wo.de Zhongwen ming.zi jiao Chen Meisheng ...
Mil: Shi.a! NLde Zhongwen ming.zi shi jiao Chen Meisheng .a.
Nti: Uiosh1 wen wo, "Meisheng" .shi nei liang.ge zi, zem.me xie.de, wo .jiu huida .bu
chiilai .le, zhen buhaoyi.si.
Mil:
6, "Mei" jil.shi
"~igu6" .de "Mei ," "sheng" jiU.shi "ch1sheng" .de "sheng ."
Yinwei rl .shi zai Meigu6 chiisheng .de, suoy1 wo.men gei n1 q1 .le zhei.ge
ming.zi.
Nti: Ma, wo.men .shi niir ren .ne?
Mil: N1 ba.ba .shi Sichuanren, ma.ma .shi Guangdongren.
Nti: .Na.me, zhao Zhong.guoren .de shuo.fa, wo .shi nar ren .ne?
Mu: Zhao Zhong.guoren .de shuo.fa, ba.ba .shi nar ren, hai.zi jiu.shi nar ren, suoy1 n1
ye .shi Sichuanren.
~~
ming.zi
n.
name
!1~
jiao
v.
call; be called; tell
v.
Chinese character; word
write
v.
adj.
answer; respond
v.
embarrassing
prep./v.
be born
~
~
@].%:.
a
'§};
n.
zi
xie
huida
~-:kt:f; .'&
buhaoyi.si
ili~
chusheng
~h..
-o
fk
gei
1'\J:l
q1 ming.zi
~~~
nar
uJJ~JL
r~A
Jlf*A
guangdongren
iJU!
~¥£
shuo.:Ia
.~R · · · a~ iJU!
JH\
1~-f-
8~ ..
·1¥1 ~}l; ¥£
I=J
v.-o.
QW
n.
n.
for; to/give
give a name; pick a
name
where?
Cantonese people
way of saying; opinion
zhao ... de shuo.fa
according to ... 's opinion
hai.zi
child
n.
63
Cli) ~~ll!JJIIA?
;::;._ 1t ~(13) 1~ {r ~ 1"f; 11~ o
-HJ:-: *J-11~, *J-11~, 1~ al.j ~ 1"f; $.- ~ !
i!
il
Han
~~
neng
'f.(Jt.)
sm'm( .shi)
it
4.-~it
~iS"
i!*-
1!!
~
guo
hui
::f~
buguo
&t~~
dianhua
)it*
jinlai
aJJ~
mingtian
*
zai
nin
.fr
cta
,f~
·~
conj.
aux.
v.
aux.
conj.
n.
v.
n./time
word
adv.
pron.
v.
64
even
can; may; could
be considered
verbal suffix for past experience
know how to; can
but; however
phone call; telephone
come in
tomorrow
agam
you (a respectful form)
dial or call (on phone)
(Ji) !2R: 1m JII A?
Nil: Ma, wo lian Sichuan zai nar dou bU.zhidao, wo zem.me neng suan.shi
Sichuanren .ne?
Mii: Qishi, wo ye mei qu.guo Gangdong, ye buhui shuo Guangdonghua, buguo wo
hai.shi shuo wo.shi Guangdongren.
Nil: Ma, bilneng gen nin duoshuo .le, hciiyou yi.ge dianhua yao jin.lai .ne, wo mingtian
zai gei nin da dianhua .ba.
Mii: Hao.ba, hao.ba, ni.de dianhua zhen duo.
+ Grammar Notes
1.
Here a choice-type question (:ff~:ff you mei.you ... ?) produces the effect of the
English word "if' (or "whether"):
~ r'QJ flt:ff ~ :ff q:t Jt~ =¥ o
Ta wen .wo you mei.you Zhongwen
ming.zi.
She asked if (or whether) I had a
Chinese name.
*
It is important to distinguish this "if' from the "if' of "if... then ... ," which in
ruguo and logically is something entirely
Chinese is ~ ~ yiw.shi or :tllJ
different. Study the different "if's in the following examples, and note how
Chinese and English correspond:
flt~~m~:ff~:ffq:tx~=¥: ~~~
:ff, fltffJS*~11B~-1' o
I don't know if he has a Chinese
name; if he doesn't, we should give
him one.
1~~ r'QJ r'QJ~~~~lf~fitffJ-~*:
Go ask her if she wants to come
with us; if she does, tell her to
Wo buzhfdiw ta you mei.you Zhongwen
ming.zi; yiw.shi mezyou, wo.men
yfnggai gei .ta qfyi.ge.
:tllJ
Nr qu wen. wen .ta yew . bu.yao gen
wo.men yiqr /eli; ruguo yao, jiao .ta
kuai .dian tai.
*~' rJ4:ruB•tj(,~*o
65
hurry.
2.
3.
4.
Xyou, as we saw in Lesson 4, note 12, can mean "again." Sometimes, such as
here, it means something a bit weaker than "again." The teacher did not do the
same thing again (that is, ask the very same question), but asked a related question.
X you, therefore, means something like "went on to ...."
All four syllables of :lf'"tkf;@:}j!!, buhdoyi.si "embarrassing" act as a single adjective.
Thus: f![ :If' ~f;@: ,lj!!, hen buhdoyi.si "very embarrassing"; :If' ~f;@: ,lj!!, ;f,& T
buhdoyi.si jf.le "extremely embarrassing." Note also: ;m 1,. M;@: ,lj!!, zem.me
hdoyi. si? "how can it not be embarrassing?"
This sentence illustrates the standard way in which
JilT !U- suo.yi "therefore" work together. Note:
129:7'1 yfn.wei "because" and
1) In English, either "because" or "therefore" is used in such sentences, but not
both. In Chinese, it is all right to use both, or either of the two.
2) When the two clauses of such sentences have different subjects, the pattern is:
129 :7'1 yfn. wei Subject 1 Predicate 1, JilT !U- suo.yi Subject 2 Predicate 2
129 :7'1 {$ ~ tE ~ 00 te 1:.1¥1 ' JilT !U- !It{!']~
{$tEQ T i2s:1--~*o
Yfnwei nl.shi ziti Meigu6 chusheng
.de, su6ylw6.men gei nl ql.le
zhei.ge mfng.zi.
Because you were born in America,
we gave you this name.
When the subject is the same, the pattern is:
Subject
129 :7'1 yfn. wei Predicate 1 Jiff !U- suo.yi Predicate 2
~129:7'l~tt~oote1:.1¥J, m!U-~~x
Nl yfn. wei .shi .zai Mei.guo
chusheng. de, suo.yi you Yfng. wen
mfng.zi.
~*0
Because you were born in America,
you have an English name.
3) To say, "The reason for X is that Y," you can reverse the order of the
yfn. wei and Jiff !U- suo.yi clauses and insert ~.shi before 129 :7'1 yfn. wei:
{$JilT !U- 114 i2s: -t- ~ *~ 129 :7'1 {$ ~ tE~ 00
Nl suo.yi jiao zhei.ge mfng.zi shi
yfn.wei nl.shi .zai Mei.guo
te 1:.1¥10
66
129:7'1
The reason why you are called this
name is that you were born in
America.
(1i) !ft~[!JJIIA?
chusheng .de.
5.
6.
~~zhao, originally a verb meaning "shine" or "project," here means "according
to." Note, however, that in English you can say "according to you" or "according
to her," but in Chinese you cannot say ~~f$ zhao nr or ~~~tB zhao ta. You have to
say ~~f$1¥Jff~ zhao nl.de kim.fa "according to your opinion," ~~1ti!I¥J~J)i!.
zhao ta .de yi.jian "according to his ideas," or the like.
-fg-{g:J!ll)j~JLA. ~-=fmc:J!ll)j~JLA ba.ba .shi niir ren, hai.zijiu.shi niir ren
"wherever the father is from, the children are from." One way to say "wherever,"
"whenever," "whomever," etc. in Chinese is to use the same question word in
adjacent clauses, with mGjiu ("then") frequently appearing in the second clause.
For example:
Nr chf shem.me, w6jiu chf shem.me.
I'll eat whatever you eat.
Nanpeng.you jl-diiin dao, t6ngwu jiu
jl-diiin z6u.
The roommate leaves at whatever
hour the boyfriend arrives.
f$11Z; ft i,. fltmt I1Z; ft i,.
~ M15tJL 2
0
¥0 IEJ §[me JL f.~UE:
o
The question word does not have to be the same part of speech in its two
appearances.
it iJt 111! /F X1"' 1llimt1E ill¥1 $ 7f ¥0 ~
He drives into the sea the car of
whomever says he is incorrect.
Shei shuo .ta budui, .tajiu bii shei .de
che kiii dao haill.tou .qu.
][~~0
7.
l! /ian "include" can pair with W dou to mean "even." A common pattern is:
l!itHt 1¥1 ~~ W·ll
J! /ian Subject W dou Verb
Lian zui man .de xue.sheng dou dong.
Even the slowest students understand.
o
Another pattern is:
Subject
l! /ian Object W dou Verb
61¥1~*W/F~~ o
Ta /ian zijr .de ming.zi dou buhui
xie.
111!3! §
He can't even write his own
name.
67
(Ji) ~~ll9JliA?
The object in the above pattern can be a whole sentence:
:f!tatEi ~ 1£ P}j~ JL:m/F ~ J:![
Wolian sitshe zai nar dou bitzhfdao.
When the verb is negative,
I don't even know where the
dorm is.
o
ill ye "also" can substitute for :m dou:
Lian liioshf ye bitdong.
a~ WiJ ill /F ·11 o
rrn
Not even the teacher understands.
~~a J'' i!ill/F~ill
Ba. ba !ian Si. chuanhua ye buhui
shuo.
8.
9.
Dad can't even speak Sichuanese.
0
• suan "calculate, reckon" appears in words like
suanshit "calculating
techniques-mathematics" and
suanpan "calculating dish-abacus." PJ t;I.
-~key{ suan.shi can link nouns to mean that one "can be regarded" as the other:
:f!tPJ t;l.•~rrn Jll A wo keyf suan.shi Si.chuanren "I can be regarded as
Sichuanese." To say one thing cannot be regarded as the other, use /Ff.i~-~
bitneng suan.shi: :f!t/FF.i~-~)*A wo bitneng suan.shi Guangdongren "I can't
be regarded as Cantonese."
•=*
•:&
:i1 guo, a verb meaning "cross" or "pass," can be used as a verbal suffix, always
pronounced in the neutral tone, to mean "have had the experience of (once or
more times)":
:fit rJZ; :i1:ft!Iff
Wo chf.guo 16ngxili.
I have eaten lobster.
0
The choice-type question using
:i1 guo takes the form:
Subject Verb :U~~ .guo.mei.you?
Has Subject ever Verbed?
{$ rJZ; :U:ft!lff ~ ~ ?
Nf chf.guo 16ngxili .mei.you?
Have you ever eaten lobster?
(Note the similarity of this pattern to that using the completed action
note 2.)
7 .le, L. 4,
The positive answer to questions of the above form is "Subject Verb :i1 .guo";
the negative answer is "Subject ~ mei (or ~ff mei.you) Verb :i1 .guo." Note
that the negative answer, which keeps the :i1 .guo, is DIFFERENT from the
corresponding pattern using 7 ./e:
68
Gi) ft~llYJ!IA?
Wo mei chf longxiii.
I didn't eat lobster.
Wo mei chf.guo longxiii.
I've never eaten lobster.
ft ¥9: nz:te:!lrF
0
ft¥9:nztt:te:!lrF
0
Note: In addition to its use as a suffix, M guo can be used as a complement (L. 1,
note 24) in sentences such as: 4-:XEJ<J1Rft~M7 jfn.tian .de biw wo kim-guo .le
"I've finished reading today's newspaper." You should keep these two uses
distinct in your mind.
10. Verb-Object compounds. iR)*i;5 shuo Guiingdonghua "speak Cantonese" is a
verb plus an object. Without the modifier )
Guiingdong, however, iJt i-5
shuo-hua by itself is something slightly different. It is called a "verb-object
compound" and corresponds to the intransitive verb "speak" in English.
(Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take objects; it would be awkward to
translate iJt i-5 shuo-hua as "speak words.") Other common verb-object
compounds are nzt.& chz-fon "eat," IW'JR: shui-jiao "sleep," and ~-¥ xie-zi
"write."
*
w:h w:h IW 'JR: o
Mii.ma shui-jiao.
Mom is sleeping.
Ba. ba chz-fon.
Dad is eating.
Mei.mei xie-zi.
Little sister is writing.
1£1£ nz t.&
0
P*P*~¥0
These sentences don't raise the questions "sleeping what?", "eating what?", or
"writing what?". 'JJJ:.jiao, 'c.&flm and -¥ zi are "dummy objects." If you do want
to specify an object, you have to modify the dummy objects or replace them with
specific objects:
w:h ~l?J IW tr 'JR: o
Mii.ma shui wujiao.
Mom's taking a midday nap.
Ba. ba chf longxiii.
Dad's eating lobster.
Mei.mei xie Zhong. guo zi.
Little sister's writing Chinese
characters.
1£1£nz:te:!lrF
0
!J*!J*~~OO¥o
When a verb that normally takes an object appears without one, the effect is the
69
(Ji) :flt~llYJiiA?
same as using the pronoun "it" in English. Study these pairs of sentences:
nz; tffi.
W6 xiiing chz-fon.
fit~&!
I'd like to eat.
0
flt~ltnzo
W6 xiiing chi.
I'd like to eat it.
Jjlji~i?i!
Bie shuo-hua I
Don't talk!
Jjtl~!
Bie shuo I
Don't say it!
Ta yao . wo xie-xin .gei . ta.
She wanted me to write her a
letter.
But I didn't write it.
~~fjtEJ{§~~o
Klshi w6 mei xie.
PJ ~fjt~EJo
Never add
B .ta to mean "it." That would be borrowing too much from English.
If you want to say things like "You write well" or "She speaks quickly"
(intransitively), use the "predicative complement" introduced in Lesson 4, note 9
with the verb-object compound added as follows:
Subject Verb-Object Verb 1Jif. .de (1~ .hen or other modifier) Adjective
{$EJ::f:EJ1Jif-1~M-o
Nr xie-zi xie .de hen hao.
You write well.
Ta shuo-hua shuo . de hen kuai.
She speaks quickly.
~m i~ i!i~ 1Jit-1~ ·!*
0
The verb in the verb-object can drop out with no difference in meaning:
{$::f:EJ1Jif-1~M-o
Nr zi xie .de hen hiio.
You write it well.
Tii hua shuo .de hen kuai.
She speaks quickly.
~ i!i~ 1Jit-1~ ·!*
0
If you leave out the first verb-object entirely, the sense ofthe main verb becomes
transitive and usually requires an "it" for English translation:
Nfxie .de hen hao.
{$ EJ 1Jit-1~M-
You wrote it well.
0
70
Cii) ~~I!YJIIA?
Tii shuo .de .hen kuai.
She said it very quickly.
~iJH~11.H~o
11. ~ duo "much, many" and
also function as adverbs:
~ ~JT
d> shao "little, few," which are usually adjectives, can
duo tfng
listen more (to something)
d>iJt-0 shao shuo-hua
talk less
duo chz shengcai, shao chz longxiii
~ llZ 1::~,
d> ~Z; :ft!lfF
eat more salad, less lobster
Be sure not to follow English word order in such sentences. Ill;~- 21::~ chz
duo .yi.dian shengcai is Chinglish; say ~Ill;- 21::~ duo chz .yi.dian shengcai.
12. A final ~m.ne often accompanies sentences that use ~ hai "still." It suggests
addition to what is already an excess-here, that many phone calls have come in,
and yet one more is going to come.
13. ~ gei "give" can be used to introduce what English grammar calls "indirect
objects." ~g. gei and its object often come either before or after the verb:
(gei nin) da dianhua (gei nin)
call you on the phone
(gei .ta) xie-xin (gei .ta)
write her a letter
( ~1(!; ) 1T ~ i! ( ~1(!; )
c~~) ~f§ c~~tln
~ gei (somebody)
:W kim is the standard way to say "show to (somebody)";
~~tB:W~I¥J 8 iC. w6 gei .ta kim w6 .de riji "I showed her my diary."
14. U(g . ba, which appears at the ends of sentences, has two different uses. After
declarative sentences, it is similar to the English "I suppose" or "probably":
~tttf1f3~U(g?
Xuexiao you sitshe .ba?
The school has dormitories, I
suppose?
Tii bu.shi Zhong.guoren .ba?
She's not Chinese, is she?
~tB::f~ 9=t 00 AU~?
After verbs (with or without objects), it means "let's ... " or "how about ... ?":
UZ;t,&u~! Chz-fon .ba!
Let's eat!
71
~
Gi) ft~lillJ!IA?
Miimtiao bithiiochi, chi bmgqflfn . ba.
oo ~:iF ~f nz, nz i'7J<m¥tf p~
The noodles don't taste good;
how about having ice cream?
0
When ~£ hai.shi appear before a verbal phrase, and either P~ .ba or M hiio at
the end, the sense is "it would be better (after all, all things considered) to [verb]."
Such sentences are used after the speaker has carefully considered alternatives and
finally picked one: ~£11ZI'7J<m#*P~ hai.shi chi blngqflfn .ba "let's have ice
cream after all."
•
~;j (Exercises)
-. Word-building exercises:
_ _ A., _ _ A., _ _ A., _ _ A., _ _ A.,
A.
_ _ I!l' _ _ I!l, _ _ I!l, _ _ I!l, _ _ I!l'
l¥l
__ .:t., __ .:t., __ .:t., __ .:t., __ .:t., __ .:t.
__ i*, __i*-, __i*-, __i*-, __i*-, __i*
-~' _ _ ijf-, __ llk, _.t _ _ , aA _ _
Bi_ _ , 1~_ _ , )(__ , F1t __ , m_,
~
0
,
..,,
,
_
_
iff/,
{~
,
at
--·~
__ ir~, - -1·1''
1 --~' __ iJF, :It
:If..
..>l;-
·~--'
--*'"'
__ __ __
.n.
=·Make sentences with the underlined expressions:
1. ~~;)ti1JJ~JLA., 1~-J-;f,t;)ti1JJ~JLA.o (orother: ... QW ... , ... QW ... )
2. .~« tF !¥l A. 61.] -iJUt- , 1-t -~!!.. !if v.:-{ ;)t ~ Jlj A. o
3. ~1m$~:±: *:t-g;p a'.] f.iJ M, -It-~#~ .'&o (or: V 1-1-1~ :±: *)
1--*'-,
5. )(.fJ:"~~jlj 1
4.
~;f,t5l~1~1fl.tr 1 1'--t.~o
~-tt~.t-!-l±r?t., -tt~i'-iJLrlt-1~, ~l±~iai:ltiJL~Jtrlt.A.o
tF I!l$t~1~1fl.tr1'-t.~,
.=.. Translate the following into Chinese:
1. Even if your father is an American, in an American's opinion, you do not
necessarily have to be an American.
72
(Ji) !lt~IZYJIIA?
2. He doesn't even know his own Chinese name, but he still thinks he is a real
Chinese.
3. When you were born, we gave you a Chinese name. Later, since we lived in
America, we felt it would be better for you to have an English name.
4. The teacher asked me ifl have an English name. I told her I was born in China and
asked her if she could give me an English name.
IZY. Rewrite the text, changing it from dialogue to essay form.
Ji. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a)
b)
M...Z~
+ &*~
'fi:.J)£~~~
c)
~,J,at1rl
d)-1.itj='i:_:;tg;p
(CharacterTable)
*I~I:}
~~
.......-p
EI*
xie
kfr
(v.) write
~
t::r
hiio
(adj.) good
9=' Jt iJH~ ~f
tl::
gei
(prep.) for; to
~~rp~ftjfg~*
~
(v.) give
~ftjJ~*45
73
da
(v.) answer
§I~
chu
(v.) go out; come out
tf1 ~ chu.qit
tf1
*
chu. /ai
q[
(v.) give (a name)
jfg~*
i!-
fa
1~
(n.) child
(Ji) ~~ll!IJIIA?
~
a~
''''
~~
~
*
dong
(n.) east
13*1£9='~!¥3*
liDo
(Japan lies to the
east of China.)
zhao
(prep.) according to
~~1m EJ<J iJt ¥£ •
b~~)C~~o
neng
(aux.)
could
can;
9=' x
kfr
may;
:fit~~ iJt- R, 9=' )(
EJ
71-
0
dian
(n.) electricity
(We could not do
anything
without
electricity.)
*
iwf@; M iJt- {J\
1ffi
¥.i :ff ~:fit 1fJ 1t1,. =m
/F~~fi't{
0
zai
(adv.) again
(Please
again.)
say
0
~~
it
74
ill.¥! shuofii
(n.) way of saying
hai
~-f- hai.zi
suan
(v.) be considered
1iB·Jl:~~AU!?J?
lai
(v.) come
~ ~1fl\~~*U!?i?
nin
(pron.)
you
respectful form)
1@;Jl:PJ1~ JLA?
(a
CJ.i) !Jt~ll!JJIIA?
}7:. : ~~,
~
£1::
A,:kJ: 9=' Jt~,
*
~4 !)t~j:: ...
~n~~!
£1::
~'
fJG ~fJG l¥1 9=' Jt
0
{fl\8"1 9=' Jt~ *~~4 !)t~j::n~~
}7:. : ~ l5rJj X (2) F~~ fJG,
*'
~ 8r!W~~ fJG~ & ~ (1) 9=' Jt ~ *,
" ~ 1:. "
J{./f~f~,~'(3)
~ 191~ ~ 100 *
0
, ;t; ~ ~ l¥1 , fJGJWt @1 ~ /F ttl
0
"~" Wt~ "~ ~"
l¥1 ~' "1:."
Wt~
" ttl 1:." l¥1 1:.0 1!1 ~
~~a~~ttl1:.l¥J, m~wf3G~M~~7~~~*0
}7:.: ~~, fJGfr~~IW~;LA~Jt?
£1::
{fj\.g.g~[9JIIA, P.~~~*Ao
}7:.: Jj~~' ~~<5>4'~A8"J~rt, fJG~IW~;LA~Jt?
£1::
~~fJGfr~'i=' ~AB"J~rt, .g.g~IW~;LA, ~rJWG~I9J~;LA<6>, ?JT~{fl\~
~[9JliAo
}7:.: ~~,
fJGJ£[9; ''a~W~JL :W(7)/F~ni!§L
fJG;t;~~~-(8)~[9 Jll A~Jt?
£1:: ;ttjlf, :fiG ill& ~:i&J(9}Jjf 3lt ill/F~~- *~IS (lo), /F:i&J:JJGJft~~:JJG~
}jf*Ao
}7:.: ~~, /F~~R~f~$oo~7, )g~~fOO~~IS~:ll-*~Jt<l2), fJG~:kNMo3>
f~tT~~I!fP~o
75
JtJ(l)-l!!·~
( ~if;# P cz) , ~if; ;Jt --t ··· "~it Flf. -k 1. (3)' J]t{±. ~ 1±. £
-t- .2. ,
~*4~~~ff;, ~~-T~~~~ff;~~' ~-@1*~~
W>.. .{~
r,:;'}
.~ ~ (5)
...-p
.h -":t't!J ·yp
0
" )
{±. •ti: (8) Jt~ (9) 1t ~
0
X.: T 1Kcto)1'~ IOJ IOJctt)~:Jl~:Jl;ff !3 JJ)=J~ 1
]lj
bie
,;h!.·..:;
ijJL.\
danxin
#
~~
-::(
ling
fo (-t)
!f! ({f)
sheng(yin)
;Jt-t
~{f
Iuyin
£1-
wii.zi
)~}k
meita
{{. ~1&" ~~~~
jie dianhua
it
ttr
~
pf.J
q1ng
liuxia
adv.
v.
o
don't
worry
n.
bell
n.
n.
v.
n.
sound
(telephone) recording
record (sound)
V.-0.
answer phone calls
room
no way; can't
aux.
v.
please; request
leave (message, etc.); stay (behind)
76
Di Iiu ke
Bie danxin
(Dianhua lingsheng, dianhua luyin ... "Wo .shi Chen Meisheng, xianzai bilzai wii.zi II,
mei Ia jie nin.de dianhua, qing nin liu.xia xingming he dianhua haoma, wo yi
huihii .jiu gei nin hui dianhua.")
Mii: NI kan, .dou kuai shierdian .le, Meisheng hai buzai wii.zi II, buzhidao zhengtian
zai mang .xie shem.me.
Fu: Xia.ci ni wen. wen ta shi.bu.shi you nanpeng.you .le.
Mu: Wo wen.guo tajici .le, ta dou shuo mei.you.
M.-£
@1*-
~;;J;
lElt.-i-6
-5
'"""'
xingming
5JJE~,®
@]*
haoma
@1'~~15
hui.dianhua
!~
dian
huilai
1f)(_
zhengtian
'ti:
mang
Jtl:.
xie
r**-
xiaci
J3 JJJL~.
ci
:W!.
JL
ta
nanpeng.you
~
Jl
•v
n.
full name
n.
v.
number
time
word
adj.
AN for counting hours on the clock
v.-o.
time
word
AN for
verbs
pron.
n.
come back; return
call back
all day long; the whole day; always
busy
"plural" AN
next time
time; instance
she; her
boyfriend
det.
several; a few
77
*f }1(14) lk ~ 1"{; ~:kt
0
~:~~~o:kt~X~~~' ~~~M~o
(17) /.) (18)
:kt ~* ,.:_; ~?
Ja 2/- , ~1! ~(20) 1-tt 1n ~ ~ ~ 11~?
~= ~~.t.e ,.:_;-_kt*~~t+>'r ~A.., JJ~ Pfc21)'-t ~
X.:
"~t+>'r~A..?
"
9J. I11"J?
{±.*~, i'fic22)~,r~A.. 11l"rl
1\.;-0
1i.
xin
v.
time
word
believe
J::.;k.
shangci
@]~
huijia
V.-0.
go home; return home
1i.
zhu
v.
stay; live
~
tian
% MJ
-M-JL
min.de
n.
day
0
/'\
~~
haojl
zhl
n. or AN
last time
male; man
quite a few
adv.
only; just
78
JJlJ-.t.e-
Fu: Wo cai bllx.in .ne! Shang.ci huijia zhu.le liangtian, you .ge min.de yitian da.le
haojrci dianhml .gei .ta.
Mii: Wo zhi.dao. Ta shuo zhr .shi t6ngxue, bu.shi nanpeng.you.
Fu: Nan t6ngxue ye hao, nanpeng.you ye hao, dou.shi ta zijr .de shir, hebi wei.ta
caoxin .ne?
Mii: Bie .de wo dao budanxin, jiu.shi danxin ta hmiiyiln, hmii.le yiln hai zem.me nian
shu.ne?
Fu: Fangxin .ba! Ta.men dong.de b1 wo.men duoduo.le. Xianzai lian zhongxuesheng
dou hui biyiln, nandao ta.men hai .buhui .rna?
Mii: Wo hai danxin ta yao.shi jia.ge wai.guoren, na ke zem.me ban a?
Fu: "Jia.ge wai.guoren?" Zai Meigu6, shei .shi wai.guoren a! Bie---dan---xin---.
•
... '*
1PT .;L;
;~.;
shi
hebi
~···!*
wei. .. caoxin
n'J a~
bie.de
·~ZJL
huaiyiln
.b.-k
nianshu
~~17
fangxin
dong
biyiln
nandao
yao.shi
.t, z. i}]~ ;&Jlf¥JJ¥
•
jr 00 A )tr ~A
j~
wai.guoren
zem.meban
shui
n.
QW
v.
things; matters; business
why must? why bother?
worry for
n.
V.-0 .
v.-o.
v.-o.
v.
V.-0.
conj.
v.
n.
other (things)
be pregnant
study
don't worry; lit.: put down the heart
know; understand
avoid pregnancy; practice birth
control
do you mean to say that ... ?
if
marry (a man)
foreigner
QW
79
what to do? what can be done?
who
+ Grammar Notes
1.
JJIJ
bie here is a contraction of ~ bit + ~ yao, meaning "don't" as an imperative:
~~1!! 'L'IJJtlt!! 'L'
bityao diinxfn I bie diinxfn
don't worry
bityao shuo I bieshuo
don't say it
~ ~ iJl/ JJIJ iJl
J3tl bie cannot be used for the other meaning of
2.
3.
4.
~~ bityao,
meaning "not want."
F" sheng is an abbreviation for the full word F if shengyfn "sound" or "voice."
Note that in English we say, "This is so-and-so," but in Chinese "I am so-and-so."
Don't say"~~ zhe .shi ... " to tell who you are.
- yf and 1JJt}iit can be paired to mean "as soon as" or "whenever" in sentences of
.the pattern:
Subject - yfVerb 1 JiJt}iit Verb 2
Tii yi dao xuexiao .jiu xiiingjiii.
He felt homesick as soon as he
got to school.
Wo yi chijl.jiu tit.
I vomit whenever I eat chicken.
1m -~IJ?!ft~ffJtt~~
ft- oz x¥?, ffJt 11±
0
0
When two different subjects are involved, the pattern is:
Subject 1 - yfVerb 1, Subject 2 1JJt}iit Verb 2
Tii yi jinlai jiit zhf. dao tii shi shei.
1m -:itt* ftfJJt~o J1l 1m~ it
5.
6.
As soon as he came in I knew
who he was.
0
@] hui normally means "return to (a place)": @] ~ 00 hui ZIVnggu6 "return to
China"; @1 ~ hui-jiii "go home"; etc. The normal word for "return (something)"
is ~ huan: ~~ huan slii "return books"; ~ftl¥J:Wj~ huan wo .de giingbf
"return my pen"; etc. Here @1 It i! hui dianhua "return a phone call" is a special
use.
This use of 1'l'~ dou, which seems to be derived from 3i ··· ~ lian ... dou
"even ... (to the point of)," has approximately the same sense here as English
80
"already" or "right to the point of."
7.
·tR: kuai, ~ yao, or ·tR:~ kuaiyao, with a new situation
clause, means "about to" or "almost":
·tR:~ _t i51! 7
9.
10.
.le at the end of the
Kuaiyao shang-ke .le.
Class is about to begin.
~A~*7o
Ke.ren yao lai ./e.
Guests are coming.
Kuai xia-yu ./e.
It's about to rain.
·tR:~ffi7
8.
7
0
0
·tt mang "busy," normally an adjective, here is used as a transitive verb meaning
"busy oneself with": 1fl\·tt{t~ nfmang shem.me? "What are you busy with?"
xie "a few, some" is an AN of an indefinite number. It often follows
determinatives: ~®A zhei .xie ren "these people"; ]~®~~ nei .xie yngbr
"those pens"; 19J~® nei .xie "which ones?" It can also follow - yzto mean a few:
::fJUi~1~$, PJ ~~ -® wo meiyou .hen duo, ke.shi you yi xie "I don't have
many, but do have a few." The example in the text is -® yi xie with the - yz
omitted.
®
'/!X ci counts instances of verbs the way ANs count instances ofnouns. Like ANs,
it can follow a number or determinative: Ii {jz wu ci "five times," ~ {jz zhei ci
"this time"; etc.
_t shang "up" and ~ xia "down" can mean "last" and "next": _t -1'- jj shang .ge
yue "last month"; ~(-1'-)tUl- xia (ge) lbaiyz "next Monday"; _t{jz shang ci
"last time"; ~ {jz xia ci "next time"; etc. (Imaginary time lines seem to go
downward in Chinese.)
11. fJl)(-)li:lJ wen (yi) wen, literally "ask an asking," is softer and gentler than just
plain fll] wen. It has somewhat the flavor of ''just try asking" in English. - .yi
can drop out, and the pattern can apply to many other verbs: i;?. i;?. shuo.shuo "try
saying"; trtr EE!. i! dii.da dianhua "try calling"; and so on.
The sense of"try (and see what happens)" is strengthened when ~kiln is added:
§]§]~ xie.xie.kan "try writing (and see what happens)"; ~~~ zuo.zuo.kan "try
sitting"; etc.
12.
:::t cai here indicates emphasis. Depending on intonation, the emphasis can be on
the predicate ("I don't believe it") or on the subject ("1, for one, don't believe it").
P~ .ne normally follows at the end of the sentence.
81
13. Note that -*.,yi-tiiin here means "in a day" or "per day"; it does not mean "one
day," which would be fl"-*., you yi-tiiin.
14.
P:f hiio "good" can precede
P:f JL-1'hiioji.ge "quite a few," PJ JL-1'- A haoji.ge ren "quite a few people," PJ JLiJ\
Jl,jf "a few" and an AN to mean "many":
hiiojlci "quite a few times." Note that in English we also say, "a good number .... "
15. X
illPJ ye hiio, Y illPJ ye hiio has the sense of"it doesn't matter if it is X or Y."
16. § C. zijl "oneself' often attaches to a noun or pronoun: ~tB § C. tii zijl "she
herself," ~~rp §C. liioshl zijl"the teacher himself," and so on. It can also be used
independently in pairs:
Liioshz zai ketang.shang zijl gen zijl
shuo-hua.
~~rp1£i3t§t:__t § BJE~ §C. iJH'iS o
The teacher is in the classroom
talking to himself.
§ c. iJi 1¥1 t5 § C. :IF 'tl
Zijl shuo .de hua zijl budong.
He doesn't understand what he
himself is saying.
0
17. {rif !.16' hebi [predicate] P~ .ne? "what need is there to [predicate]?" is used only in
rhetorical questions. The meaning here is equivalent to "there's no need to worry."
18.
79 wei "for" precedes nouns. Adding a T .le, 79 T wei.le "for the sake of' or "in
order to" can precede predicates (see L.4, note 22).
19. In Lesson 1, note 15, we saw ~t bl comparing nouns. ~t bl can also compare
verbs using a predicative complement (L.4, note 9):
Subject 1 Verb
f¥}
.de ~t blSubject 2 Adjective
Tii. men dong .de bl wo. men duo
duo.le.
1tM!'J'tlf¥t~tfJt11'J$$ 7
They understood much more than
we did.
o
If the verb has an object, use the pattern:
Subject 1 Verb-Object Verb
~ iJi i'iSiJi f¥} ~t f$ ·tR
f¥}
Tii shuo-hua shuo .de bl nl kuai.
.de ~t blSubject 2 Adjective
She speaks faster than you.
0
Or the alternative pattern:
Subject 1 Verb-Object ~t blSubject 2 Verb
82
f¥}
.de Adjective
~!B iJ?. i! t~ f$ i5l f~ -1;1~ o
Tii shuo-hua bl nf shuo .de kuai.
She speaks faster than you.
The verb can be understood in these patterns:
Tii hua shuo .de br nf kuai.
~ i!iJ?. f~ tt {$ ·19(
20.
xiii[ nandao, paired with llfb
.ma? at the ends of sentences, is similar to English
"Can it be that ... ?" or "Do you mean to say that ... ?." xiii[ nandao can come
either before or after the subject; the sentence in the text could also have been 1t!?.
1fJxtii[~:lf'~llfb tii.men nandao hai .buhui .ma?
21. Here
do?"
22.
She speaks faster than you.
0
PJ ke is used for emphasis, especially of the subject: "Then what would we
il shei is normally used in the object (or predicate nominative) position: f$-1-x.X
il nr xf.huan shei? "Whom do you like?"; 1t!?.RHl ta .shi shei? "Who is he?"
When used in the subject position, il shei means "who?" in the sense of "which
ones?": il~)ri-OOA shei .shi wai.guoren "Who (which ones) are the foreigners?"
83
+
~ >.1 (Exercises)
- . Translate the following into Chinese:
1. leave your name and phone number
2. no way to not be pregnant
3. don't know how to practice contraception
4. to marry a foreigner with blue eyes
5. to call quite a few times a day
6. to worry about you the whole day
7. not to be at home for a few days
8. to give birth to a foreign-looking child
.=.Complete the dialogues with the given expressions:
1. A: .!IE. ir~ ~ *._ i~·~ M; A. o - :ff- ~ 11~?
B: (A ~;t B ~ ~ 7)
2. A:
t
i!J a'-J A. on~~~
, J{{ii!. t
i!J J.....~ii!qi 17~?
B: (~it···:fk.···)
3. A: ~jlJJ*.~:i!)Jj 5t:ijfti£)t.:t.~ijft?
B: (A ~-](t, B ~-](t, ···~···)
4. A: 1-t- j1j7
tF i!J- Jt.~~.t~AT 1£.16 -*.!
11
n ···Jt·~)
B: (ii·~, -···:fk.···)
5. A: ~.A-$•.:; 1~ -t-*- :k. 1-':AJ6 ~~i!.
B: C1iif~·,
mC.. it1t ~ A.o
.=:.. Answer the questions using Chinese equivalents for the expressions provided:
1. 1-t- 't {f. 1£.16 ~ -t £ Jf jiJ1t ~ ?
11
(not available, answer your call, as soon as, call back, leave a message)
2. 1-t-J:.:k.~JLlf- 1? 1;f-1\t1-f~-#:fr~.W; 11~?
(almost, all day long, busy doing ... , don't know what to do)
3. 1.7- X. -BJ: 1\t 1-f 1-t- aJ.; J3 I -:k JJJL~:..~ ~ :fi-?
(to worry about, to ask me if, to marry, to be pregnant, one's own business)
4. 1-r-~~-+ "7r i!l ;...._" 1tkJJ lxJJ,ij~ 11~? ;~.; 1t ~?
(according to, no matter whether A orB, as long as, don't need to worry)
:k. ~ ~-':A J6 ~--~ i!. :k. ~-- t ~ ·ti: _ _ r o ~ 1!!. J:. i*- a~.; a·H*-1l·ti: ,
rijftl-':AJ6 _ _1l•ti:o ~ ~~:i!a'-Jijft~ _ _ it1l~, 1J'!.JtJJJL~~*~~ o
1~ 1fl:tf ]?;_ _ _ ~ Jr 1£.16, ?,If ~-':A~-- @1 jlJ.£ -t-__ ;r,t_ _ @1 1£.16 o :fr at1rt,
_ _ -t&.~ ~ ~~ 4: "to ~ x. -iiJ: ~ 't Jr 1£. 16 _ _ , l'.iJ ~
•ti:
1t ~ , -# ~
*
12..9. Fill in each of the blanks with one proper character:
_ _ -](t~-](t, _ _ -:kJJ,ij~~~*
0
~.&i!.
84
1~1fl-iJL: ~--Jt+:k.A._ _ ,
.tr ~ 1&-
JL Write a short passage about each of the following:
a)
+ &**
b)
c) Y:. -it a'-J .f!! ·~
(CharacterTable)
4t
;f~
JJ JJJL~./ -k JJJL~.
ling
(n.) bell
£
E§. i!i~P'i
jie
(v.) receive
~E§.i!
~~
(v.) answer phone
calls
~~ jieshou (v.)
accept
1rJ
85
wu
(n.) room: ~-=f
J% ~ fangwu (n.)
house
qfng
m-{X
(aux.) please; request
'.3?:{$-fl}
1:1'
3 ,~,
""
0
tlf
1t
1--~p
J3
2f-
¢
liu
m r (v.) leave; stay
(behind)
itl¥frf~l¥145*
~~~'
zheng
(adj.) whole: ~~
(v.) sort ... out:
J]:b
--
@]
~Jlzhengll
xin
(v.) believe: ~/Ff§
(n.) letter: Egf§
ncin
(n.) male
•
~IDtDt; ~A
yim
i¥1
·~qz
(v. -o.) be pregnant
86
dian
(n.) o'clock:
fL.~_t
1*
(v.) select: B~
xie
"plural" AN
yixie xiiingfa, a few
ideas
-@;*~¥:t
huf
(v.) go back; return
@]*; @] t.R~"J
shi
(n.) things: f~ $
sfshi, private matter
(n.) accident: te$,
have an accident
bi
(v.) avoid
~qz
<~~}~§(2), ~~15~-Nr··· "~~!)t~1:.(3),
ffl.1£::f1£1¥.-TW,
~5Ut~
1~1¥1~~15, ~w1~\¥rr~i~*o~~15~:P,\\ ~~@J-*Wt<4>~1~@1<s>~~l5o
£J::
" )
1fJ\~, m(6)·~+ =!~7 (7), ~1:.il::f1£1¥.-TW, ::f~om~:7(1£·tt(8)
!H~(9){t~o
~
:r
£J: =
i'J\ oo> {fJ\ F~=~~ F~=~~ (11) ~~ ::f ~ :ff ~ JtJttst 7 o
J: i'J\ @I%{± 7 ~ :7(, :ff fiiD ~ 1¥1 ~ :7( (13) tT 7 P.f ~ (14)
~F~=~~im!~~{'l\7, ~m~&:ff
~ : ~~ 02> ::f f§ ~~ !
0
{)\~~15~~0
£3::
~~mo~~~~~*' ::f~~M~o
~: ~~*ill"P.f, ~M~ill"P.fos)J m~~tB§
D06)1¥J$)LJ
{~16'(17)~(18)
~1*~~,~~?
£3:: 751J I¥J~{itl::ftt~~,,
~: Jv{>~,u~ 1
Wt~tt~~,~·llilfz,
'lli 7 lfzii:&M~ff~~?
1m1rHil¥1 ~t(19)~1r9~$ 7 o IJt1£ij!~*1:.m~~lfz, Jt
m(20) 1m1r9 it::f ~u.~?
£3::
~:
~iltt~~,~tB~~~f!ID)'H~A, 13~1lJ<21):&MmP~~?
"~f!ID)'r~A?
"
1£~~, mf<22)~)'r~AP~~! J5rJ-tt-~~'-o
87
-BJ::
1~ -A-.:f~t ~lj o J}] -i*-(6) ~ ~ (7) 'ti: , 1~ 11fi~ JL(8) ;;tr EJt J'a) ~ ;rt1tk 1Ji 11J\'J?
*=~m~+A~~'·A~--k~1J.i,~1J.i, t~~~
::: as
.·t...
:n to,
-
~1i.
t6ngzhu
M..···M:. f)£ ···!E9
c6ng ... qi
~JlJJ
*J!A
xueqT
l~;Jt;
gongyil
,ffi~
sushe
7i1~
tangbian
-Mttl::-i11tfli
banchuqu
~~Ji
chifan
l~M
F~~~
wenti
ffit&
JMJ%
chufang
v.
live together
starting from
n.
n.
semester
apartment
n.
dormitory
adj.
v.-c.
convenient
move out
V.-0.
eat
n.
n.
problem; question
kitchen
88
Di qike
Nan nd tongzhu
Nil: Ma, c6ng xia.ge xueqi qi, wo yao he jLge t6ngxue zhu zai xuexiao rujin .de yi.ge
gongyil lL Wo bu xiang zai zhu sushe .le.
Mil: Zhu sushe bu.shi hen fiing.bian.ma, weishem.me yao ban .chu.qu .ne?
Nil: Fang.bian.shi fiing.bian, ke.shi chifan .shi yi.ge da wenti. Sushe H meiyou chufang,
yiding dei zai xuexiao shitang chifan, you gui you .bu haochi, meitian chi zhen
shou.buliao.
Mii: N1 zhen tiao.ti. Gongke zem.me mang, ni nar you shijian mai cai zuofan .a?
Nil: Wo.men wii.ge ren ltinliu, meiren zhi zuo yitian wanfan, zaofan, zhongfan jiu chi
sanmingzhi, jiandan .de hen.
-;t
~~
~y
~
9l
Mvt
yiding
•
shitang
gui
haochi
.ftR..
meitian
1:;r:r
shou.buliao
.:o/Jijf!.
tiaoti
;f~t~Jj
i!Z.
~~
gongke
'-'- ~
:!.§.
zem.me
at faJ
~ra,
shijian
~
Ji
mai
;rt
~·i;
i11t..
,.
Cal
~¥!rE
looliu
wanfan
-f-t&_
ai~JX
lf!.~JX
zaofan
t-t&.
~~JX
zhongfan
a-t-t&.
-==
kk
IWJ
iF-
a}J·'/.>.
to
sanmingzhi
fll]f[
jiandan
adv.
must
n.
cafeteria; canteen
adj.
expensive
adj.
time
tasty; delicious
adj.
can't stand; intolerable
word
v.-c.
every day
n.
nitpicky; fastidious
v.
time
n.
take turns
n.
lunch
schoolwork
adv.
n.
so; this
buy
n.
groceries; vegetables
v.
dinner
n.
n.
breakfast
sandwich
adj.
simple
89
~:~~*~~,~~*~~~~~Jo
*=M,
~~~+A~~*+A*-#~~M~~·~*'
*= -+Jt. Susan,-+Jt. Mary,idi;ff David
r6ngyi
.ke
jueding
dai
yiyang
yongju
adj.
j~·· ·
easy
adv.
for emphasis
v.
decide
v.
bring; take
n.
one kind
n.
utensil; appliance
n.
microwave oven
all right; no problem
90
Mii: Shuo.ql.lai r6ngyi, zuo.ql.lai ke.jiu .bujiandan .le.
Nli: Ma, wo.men wii.ge n5njueding mei.ge ren dfti yiyang chufang yongju dao xuexiao
hii, jia.li .bu.shi you liang.ge weibolu .rna, nei.ge xiao.de neng.bu neng gei .wo?
Mii: Ke.yi, ke.yi. Buguo nei.ge weibolu hao jiii mei yong .le, buzhidao
huai.le .mei.you. Nei.ge gongyit .li you.mei.youjiaju .a?
Nfi: Wo.de wii.zi.li you yi zhang chuang, yi zhang zhuo.zi, yi.ge shujia, liang ba yl.zi,
hai you yi.ge taideng, jiu.shi mei you ditan.
Mii: Meiyou ditan dao buyao.jin, o, dui.le, gen .ni hezhu.de nei si.ge ren dou.shi
shei .a? Wo dou ren.shi .rna?
Nfi: Yi.ge .shi Susan, yi.ge .shi Mary, hai you David gen ...
Mii: Shem.me! You yi.ge .shi nan.de?
Nfi: Shi .a, David ye.shi emianji .de xue.sheng, wo.men chang zai yiql .de, ta ren hen
m
hao.
-iff
A.
j;~
r
haojiii
yong
!!7
~J!-
4:i-f
-#*-
.te.
zhuo.zi
-~
xt r
fl~l
ba
taideng
ditan
~'I*
yaojln
f-IT
dui.le
1r'-1i.
·a
1 1-/,
shujia
yl.zi
J~.{!
~~l;t
.·-·'
JiaJu
chuang
+t-f
~h
huaile
hezhu
:A
~9.3~
il·~'it
ren.shi
1¥-~
~~&
manJI
-~
.,
yiql
.,
time word
v.
v.
for a long time
use
be broken
n.
furniture
n.
bed
n.
table
n.
bookshelf
AN
n.
for things with a handle
n.
adj.
rug; carpet
int.
well; by the way
chair
n.
desk lamp
important
v.
share living space
V.
know (a person); recognize
adv.
school grade; year
n.
together
91
-k: :IS::ff 1t z.
*
~ o/t? ~ & a~ 1il *~:it%
~;ff ~ Jfl Jjrj J1;f ~
~*-
butai
}ij J'jf
yl:t.shi
~1:
JJtrjJijf
o
~lb,
adv.
not very
n.
bathroom
n.
toilet
~)f)
heyong
V.
:fl*f
zuihao
adv.
share
v.
had better
~),I,
kaolfi
--*~
~~
-~-
yicengl6u
~~it
kaoshi
~~a~ (14)'
aJl ~~;ff ~-il( o/t, ;r: j~ 1~ ~ -iJL 1
ce.suo
~fit
* M1i.-
consider
n.
a floor; the same floor
n.
examination; test
92
o
Mii: Nan.de ml.de zhu.zai yi.ge gongyil.li bu tru ha.o .ba. Nei.ge gongyu.li you jLge
yushi cesuo .a?
Nii: Zhr you yi.ge.
Mii: Zem.me nan.de nii.de heyong yi.ge cesuo .a? Wo xiang nl zuiha.o zru
kaolii .kao.lu yao.bu.yao gen ta.men zhu.zai yiqL
Nii: Zhe you shem.me guang.xi .ne? Xuexiao .de sushe ye.shi nannii t6ngzhu
yicengl6u .de, ye you heyong cesuo .de. Ma, mingtian hai you kaoshi .ne, bu gen
nin duo shuo .le.
Mii: Hao.ba, hao.ba.
+
1.
2.
Grammar Notes
{.± zhu "live (at a certain place)" can be used with or without tE .zai. Without
tE .zai it is a transitive verb: {1113* zhu sushe "live in the dorm"; with tE .zai,
it is intransitive: {± tE 0 'M!!! zhu .zai gongyu .li "live in an apartment."
Verb ~ .shi-Verb or Adj.-~ .shi-Adj. constructions. ~ .shi can be inserted
between verbs or adjectives to make concessions, and is usually followed by a
"but" (PI~ ke.shi, f.B ~ dim.shi, etc.) introducing the next clause. For example:
Zhu sushe fongbiim .shi fongbiim,
ke.shi chzfon hen bu llxiang.
1~0
Living in the dorm is convenient, to
be sure, but eating is far from ideal.
Learning Chinese is useful all right,
93
Xue Zhongwen youyong .shi youyong,
ke.shi hen nan.
but very hard.
Modifiers can attach to the repeated verb or adjective, but most come before the
second occurrence, not the first. Thus:
1!113%1J1IHdLt1J1f, PI J!r!Ztft1!i~
Zhu sushe fongbiim .shi hen fongbiim,
ke.shi chzfon hen bu llxiiing.
:Fir~ a
Xue Zhongwen youyong .shi youyong
ji.le, ke.shi w6 bu xiiing xue.
~
fo
3.
4.
Living in the dorm is very
convenient, to be sure, but eating is
far from ideal.
Learning Chinese is extremely
useful, yes, but I don't feel like
studying it.
Here flJJ is pronounced dei and means "must" or "have to."
strengthens the sense of "must."
-IE yiding
The adverbs X you "again" and ill ye "also" can be used in pairs to mean
"both ... and .... " Sometimes the two are interchangeable, in a pattern like:
Subject ill!;l..ye/you Predicate 1, ill!;l..ye/you Predicate 2
Nimpengyou you (ye) hui kiii che you
(ye) hui xiil che.
~ MO:.X( ill)~:lf $XC ill)~1~$ o
The boyfriend can both drive cars
and repair cars.
When two subjects are involved, but only one predicate,
you:
Subject 1
ill ye works but not X
ill ye Predicate, Subject 2 ill ye Predicate
t±ftill:lf:t:E. rP1 B ~ill:lffE,
:Wr.&7'
Ji:J!~f
Mudan ye kiii hua, xiimgrikui ye kiii
hu~ zhen.shihiiokanjile!
The peonies and sunflowers are
both
m
bloom-it's
really
gorgeous!
ill ye can also work with two proposed objects and a single predicate:
Subject Object 1
ill ye Predicate, Object 2 ill ye Predicate
11B} i! ill ~iJL 1m J11 i! ill ~iJL
*
Ta Guiingdonghua ye hui shuo,
Si. chuanhua ye. hui shuo.
He can speak both Cantonese and
Sichuanese.
94
When the predicates are adjectives,
Y.. you works but not
mye:
Subject X you Adjective 1 X you Adjective 2
Nanpeng.you you giio you zhuimg.
The boyfriend is both tall and stout.
you piio you tiao
(not: mI@ -!:E. WE ye pao ye tiao)
both run and jump
ye bupiio ye butiao
neither run nor jump
~JW:ist)l..~)l..~±o
When predicates are single-syllable verbs, )/..you is possible but not -!:E. ye:
Y..I@Y..~JE
If such verbs are negated, -!:E. ye becomes possible:
i:E./FI@i:E./FWE
X you ... X you. . . sometimes suggests that the combination of traits referred to is
unusual or impressive:
Nei-jiii fonguiin .de cai you pitin.yi you
hiio!
The dishes in that restaurant are
both cheap and good (wow!).
~~~~m~.~~m~.~~i:E.~o
Liioshf Yfngwen ye hui, Zhongwen ye
hui, Fiiwen ye hui.
The teacher knows
Chinese, and French.
~ M:DtY.. ~ Y..::k,
Y.. :l;f , r1Z f~ Y.. ~ o
The boyfriend is tall, big, coarse,
stupid, ugly, and evil, and overeats.
JJ~*tN'n31¥J~Y..ff1rY..~f!
More than two of -!:E. ye and
Y.. you are possible:
Y..f.EI.Y..*, Y..xt:W
Nanpeng.you you giio you da, you cu
you ben, you nankan you huai, chf .de
you duo.
5.
English,
Topic-Comment Sentences. Here 4ij:::Kr!Z; mei-tiiin chf "eat every day," which
originally is a predicate, is called a "topic" on which we have the "comment" Jt
)t/F 7 zhen shou.buliiio "really can't stand it." In this kind of "topic-comment"
sentence, the topic can be a noun, verb, adjective, whole clause, or even a whole
sentence. In the following examples, the topic is underlined (what part of speech
is each?):
95
6.
7.
tE~~~¥:11Zt&.X~ X::f~fllZ o
Zai xuexiao shitting chf @n you gui you
buhiiochf.
It's both expensive and unpalatable
to eat in the student dining hall.
~~iJ?. [Y J'' mf~xtti o
Ba.ba shuo Si.chuanhua hen nan dong.
Dad's oral Sichuanese
understand.
'*::t1il::f~EIL
Chuting tai ying bushu.fu.
It's uncomfortable when the beds
are too hard.
IS
hard to
Note that J}]ilf:gongke here is not the subject of j! . z.'ttzem.me mting, but a topic
(see proceeding note) about which the comment is 3!..Z. ·tt zem. me mang.
3!..Z. zem.me and
extent:
JJ~..Z. nem.me can precede adjectives to mean to "this" or "that"
·tt zem. me mting
Jj~ ..Z. A nem. me da
j!i,.
this busy, as busy as this
that big, as big as that
Originally, j!i,. zem.me came from j!i,. zhe.me, and Jj~,.Z. nem.me from Jj~i,.
na.me. Occasionally you will hear these original pronunciations in modem
Mandarin, and you will also hear abbreviations of ~..Z. zem.me and Jj~,.Z. nem.me
to single syllables: 3!..Z.-A zem da "this big," JJ~..Z.~f nem hiio "that good," etc.
The same words can precede verbs to mean "in this way" or "in that way":
j!i,. iJ?. zem.me shuo
Jj~i,. f~ nem.me zuo
say it in this way
do it that way
This second usage is parallel to the interrogative ;i;:,.Z. zem.me (see L.2, note 8):
~M?
-?
,c:;, /,~ 1-.JL.
zem.me s h uo.
;i;:,.Z. f~? zem.me zuo?
.~~=;
v
say it in that way? (how to say it?)
what to do?
When used with verbs, j!,.Z. zem.me can be substituted by j!;W zhe.yang, 3!;W
JL zhe.yangr, 3!..Z.;W zem.yang, or 3!..Z.;W JL zem.yangr; similarly, JJ~..Z. nem.me
can be replaced by JJ~;W nei.yang, JJ~;W JL nei.yangr, Jl~..Z.;W nem.yang, or JJ~..Z.
;W JL nem.yangr:
JJ~;W JL~ nei.yangr xie
~..Z.;Wi)?. zem.yang shuo
write it that way
say it this way
Note that in English we say things like "Do this!" or "say that," which you cannot
96
translate directly into Chinese as {i'.t£~-1- zuo zhid.ge or iJUJ~-1'- shuo nei.ge. Use
~1,. zem.me and Jj~1,. nem.me to express this idea:
zui hiio zem. me zuo
jjUjj~1,. iJl bie nem.me shuo
had best do this
don't say that
:li:M-~1,. {i't(
8.
191~JL niir? or 191~1! nii.li?, literally "where?" can be used in rhetorical questions
rather as "since when?" is sometimes used in English:
Nl mei xue .guo Xflayu; niir hui
shuo.ne?
You've never studied Greek; since
when can you speak it?
A: Nl .de Zhong.guohua shuo .de hen
hiio.
A: You speak Chinese very well.
B: Nii.li nii.li! Shuo .de buhiio.
B: No, no, I speak poorly.
1$~~J1$Bii-Ef, 191~JL~i_5?.D~?
In addition to the sarcasm suggested in the above example, 191~) L niir or 191~ lE
nii.li can have a polite effect as well:
A: 1~1¥Jq:t!Ei,E1Jl1~1[!~fo
B: 191~ lE 191~ lE ! iJ?.1~~ ~f o
Note that 191~1! nii.li in this polite usage is usually repeated. If 191~)L niir is used it
is not repeated, but takes P~~ .a: 191~JLP~~ niir .a!
9.
10.
An adjective can be intensified by adding 1~1!! .de hen after it. The effect is
stronger and livelier than putting 1!! hen before the adjective: 1!! Fa.i ~ henjiiindlin
"simple"; Fa.i ~1~1l!jiiindlin .de hen "really simple."
X17 dui.le can be used to signal that the speaker has just remembered something
that he or she had been intending to say. In English we sometimes say "Oh,
yeah ... " for this purpose.
I& .ma were removed from this
sentence, the sentence ~
:WiA i.R wo dou ren.shi could have three possible meanings, depending on which
syllable is stressed:
11. Note that, if the final
a) With the stress on ~ wo, the sense is "Even I know them."
before ~ wo; see L.5, note 7.)
b) With the stress on
c) With the stress on
:W dou, the sense is "I know all of them."
(it /ian
is implied
1A ren, the sense is "I even know them." (This is the use of
97
:W dou introduced in L.6, note 6. The sentence might be used, for example, if
someone asked, "Have you heard of the Beatles?" and someone else, a good
friend of the Beatles, answered, "Heard of them? I even know them!")
This shows that meaning in Chinese can change not only with tones, but, as in
other languages, with the overall intonation of a sentence as well.
12. A~f ren hiio can be a predicate meaning "is a good person." This sentence can be
viewed as having an implied 8"1 .de after 1m ta, or as A11i~f ren hen hiio simply
being a comment for the topic 1m ta (see note 5 above).
13. Here -1'- yi.ge "one" means "the same." If the - .yi syllable is not stressed,
the sentence ft1fH±:tE-1'-0~1t! w6.men zhu .zai .yi.ge gongyu.li means "we
live in an apartment"; if - yf is stressed, the sentence means "we live in the same
apartment." The word IPJ tong can be inserted -1'- yi.ge to strengthen the sense
of "the same."
14. ~ .shi and 8"1 .de can go together at either end of a predicate to give the sense
of "is/are a case of." Here, the school's dormitories are "a case of' men and
women living together. Sometimes, ~ .shi is omitted and 8"1 .de does this job
alone. In the next clause in the text, for example, the final 8"1 .de suggests there
"are cases" of using the same toilets. The 8"1 .de eight lines above, after :tEtE9 .zai yiql, is basically the same 8"1 .de.
98
+
~>.} (Exercises)
-. Choose a word from the list and fill in each of the blanks:
~m
~«
~~
~~
~4
~~
~~
1. ~ ~ F1t ~ a!.J /~ ~ k. -:t 1 , ~ _g :!It Jtl.JJJL~.~-0
2. -f, tf, H}tiJi~11t..=..a}J~t;, 1.f-__ 11~?
m~
~~
3. ~111 k~ fiJ ~j:~Jij ?Ji"~itJJ -k_ _ ai.J o
1,
:kt~~~-~ -:!-1i.o
4. 1t!:.l\..
5. ~iaiif
~-'#:. 11t1~ti£.1f1~ia~iJio
6. ~a~:£~$lt~--~*' -1--A.~-1--fl
o
=-. Complete the dialogues using the given expressions:
1. A:
a~ ~ i.i\ .A- ~i if ,
4-- k
··,
1-t ~ 1-ff ,-t ~ ~.f?
··)
B: (V ~*·
V ~*·
2. A:
1~t it. it 1t.t iJi ~it1tt ::t 1~ 11~?
m
B: (A it A, Jif it···)
3. A: ~~~1."a~iJi:kt11t11~?
B: (···1i1] · · · , ~li···)
4. A: X.-lt't't~1.f-.;}r~~iJL1t~?
B: (· · · ~ V· · ·, · · · ~- V· · ·)
*1.. 7-1 1t
~ ~-jiJ /~ ~ -:!-1£?
..:::::.. Answer the following questions using the given expressions:
1.
(F{t~, ::t1~, ···1.ff1tt, ~~tilj, ~~
*-1.. a~-iWf/~~ .~ ~ :.f=.f?
1'
~i if)
( ~~, J~«, ~1i., ~ :£ , )ij Jijf, iA. iR)
3. *- ~ k~ 1.. fiJ #!1rit 1t ~~fa~?
2.
c•&,
~1.", ~~it., 1~tit.1t, ~m, J~)
m
*
1ZY. Circle the best alternative to fill the blank:
1. ~ 11~ JLJilJ JttJJ Ji5l ~ ~ ~ :r, M!.-triJL: "
? "
a) :i!i.t;ff1t~=*.$o/t
b) :i!1t~;ff=*.$ 11~
c) :i!;ff 1t ~ =*. $ o/t
d) :i! i.t ;ff 1t ~ ~~f.- o/t
.;.- A7'
-'- ;u. ...:E..,
m
;u. .J. 11J- !J..
->:b e ::: as .·.P
2 • -1=1=7' .::t. w ~'~"J _ _ J.f.
t:I"J ·'loll,~- :r~ too
3.
1
-,*,
1-ff ~
c)
d) ~~
~--1i. 1 JL1--.£$JJ#!1r_ _ ~~ 1 ~1.-fi}iJi;rt 10
a) ~
b)
99
•&
~~1
( -t)
a) ;f ... ;f/G
b) -ilt···;f
r --t-1iiVt.:tt ju *.&* r
4. ~--~.£ :t
a) »...
b) #;-
s.
}]~ -t- .E.-_ _
a)
1.-
~ ::9Jpj{_t
ik.· .. ;f
o
tr.J */~ ~ .£ 1:t r ~r<. ~ A, -ir i~ ;;t ffiij ?Jf o
..$.
c) n
d) .ti-
*
b)
d)
c)
-#-
*ti1:-1.-
d) ;fe.
I!J 1&. 11t
.E-. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a) ~ al.] #i-t-
+
&
**
~
b)
c) 1tk tf
d) ~
*
~ {i
(Character Table)
tong
(v.) be the same:
ft 1i'J J2t 1¥3 ~* ~ [EJ
(v.) do ... together:
~
[EJ rlZ; ; [EJ {:±
100
yit
(v.) to dwell
0~ (n.)
apartment
ti
ch'f
(v.) eat:
lllJ®I (n.)
rlZ t,& ; rlZ-= l!)j ¥a
problem; question
1M m (n.) kichen
chu
!M9if1
fun
~-T (n.) wheel
(n.) cook
~¥1rt
jue
(v.) decide: t'}U:E
jiiin
JL
'-.
A.
~~
Wi !fl.(adj.) simple
Wi{-tjiiinhua
(v.) simplify
ding
(v.) decide: {jc}E
(adv.) definitely:
-
5E
jiu
(adj.) long:
~fR/F JJi!,
ji
(n.) level:
~~ geji, all
different levels
(n.) grade: ~~
(v.) take turns
1%t
wei
(adj.) tiny:
~~!J\; ~~~i?
(adv.) slightly:
f~ ~ shiiowei
if-
nian
(n.) year: 4-~
(adj.) annual:
~ iir nianx'fn, annual
salary
~
or
101
kiio
~
m (v.) consider
~ 1-:i\ kaoshi(v.) have
an exam
-9:. :
~~
1ft ""f-@! ~j!A ®
~~ fO ~-@! fPJ ~{i 1£ ~;f$t rsft:ili I¥J -{tm 0
.lL
~~f~W1i1Ei~7 o
~=ttm~~~m~~~, ~~-~•ili*~?
-9:.:
-ar ~UZ;~,&~--®~:Xr~~~o
~~~~~(2),
m~•}Sf.:fr)ti)%, -}Ef~
w1£~;f$t*~UZ;~, XftXw~~UZ;, ~~UZw~~~To
~ 1r~ li -®1 A~¥AL ~A 7{ {i'tz- ~at ~i,
~: 1t~f:J6~tl o J/J~<6>~M(7)·~, 1tllJJ~JL<s>:ff(Rfra, fi*1i'tz~,&n~~?
-9:. :
lf!. ~i,
~ lf~.&mc UZ;_ ~ ~ ,
1fij]j[{~1~(9)o
~=~~*~~' ~~*-aJmc~M¥7o
fr.:~,~~li-®IA~7E~-®~Am-altimmA~~;f$t*,*•~~
:ff ~11m Wt~tJin,~,
JJ~ 11m ,J, 8"1 ~~ ~ ~~Mt~?
~:-a)"~, -aJ~o~~~-@JfJ&~t/i~~~ffl7, ~~~-7~:ffo~
11m 0
•
•:ff~ :ff *An~~?
fr.=~I¥J~~•:ff-~*'-~*~,--®~•~, ~re~~,~:ff­
-®1 fi:J:!L
-ffJ::
me~~ :ff :1:111 ~
~:ff:l:-fu~fjtl~~l*,
:m. .:ttrr ~9,1 =tre n~
1Xd':l P i:t•e.' il~ ·~ (It)
0
Pft, t-17 oo>, 1iH~{$-fr{ii¥Jjj~[Y{tmA~~ffitn~~?
?
•
-9:.:
--@)~Susan,--@)~
~:
1tM!
-9:.:
~n~~, David ili~=if~~l¥1~1:, ~1r~1t1£-~I¥J, 1mA1~~(12) o
Mary, ~:ff David R~···
:ff--®1~~1¥1?
~: ~ I¥Jfr.I¥J1i1£-11m<t3) 0••~:t(~n~o JJ~1tm0••:ff~-®lm~mrr
102
,P)Tn~~?
-!7:. :
~ :ff - fffl]
0
~: ~-~~-fr.~~m-M•m~?&~~-MW~-~-~~~
~~fm1r,1±1±-®o
77:.:
~:ffft11f~mf*~~? *tt~m%m~~-fr.~PJ1±-~tt~(l4), m:ff~
m•m~o-' ~*~:ff~~~' ~-~$~70
~: ~fUI~L M~Bo
103
-BJ:":
k 1. ,
~(t) fJ~ {W;: ..R 1. ~~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ + ~I} .A- :Jt :k.*I- 7 (2) !
±~,~~~m7~~{W;:..R1.~7o~+~~~£~~~~
-BJ:-: 1.t ~ ~
+* _i_ Jfl :k. Pf
(5) ·t~
7 '5l )~ ;ff ~~ ' 5l )~ ;ff J~ -](~ ' 5l
)~;(f A.~:kt· ..
~~}
~~
dian.y1ng
;fe.
ba
~
he
.E!i.~~
f&ij~*~
~
e.~~
£ :Y
X.
{f-T
_i_~
n.
movie
pretransitive verb
AN
weishengzhr n.
box
mi
adv.
take with hand; bring; carry
v.
at least
B~«<
,,a:
y1jing
*l-T
zhishao
ku
yang.zi
zhujiao
/zhujue
facial tissue; toilet paper
v.
adv.
already
n.
cry
state; appearance
n.
leading role in a story
104
Di bake
Kan dianying
Mil: Meisheng, ba neihe weishengzhi mi.gei.wo. Zhei.ge dian.ying zhen.shi taihao .le!
Nd: Ma, nin yijing yong.le banhe weishengzhi .le. Zhei.ge dianying nin zhishao yijing
kan.le sanci .le, meici kan dou kucheng zhei.ge yang.zi, wo zhen budong nin
wei.shem.me hai yao kan!
Mil: NI kan zhei.ge ndzhiljiao tai kelian .le, you mei.you ba.ba, you mei.you ma.ma,
you mei.you ren ai .ta ...
Nd: Ma, zhei.ge gu.shi nin yijing shuo.guo xilduo ci.le, wo yijing ting fan.le. Kan
dianying .shi wei.le haowanr, xiang .nin zhei.yang kandian.ying zhen.shi shouzui.
'f·t~
-ar·t~
.x.._ ... .5l
it
~·
kelian
you ... you
~
ai
gu.shi
it~
~f$
xilduo
;tji
~J{
fan
*fJ;tJL
haowar
~.w
shouzui
adj.
pitiful; pitiable
both ... and ...
v.
n.
love
n.; adj.
story
many, much
v.
be tired of; trouble
v.
fun
adj.
suffer
105
?.
t}] 1$1
hfulao
;f~1%t
shaowei
yansu
iA.A-
renzhen
JtJfqr
wl1liao
-<ti
1tkA
ilii
jiao
zuoren
yinggai
lTi
fr;J .. · ~
zui
~
···*
yuan.yi
xiang ... xue
v.
behave crazily
(Exclamation) ridiculous!
a little; a bit; slightly
adv.
adj.
serious (in nature); solemn
conscientious; earnest; serious (in
attitude)
boring
adj.
adj.
v.
teach
aux.
v.-o.
be a (proper) person
adv.
should
aux.
most
willing
v.
learn from ...
106
Mii: NI dong shem.me! NI.men jiu zhi xihuan kan humlo .de gu.shi, shaowei yansu
renzhen .de dian.ying jiu shuo wlilhio. NI kan zhei.ge dianying budan jiao.ni
zem.me zuoren, erqie ha.i jiao.ni zem.me zuoshi, ni zhen yinggai kan.kan.
Nil: Dui nin hii shuo, zhlyao kan.le neng ku.de dianying jiu.shi hao dianying, wo zui
taoyan zheiyang .de gu.shi.
Mii: NI kan, ni .jiu buyuan.yi xiang zhei.ge nilzhiijiao xue.xue ...
Nil: Ma, kan dian.ying bing bu.shi qu jiaotang! Wo bing .bu xiang c6ng dianying
n
xue zem.me zuoren. Kan dianying .de shihou wo zh1 xiang qingsong .yi.xia,
haowan.de dian.ying jiu.shi hao dian.ying.
Mii: Hao! Hao! Hao! Bu gen .ni chao .le, kuai ba weishengzh1 ml.gei wo.
Nil: You ai kan, you yao kU! Zhen budong .shi zem.me huishi!
4~t~
':Y'
~~~
n.
jiaotang
~1:
l§l.
adj.
-~*'~
qingsong
;&~@1¥
zen.me hui shi
chao
v.
church
relax; easy; relaxing
argue; quarrel
What's the matter?
+ Grammar Notes
1.
The pretransitive 1E ba. It is common in Chinese for an object to follow a verb.
For example: :l!t*n ..)( w6 na diiochii "I hold a knife and fork." It is also
w6
common for a complement to follow a verb. For example: ft
na .chu.lai "I take out." But there is a problem when both an object and a
complement are involved. It sounds awkward to say either
w6 na
diiochii . chu.lai or ft
w6 na .chu.lai diiochii. The awkwardness
* ili *
:llt*nXili*
*ili *n ..)(
107
(}\.) 1f E~JIJ
becomes extreme when the object and complement get more complex. How
would you say "I put the knife and fork that you gave me yesterday onto the big
table in the dining room"? ftJJ)(1$B'F*~fti¥JJJJZJWiUf 11!1¥1:**-=f J: 7 wo
fong .ni zu6.tian gei .wo .de diiochii .dao ciintfng.li .de da zhuo.zi.shang .leis hard
to understand.
The Chinese language solves this problem by using pretrans1t1ves, the most
bii, in the following pattern:
common of which is
re
Subject+1e bii+Object+Verb+Complement (or other elements)
Examples:
*
ftjeJJ ;(~ ili
Wo bii diiochii na .chu.lai.
I'm taking out a knife and fork.
0
Wo zu6.tian yl.jing bii !ian. xi
zuo-wan .le.
ftBt*8~1e~*:>J1~1G7
I already finished the exercises
yesterday.
0
Note that words that normally modify verbs (such as B'F* zu6.tian and 8~
yl.jing in the above example) can precede je bii. This is grammatically natural
because je bii itself originally was a verb meaning "grasp." You can think of the
above sentence as meaning "Yesterday I 'took' the exercises and finished doing
them"-but in fact tE bii carries no substantive meaning. It is only a grammatical
device.
Although what follows the verb in the je bii pattern is usually a complement,
certain "other elements" are also possible."~ gei+[somebody]," which appears in
the lesson text, is one of the possible other elements:
Bii weishengzhz na .gei .wo.
:fe_E~~~~ft
Hand me the toilet paper.
0
There are a few rules that limit the use of je bii:
1) The complement cannot be a potential complement. You can't say ft1e-1'5:lf1~
ti wo bii shu kan .de dong.
2) Complements using !£jian "perceive" cannot be used. You can't say ftje{$
I¥J:F"-tf!ljf !£ 7 wo bii .ni .de sheng.yin tfng.jian .le.
3) The object must be a definite, not indefinite, object. If you say:
108
Wo yiw .dao tushuguan .qu klm shu.
I want to go to the library to read
books.
ft~tUOO~tl3~~-t=L
You are talking about "a" book or "some" books (an indefinite object). But if you
say:
Wo yiw .dao tushuguan .qu
ba shu kim wan.
I want to go to the library to
finish reading the book(s).
ft~tUOO~m~~~~JGo
then you have to be talking about a certain book or books (a definite object).
An optional ~ gei can precede the verb in the n[g . ba pattern:
Subject+~ ba+Object+(~ gei)+Verb+Other elements
Ta ba wo. men .de yue. hui
.gei wang ./e.
~~ft1!'JI¥J~"J~~~7
She forgot our appointment.
0
~ gei contributes no meaning in such sentences, but, especially in long sentences,
can serve a useful function in clarifying for the listener where the object ends and
the verb begins.
2.
3.
.le frequently follows 7,\. tai and an adjective: 7,\.-p;f 7 tai hao .le "great!," 7,\.
~·ii: 7 tai qfguai .le "too strange!," and so on. The idea is that we now have a
"new situation" of exceeding what is normally a limit.
7
*- ban "half." To say "half of' something, use *- ban+AN (+N):
*--1-~rft~ ban.ge zhong.tou
*- .R .X~ ban zhzfi
half an hour
half a chicken
half a box of toilet paper
half a day
half a year
*-![.:E1:~ ban he weishengzhl
*- J( ban tian
*-iF ban nian
To add half to an integer, use Number+AN+"*- ban (+N):
W31'-*-~rft~ liang .ge ban zhong.tou
IZY-1-*-*Lff si.ge ban !thai
=: *- ~ san zhang ban zhl
two and a half hours
four and a half weeks
three and a half sheets of
paper
five and a half years
*
Ji iF*- wu nian ban
109
4.
PX; cheng "form into" is a common verbal complement:
kil cheng zhei.ge yang.zi
*PX:JS:-1'-f¥-T
cry (oneself) into this state
5tJV(;!ijl]~
biim cheng hudie
change into butterflies
bii zhl zuo cheng zhlfoiji
make the
airplanes
re~ fi!iY:PX:~ ~ tJL
5.
6.
7.
paper
into
paper
llJ ke can combine with verbs to make adjectives: PJ·~ keliim "pitiable"; PJ·ta
kepa "fearsome"; llJ ~ ke 'ai "loveable, cute"; llJ ~ kewit "detestable"; llJ 1r
kexing "feasible"; and others. But be careful. This works only with certain verbs.
Review Lesson 1, note 24 on complements. Here, PJT:J:.:m tfng-fan "listen annoyed"
is a good example of a resultative complement: "(I) listen (with the result that I
get) annoyed."
fl [somebody] iS:IJJ~*¥ Verb xiang [somebody] zhei/nei .yang [verb] means
"[verb] in the manner of [somebody]":
xiang . ni zhei.yang kiln dian.ying
fl1i!!JJ~ *¥ ~i8 iU 8"1 A
xiang tii nei.yang liio chidao .de ren
fl {fl\JS:f¥~ ~~
watching movies as you do
a person like him, who is always
arriving late
fl xiang originally is a verb meaning "resemble":
bitxiang ba "I look like my mom, not my dad."
Do not confuse
fl xiang with
:::ffl ~ wo xiang mii,
~fl hiioxiang "it seems that," which is not a verb:
Hiioxiangfzn.tian yao xiizyu.
~fl~x~rffi
:fftfl~,
It seems like it's going to rain
today.
0
~fl hiioxiang
is a movable modifier, and therefore can come either before or
after the subject. It can also be accompanied by 8"1*¥-T .de .yang.zi or {r.J,
8"1 .shi.de at the end of the phrase:
Jfn. tian hiioxiang yao xia.yu
.de .yang.zi.
It seems like it's gomg to rain
today.
Liioshf hiio.xiang bit xiiing ciinjiii
.shi.de.
It seems the teacher doesn't want
to take part.
~x~ffl~rffiB"J*¥-To
~ grp ~fl :::f ;*~ ~ 1Jo 1r.J. 8"1 o
110
8.
9.
*
~jiiio, as a verb meaning "teach," is pronounced in the first tone. As a noun it is
fourth tone, as in ~ ~ jiiwtang "church";
~ zongjiiw "religion"; ~ fl
jiaoshou "professor."
X1 dui [somebody] can mean "for [somebody]" or "in the case of [somebody]":
Na diiochii dui .ni hen r6ng.yi,
dui .wo ke hen nan.
:$:JJXX11$fti~~,
x-tftPJftixiL
Holding a knife and fork is easy
for you, but very hard for me.
Adding 7IH.#. ldi shuo gives the phrase the sense of "as far as [somebody] 1s
concerned":
X1ft** ·· ·
dui. wo ldi shuo, ...
as far as I'm concerned, ...
10. Review Lesson 4 note 2 on the "completed action 7 .le." One sense of this
7 .leis to mean "after doing" one verb, then ... (and a second verb must follow):
~x~%7~*fi;JE:7 o
Lao Wang he wan .le chajiu
zou .le.
Old Wang left after finishing his
tea.
~ ~~:W 7 ~~~EJ<J ~~···
Zhfyao .shi kim.le neng ku .de
dian.ying ...
So long as it's a movie you can
cry about after watching ...
Note that this use of 7 .le has nothing to do with tense. It is usually used in
general statements that hold for all times.
11.
rt1 xiang "toward" can be used in the phrase "rt1 xiang [somebody]
>J xuexl)" to mean "learn from [somebody]."
~ xue
(or ~
12. ~t~ qzngsong "relax, take it easy" can be a verb, as here, or an adjective: ~~-1'-~
t.W. i j § fti~t~ nei.ge dianshi jiemu .hen qzngsong "that television show is
light-hearted."
111
+
~>.1 (Exercises)
-. Choose a character that best fits each of the blanks:
*'~' T,~, ~' ~' ~'~'~'~
1. M!. Jt.I15J .7!; ~ 7bf j((xifw)_ _ 3!_ -1'-{-f- -1- av
2. X. -tt.tt-~.:JK -f-__ ~-JJ~-M:.. £ av~t A.~ .t. Z.1~kA..o
0
3.
it1.t-_ _ l!_Jt!:. rn ~~:t.fi]ffit & £.:};;o
4. ~;fM.~.:};;{£ _ _ ~}t~1Jf~£~-}j{~o
5. 1.t-? ·-·*-~~~'
__1.f-l!.{f.t.Z. ~~*~~?
7. 11JT-iJL~ YA "Rt~ __ 1.t-,
6. ~~;;t-# T, i~fltl~ _ _ 1.t-"J To
z.,
8. ~9;Pi! av~Jt.
9. ~9;Pi!n 1t
Jt.Ji- av"lb?
-:JLf.J:.~ *-avo
i'ilf1kt:ff~ .'&- AJLav -#M!.__ ~~~;;t o
-=-.Translate the following into Chinese using the"~" construction:
1. give me the book
2. take the videotape home
3. finish the homework
4. get dinner ready
6. eat up the sandwich
5.learn Chinese well
7. move the desk out
8. clean (0t xi) the bathroom
.-=... Answer the following questions using the given expressions:
2. M!. ~ -#- ~x.;;t r ~~ ~ av ~ *J ".ib?
c ~ Jt. ··· , ,?Q Jt. ···)
3. 3!.-t-M:. •1ttJC.Jfifr"lb? c~{g.··· ,?Q JL· · ·)
1. 1.t-%~t;;t1tz.{-tav ~*J?
c~~···:ft···)
*
*
4. 1.t-9;Pi! .fj-if-:ff ~ ~Y >'r 1!1 A..fiJ 1!1 *-".Ib? c£ :Y)
5. A.1n.:J;;~1." Jt.n r ~t~-r"~? Cxt··· *--iJL)
6.
1t Z. • xt 1.t- *-iJLJt. ~ .W.? ( 1~ · · ·3!./ 11~ {f V · · ·)
7.
*
1.t- .7!; 1t Z. ~;fAt .11] /~ ~ .:J;;{t? (- · · Jt. .7!; T · · ·)
8.
1!1 A.?!; 1t z. ~~ t .:t.? ( 5l· .. 5l· .. )
Complete the following sentences as you see fit:
1. .:};;~~~{g. tif ¥_A~ ,t, Z.1tkA.., ,?TilL···
r!fl.
2. 1.f- Ji- Ei. 1i ~ 3!.
+JLi. ~ ~ ~ ,
3.
M!.£:Y:ff~-t-t-JJJJJL~ T,
4.
11 ~
1.t- ~ t .:t.Jt. .7!; T 1.f- ~t ,
1.f- ;;t · · ·
.fj--t-···
1~ 1.f-i!_{f · · ·
5. 1.t-Ji-J~tb>IJ, ~ttav~~*···
112
JL Write a short passage about each of the following:
a)
-kgJ
~~}
+ &-*'~
_"€~
ll:}
~
---
Jfr
~
b)
tf g)~~}
c) ~~~~1ttA.
d)
-!-.ff.'f:
(CharacterTable)
yfng
(n.) shadow: ~--1(n.) movie: Eg~
he
(AN) box: ~
(n.) box:
~
ii: .]?.1?_
~
][-f-
jiiio
(n.) angle:
ffl & j iiiodu
jiao/jue
(n.) role: .:±ffl
;1:~
113
bii
pretransitive verb:
re
71<~7
yf
(adv.) already: 6~£
Jim
(v. ) be tired of, be
bored
fJtim7
0
-W
?Jf~r
~
~~
zui
(n.) crime:
!IJ$flmzui, commit a
cnme
(n.) hardship: §t$
1$1
F, ba men guanyan,
shut the door tightly
(adj.) strict: ~YiP1~F
Jt
yan
(adj.) tight:
liao
(v.) chat:
re n ~
~
~gp *.
7C~9P (adj.), boring
yuan
(n.) wish:
Jr.\ xfnyuan
~ (aux.) willing
~'
m
m
114
nao
(adj.) noisy: j3:~-=f
1lHiliJ
iSJj llffl (V. ),
crazily
su
(adj.) serious:
zui
(adv.) most
li~-1¥1~1:
chao
(v.) argue:
rry ~ chaojia
(adj.) noisy:
j3:JL1~1ly
behave
F*
-BJ::
~~' 1E<o1J~~1ti~f.l~*~fto :@.fml~ifJ~~j(M7 (2)!
--J-,..
-hf:f
~"iij'
{~
JI.!J,\
7,
&~~-*~w:@.fml8~, ft-~-~~*•m~~~
_::~....:
-BJ::
B~«<
R=l 7 l3..rm..lif:J::t:.l'"l,..."
.w. ( )4i-~ 1-1- ~u: 7
na:m
0
~g
.{J:j:J ~ ~ {~ z:;: /I.>
At;:i...IU!I~.I'.JVJC!..l\.:::t:...........-
B~«<:g. 7 = ';fr
Ht:C.~
~1/\.
~~:@.fml-.k~~*eywM7,X&~~~,x&~~~,x&~A
~:!@. •••
-.k:
~, :@.fmi~$~B~~~~~~7, ftB~RM7wo~~~~
~ 7~fmM ~1~:@.8<7>~~~~~§'t~o
-BJ:=~•*•~~~~~-•~m~B"l~•,m•••~~B"l~~~
~-~o~~:@.fml~~~~~oo~~--A, WHm~~~-~
*:A:
-BJ::
• '
111\~ff.!~~~
0
m~
r-1 au~
:E~ J~~/T'i=iJc.<g>, X~~
*'-~- Jt..
7 <ro> At.
r:w. M
.!iV FW- s -h-z
~~:l':r=r~J I'I!Ji'~mlt.J:E;q- I'I!Ji'0
~
~ §!/
:m..@. ~+
rn:n '~a frf.t
"V<i.EOCi=i~ J~JS.t?J(r:J'J
111\~, 111\~~~~rPJoo:@.fml-.k~~~~···
-.k:~,~~~M~~~~~~~M~~~~~-~~~~Ao~~
~B"JfF-f{~ft~f~-~~(12)~--r' MJJI;JLB"J~ifJ~~M~~o
-BJ::M!M!M!~m~~7, ~1E1ti~M*~fto
-.k:
X~~, X~*~~~-~~-~$!
115
1£
---J '
~ J£it ~ %, -fit£ JJJ (1) ~
r J:. i*- v:A >'r
(2),
.R ;tr 1±. £ JJJ - a>tJ:.
av t
k~~*~~~~~M~~~~~' ~~~~o~~~~4
xing.qu
-_t-
zhong
-t'f
pingchang
**
it¥;)
~f'f
']i.~
lp
,::.
bilh...~
*::w.."ff..
-it~
#t- >]
~!¥!
yii.ta
~!!¥~
jiegou
•.
~][
rei chang
yiiyan
shiyanshi
~ffij
she.bei
~!~
lianxi
n.
adj.
adj.
interest
heavy
n.
ordinary; common; usual
n.
extremely
grammar
n.
adv.
n.
structure
language
laboratory
n.
facilities
v.
practice
116
Di jiii ke
Wo yao qu Zhongguo
Ba,Ma:
Zhei xueqi wo xmln.le yimen Zhongwen, wo yue xue yue you xing.qu, zhei men
ke zhong .shi zhong, dan.shi hen you yi.si. Xiiduo hua wo c6ngxiao .jiu hui shuo,
ke.shi bilzhidao zem.me xie, geng buzhidao zheixie pingchang shuo.de hua .li hai.you
yiita .de jiegou. Laoshijiao.de feichang hao, zhe .shi wo zui xihuan .de yimen ke.
Suiran xuexiao yiiyan shiyanshi.de shebei henhao, dan.shi lianxi shuo
Zhongwen .de ji.hui hai.shi buduo, mei xingqi chu.le shangke yiwai, zhiyou zai
xingqiyi wan.shang .de Zhongwen zhuo.zi caineng gen laoshi he t6ngxue suibian
tan. tan, suoyi wo.de kouyii jin.bu .de henman. Wo hen xiang liyong jinnian shiijia qu
Beijing canjia yi.ge duanqi yiiyan xun.lian ban,
~JL~
fiWI"
n.
ji.hui
.R;ff···(;f)
zhiyou ... (cai)
BftJ:.
wan.shang
~J::.~-f
zhongwenzhuo.zi
fi!.1~
~{I!
suibian
·~·~
1·-1·-
=~=~
W(W(
tan. tan
oPf'P
[J~E
1=11=1
kou.yii
i!-tV
·ti
Jttzv
4'-l¥!-1Fl
v.
time word
n.
jinnian
shujia
fj.-!Ja
~110
iJil t*Jjl
W!l~tY! xlin.lianban
n.
talk; chat
adv.
adj.
liyong
n.
Beijing
~t.i
n.
v.
jinbu
v.
canjia
n.
duanqi
n.
117
only if... (then)
evening; night
v.
man
:flJ JfJ
~it$.}]
time word
opportunity; chance
Chinese table
casually; freely
spoken language
make progress
slow
make use of; take
advantage of
this year
summer vacation
Beijing
join; participate in
short term
training class
~ 7 ~ ':Yf- .~,JL t:f kv~>'r, ~ Pf v~,iti!-f--~JL~~~ t:f ~ Aa!.J 1.
~,7~-T~tf~~~~,~~~~~~~#~i!+~~o
~t~JL
lf-_JJ
~tJL~
~tilt
chenjThui
±l'fi
shenghu6
7Mf
Wiojie
~±.~
f±Wr
xiwang
fi~
neng
i.#
zhichi
it~l]
~~tl
take the opportunity to
v.
life/ live
comprehend; know very
well
society
n./v.
n.
she.hui
~!f.
v.
n.lv.
aux.
v.
n.
ji.hua
hope
able to; can
support
plan
~JL
zhu
v.
wish
;;.)i~JL
jingzhu
v.
wish with respect
n.
health, healthy
1Jtll
-:kJL
adj.
jiankang
3(7(.
n{i'er
;;.)iJ:.
jingshang
jJ
yue
a
ri
n.
n.
118
daughter
respectful phrase used to
close letters
month
day
a
chide duo xue .yi.dianr Zhongwen yiwru, ye keyi chen .zhei.ge ji.hui kan.kan
Zhong.guoren .de shenghu6, liao.jie .yi.xia Zhonggu6 .de shehui, wo xiwang Ba Ma
neng zhichi wo zhei.ge jihua.
Jingzhu
Jiclnkang
Nller Meisheng Jingshang
_nian_yue_ri
+ Grammar Notes
1.
2.
£M xzngqz, literally "star period," and *Lff llbai, literally "(weekly) religious
worship," are both modem terms that were invented to translate the Western idea
of "week." *Lf.f llbai, because of its religious connotations, is not used in the
People's Republic of China in official contexts, although it is still widely used in
informal language.
chide X ~Y'r yfwai ... "other than X .... " This usage needs to be translated
using different phrases in English depending on circumstances. When a positive
statement follows, it usually corresponds to "besides" or "in addition to":
~7
~7t£-~~Y'r, ~~:fF€.~. ~~.
WJ~o
Chu.le qiiinbf yfwai,
maobf, fonbf, giingbl.
wo hai.you
In addition to pencils, I also have
brushes, chalk, and pens.
~ hai is usually used in the clause following ~ 7 chu.le, provided the focus is
on the object or predicate. With the focus on the subject,
119
tE. ye is used instead of
~hai:
{$1fJ ~;)_ j!--'
Chu.le nl. men yfwai, Lao Wang ye
xiangqu.
Besides you, Old Wang would
like to go, too.
~7
mggliHHIXJgg lV-jr, ft&:ff J1tli¥J
Except for pencils and pens, I
no
(other)
writing
have
instruments.
~7
9=r )C lV- ;-1-- , ft JlJf 1f I¥J
~7
~.£ill t&!-*
0
When a negative statement or a statement using :m dou follows, ~ 7 chu.le
corresponds to "except for" in English:
ggo
Chu.le qiiinbl .gen giingbl yfwai, w6
mei.you bie.de bl.
i* ~IH& ~
Chu.le
Zhongwen
yzwaz,
su6y6u . de ke dou hen r6ng.yi.
~0
w6
Except for Chinese,
courses are easy.
all
my
When the item that falls between ~ 7 chu.le and l;}_jr yfwai is brief, it is
common to drop l;}_jr yfwai:
ft¥5!:1f]Jrji¥Jggo
Chu.le maobl, w6 mei.you bii. de bl.
~7q;gg,
I have no writing instruments
except brushes.
Note that in English it is quite all right to put the "except for" at the end of a
sentence, as in "She doesn't want anything except money." In Chinese, though,
~7 chu.le has to come first: ~7~1t!!1ti,.:m::f~ chu.le qian .ta shem.me dou
buyao.
3.
4.
Review Lesson 6, note 10 on {)\ ci as a "counter" for instances of verbs. ~ xia
can be used the same way, but is more colloquial than {X ci. 7M-~9=t~I¥JH
4? liaojie .yi.xia Zhong.guo .de she.hui, literally "understand for-one-instance
Chinese society" is close in meaning and tone to "learn a little about Chinese
society" in English.
_t shang here is a verb, a polite usage meaning "present upward" toward a
superior. fi/J._Ljingshang is a standard way to end a letter, rather like "sincerely"
or "yours truly" in English.
120
+
~>.I (Exercises)
-. Rearrange the following phrases to make coherent sentences:
1. -t't,i-8-*,iJLa<J~ £,~,.J' at1~,~:ftJ,.l£;1f,~~i!Att~ a'.J,~Jt~.
2. *,~,:1-1rt.a<J ,:f1J JfJ ,~/J11, -1'-,4<i.JI:.fl ~ilrl #I,~t ,f. a'.] ,.ff_,~ ltAJL~, 4' j;_,q..Jt-.
3. -it~~J,i-#,=t=t, 4' l!l A. a<;,~, it,~'*' 4' l!l ,1. :;t;a'.J ,X. -SJ: .
.=.Complete the dialogues with the given expressions:
1. A:(~···~··")
B: ~ Jf.. 1t- -A- a'.J :1r *M!,
2. A: 1.t
B: c~
1t- i/GtL ii
*;;t ;to
a'.J:I-1Ri.:U-1-:1r~ ,'& 11~?
r .··Y:.ut-,
3. A: ·tk:~it1rt. r
,
···)
1r-:1r 1t z. -it~~J 11~?
4. A: 1t- /;] 1t Z. - Jt ~* ~t ,'}, 'f tf j;_ ~?
B: (~1j JfJ · · ·V· · ·)
B: (,!t···~~ V···)
=. Verb and Object. Provide objects for the following verbs:
~/;11
-iJrl M~
i-#
~~J
JfJ _ __
Translate the following into Chinese:
1. Only when you are interested in a subject are you able to learn it well.
2. Since none of the facilities in this language lab are good, most of the students are
planning to go abroad to take language courses.
3. If you really hope to improve my spoken language, you should support me more.
4. I am taking various kinds of courses in college in order to get different kinds of
training, and also for the opportunity to know other people better.
f!!1.
Ji.. Write a letter to your parents. Tell them about your life in college.
,\ . Write a short passage about each of the following:
a)
:k.'f1.:;t;
b)
:I-1R-it~1 ]
c) -1'-:fJL~
121
d)
~a<J*M!
+ &-*'*
(CharacterTable)
qu
gou
;f1J P.l<:(v. ), compose
~ ;f1J (n. ), structure
ff!!m(adj.),
interesting
~!lm(n.), interest
:t:
'
~t
F~
~
*-ff
shi
(n.) room: 11-0¥.
bangongshi,oftlce
chu
(v.) devide:
~¥t chufii,
devision
~7 ... C~?'r
than ...
), other
sui
(v.) follow:
casually
1~ (n.),
vacation
:!'
summer
duiin
(adj.) short: mM: ~H
1§
*
~ti
~~. (adv.)
~fit*
shu
~
Jif:7
~*
122
bei
fft~(v.), prepare
ti~(n.),
equipment,
facilities
zhuo
(n.) table:
(AN) table: -*~
yizhuocai, a table full
of dishes
*r
man
(adj.) slow: ·~~·~tiJr.
(v.) hold on: tf, f!tff
m~iJr.o
can (v.) join:~JJil
cen (adj.) uneven:
~~ cencr
shen (n.) ginseng:
A~
!ian
(v. ) practice: ~*>.!
~' ~~:
~*Yf~~~T~F,r:f:t)c, ~~*~:fiJI!@, ~F,~m£m,
{S£
B?&*;f5t~fi ~-.~~1¥J~ff§1fi~f, {S £~~~r:p )CI¥Jfi~Jf!£~
$, &£Yf~(l)~7 _t~~JJ7 ~(2), ~;fi;fr£jt~~1Ji_t!¥Jr:p)C*.Y:t~~1E~~
BfPfO ~*~11!~~~,
?JT~~I¥1 D~!Jittl71~1Ei'tlo ~1Ei~~%Uffl~if~1Pl
-t:itJ?-:~1Jo~flmmyt~gfi~WII*t~JL ~7 $*~~~JLrttJt~)r~,
mPJl2J-
~~{lmfl~~~r:p~AI¥J~ffl, JM~~wr:f:t~I¥Jli~, ~*~~=
A~ -:;:1;- -1;:::1;. +!-} '~
IJ:i:J
=-t
~rl
Flt.X-l'T1'~:lEill!!l i't !!f.~ 0
--9:. )l~~ ~_t (4)
_1f:_Y3_B
123
1;t *-1~ cz) iJL 1;t 5t;f t' :t. i*Atl :1r * ~(3) -#- l l ;)t Jt. X]( -k ~~ :1:
~~.ff.1JijJ)l, ~~jpt~~-ftl~*o
1;t1..{f.-k@J, *-{f.-k@J, -k
t'@J~~~~~~!f..~~~~~;f[~~~o
@} if; o
:1r at~ if- i& 1-f/- :k. frf: , 1t.c4) ~ 1f1 ~ * ~ ~t 5it ,
1
~lb ~- ~ *-cs)
~~~0~{£~~~4~-ktr@J•tr:t., ~~~~~~~m
%Jf- *-c6) a~ •\:.; 4
*.B.
o
~ 1n ~ i~ .t.# 1.~ ~+it ?i1]
t!::OO
l:fj~
chugu6
*-~
*#H
zhiinbei
~_§_
bingqie
4;i. -iJil Jjl
;t~:X..
~-
~Ji$11*
:ff~~
~"!l
-tt-it
n./v.
con}.
n.
xhl.tian
x_~
it
v.-o.
du
duanxunban
youyi.yi
n.
adj.
v.
xiwang
illJt
v.
adv.
yexii
124
o
go abroad
preparation/prepare
moreover
summer
study; read
short-term training class
significant
hope
perhaps; maybe
Di shi ke
Chiiguo qhin .de zhunbei
Meisheng:
NI laixin shuo ni dui Zhongwenke hen you xing.qu bingqie jueding xia.tian qu
Beijing du duanxunban, Ba.ba gen wo dou hen gaoxing. Nr sheng.zai Meigu6, zhang
zai Meigu6, qu Zhonggu6 kan.kan ni ru.mu chusheng.de di.fang .shi hen youyi.yi.de.
Ba Ma yao ni c6ngxiao xue Zhongwen, jin Zhongwen xuexiao, zong xiwang ni
neng shuo.xie Zh6nggu6hua. Youshi yexi:i bi.de tai jin, shi wo.men .de guan.xi
jinzhang, Ma xiang.qi.lai hai hou.hui. Xianzai ni ziji yuan.yi qu Zhonggu6 xue
Zhongwen, zhe zhen ke.yi shuo.shi wo.men duonianlai .de xinyuan. Wo.men dangran
zhichi nr zhei.ge ji.hua.
~f.- 5it
v.
shr
1~
n.
make; cause
~mf~
guan.xi
~SR
jinzhang
Jf;·t~
t~·tfi
houhui·
V.
regret
~1¥-*-
~~*
duonianlai
,...,
--~
·~
·~
IG'~
xinyuan
"&~
I=EI J "
dangran
n.
for many years
*~
..,
~~
adj.
adv.
125
relation; connection
tense; strained
wish
certainly
ffl 0 91,1 o
1~ M; ~
1.. i.if..a}J 3£.-(f. ~£,
~~~'b ~~1~ ~cs)o
~>L ~ -*-itt -!Y !
__ El
time
word recently
zuijin
n.
n.
gongsi
~
qian
~~
jln
xiang ...
shenqlng
jing.ji
tfiJ .. . 'f -rn~ *;tf-JI}J
*~
adj.
v.
n.
huzhu
bang
piao
hilzhao
qianzheng
126
company
money
in short supply
apply to ...
v.
financial aid
n.
round trip (airplane ticket)
n.
help
n.
airplane
n.
n.
ticket
passport
VISa
Zuijin Ba.ba gongsi.de shengyi bu tai hao, jiall.de qian hen j1n, bU.zhidao nr
neng.buneng xiang xuexiao shenq1ng yidiam jingji biizhu; wo.men zh1neng bang .nr
mai laihui .de reijipiao.
Chugu6 qian nr yao shen.qing huzhao, qianzheng he da fangyi zhen, zhei.xie shir
nr dei zijr ban .le. Nl.de chusheng zhengming hai zaijia.li, wo huiba .taji.gei nl.de.
ZhUXueye jinbu!
Ma
_nian__yue_ri
.:fr
da
~1l1t
;}]~
tB 1.. i.iE aJl
~
~
t::..
*:.r·
[W;&}t
fangyizhen
m
11
ban
te1:mrgj
chusheng
zhengming
hui
Jl
*~
n.
v.
inoculation; injection
n.
pron.
will
aux.
n.
xueye
get (injection)
handle; manage
v.
ta
.,
A!-4~
v.
birth certificate
it
mail
schoolwork
+ Grammar Notes
1.
2.
iW qicin is short for
* *11§
~$ yfqian (see L. 1, note 19).
lcii and ~ qu, normally intransitive verbs, can be transitive with respect to {§
xin.
lcii xin "cause a letter to come" and ~{g qu xin "cause a letter to go"
both correspond to English "send a letter."
3.
X1 dui X :ff ~@you xing.qu "toward X have interest-find X to be interesting."
4.
{! shf "make" is a modern usage that was invented as a Chinese parallel to similar
127
usages in Western languages.
5.
6.
7.
8.
~* q{/ai here is a figurative directional complement which, combined with
xiiing, specifically means "remember, recall." For other figurative uses of the ~
q{/ai complement, review Lesson 3 note 3.
*
lizi here has the sense of "all along."
"for many years standing."
*
$if.* duoniiznlizi is similar to English
1J$t dii zhen is a Verb-Object compound for "get an inoculation."
4? hui "will likely" and /F4? buhui "likely will not" are often
1¥1 .shi ... de "is a case of' for making confident predictions:
used with ~ · · ·
1m~4?*1¥1o
Tii .shi hui lai .de.
He's likely to come.
Jfn.tian .shi buhui xiayii .de.
It's not going to rain today.
4-7(~/F4?rmi¥Jo
In this use the ~ .shi frequently drops out, leaving no change in meaning:
1lli4?*1¥1
Tii hui lizi . de.
He's likely to come.
0
fJt4? 1E :±11:.iiE llj3
* 1$1¥1
~
W6 hui bii chusheng zhengming ji.gei
nf.de.
+
?&!
0
I'll send you the birth certificate.
~:53 (Exercises)
-. Translate the following expressions into Chinese:
1. to apply for a passport
2. round-trip airline ticket
3. birth certificate
4. to get a visa
5. intense relationship
6. financial aid
7. expectations of many years
8. to be interested in doing business
128
.=. Expand each of the following groups of expressions into coherent sentences,
adding anything necessary:
1.
2.
* '
*'
~t 5it , J€; ·t-B} ' ~
~ ?l\:
:iji_il[, 1.. ~' ~ ~' *-.'.t'
lL
~
mc. , ~-+,
o/ik, :fr$JJ, iiE.aJJ,
*
3. ;11~,
..:; ~ , ;tr -;t 5l
4.
~it,
5.
~iiE.,
0-
tB 1.., .tr 1ft1l4t, :M,
~
- . Circle the best choice for the blank:
atl!liif- ~ JJj 5t.i*, rjf¥Axt JJj 5tAf.'f_ _ o
a) ~it
b) T {ijf
c) iA.. iY2. i.t ;ff A.~ it 1-t!!.1tj:,ft, M.(president)~ ~ ~-- :k 'f ~ ~ ~t 5!t o
1. 1-t!!.~k~
3.
a) foJ
~1fla'-J at1~, ~~ T ;t JJJ1h:.¥A7r,
b) if.
_ _ :M X. .fJ:"1t 1.. ~0
c) ;;f
oo -nt 1-t- ;; ~--1-t-1£ a'-J !J~ +1·1·1 a'-J Jli.Rt 'f 1l.tl' .~~ ilk. tif YA T
a)
4. tB
c) 1Jt.
b) ;Je.
-#-ll
*
a)
if
b)
c)
(r;]
5. ~Jb!+it~'l ~E:-1~/~ $J
a) ;!Jt~>t
b)
o
xt
a'-J ~itt ~~iii.,
i..#
k~ ~ ~~--0
c) if~~
6. X..fJ:"~k$•.:; ~·t+!fL, -A-~·I:f1-t!!.1f1 n1tZ.;; xtl!;ff:f: _ _ o
a) ;ff ~ 5l
l!ll.
b) ;ff *ftt
c) ;ff ~ .'&
Make meaningful and coherent sentences using the underlined expressions:
1-t- ~E:. -1. 'f oo ;t ;t 1-t- x. .fJ:" tB 1.. a'-J Jt 7r 1t1!'<-;ff ~ 5l a'-J o
2. :;t ~iji i! 1.. i!1-f *-- '.t' ~ if-~1Jt.~ij11.. ~ ~ ·~ 5!t
3. 1-t- ~ ~ ~ 'f .:Z T ' l!-A- ti[ YA iJLk~ 1f1 ~ 4.:;~
4. .t\ 1fl -i-lf=- ~.t ::t i..#1.f-"it*li 1Jil #1' JJl.{£ ~~:Jitii.J€r·t-B}
1.
'*
1i. Write a short composition to compare
*
*a'-] .
0
0
0
~1:. Meisheng's parents with your own.
/\. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a) tB!!Ja'-J~5l
b) :k!!lk~a'-J~itf-:f!-JIJJ c) ~a'-JtB1..M!.
129
d)
~J€r·t~a'-J-1t:f:
+ & *~
(Character Table)
xia
zhun
(v.) allow: /f fi ii,ij 1m!
fi .fiJD zhunque, (adj.)
accurate
i~
~
9k
I'''
4~
-
Jb
IJ,-
du
(v.) study; read:
*
·--.t;~
xi
(n.) department:
*)(*
**(n.), relation
ran
~M(adv.), certainly
ranhou (conJ.),
afterward
M rm ran'er (con}.),
however
M J§
qicin
(n.) money
piaa
(n.) ticket: ~;fJ1~
(n.) summer: ~*.
J}l
~r~t
J)
~r
kk
~
130
btin
(n.) class: ~liiJII*
AN:
~ -
xiayibtinchutm, the next
boat
*
f.YJ
hul
(v.) regret: J§'~
sf
0irl(n.), company
ir1 ;fJ1 sfjf (n.), driver
bu
(v.) mend:
*~ ;;& ~ll buyzfu, mend
clothes
*~ !IJJ(n. ), subsidy
qitin
qitinming,
~iiE(n. ), visa
~~
stgn
(v.)
(n.)
label:
~ ~
shilqitin, bookmark
1/J\* {§ <2> mt {fl\f-I 9 X~~~~~~
~j:::
(3)
~£1. ~5EM:X-* ::!tJit~J(~li ~II JJI,
~~mamm~~a~j::a~~,&a~~, -*9~~~~~~ilij::
I¥Jt-fu1J J!~~~;@:~B"J a
~~~~{fJ\f)t!J\*9X, ii9X*~' ~\!l;ffi"~{fJ\~~mtJl:~q:t[g~Jg!a ~
~ili~~~~R, ~wft~I¥J~~R~, ~~~*w~~-ama~
§ 2~:W:-*9~*9"X,
-±" 1'3"
-l;:::f;.. i""
'~ 1J:i:J
{(,~.X..
lj\J.8..1
~ -=t
R ~
b/,\
.E§.
~J{.PJ~mt£&1r~~i:F*<6>1¥JJG'~a &1r~&-
a
:i:ili~-g0m 1¥Jj::;W:~~~f, %!Hr{]~~~R, ~~nm1/J\~~~~~~
*~$~~-!6;L*~~*mWJ, ftfr~_R ~~-{fJ\R*@JI¥J~tJ!U~a
rt
ili~1W1/J\~~$~~~~~, ~mtntr!W:&it(7), ~J}:~•JLffJ\1~§
7 a {fl\ I¥J ili j:: mfljj ~a% !L
ft~tE
*£*~iitl7!
*
2m
~{fl\ I¥J <s> a
~~
-~-fj_B
131
t\.1±- i!_JlL -k Lm 1- nz at.; it :f.¥. t ~ ~ ~ ~ :Y (1) t§. JJi it-#~~ J!. J:.
at.; ;t ffr o i!;VJGJt.- if di1 ~ "-k Lm 1t,"
-if di1 cz) -ip x.. ~-1*#
mG ~ *-at.;"* -t" :f~ 5i:1t 0 :!!#I~ J!.{f_ i-f~ tf Lm ~j t\. ~ tf Jt. ~f.
~ ,J.. at 1~ ,
}i
1-t 1f1 ~ 1: ~ ~ ':if Jtr. t 5i::f~ r Mlf--
* t Lm A at.;
~~o*+£~*~~~~~~~'f5i:'f~,~Jt.~m~~
+&1:~~*-~~~r-#•*~~~0
;f~ !*..
n.
v.
pJf ;f:f at.;
*§
yimin
JIM!!
shiying
ii;f¥..
~*¥
guocheng
huo duo
huo shao
jingli
adv.
~~ J.!J:.
xinlishang
~Jti
maodim
-~oo
yitangmian
n.
~m
it E.
~J, ~:_!,·
~~)Jj
~«<~
IIC:C
hiizi
suoyou.de
adj.
v.
n.
v.
132
immigrant
come from
all
adapt to
process
more or less
experience
psychologically
conflict; contradiction
on the one hand
Di shiyi ke
Wei shem.me xue Zhongwen
Meigu6 .shi yi.ge yimin gu6jia, Mei.guoren hiizi shi.jie gedi. Suoyou.de yimin
zai shi.ying Mei.guo sheng.huo.de guocheng zhong dou huoduohuoshao jingli.guo
yizhong xinll.shang .de maodlin. Zhe .jiu.shi yifangmian yao "Meigu6hua,"
ling .yifangmian que you xiang baochi ziji yuanlai .de yilyan he wenhua. Zhei zhong
xinli zai xiiduo Zhonggu6 yimin dangzhong .shi reichang mingxian .de, wo.de fu.mu
jiu.shi zheiyang.
Wo xiao.shihou, ta.men xiwang wo duo xue .xie Zhongwen he liaojie yixie
Zhong.guoren.de xisu. Mei.ge xingqniu wo dou dei qu fujin.de Zhongwen xuexiao,
dan.shi ta.men.de zhei.ge yuanwang dui .wo hii shuo que cheng.le yizhong ewai.de
rudan.
suffix
···1t
... hua
jJ
ling
other
1%#
det.
baochi
v.
keep; maintain
~*
yuanlai
ac(j.
n.
original
n.
k1t
~tf
wenhua
-ize, ify
culture
'M9=t
dangzhong
f!Jj~
mingxian
ac(j.
obvious
xisu
n.
custom; convention
i§{B-
Im~
yuan. wang
cheng
ewru
rudan
v.
n.
ac(j.
133
among; between
wish; desire
form into; become
added; extra
burden
- ~ aJ.J (3)
*- mJ :f~ -1- 7 %1 *-<
.flJ
4)
;;!JG :Jt~t1ff:fp
i* 3t3t
aJ.J
at1ri ,
!if
:Jt~~7%J*-~~~~*-#~mJ~o~~*~' *~~A
7 - # "~ ;.j "
J.I,
0
~:Jt~p 'f ~
~ -1-P ~ ~ J~(S) 1~ ~ f-
:t a~
1. 7 - # :tt.:IE ~ ~ €f.] I~
0
~~, -+A~~7~~~~~~~~~ff.J&~:tta~
i*-,
~a'-), ~~*%•**1.~~7k*~~~~~~~~~~
~ ~ ~ ;;!JG:Jt-+Jit*fa~1f'l-1- o
~~A~~m~*~~:Jt~7~~~~~~~~~~~'
~~, ~~~~~*~~,
~~~:tt~7~~~, ~~~oo
:Jt~7~~-~7~~~~a'-Jm~~~~o
-~
ffil*-
Jl!l?K
n.
zhoumo
V.-0.
f'angjia
~i1~
~~~
~JfJG
y6uxi
~irj
~frj
chiifa
~~~~(Jt!!.)
::f ~Q ::f :1:
1-1..
adj.
yiban
~1:
(ftk)
buzhrbujue.de
chansheng
;Jit;fg
kangju
~..-
buxing
~ll}t.
ziixian
m~
ziran
weekend
n.
be on holiday or vacation
v.
unconsciously
n.
adv.
v.
adj.
n.
adv.
134
ordinary;con1n1on
game
punishment
produce; emerge
resist
unfortunate
ancestor
naturally
Yiban.de Mei.guo hai.zi dao.le zhoumo .jiu.shi fangjia he y6uxi.de shi.hou, ke.shi
wo dao.le zhoumo que hai dei qu xue yizhong wai.guohua. Dui .wo lai shuo, xue
Zhongwen cheng.le yizhong "chiifa." Buzhibujue.de shr wo chansheng.le yizhong
kangju Zhongwen.de xinll, zhe.shi reichang buxing.de.
Qishi, yi.ge ren xiwang liaojie zijr ziixian yiiyan wenhua.de yuanwang .shi hen
ziran.de, suoyr xiiduo huayi xue.sheng zai jin.le daxue ylhou dou zidong xuan du
Zhongwenke, wo zijl jiu.shi yi.ge zui hao.de li.zi.
You.xieren y1wei wo xue Zhongwen .shi wei.le biye y1hou zhao gongzuo bljiao
r6ng.yi, qishi, wo zhi suoy1 xue Zhongwen, yiiqi shuo.shi wei.le zhao gongzuo, bum
shuo.shi wei.le gengjin.yibu liaojie wo zijl.de lishl he beijing.
~$]
-~
huayi
i!
Jl
jin
11•] -T
.±I}] (±11!)
zidong.de
f,{ 7-J
~~
yrwei
-¥-.ill!-
m:~
biye
_i. #J(Jt)
li.zi
~
zhao
.:L1'f
gongzuo
~t~
b~~
bljiao
ZfJfYA
tm B
zhisuoyr
-:ko B
~Jt.A~
:1!-j-
;lrf' 3!-i'f..
~;tt:A/f
yii qiA
buruB
Jl~ZJ7
jinyibu
bei.j1ng
n.
v.
Chinese born overseas
adv.
enter
automatically; self-initiated; of
one's own accord
example
v.
think mistakenly
v.
graduate
n.
look for
n.
v.
adv.
adv.
n.
135
work; job
more; relatively; comparatively
the reason that ...
would rather B than A
further
background
+ Grammar Notes
1.
2.
:®G~:®Gd.> huo duo huo shiio
"either more or less-to one extent or another." Here
:®G huo is short for :®Gi!t huozhe "or." Review Lesson 2, note 26 on the difference
between ~~ hai.shi and :®Gi!t huozhe.
:1JOO fongmiim "side, aspect" can be used in pairs in the pattern:
Subject -:1JOO yi-fongmiim Verb 1 (~ling) -1JOO yi-fongmiim Verb 2
to mean "on the one hand ... , and on the other hand ... ":
:ruB -:n 00 ffl J}J ~ -tS ' -:Jj 00 -IE. ~0 m:
Ta yi-fongmiim yonggong dushu,
yi-fongmiimye zhf.dao zem.me wanr.
~-z.fj[;)Lo
On the one hand she studies
diligently, and on the other hand
she also knows how to enjoy
herself.
1J00fongmiim is also used to mean "(academic) field or topic": {~li}fjtl9j~-1JOO
nfyanjift nei .yifongmiim? "What (aspect of things) are you researching?"
3.
4.
5.
- ~ 1¥J yiban . de "the ordinary case" tends to mean "most" when followed by
nol.Uls: -~I¥J~OO~-T yiban .de Mei.guo hai.zi "most American children."
When modifying a predicate -~ yiban means "usually, normally": {t!?.-~::f~
JJ~-z. i3li¥J ta yiban buhui nem.me shuo .de "normally he wouldn't say that." As an
adjective -~ yiban means "ordinary, undistinguished": 1t!?.I¥J)C,~{~ fU!~ ta .de wenzhang xie .de zhl.shi yiban "his essays are only mediocre."
Loan words from Western languages into Chinese are of two kinds. ll)]n IE[~ kiifoi
"coffee" borrows a sound; .mJ ?K zhoumo "weekend" borrows an idea.
Here :1:1!! is pronounced .de and is known as the "adverbial .de" because it
precedes a verb to show the way in which the verb happens: ::f~O::f:%:1:-t!!{!;m· ..
bit-zhf-bitjue .de shl wo... "made me, without my being aware .... " Other
examples:
::fWT:I:t!!i:&~
buduim .de giiibiim
constantly change
tiHi~Jt!!~!g;m
hen zhityi .de kim.zhe wo
looking at me intently
-t=i]-t=i]:i:t!!-!J?.
yi-jit yi-jit .de shuo
say sentence by sentence
xflfhuiila .de chf
eat in a flustered hurry
~1E.~Pf$L:I:t!!UZ
136
The modifying phrase before ±!!! .de has to be more than one syllable; the yf-AN - yf-AN structure of the third example is common, as is the use of
onomatopoeia as illustrated in the fourth example.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Here an "adverbial" ±!!! .de is understood:
"decide automatically to take."
.±Z91 C:f:t!!)
Jl]~ zidong (de) xuandu
~79 yfwei means "think," but implies ''think incorrectly," and therefore is often
(but not necessarily) paired with Jt~ qishi "actually" in a following clause:
(somebody) ~79 yfwei X, Jt~ qishi Y. ~79 yfwei can also be used in polite
language to devalue one's own opinion: flt~79 w6 yfwei ... "in my humble
. . .... ''
opmwn
To say "the reason for X is Y,'' use Jiff~ su6yf Y ~12979 shi yfnwei (or 797
wei.le) X (review L. 5, note 4). Here Z zhf, a classical-language equivalent of
1¥J .de, is added between the subject Jiff ~ su6.yi. It is optional. If you do use it,
you have to use Z. zhf, not 1¥J .de.
~ Jt -ill. yuqi shuo A,
/F ~D-ill. bitru shuo B "rather than saying A, it's better to say
B." /F~D bitru can be used without ~Jt yuqito mean "not as much as": ~*1¥1
~)Ci.Jt1~/F~D~.3::¥JrE%U Lao Zhang .de Yingwen shuo .de bitru Lao Wang liuli
"Old Zhang's English is not as fluent as Old Wang's."
*
come from
--*-~
-¢'1!1 A.*- m-&:- ~~J~o
Americans come from all over the world.
1. 1f<. ~ {:; ?~A.~ *-
mt 1!1 :k._ ~ a~ l!kl mJ~ lK
0
Many Taiwanese come from the southern Fujian region of mainland China.
2.
m
1~1fl~Jt*- illU~·}j a~~Jf~J ~o
They are all new immigrants from Asia.
137
-.
~ :f~ ~.-!±. i!.J}L 00 1.. n; fJI.J it:f.¥.1f, $ ~£JJi it-#·~ J.tJ:. a~~ !lr o
In the process of adapting to American life, all immigrants have experienced a
kind of psychological conflict.
*
in the process of
1. ~.-!±. J:. :k.. ~ fJI.J it:f.¥.1f ;t .f'J 7
*- 00 ~ 1f -*'1 J!. fJI.J J;iJ M
o
I noticed the problems of America's educational system while I was (in the
process of) attending college.
2.
~ 1..1fl {±. ~ lf k fJI.] it:f.¥.1f ·tf:tfJ~ 7 Wf- 7 - ;t!:.1f ~ k 1t. 0
In the process of studying Chinese, the students gradually came to understand
some of China's culture.
to a greater or lesser extent
~ :f~ ~A~ A~Y$~£JJi it-#·~ J.!J:.fJI.J~ !lr o
To one degree or another, all immigrants have experienced a kind of
psychological conflict.
1. ~~~t;~, X.-tiFA~A~Y.&i'-~~-.~,~Jiho
So long as I need it, my parents will always give me some degree of help.
2.
:1!.# ~ 1} A~ A :Y i'- ~1~ -=f- .~tt:. ~ *1- fJI.J 1} ~ o
To some extent, this kind of movie will be a bad influence on children.
~ if-~ :f~ ~- 7i dii ~ ~ 1t. , J1 - 7i dii 5l ~1*At mC..~ fJI.J k 1t. o
On the one hand, many immigrants wish to Americanize; on the other, they want
to keep their own original cultures.
V!l.
1.
-:Jilfl· ··, J5 -:Jilfl· · ·
on the one hand ... , on the other hand ...
*-
*-
x. .fF- 7i dii ~ 1!. ~ J#.. f.J mC.. a~ k1f.o
+.$.- iE a~ *~ A..,
J1 - 7i dii x.. ·t~ ~ .-t 7
On the one hand, my parents hope I will become a genuine American; but on the
other hand, they are also afraid I will forget my own culture.
2. ~~~*-00~, -7idii~-~~#1..n;, J1-7idii5l~·hi!.J}L
-$1f a~ ~ Jt. o
When he just arrived in America, he, on the one hand, had to earn money to
support himself, and, on the other, had to make an effort to adapt to the new
environment.
~. ~···~tf
~
:1!.# ·~ JJ..,(f3t ~ t:f ~ :f~ ~
1£ :1!. .~tt:. J;iJ M tf ,
*
*1f
among
:.{Af 't aJJ.£ a~ o
~ ~ ~t fJI.J Jt. ~ Jih :f~ ~ ~El. iJt J~ J_t o
This kind of mentality is very apparent among Chinese immigrants.
1.
138
Among these questions, the most important one is to help immigrants adapt to a
new environment.
2. ff. -k ~A.~ t:F,
*- av
M..~ir~"l
Jfi ~ o
Among Americans, most are from Europe (an origin).
-k. ~· · ·
iJL
*
as for ... , as far as ... is concerned
~ 5Ct~*-iJL, ~tf3::.A1-# "5Q:irJ"o
For me, learning Chinese became a kind of "punishment."
1.
2.
*dff--k~~~~A.*"~' ~~~~-+~~~~~~~0
For foreigners living in America, the Immigration Bureau is a very unlovable
place.
.fj:- ~~~X.. !f.' 5Ct~ 1.. *- iJL~ -+tYl7r
av ~.;f-er 0
Writing Chinese characters every day is an extra burden for students.
--b. YA ;b · · · , .:}t. ~ · · •
~ ;ff ;tb A. Jt;( 7-J ~ ~ tf 3::.~ 7-J
1 -f.*- fA)§-~ J..1'f ~t. ~ $. ~ , Jt:.
*'
think mistakenly ••. , actually ..•
~~
n1~~-~1~~mG~m~~~~o
Some people think I am learning Chinese so that, after graduation, finding a job
will be easier. Actually I'm studying in order to move a step closer to
understanding my own history and culture.
1. ~Jt;.<J.] mG~-+-k~A., Jl:.*'ff-n'JA.i-*-, ~-jp~-+t:fmlA.o
I think of myself as an American, but actually, as other people see it, I am
Chinese.
2. ;ff ;tb A. Jt;.< 7-J .R ~~~ ~ .fij -k m] ;f)G ~~ ~ ~t Jt, Jt:. -jf- ~ JJ~ ~ $. ~ o
Some people think that just by arriving in America, immigrants can learn English,
but actually it's not that easy.
*
*'
/\.... . .. ~PJf YA ... ~;;!, 1· ..
1
the reason why .. .is ... is because of (or: for the purpose ot) ...
Or: A i(.Ji.Jj" Jr.;( B .,{.;;b
C
The reason why A is B is because of (or: for the purpose ot) C
~ ~.Z.?J[Jt;.<~ tf 3::., ~7-J 7 7 ~ mG~m ~~.:lt=f'~o
The reason that I study Chinese is to understand my own history and background.
1.
2.
1~-Z.?J[ Jt;.<~-!- tf mJ, ~7-J 1 ~;;t i- X. -itt!:: 1.. ~ J~~ o
The reason he wants to go to China is so that he can see the place where his
parents were born.
~.Z.?J[ Jt.A ~~~ 1f -ikii*~rJlJJ, ~7-J 1 !-1rl-!- tf
mJ ~ >J t:F 3::.o
The reason I applied to my school for financial aid was in order to go to China to
study Chinese in the summer.
139
~ Ej .1-- iJLJt 7-J 1 ~ .J:1'F , ~ -Jto iJLJt 7-J 1 iii- -!V 1 mlf. ~ mG ff.J 1=t 7J; o
Rather than say it's in order to find work, it's better to say it's in order to
understand my background better.
-JL.
~ .:}t. A ;f: :/(17 B
would rather B than A; it's better to B than to A
1. ~ tf ~' Ej .1---:!- ~ ~!=., ~-Jto-:!- ~!=. "*" o
Ej -1-- :.t :!!# i~ ;ff ~ .~ al.] ~ JJ ' ~ -Jto ~ :.t
To study Chinese, it is better to go to Beijing than to go to Taipei.
2.
0
It is better not to watch this type of boring movie.
+
t1.k33
(Exercises)
-.Fill in the blanks with appropriatewords:
a}] Xi
~ tl!.
?± ~s ~~ *~ ~m *#
1. 4-.kft tf ffil ;flflf-, Jiff lt.A~--~ mC. it-fRo
2.
>) %-
~ft..Jg
.i. #J
mr ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Y ~ ;;ff _ _
*:t
ai.J .-:.; J.t o
tf -k ~ ffil ai.J ~.±.*it~ _ _ :!-11!.~ ~
5. ~Jt±_ _ y ~JLai.J;flf±~o
6. ~ ai.J tf ffil _ _ )(t ~ ~ .r..1t :ff ~l:o
3. .Jd~AZI'al {JI.] _ _ lt~tt$:.~? ±a~.] o
4.
o
*
J ~~{JI.]~JLjc.Jt~JJil.~~k{JI.] _ _ o
s. tf ffil ~ 5tt ai.J ~J!lj(t-J:!t-~-- T ~tt k ai.J IJ vFJ o
7.
fiJ *- ffil *- a~.J ~~ ~ , ·~ J.t J:. '*" '*" ~:ff 1t z. :t-t a~.J ~ m? <- :n- &J .. · , Ji - :n- &J .. · >
fiJ1t ~u-t:n- -!-~ tf :t~*fo/t.? ( 11 .;t. .. ·, ~-](17 .. ·)
3. ~1~1.i1f. tf ffiJ ;f~E: T ~ mC.ai.J~JLjc.vJb? (~~~1\t:!-t)
4. 1;f-;}] 1t Z. ;fe.-!- tf :t ~ ~;,l fiX.-#~ -fil o/t.? ( ZJiff lt.A .. · , Jt ll5J n .. ·)
-=-. Answer the following questions using the given expressions:
1.
2.
140
5. ;/.] 1t Z. ilt .1'jl~ J~~ ;ff A-tJ t\ flj
-k @] "*- ~?
6. 1-t- fo] ;K~ 1ti~ ~, i.t;ff J1 1j a'.] ";f "~?
( ~ ~ ~ j·)
( f-{ ;/.] · · · ,
.t--
*' ···)
- . Write a dialogue between a mother and a child about their family history.
[!!. Translate into Chinese:
1. In the process of studying in a foreign country, I quickly adapted to a new life and
unconsciously got to know a different culture very well.
2. All immigrant families, during their first few years in a foreign country, will
experience greater or lesser psychological conflicts that arise from heavy social
burdens.
3. It is very natural for people to want to know their ancestors' language and culture.
That is why a lot of people like to go back to their ancestral homes to visit.
Ji. Fill in the blanks appropriately:
2. ~ :t a'.] _ _
1. $Y! 71- a'.]__
4.
a'.J •\.; J.t
7.
a'.]~~
3. aJJ£a'.] _ _
5. _ _ a'.] ~F!'-!"
6. _ _ a'.J>J1~
s. m~a~.J _ _
9. _ _ a'.J :ii:f1.
/\. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a) -tJt\.a'.J•\.;J.!:;f;t
b) ~1-a'.J~~
c) -k_, tf~Ma'.J>J1~
d) ~~~a'.J)Jj;t:fp~f1'~
+
El
&*~ (CharacterTable)
~J
yi
""
(v.) move:
~z;f]yidong
~~(n.),
immigrant
141
ying
~~(v.), adapt to
yfng
~*(aux.), should
mao
(n.) spear
~~(n.) conflict/
(adj.) uncertain
huo
(conj.) or: 9)(;~ 9JGd>
(adv.) probably:
9JG ilf huoxu
·dim
sit
(adj.) popular: {B-
(n.) shield
~~(n.), conflict/
(adj.) uncertain
i:j
- -
>.1 {B-(n.) custom
i~
cheng
(v.) become:
biancheng
wang
wish
w~~ tiaowang (v.),
look into the distance
}l{~(n.)
e
wai
(n.) outside: )'Hm
(adj.) abroad: )71- ~
tvl)tr(adj.) extra
Wl~ et6u (n. ),
forehead
1r1
uo
jiJ
1t fflG
jia
(n.) holiday: JJ)( {~
jiii
(adj.) false: J{. {~
zhenjiii, (of things)
true and false
...... ~
141-"
(v. )punish: frj ~. fine
(n.) punishment:
~w
fa
'
~
reJ
142
you
W1~(n.) game
W1~"1\y6uy6ng (v.ln.)
to swim/ swimming
:!* W1 lily6u (v.) to
travel
yi
(n.) descendant: $
Wf
~~~¥~~i!!If~ ~:W:B)(;~ :B)(;d> (l)*~lmi!!I-~t~c.,m!J:.~~ ~
~~~-003~~*'~~A*~lli~~~om~~3~a•E
0
mmc~-
:lJOO~ "~~1-t," ~-7JOO<z>BPJZJJH~H~~ 3~*~~fi~fllJtf-t,
ft 1J, ffif1'*, 1m 1r~ :ffl- ~ ft~ **~ ~ Jtfo §ff-M -*~ ~ ~A~~ fB-
m
~~~c.,m!a~q:~ ~ ~3 ~&" ~ ~~~~~~~, ft~X:£J:mc~m*t1L
0
!gJ:
OO£MAft:W~~fflili~~Jt*~'~~~~~m00-~tift*~W
1JX 1 -~~~~)tr s<J ~ i j
0
-f.Jis"J (3)~~fj<-T~U 7 Jmi?K<4>mc~J1J(fflfllJ&f~~ffiff'*, PI ~ft~U
7Jmi?KiiPjjl1~~*-~l)tH¥]!~5c f-fft*~ *~Jt1JX7-~I "~~"
/F~Il/FJl±-lf!(s)f~ft£~ 7-~l:fJtJ§ ~Jt~~L.,m!, m~~~~/F:¥:~
o
0
~•,-mA:ffi-~§ff-M~3m~m~Jt~~-~~*~~~,m
~~~¥•~~a~7*~~-:W~~w~m~Jt&, ft~3mt~111!l•~f~17~-To
~*~ A~~(7)ft*~Jt~~ 7 -~~1~1)Giftl:t~?G~, ~·,
ft~m~oo~~Jt, ft~~~~7~I~, /F~~~~~7~~-~
§ff-Mft ~ 3~1m1:fll~~
o
143
~-t--=-~
1&~-r~~~J,
±*~~~~££~*~~-r~~~~M~~~aa~
--k~~-r~ko--~-r~~~~~~~~~~~~~
*%~~~~~**~~~~~~' ~~*~~~~~
~~,ffl~~~£k%~~~,~~~~*~-r*~~~"~
J!. o Jijf VA ~ ~ ir ir ~
1~lf :f~ -r a{;
'\.J
:f ;
i?TJ (2) :f~
-r ~ ~ 1JE:.1*- ~
~~MJ *-~, ir-ie.~-$J:"~ *-~i~~~ 1 "-t~" o
1~1
zuo
~Jii
jiating
.:Z.fa]
zhijian
ja~
juli
wangwang
zhuyao
nianling
suowei
v.
n.
n.
n.
adv.
adv.
n.
144
be; act as
family
between; among
distance
usually; ordinarily; often
mainly
age
that which is called; the so-called
Dl shier ke
Zuo hai.zi ye bii rong.yi
Shengzhang zai Zhong.guo jiiiting li .de Meigu6 hai.zi he fiunu zhijian .de juli
wang. wang bi yiban Meigu6 hai.zi geng da. Yiban hai.zi he fiunii .de juli zhiiyao .shi
nianling .de but6ng, ye jiu.shi suowei "dai gou." Dan.shi huayi Meigu6 hcii.zi he fiunu
zhijian chu.le you "dai gou" yiwai, jingchang hai.you yiiyan he wenhua shang .de juli.
Xiiduo chengnian yihou cai lai Meigu6 dingju .de fiunii, Yingyii bing.bu.shi
ta.men.de miiyii, suoyi zai jia.li daduo shuo Zhongwen, dan.shi Zhongwen dui hcii.zi
lai shuo que .shi "wai.gu6 hua." Yinci, suiran .shi "yijiaren," dan.shi zai yiiyan .shang
que bi:tr6ng.yi goutong. Suo.yi ru.mu changchang buliaojie hai.zi.de xinshi; er hcii.zi
ye bi:tneng tihui fiunu .de guan'ai, chang ba finnu .de guan'ai wi:tjie cheng.le "ganshe."
1\~t;
~A. rJi.
,;:r..
ljl
1~¥#
daigou
~«<
HLI:
jingchang
'M'
A-f
'%..%
-f,fif;-
chengnian
dingju
-ffJ:~ff
muyii
:k..~
daduo
lli1 Jl:t
{;&.
't} ii
yinci
~~·
¥#ii
goutong
xinshi
#.~
a-wr
*~
~m~
guan'ai
ri*
wi:tjie
i~M
-t~
~aM
tihui
ganshe
n.
adv.
V.-0.
v.
n.
adv.
conj.
generation gap
often
grow up
settle down
mother tongue
mostly
v.-c.
therefore
v.
have a true appreciation
n.
n.
v.;
n.
v.
145
communicate; get through to
something on one's mind
deep love
misunderstand
misunderstanding
interfere with
~~,~~*~k~A~#~-~·-~~~~0 t~
x. -It J-A.,1, ~i- ~ "-# JlJ.Qi x. -It"
ai.J :eft 1f ,
*-*- ~ V:A J6 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1\f:
mC.. a!.] 1~ -f- o {f. -1\ ;t *-<4) ,
r1f i1! "# Jll.Qi," it J at 1,~ .ft. *'- .R k "JJll hl" o t
J~ Jfl
t ~ A "# J19l"
~ {;f. ;{l -i- :eft 1f
1
~ X. -It 'f ~ 1~
x.-Bt'f•-1\~"-t\m$~~*-~*-,k{f.-+~~~~
JJt£~+, ~f'f ~ $:.~
o"
~+-1\ IaJ
zaocheng
~1t­
weiyi
~llSJ
yminyin
~i§:
jieshou
;fJ1)9f
xiao.shim
x.. q
4.:lt.t-if
jiao.yil
1±. ~;tAl 1£ :f]t~
~f-;fi
JJ!i J.A
~~
~~ f;£
*.
bHio.zhiin
zai wo kanhii
ruc6ng
v.
n.
v.
v.
n.
n.
v.
146
t: o
-f!lk~ at1~-t\~~-xt
result in; cause (undesirable results)
unique; the only
reason
receive
respect and obey parents
education
standard
.
. .
mmyopm10n
obey
Dangnin, yiiyan bing.bu.shi zaocheng zhei.zhong juli .de weiyi yuanyin.
Zhong.guo fu.mu c6ngxiao jieshou "xiaoshiln fiunii" .de jiao.yu, hii Meigu6 y1hou ye
buzhibujue .de yong Zhong. guo ren "xiaoshiln" .de biaozhiin qu jiao.yu zij1 .de hai.zi.
Zai wo kan lai, suowei "xiaoshiln," xiiduo shihou qishi zhLshi "ruc6ng."
Zhong.guo ru.mu chang yao hai.zi "tinghua," yao hai.zi "guai," bljiao bu zhongshi
"duli" he "fiizhan."
Mei.guo .de jiao.yu, xiangdui lai shuo, b1jiao zlinzhong geren, hai.zi suiran xiao,
ye.shi yi.ge "geren," fu.mu bu ymggai ba zij1 .de yizhi qiangjia .zai hai.zi shen.shang.
Filmii chang gen .wo shuo: "Wo.men yimin dao Mei.guo lai, shi zai yi.ge
waigu6 .de huanjing .li fendou, feichang bu r6ng.yi." Zhei.ge wo t6ngyi. Dan.shi you
shi.hou wo ye xiang dui ru.mu shuo: "Wo .shi Mei.guoren, c6ngxiao shengzhang zai
Zhong.guo jia.ting.li, budan dei hui shuo liangzhong hua, hai dei shi.ying liang.ge
but6ng .de wenhua, zuo hai.zi ye bu r6ngyi .a!"
Jfit
~~15
11
3fE
y;fjl.
~i _ft.
~ffi_
;ffl 5tt
-f.y
+A
.m*!
*- -iJL
zhongshi
duli
~Ji
fiizhan
t§t-f*~ xiangduilrushuo
zUn.zhong
@!A
~mJJo
shen.shang
J~Ji,
Il±i
huanjing
~+
fiF~
fendou
n./adj.
n./v.
development/develop
v.
relatively speaking
v.
will
n.
v.
t6ngyi
V.
147
well-behaved
take seriously; value
n.
qiangjia
obey/obedient
v.
n.
geren
yizhi
3J'J:.
~~
~~
adj.
guai
~}'[
~:!:~~~~
5~/;11
v.-o./adj.
tinghua
independence/independent
respect
individual
force upon others
on (someone's) body or
self
environment
fight; strive
agree; approve
+
1.
2.
3.
4.
Grammar Notes
J:.
!!l-(El"J) weiyf (de) precedes nouns to mean "the only [noun]."
* X
u::
$3lz.
"§
71'
' . X /tUn
l.). laz.
'. . . " as X sees 1't ..•• "
zaz
1.. *-.1±. t l1l
l1l :f~ -r Jt k
-. aa
-¢'-
.shang gives the sense of"in regard to [noun]."
The word [ffi er can be used, like a conjunction in English, to connect whole
clauses. It can have the sense of either "and" or "but."
When appended to a noun,
*nt
*!1l 1~ -r ~ x. -It z IEJ av ~r. ~ 11.11. r;t:. - ~ av *
usually, often
.2. {f.]
0
The parent-child gap for children in Chinese-American families is often larger
than that for most American children.
1.
X. -it~ -j- -k Z IEJ 1i.1:i ;ff "1\ ~£:) " o
m
*- av -r
t !1l -It11.1£ 1~1n t !1l {if;'(! *-~*-.1±. !1l 1..
1~ o
Chinese parents often use Chinese standards in their expectations of their children
raised in America.
*
There is usually a "generation gap" between children and parents.
2.
x.
av
-¢'- 1~ ~ -It ~r. ~ £ ~ :tt flit
~ ~ 1JG :tt Ji1f i~ "+\ ~t; " 0
The distance between children and parents is primarily the difference in their ages,
that is, the so-called "generation gap."
.=.... Ji)j"i}f
-r x. av
1. Jijfi~
"iti 3V,"
that which is called; the so-called
4- av ;;-: ,
*; -: Jt.tr~t. fojf ;ff av 18 # iit
o
What is called "progress" is actually not the destruction of all old traditions.
148
2. :1=r A iJL "JJ{!A~1t/' :tJGJtJ11fi~ av "1d!l 1-t.'' a
Some people say
"Americanization."
;... Fk 1 ··· lr.A tr ,
~
that
"Modernization"
is
the
···
same
as
so-called
besides; in addition to
~ ··~00-~~~~~1:1f"~~" ~*' ~:;ff~~~k~~~
1e.~
a
In addition to having a generation gap, Chinese-American children and their
parents also have a language and culture gap.
1.
~*00~1~~-·~~*' ~~~~~#a
When going to a foreign country, besides applying for a visa, one must also get
vaccination shots.
2. ~~~~~M~1:1f"~~· ~*' ~:ffA#k~~*~~~a
Besides the generation gap between my parents and me, there is also a conflict
between our two kinds of cultural background.
~
· · · , ~ Jl:t ~ ~ Jt- ~A, 1Jl Jt{f_ ~ -t ~ .jp ~ Z: ~ ~£} J.lo
therefore, so
... , therefore, although they are all one family, in terms of language it is not easy
for them to understand each other.
1. ~~*~~~~~~~*~' ~~~*~~~~~~~~0
He couldn't understand his parents' love, (so) he often accused his parents of
interfering with his freedom.
2.
t oo -tf i!t ~ ~ av i~ iJ} J-t~A~ :1=r 1 aJJ X£ av .t1t. ~ ,
~ J~:t ~- ~ t
oo av A :rt
~~~~ 10
China's economic status in the world has clearly risen; therefore more and more
people want to go to China.
.li. ~ .. · •
*-
in ... 's opinion
~ ~ -il\.~t ~ !i Jt:;ff *f ~ ~ 0
In the teacher's opinion, having more tests would be beneficial for the students.
2. -tf it~ tf 00 ~ ~~ ~, " 11Jf-it"
1K ~:tlGJt "~ Jr!w"
1K ~a
In many Chinese parents' opinions, "obedient children" are "filial" children.
~ .1±.~~~' J1Jj"i~ "~Jrlw," if-~ at1~$.-*'-):;JtJl!lM.a
In my opinion, so-called "filial piety" often actually amounts simply to obedience.
1.
.1£ :t- ~rp ~ *-'
av
*·
~
.ffl~*-iiL
~ 00 av :;ft 1f ~ ~t ~ iJL z;t.$ijf:. Y 1'-- A
149
av
relatively speaking
a
American education, relatively speaking, values individuality.
1. 1£ ~ :fX. ai.J ~ ~~ xt *- i5L1~X- .~, JLo
Relatively speaking, living in the school dorms is cheap.
tf OOAit.-.t"~YL~bt*~ o
2. ~xt*-iJL,
Relatively speaking, Chinese attach importance to family relationships.
X.#"~ ffi_ ii .-fe. §1 G ai.J -;!: HLbo ~ 1~ -T- :Jr J:. o
Parents should not force their will on their children.
impose/force one's views on (others)
~
.t
1. ififft ~ ~~ ;fe. §1 G a!.J ;;t i-i- 5~ ho ~ ;t 11M. :Jr J:. o
.kJit- :fp if ~·~ ifif-ft ~ ~B. ii .-te. mG a~.] -;t JL 5~ ho ~ xt :n- :t J:. o
The government cannot force its views on the general public.
2.
Neither the mainland nor the Taiwanese government should force its own views
on the other.
+
~;a (Exercises)
-. Expand each of the following groups of expressions into coherent sentences,
adding anything necessary:
1. -tt~t
2. jf. ~
3. •G :f:
4. ~JR.
5. ~!k _ft.
1\ ~i:J
~ IEJ
{f.~
J~Jjt
r fijlf-
ikfillf-
it;ll
fa] ~
J119i
JJlM..
ji/;11
~.t
~+
-:t"~
*;f. ;'(i
~i:J l!
#
jj_Jk ... -:t" :ftif -T ~
=·Complete the following sentences with the given expressions:
1. J1jfi1f "1\ ~i:J ," (-It-~ ;f,t~ ... )
2. !i *-1!-JJ~ -t- at-f!~, ( /F-1E-1-f· · ·, iai1-f· ··)
3. :i! J1;lj # :t.1-t. z fa} ~ jf. ~ ftl :k' ( ;ffl ~t #d.Ji. ... )
4. if-~ ~J R.~;ff :tt.te.
"-k l!J 1-t."
ai.J .-:; J!., ( 1iAi.· · · v;cs· ;;f · · ·)
5. X.. -fF ;ff X.. -fF ~ # ;'(i ' (;te. ... 5i /;111£ . .. )
6. ~t~*-iX., :i!~-f-;irfai.JJ~J.t, (IEJJJ:t···)
150
591tZ. -.~tt:. ~ ~.rt~ -r& .n -.~tt:. ~ ~ai.J "f·tt?
3. "# Jllw" ~ "JlllM." /ff 1t ~ ~ ~?
4. -k ~ A~ ,t, t.f y :fYl..:JK -Tal.] "~*.ft." ~ "11../k" a~.]?
5. 1±->'r ~ , .t. t-t ;1- ~E:. :~A:k: !~ i!Ei. tr a~.] j:_1t?
6. tf ~ j:_1t~-k ~ j:_1t~t "1-A." ;ff 1tZ. ~~a~.] ;t
- . Answer the following questions based on your own understanding:
1. ~ ~ al.] A:Z...I'al ai.Ji}t#f--:Rt~.t. Z. jL !i al.]?
2.
*?
~- ~+ i!Ei. ~~ -~ ~~
1.
.:fK T !:I:.~A.J!.$:~ _ _ ;fjf al.] !£. ~i-J~Jf.o
2. A.jttA.z 1aJ a~.] 1t<..$ i}t#f-~ ~ 1!1 59~ ~E:. __ m _ _ al.] o
[9. Fill in each blank with a word chosen from the list:
~~
y~
~~
~~
1]'
3. it~ :t- 9? ~ iA. 59 ~ !i R ~ .fit;fe iff1 ~ ~--1tt :o/1 i}ft, ~~1ft~
4. 1!1 59 ~x ai.J~1f<.'.lt, ~R M-fnl~ti lf1 it__ a~.] ;t!--Jth o
5. *:~
ai.J 'f,
•J,~ti~~f.'f _ _ ,J,.:fK-tai.J~~o
6. .flj -1-J~:;t Jt.%:fkA1'-1 ~lf-JJ~ JL al.] _ _ o
-tJ t\.1±->'r ~ a~.] J~ Jf.X R ;ff_ _ ;f ~!?:, 11- .flj -t -l- al.] #i! o
7. 1-1!!.1!'1 ~ ~*$.}]1£1±.-~, 1B.~•\.;J.f.J:a1.] _ _1f<._ _ o
8.
JL Make sentences using the following words:
1.
1.i1.i
2. ~t} ~
3. #..~
4. ~~
5. ftjfi1f
,\ . Write a short passage about each of the following:
a)
1±->'r ~ Jt.%
b)
1\ ~t}
151
6.
;t.t
-t a~.]
o
;fi:_
+ &-¥~
~
Jl;
~
~
*
(CharacterTable)
ting
%M(n. ), family
¥! M fating (n. ),
fa]
court
li
ilf
Jtt
leave
jii
(v.) live: J@1i
(v.) be: J@Jg-, be
number one
M
(v.) understand:
Z fi:i] (n. ),
between
uHi:iJ(n.), room
jiim
i®;fi:i] fijian (v.),
alienate
lEEi®;(n.), distance
!iiJ 7f likai (v. ),
Jie
}ian
:El
...
(v.) untie: M 7f ":&
~IL unbutton one's
jacket
xiao
(adj.) dutiful:
~
JJrt
~}II})!
gutii
(adj.) well-behaved:
~;k
~~-=f
ling
i:f:~(n.), age
cr
(pron.) this: JltA
129.tl:t(conj.),
therefore
she
:1& A sheru (v. ),
=f:t&(v.), interfere
through
fit
";&~~( n. ), clothes
~~fA(v.), obey
dit
(adj. ) only: 3!R -=f ditzf,
the only son
~!RJL(adj.),
independent
152
go
~~a~~*~•~~~~~~~~~oo~~•tttt~-&~
~~~~*o-&~~®~~~~-~~£~-~~~,&-£m~
"ftM"o~£¥&~~~~~~~~00~7~"ftM"~*'~~
Jl ~ ~€f ~*oX. 1tl:: o> 8"1 If§: Mo
~~~~~~~*~~~m~~~,~mM~£~~~~m,m
~a*•*~~~x, ~£~X.ti~~*~W£"*~m"o ~~,
M~£"-*A,"~£am~J::W~~~Mmom~~~~~~­
M~~s"J~t.'•; rm(2)~~&~~ga-wr~~~~m~, ~re~~~~m~~
M~T
"Tr&"
o
~~, m~M~£~~~~~-~~-w~~~o ~~~~~~
~~"~~~~"~~-,*~~~~&~~~~~m~~A"~~"
~-~~~-~a~~~oaft~*w,m~"~~,"~~~~~•
,R£ "~&fj£"
::fl
"~_l["
o
~~X:~~~~~ "g~," ~~~ "~," l:t~~!i
*0 "~Ji"
0
~~~~-, if§ti*~' t:t~#!ifmA, ~~-~~J\,
"@!A,"
~~~!!~:fE~ a~:@:;t;s§i:JJoa~~~
&£-@!
l::o
~~~lf~ft~= "ftfr,~~iu~~*' £a-fm;rr~~:m~~•
F~, ~~~~~~0
"
~-wlft~:@:o {S£~~1~ft&~~tiX:~~:
"ft
£~~A, ~'J'~fta~~*~·' ~{Sf~ir~~~~~J5, Jlf~~J;!~
oo~~~x.~, ~a~&~~~~~
153
"
3-t-- •lifi
:;e.
J,.,. :
k,,
JJ-
.::t.. ,
"~
•' A b ~
~
I ~ .~
"
Sh'1, "
-r ~
-'f' .~
" S1,
."
a
~
" :;e
~
a
sh'1, " .-r
. .,, ~
,, o
:;e S1
" C1• k~
~"
:J... 'I1...1/'J
I hA
0
~
,.,; /.9 .. ,
-1")(,.X...1"'t1X.
"
...a " ch'"
sh'"
1 »'J..'1
:;~ ?.
vfl:
JJ.r
-,~
mi~ ~ ~?
11
:t-~= m~~m~,~~¥~£~•#*~•~~, ~~~
*t- ;.{1
-it!!1-"'fz
;fl~
biaozhiin
tffJi~IS
putonghua
~
~~
nian
~
xiao
n./adj.
n.
v.
standard
standard Mandarin Chinese
pronounce; read; study
laugh
V.
154
Dl shisan ke
Shuo biaozhun .de Putonghua
Laoshi: Meisheng, zhei.ge zi nian "shi," bu nian "si," .shi "laoshi," bu.shi "laosi."
Xuesheng: Ke.shi wo ba rna dou shuo "laosi," ta.men .de peng.you ye dou shuo "laosi,"
"cifan." Wei.shem.me wo yiding dei shuo "shf' .gen "chf' .ne? Ta.men
changchang xiao wo, xue.le Zhongwen yfuou, rayin bian.de qiqiguaiguai.de.
Laoshi: "Laosi," "cifan" .shi dai nania.ng kouyin .de putonghua, na .shi bu
biaozhiln .de.
Xuesheng: Wo ru.mu dou.shi nania.ng ren, wo shuo dai nania.ng kouyin .de
putonghua .bu.shi hen ziran .de .rna?
Laoshi: Ziran .shi ziran, dan.shi xuexiao li dei jiao biaozhiln .de putonghua, btiran
nan-qiang-bei-diao tai luan .le.
~-t
~il
fa yin
3t
~'
hian
~~·t~·t~
qiqiguaiguai
.fo-t
dai. .. kouyin
rW7i
n./v.
v.
adj.
V.-0.
n.
nania.ng
conj.
(yao)btiran
(~)~#.\
rW }}~ ~ r. ift]
1¥iH~~t~ nanqiang beidiao
{L
~L
luan
155
n.
adj,
pronunciation/ pronounce
change
very unusual or strange
speak with ... accent
south
otherwise
southern tune and northern
intonation-mixed accent
unruly; disorderly; chaotic
To ~~~~~t~, ~*~~~#*~~~~~?
~±:~~~~~' ~~~t~~~~~**~~~~' ~
;f!=. 7i A
7;§
maf.J
mudi
E.~
hilxiang
1JijA
bieren
1t7
xing.le
4-fl
i!J!.
~JL
tangyan
m-r5
~\'J~'
?!.\ ... (YIJG)
;R~'f
juanshe
dao.lr
~'*'
~
~~
1~
beitangren
~1§-~
zong
di
jiran ... Giu)
luyrndai
n.
n.
n.
adv.
n.
V.-0.
n.
adv.
adj.
conj.
n.
Northerner
dialect
purpose
each other; mutually
other people
will do; all right
curl the tongue; pronounce retroflex
initials
sense; reason; argument
anyway; after all
low
given the fact that; since
audiotape
156
Xuesheng: Wo jue.de Zhong.guo beifangren butai zfulzhong nanfang .de fangyan,
zong.shi shuo nanfangren .de hua bubiao.zhun. Qishi shuohua .de mu.di zhLshi
wei.le huxiang goutong, "laoshf' ye hao, "laosf' ye hao, zh1yao bie.ren zhi.dao
wo.de yi.si shi "teacher" jiu xing.le, juan.bu juanshe you you shem.me
guan.xi .ne?
Laoshi: Nr shuo .de hua bu.shi mei.you dao.li, dan.shi zai xuexiao.l1 xue Zhongwen
zong dei you.ge biao.zhun, "zh1yao huxiang neng dong" zhei.ge biao.zhun,
zai .wo kan lai, taidi .le. Jinin yao xue Zhongwen, weishem.me bu xue
biao.zhun .de piitonghua .ne?
Xuesheng: Nin shuo.de hen dui, jinin xue Zhongwen jiu yinggai xue biao.zhun .de
piitonghua, wo hcU dei duo zhuyi wo.de fiiyin.
+
1.
Grammar Notes
1Jit .de can follow a verb to introduce a phrase that shows the extent the verb
reaches: ~11Jt~~·t:¥:tli¥J bicm .de qiqiguaiguai .de "change to become very
peculiar." This 1~ .de often follows adjectives, where it tells the degree the
adjective reaches: ~1~ PJ·ts gui .de kepa "fearsomely expensive"; ~tl!."$i~H~i3?.
/Filii!* 7 tii giioxing .de shuo .buchu hua .lai .le "she was so happy that she
couldn't speak any more"; f$1¥Jm-T£!Lf~Jt~I¥J:I:t!r:0tiH1t:ff nf.de wu.zi.li
luan .de /ian zuo .de difang dou mei.you "your room is so messy that there's not
even a place to sit."
You have now studied several different uses of the 1~1±!!!11¥3 .de particle and
should review them systematically. It is important to be clear on their precise
grammatical functions. You should also know which character to write for each.
157
A. The modification .de (1¥3). Review Lesson 1, note 14:
modifier+l¥3 .de+Noun
1~MI¥J~Ilt hen hiio .de chaye "very good tea leaves";
chi longxiii .de ren "people who like to eat lobster," etc.
J".x.Xr!Zft!lffi¥JA xl.huan
A special case of this I¥J.de is the so-called "possessive": {$1¥J;ff-f- nf .de bei.zi
"your cup"; ~~IPI¥J.!Vtoc liioshf .de peng.you "the teacher's friend," etc.
B. The potential.de (:f.ft.). Review Lesson 3, note 7:
Verb+:f.ft. .de Complement
:W:f.ft.
kim .de jiim "can see"; llJT:f.ft-'1'1 tfng .de dong "can understand from
listening," etc.
m
C. The predicative .de (:f.ft.). Review Lesson 4, note 9:
Verb+:f.ft. .de+(modifier) Adjective
}E:f.ft-1~·~~ z6u .de hen mim "walks slowly"; i3ti!-!Ji:f.ft.~~ shuo-hua shuo .de tai
duo "talks too much," etc.
D. The adverbial.de (:i:fu). Review Lesson 11, note 5:
Modifying phrase+:l:fu .de Verb
/F~:l:i!!c&5t buduan .de giiibian "change constantly"; -zv-zv:l:fuiPJlitr:ittyi-bit
yi-bit .de xiang qianjin "move forward step by step," etc.
E. The .de showing extent (:f.ft.). (Discussed in this note)
Verb or Adjective+:f.ft. .de+phrase showing extent
~1H.ft.~ISLxiiin .de tai luan "shows (something) to be too chaotic"; ~~:f.ft.-!Ji/Fili
i!* giioxing .de shuo .buchu hua .lai "so happy (someone) couldn't talk," etc.
F. 1¥3 .de replacing ¥U dao or :ff zai. In informal speech, ¥U dao and :ff zai in
phrases like ~¥U:I:fu..t diao .dao di.shang "fall onto the floor" or ~:ff~-1- _t
zuo.zai yl.zi .shang "sit on a chair" are sometimes shortened to be pronounced
I¥J .de. In writing, ¥U dao and :ff zai are still used in such cases.
G. Special cases. The 1¥J .de that appear in words like ~1¥3 shi.de "yes," i:A:f.ft.
158
rim.de "recognize," and iC.1~ji.de "remember" need not be analyzed. Simply take
them as parts of these words.
Y.. you can be used in questions or negative statements to emphasize the verb: :!f1i
2.
:::f:!ftii§-Jl..:ff{ti,.~~~Mjuan .bu juanshe you you shem.me guiin.xi .ne? "what
does it matter if you curl your tongue or not?"; :::f:!fiii§-Y..:::f£1ti,.~lt~lt~I¥J$
·tw bu juanshe you bu.shi shem.me hen zhong.yao .de shi.qing "not curling the
tongue isn't any big deal."
3.
"since" or "it being the case that" is always followed either by a clause
containing ffJtjiu or by a question:
~)t~jiran
Jiran .fa lai .le,jiu rcmg .fa
ciinjiii . ba.
~Jt~11B* 7' 1iJtiJ:11B~;IJQ ~[g
Since he's come, let's let him
participate.
0
~)£~~~~)(. Jg{ti,.:::f~t~fti¥J
Jiran yew xue Zhongwen, weishem.me
bu xue biiio.zhun .defoyzn .ne?
btir~M?
Since you're gomg to study
Chinese, why don't you learn
standard pronunciation?
~)t~jiran differs from ~jg yfnwei "because." The clause that follows a clause
containing re.E~jiran gives an opinion or suggestion, whereas the clause that
follows a clause containing ~ jg yfnwei tells the result of something: ~ :lg~:::f
~. JiJT~11B:::f~~~fk$ yfn.wei qian bugou, su6.yi .fa buneng mai xfn che "he
doesn't have enough money, so can't buy a new car."
159
-} 1-tt {fl 't Jt ~ ' ~ T o/ j"_ YA )§- ' ~..g.-~ 1-1- .t .t ·t!-·t!- a~.]
-. ~~+Adj.; ~~+N.
become, turn
0
~ ~ ~ i£ ~1-1-1ft~! iL T o
It has already been several years since my little brother became very independent.
-r
They often laugh at me; after I studied Chinese, my pronunciation turned strange.
1. i!. Jtt:. Jr
2.
*-,
e..
1-tt e.. i£ ~A --t-1ft~i iL a~ 1~
x. -It~ jt1.i1.i1~ 1~ -r a~ 1.. n; ?t 1-1-1ft~ -to
o
He has already become a very independent child.
3.
X. -iif ~jt1.i1.i1~1~-=J- ~A-1--1ft~ :f-a~ A..o
A child's life often becomes sad as a result of the parents' divorce.
4.
A child often becomes a sad person as a result of the parents' divorce.
=-.A ,t. A, 1!!.,t.· · ·, :;;if: I!···
A is A, to be sure, but... , otherwise ...
-} m14 it m14, 1.13 it~ a£1-1-.:fitif 11t aJ.J -t:i! 1~,
To
~14m»~ ~r. iftl-*- ~L
at faJ *45,
It's natural, all right, but standard Chinese must be taught in the schools,
otherwise the mix of accents is too chaotic.
~ 14-¥-~ T ~0
Going to college is fun, yes; but you have to spend a lot of time studying,
otherwise you won't be able to graduate.
1. J=.k~~~ .~it~~.~, {!l.it1-1-Jfl1ft~
2.
o/ ~ 1Ji~f 17tit~f 17t, { it1f@] ~/[ ~~ tfU,
13
17
~ 14 _g ~f 11t ~-t-o
Chinese food is delicious, to be sure, but you have to go home to eat it, otherwise,
you'll have to have Western food .
..=..A~;ff-, B~;ff-, .R~···,
A
-v-
"~
:;;.e
sh'"
1
it···
It doesn't matter whether it's A orB, as long as ... , then ...
.J. Ja.
~
xJ ,
"~
:;;.e
st' 11
.1. Ja.
Jb
~
xJ , /0, ~
1 k- ·~ ~ l.h ~ 'i£1 JEt
11''2j /'~:1w
1!!.. -1"J<.. t:I"J .~ •\$ A::.. "teacher "
likAt To
It doesn't matter whether it's "laoshf' or "laosf'; as long as other people
understand that I mean "teacher," it's fine.
1.
2.
m:Jio-t~~' ~r.:Jio{-~~' _g~h 1LA. 11Jf1f·tflikAtT o
It doesn't matter whether it's a southern accent or a northern accent, as long as
other people understand me, that's fine.
x. -BF ~ ~,
Jill.&.~ ~t, .R ~ -f ~~a~ • JL ~ilL. i~ *~ 1-tt 1n1. n; 1±.
-~0
160
Whether it's parents or friends, if they interfere with my affairs, then there's no
way I can live with them.
f/!1.
.R ~· · · , it· · · , A ~ A X..~ ff- ~
;=;-* 11'1 A~ it~ a'.J ~ .~ :rJLAt r
*
~ 1}t?
as long as ... , then ... , what difference does it make if... ?
~
,
4;r: 4-6 x..~ 1t ~ * ~ '?It?
As long as other people know what I mean, what difference does it make if I curl
my tongue or not?
1.
.R-*~*Jt~i*~:rJG:It, ~if.~
.:r .R -*~i iL'
m.x...~1t~ *~'?It?
As long as I'm interested in a class, I'll take it; what differences does it make if
it's useful or not?
2.
- 1'-1~
Jf1';5" ;f: 11Jfit ~ 1t ~ * ~ '?It?
11
As long as a child is independent, what difference does it make if he is obedient or
not?
9=' 3::. , 7-J 1t ~ ;r:
~- Jl;t~ · · · , ;lJ ff- ~ ···
~ f!k ~-*
*
( '3t) ?
{f. ;if. a'.J 19- ii. 1-,s- '?It?
*
given the fact that ... , why .•. ? .
f!k ~ 1.. ~~ ,(±. ~ 00 ' ;/.] 1t ~ ii.-*
*tf
00 it '?It?
Since you want to learn Chinese, why don't you learn standard Mandarin?
1.
1.t- f!k i~ ;r: :itS. ~ JL a'.J ~ J_t , 7-J 1t ~ ;r:-!- 11'1 a'.J M!. ::ff '?It?
Given the fact that you're living in America, why do you want to learn Chinese?
2.
Since you haven't adapted to the environment here, why don't you go somewhere
else?
*·
*
~ f!k~
it· ..
9=' 3::., :f/GS. ii *{f. ;if. a'.J 19-ii.ito
J!Jt~· .. ,
since (now that) ... , (then) ...
Since you're learning Chinese, you should learn standard Mandarin.
f!k ~ 1t-1f11i.Am ~~:t:l , :fJL ;r: 1; ~~~it 7
2. f!k~ ~ a'.J ~ll#t..1t too A, ~ :rJGs. ii r NF- too~ m- -t 3::.1t o
1.
o
Since you can understand each other, you don't need me to translate anymore.
Since my ancestors were Chinese, I ought to understand Chinese language and
culture.
161
+
~:53 (Exercises)
-. Complete the following dialogues using the given expressions:
(Adj.)t.Adj., 19-;t ... ,
1. A: ~-ij,~ .Jt
7,
~?k .. )
~)t~f<.~;f~,l!j?
2. A: -k JL~)t~f-t-m 7i A. iif ,t, Z. fJJ.~?
B: ( .. ·-lt~t, ... -It~, .R~ ... ;r,t ... )
B:
( .R ~ .. · ;f,t .. ·, V not V 5l::fr 1t Z. jL~ ~? )
3. A: 1;f- ~*iJL tF 00 ~, .t, Z-1i~* tf 00 ~?
4. A: ~JJl..-riAf<. 1 fillf.~ 1 , ~~*,t!Ht JR. ~JJ~#;f-f--=f o
B: (flfu~ .. ·, 7!J 1t Z. .. ·)
B:
5. A: :t-JiiJ1iJL~a~-it~~'fm7io-to
B: (_f±_ .. ·;i*, ... )
6. A: 1ot5l~~
tF j:_,
5l~,t tF
oo ~.
Jt-;t~*~1t-t-7rOOA7
0
( .ft-~' :;f)
B:
=.Translate into Chinese:
1. Isn't it natural that I speak Chinese with a mixed accent, because my parents are
from different areas of China?
2. My Chinese teacher is really fussy. He never lets me relax in class, especially when
I forget to curl my tongue while pronouncing certain characters.
3. I think that people from different places should learn to respect each other's dialects.
We talk with each other for the purpose of communication. What's the big deal if one
cannot speak in a standard way?
4. I was laughed at in the language lab when I pronounced a word in a weird accent. I
know pronunciation is really important in learning a language, but I just cannot do it
right.
1t z. ;t;f;t-;fi a~ -it~~?
2. 1t z. )t-}j & ? 1.f- X. ~iJL1t z. -}jf;?
3.
oo ::tr ~.t::tr 7i & :fp 7i ~t:. 7i o -t ~ ,;i] M? 7!J 1t z.?
4. 1ot ~ -;t ~ ~ -;t j:_ tF :;t J/ij1 ~ -;t .!il.? 7!J 1t z. ?
5. 1ot-JiLl1<t a~ x. -£t-1i-~-t J:.::tr 1t z. ~ ~ ,l!j?
6. 1ot ii ~ ;g a~~ & ~ >J :¥.: ,l!j? JJ~ x ~it~ .t. z. ;f-f-?
.=..Answer the following questions based on your own understanding:
1.
*
*
i*
m
1m. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a) -JJ-·tl-~4-&--t
b)
-kOO a~
c) m7JA.~l::.7JA.
d)
iJL#;'(i~f;a~ §) ~
"-it~~"
162
+
&-*~ (CharacterTable)
il~-
-~
~J~
R¥
iftj
pu
itf:lm(atij. ), general
kk
ittlS(atij.),
common
k
guai
(atij.) strange:
m
~·ri:
(v.) blame:
:13:$ ~ ~~·!1:11B
0
qiiing
(n.) accent: ~~i)WJ
~t
diao
(n.) accent:
~L
tiao
WJ~~~tiJi!J
iJWJ ~ tiaozheng (v. ),
xiao
(v.) laugh: j(~
( v.) laugh at: ~i!
xiaohua
min
(n.) south:
1¥11J
bei
(n.) north: ~t1J
luan
(atij.) disorderly:
!L-tJ\.fl!l luan qf bii
ziio, in a mess
adjust
X
~
hu
.liif§(adv.),
mutually
)Jij
juiin
(v.) roll ... up: ~15
AN: -~ .:E1:.~,
a roll of toilet paper
~~
0
~~
163
(adv.) don't:
hie
J3tl 1£!. •L.'
(adj.) other: J3tl A
zong
(adv.) always: {tB}~-:i!i
itlo
(adv. ) after all: .~,~~
:fi 1'-11i ffE
t?!G
dl
1~
(adj.) low: tJFilf~
(adj.) junior: f~ $
~
~Bffi: ~1:., ~{l~P¥~ "shi,." :iF~ "si," ~
.,
Sl
ji
~5£M(conj.), since
~)£
... X
... (conj.),
both...and ...
"16 shi,"
:iF~"~
o
~1:.: -aJ~:JJG.g~~:W~ "~ si," fmfr~8"JMffi:ili:W~ "~ si,"
fiJi" o~ftM~~J£1~~ "shi"
~7
~Bffl:
9=' Jt ~1&,
"~ si,"
"ci
111~ "chi" P~? fmfr~~~~:JJG,
~if~1~o>1U-1U-'!i:'!i:8"J a
"ci fiJi" ~'r¥fl¥j:1JOifB{]tffJi~5, Jj~~/F;f'J~B{]o
~1:. = ~x:£J::W~l¥j:1J A, :JJG~'r¥fl¥j:1J
o ir8"JtffJi~5:iF~1~ § r~8"J
PJ®?
1tsm:
§ rt-~ § r~,
~L 7
1.s ~~~-1~~;tJ~a"JtffJi~5,
/Frt-l¥jn~~~~*
o·
~1:.: ~:W:1~9='~~~:1J A:iF*#ltl¥j:1JI¥J:1J~, ~\!!~~l¥j:1J A8"J~5/F
8"J ~~~ 7 !ZJ§¥f4Jm, "1t shi" ili~f, "1t
tl ilit l;=lrl J. lr: '* =m. r'rf.t .:tt.. El3 S " teacher " i8i.'/.- 7
+JJ:.. ~'111t
+JJ:.
7Y9:: nlJ /\.7'0:®. -r.x.I:J'J ,w, ,c_.,J:E
J"Yu 1T
, 111t/f
;f'J~ ~-~~58{]§
-h7.
s1• " J..H
-~joT,
164
~~=~~I¥J~~~&~mR, $~~*~•*q:yx.•I¥J~~•If,
"_R~1Lffi~~·ll" m~flff, ~~~*' ~11£ 7
0
&JE~(3)~*
q:tJ:., ~1tM~*-Ifi¥Jtfii~~~M?
~
J+-.. ••
-. ::t:
{J.y ~ /..!3. /. B *+
.~~aJt1"1"11-'<~~,
BU: ~ .@. rh -IT- ~ ~ ~,@. iiHi ~ fr1-r .:;)ft ~;:}'; -=+
~-'Alf(,~'f'T' ...X..JJ>'t.li~il~'-T-1ffi-'-FI=l'J
165
s .lt!1il~=t,
+!-}.~$'lEI.
-1? ,'f±
'V<I.@IV"37t.:.L
~ ~ o J~1f- , ~l1*- ~
Jt ~ oo -t- l1c3) 1G A
J;\. 1!
ro a~.J :t. ~ ,
X~~~~-~~~~~~OOA~Jfl·1*.~, ~OOA
~±=~1*-~~m1f.x~JL-t-~~m~, ~Jt~OO~JL+~
~:t.~, ~~1*-~~Jt~~~*~1~?
n.
~1*.~
~H*
fantrzi
~11*.~
ifiH*
jiantizi
*
.t%·. ·iJL
~
·'(.rX._ 1;p
'cE- ~* ..:?f-
#/';¥:
Li
•···~
ju ... shuo
~~lim.ft
1=11=1
1=1
hany(I pinyin
~£-
gongchandang
166
n.
n.
n.
n.
complex traditional
characters
simplified characters
a common surname
according to ...
the Chinese phonetic
alphabet
Communist Party
Di shisi ke
Fantizi he jiantizi
Xuesheng: U Laoshi, ju wo ru.mu shuo, wo.men xue.de jiantrzi he Hanyiipinyin .shi
Gongchandang taming .de, dabu.fen Zhong.guoren dou kan.budong jiantizi ye
bu xihuanjiantizi, wo.men weishem.me yao xue jiantrzi .ne?
Laoshi: Wo wanqmin bu t6ngyi zhei.ge shuo.fa. Gongchandang bing mei.you "taming"
jiantrzi, ta.men zhLshi ba yixie fcinnan .de hanzi jianhua .le, suoyi bijiao r6ngyi
xie. Xianzai jiantrzi .shi Zhong. guo shijiyi renmin tongyong .de wenzi, zhiyou
Taiwan he yibu.fen haiwai .de Zhong.guoren hai yang fantizi, Zhong.guoren
kan.budong .de .shi fantizi er bu.shi jiantizi.
Xuesheng: Jiantizi dao xianzai zhiyou jishinian .de li.shi, ke.shi Zhong.guo you
jiqiannian .de wenhua, xue jiantizi bu.shi kan.budong gushii .le .rna?
~a}]
~1!13
taming
1f~1t
~-
fannan
~5t-1-
1G
f;t'j1t
X.-1
~*
ftij 1-t
{l
i!Jf}
jianhua
yi
tongyong
wenzi
ify: >'r
*~
hanzi
haiwai
t~•
gushu
V.
invent
n.
complicated & difficult; troublesome
adj.
n.
no.
v.
n.
adv.
n.
167
Chinese characters
simplify
a hundred million
use commonly
written language
overseas
ancient books
flsJ
7-J JfJ
ff.} :Jt ~11*- ~ ' Tm :Jt flsJ
7-J -t- -# $5 (4) ~ 1fl k 1211 '
JGii- JfJ 1tZ. ~ ~ ~1fl~~ ~·ti
0
"-- "' " I/'\.."
ff.Jo
~J£fr
/FIJT
buduan
?X.~
a~
gaibian
kongzi
~L-f
at1\
~f~
shidai
adv.
constantly; continually
v.
change
n.
Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
n.
times; age
168
Laoshi: Zhei.ge shuo.fa ye buyiding dui. Jrqiannianlai Zhong.guo .de wenzi
budmln .de zai gaibian, Kongzi shidai xie.de zi, bing bu.shi xianzai .de fantizi,
dan.shi wo.men xianzai hai neng du (( Llinyii)) . You.xie giishii wo.men
kan.budong bing .bu.shi yinwei yong.de .shi jiantizi, er.shi yinwei giishii li
wo.men tai yuan .le, wlililn yong shem.me zi xie, wo.men dou kan.budong.
Xuesheng: Jiantizi meiyou fantizi ne.me haokan, er.qie you.xie zi kan.qi.lai dou
cha.buduo, :tan'er bu r6ng.yiji.de.
Laoshi: Zhei.ge wo t6ngyi. You.xie jiantizi dique .shi tai jiandan .le, r6ng.yi gaohiln,
piru "ji," ''jiii" .he "er" jiu you zhei.ge wenti. Zhiyli haokan .bu .hao.kan,
zhe.shi geren .de kan.fa, ni jue.de "yi," "er," "ren" zhei ji.ge zi bu haokan .rna?
Xuesheng: Yexii nin shuo .de ye youdao.li, wo.men zui.hao liangzhongzi dou neng
kan dou neng xie.
Laoshi: Qishi, fantizi he jiantizi .de but6ng bing meiyou yibanren shuo .de nem.me da,
ni zhiyao xuehui .le yizhong yihou, ling.yizhong hen kuai .jiu neng
kandong .de.
iJe-*
~
:izl
JGiJe-
ws§!
Iii
Lun.yii
n.
Confucian Analects
li
v.
depart from
Jd!
'.±.
yuan
~ws
wlililn
*f:;fr
haokan
X~~
cha.buduo
}§,_ifTJ
f'an'er
iC-1-ff
MJ J;_lij
Jf-:ko
~e1~
ji.de
8"1~
dique
gaohiln
~~i£
piru
adj.
adj.
adj.
adv.
far
no matter
good-looking
similar; about the same
on the contrary
V.
adv.
remember
v.-c.
indeed
conj.
confuse; mix up
for example
.f.f"
1'-Aal.;
~~
zhiyli
as for; as to
®IA8"J
geren.de
personal
~~
*1t
xuehui
v.-c.
169
learn
+ GrammarNotes
1.
~ ju
"based on" is similar to ~~ zhao "according to" (see L. 5, note 5) in that you
cannot say things like ~ju (or ~~zhao) ftY:-HJ:wo.fu.mu. You have to say ~ft
Y:-HJ:i.#.ju .wo.fu.mu shuo (or ~kiln, etc.).
¥!fa "law, method, way" can be attached to many verbs as a suffix meaning "way
2.
or manner of [verbing]": ~¥! kiln.fa "way of looking at-viewpoint, opinion";
t~¥! xiiing.fa "way of thinking"; Eg¥! xie.fa "way of writing"; -mr! shuo.fa
"way of speaking" can mean either "saying," as in "there is a saying in Chinese,"
or "argument, point of view." In the text it means the latter.
3.
Question words can be used to express indefiniteness. Note the use of the question
words !L}l"how many?," ft~ shem.me "what?," and P}j~JL niir "where?" in the
!L shijf "ten and a few more"; ¥!iff~*~ mei shem.me
following phrase:
guiin.xi "no importance to speak of'; ft::f¥UPJJ~JL~ wo bit dew niir qu "I'm not
going anywhere."
+
4.
is used to measure or estimate the distance between two things. In the text it
refers to distance in time, but more commonly it is used for spatial distance. The
pattern is:
~If
A ~ If B + expression showing distance
ft%~ ~~11tJ1ia
Wo jiii If xuexiao henjin.
My home is close to school.
Huashengdun If Niuyue youjl If lu?
How many miles is it from
Washington to New York?
if!~~~~.R~"J:ff JL]!~?
(The word ]!.li in the above example originally referred to a distance of about
one-third of a mile. Today the word 0]! gonglf "public ]! If-kilometer" is
standard. For "mile" you can use ~]! yfng/f"English ]! If".)
5.
6.
X ¥1::ff mei.you y OJ~~ nem.me) Adj. "X is not as Adj. as Y" is the standard
negation ofX l:t bfY (~ geng) Adj. (see Lesson 1, note 15).
~ ling (or ~
)'r lingwai) "another" is similar in meaning to
JJU 1¥1 hie. de and jt
fml¥1 qitii .de "other," except that ~ ling ()'r wai) usually refers to specific others,
while JJU 1¥1 bii. de and jtftP, 1¥1 qitii .de refer to non-specific others. In addition,
there are clear grammatical differences between the two usages: JJU 1¥1 bie.de and
j/;ftP, 1¥1 qitii .de are followed directly by nouns: }Jtj 1¥1 ~ g~ bii. de laoshi "the other
170
teachers"; Jt1t!?.Ef<J~j:: qitti .de xulsheng "the other students." With J3 ling (5'r
wai), a number and AN precede the noun: J35'r-~!'llJ~ lingwai .yi.ge wen.ti
"another (different) question"; J35'rW3~ A lingwai liang.ge ren "the other two
people." (J3 ling by itself can be followed only by - yf, no higher numbers.) J3
5'r lingwai can also be used as an adverb: ;m1!'H~J35'r1.!t1J-¥! wo.men dei lingwai
xiiing ban.fa "we have to think of some other way of handling something."
~ 1fl ~ a!.; ~i 1-f. -1- k. # f- 1t jj_ aJJ a!.; o
According to my parents, the simplified characters we're learning were invented
by the Communists.
- ..... it
{-- .tJl; ~ X. -BtiJt. ,
according to ...
~ a!.; ~*-A a x.Jt ilo 7 o
According to the news on television today, the number of unemployed people in
America has increased again.
1. .tJl; A, k. a!.; t. ifYl. #jf 1~ iJt. ,
2. .tJl;
*::t
~ip iJt. ' ~i 1-f. -1-
*
*;r:
:}!_ # f- 1t jj_ aJl a{; 0
According to Teacher Li, simplified characters were not invented by the
Communist Party.
{-- 1{]!.1fl ~ :}!_~- Jtl:. ~ ~{t a{; ~X.. -1- ~i 1~ 7
=-. .jeoo•1-t
i!. Z. 1ti _g i'- ~ iti iF- a!.; f~ M
V-ize .. ./make ... V-ed
~lf- ;Jt ;r: 7 f~ M o
Doing it this way only makes a simple problem complicated; it can't solve the
problem.
0
They just simplified a few troublesome characters.
1.
2.
X.*1t ,
i!_Jtl:.1-t.!fv.A)fl *-~-m1:-*1t-T o
These flowers can be used to beautify the dorm a bit.
171
..=...
-¢-
~···m~~···
it is ... not ...
~~···m~···
it is not ... but ...
t f!1 A;t ~ ·tf a~ Jt ~#.~ iffJ ~ Jt ~1 #.~ o
It is traditional characters that Chinese people can't read, not simplified
characters.
1. 1-tl!.. a~ *ft! Jt1±. ;t. ~ iffJ ~ Jt1±. -rt ~ o
1-tl!.. a~ *ft! ~ Jt1±. ;t. ~ iffJ Jt1±. ~ o
His interest is in science, not literature.
His interest is in literature, not science.
2.
'l!l .
#
.X.i'e-···:iJ$/i!.···
~ ,;-~ ~ ~1n 1\..lzl
r,
JC.-i~
m1t ~ ~~,
no matter ...
~1n~;t ~·tf o
Ancient books are too remote from us, no matter what kind of characters they are
in, we can't understand them;
1.
JC.-i~Y:.-l!J:i..#~.t.#~a~it~'J, ~~~-*tf='
f!1 o
Whether or not my parents support my plan, I want to go to China.
2.
JG-i~Jti'fi, ~1-fr§t.ft1Jo
No matter who it is, everyone needs to receive an education.
~- A ii.~ B ~ ~ · · ·
A is not as ... as B
~ ~l #.~ ii.:11~1*'-~!1~ ~ *t;t 0
Simplified characters are not as attractive as traditional characters.
1.
~1*-~ ii.:11 ~l #.~JJ~ ~ $.~ ~
~ 1. ii.:1l k ~ 1. a~ .YJ i*-JJ~ ~-I" o
Middle-school students' coursework is not as heavy as that of college students.
0
Traditional characters are not as easy to write as simplified characters.
2.
*·
~
t
:1[ Jtb~;t~*-b_~ ~,
A.m
~iffJ ~ $.~ i"G1.fo
on the contrary
Some characters look almost the same, and (contrary to what you'd want) are hard
to remember.
*'
~ 7r ~ tf f!1 A~ iffJ ~fi :fL 1- .~ ~- o
Chinese people living in China oppose Confucianism, but overseas Chinese on the
contrary respect Confucian philosophy.
1. 1. n; 1£ tf f!1 a~
2.
J.- -.t ·t!- ,
tf f!1 A~5Ct 1;t ~ ,
1-tl!.. Jt M. ~r. ,'f- *-a~ ~ iffJ ~ 4?-iJL -t i@:w o
It is really strange; he comes from Beijing and yet cannot speak standard
Mandarin.
172
..t . ..f. T".
as for ... ; when it comes to ...
-<} ... , .i.-t*t;t~*t;t,
:T!.Jt-1'--Aal.;;t*o
... , as for whether it's good-looking or not, this is up to individual opinion.
1.
Jltllt tf ~ al.; ~ jjf--]f-it 1 '
_j_ -t JE1~1;'
-'--*"J:. if.:1r 1t ~ fk.~o
China's economy has opened up recently; as for the government, there basically
has been no change.
2. tf ~ A~ iJL tf ~ it , .i. -t ~f. ;if_ ~ ~f. ;if_ ;f)L ;t 1.f- ,t, ~ ;t 1 o
Chinese people all speak Chinese, but as far as being correct or not, that depends
on how you look at it.
i\... }j+-+AN(+N)
-<} ~1*-!f-~ ~11*-!f- _g~*~ 1-#,
other; another
J1 -#-ftt·t:k:;t.tn~;t·tfaJ.; o
("-"is the only number that works in this pattern)
Once you have learned one type of characters, either traditional or simplified, you
can learn to read the other very quickly.
1.
2.
+
:T!.~1Jitr;A;t~ 1, JY~1f1*}j -~v~!
This restaurant is too crowded; let's go to another one!
*~ 1-#~ §'
}j -#;f/L$.~ 10
After learning one language, learning another is easy.
**
~;j (Exercises)
-r
-. Make sentences with the following expressions:
1. ~a}]
2. ~ ~
3. l:!:.~
4. ~~
6. .&....ifii
7. a'-J-9~
s. #ii£ 9.
_f.
5. ~- Jt
10. :ijt-Jff
.=.Translate the following into Chinese:
A: using the character "{t."
1. Westernized Japanese
3. to beautify my home
5. standardized characters
2. to make New York City green
4. an Americanized Chinese
6. China's modernization
173
B: using the character "1f.li."
1. to be confused
4. to be bothered
2. to make mistakes
5. to make a mess
C: using ";ffi" in each of the
necessary.
3. to make it bad
6. to make it good
"1f.li" phrases in "B" to make sentences, adding anything
.:=::..Complete the following sentences in meaningful ways:
1. ~ 1f1 JYt.tf- ii. ~~ ~ ·ti «-it--ffl-» it /151 /.] •••
2. ;;{f Jtr. *-# ~ 1f1 ;t ~ ·ti
3.
*
'f 1!1 ;;ff JL -t -+ a~ j:_1t. ,
~ it /151 /.] •••
tif it ~'11*- ~ .. ·
4. ;;{fJtr-~'11*-~~Et~~~i~~' Jl/:f(o ...
6. ~'l1t. ~it-t 111-r. 'f 1!1 A!! rn a~ j:_ ~ , .f. -T · · ·
7. A.~A.z fal a~ ::t Jtr-#- ~it 7i €. it~ a~ , r7i7 it···
8. ~ii.i~;Jut..tf-11}}~ ;t.. Jt.;%-, ~ .iiJt.-it-.. ·
5. JL-it-1;f-~~it~'11*-~ii.it~1*~, _g~ ...
lZY. Translate into Chinese:
1. What you said makes sense, but I think regardless of whether characters are
simplified or traditional, they're still Chinese characters. We'd better know both kinds.
2. Don't laugh at me! I know my pronunciation sounds strange, but according to my
Chinese teacher, my progress is obvious. Even my friends from Beijing think so.
3. In my opinion, the best way to learn a foreign language is to listen to tapes. I really
want to thank those people who invented audiotapes. Otherwise language learning
would not be so easy for me.
4. For thousands of years, written Chinese has been changing continually. All Chinese
think this is good for our culture. But you, perversely (on the contrary), want to return
to ancient times. How can I agree with you?
Ji. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a) ~.st. -ffl-.:1#- -t
b) ~'l1t. ~ a~ JJi j:
c) ~ xt .:fl. -t- ~ T #f.
174
+
&-*~ (CharacterTable)
-;}'
~
JL
~
JL
1~
,''t
l't
fcm
r
~1*¥(n.),
traditional characters
~ lijimzhimg( adj.),
strenuous
dang
(n.) party: jt(>=}t;
1G
?-t
OO~J't
duim
(v.) break:
*-TWTT
/FWT(adv.),
continually
kong
(n.) hole:
it-
;J,fL
fLr(n.), Confucius
dai
(v.) do ... on behalf
of: {~~rJA~iJ\
(n.) times: !lt{~
;;~
him
(v.) mix: m¥~; ¥~tE
~~
---
-fE9
(v.) drift:
¥i B -T himri.zi, drift
through the days
1 :2
175
chan
1:.f>=(v.), produce
jtf>=}t(n.),
Communist Party
yi
(no.)
a
million:
hundred
+-1Z4t00A
gai
(v.) change: ~:!t
(v.) correct: ~ fl= ~
gaizuoye,
correct
students' homework
lim
(prep.) in terms of:
i~ q:t )(' 1ti!J~ ~ 5!
7C i~(conj. ),
no matter
que
I¥J,pjfj(adv.), indeed
,pjfj ~ queshi (adv. ),
really
pi
W~Q(conj.),
for example
0
~1:: *~8ffi, 1JI~:X:HJ:~w, ~1r~~B"J1iiH*fO
9=t Jt#fil~~£­
D~B"J,*$*9=t~Am~~-1iiH*ili~#-1iiH*,~~
~1tMJ!~1iiH*~~?
~~=~~±~~-~OO~~wo~£-~N~"D~"1iiH*, ~
~~~re-~•m8"1•*1ii~7,m~~~~~•om~,1if
H*~9=t~+ftw~A~RfflB"JJt*, ~~-~~-$*~*
8"19=t~A•m•a*, 9=t~A~~-B"J~·H*W~~1iiH
*0
~1:= •a*~m~~~-+~8"1~~, m~9=t~~-f~B"JJt~,
~1iiH*/f~~/f'itl.7P,~?
~~:~OO~~&~-~ti,ftf~*9=t~B"JJt*~~~~~~,R
-T-~1~88"1*, ~~~m~B"J·H*, 1.S~~1r~IJl~-~~§Jl«~
m»o~~tt-~~~~-~~~~~fflB"J~1iiH*, W~~
~t!-Mw~~~~7, -~ffl*M**~~m~/f-o
~1:: 1iiH*&~•H*JJ~~M~(5), ffii£L~!l:~*~~*m~~$,
&
ffiJ~~~§C,f~o
~~=~00~~-o~~•a*B"J~~~••r, ~~mm, e~
"JL" , "fL"
fO "JL"
~OOA8"J~¥t, 1$:1:~
mt~~OOF~~ft!o ~~~f~~~f~, ~
"-" ,
"=" ,
"A"
~ftOO*/fM
~P,i®?
~1:: &~~~~&~m~, ~~-M~•*m~~m~•o
176
~m=~·,··*~··*~~~~&~-ftA~~WM*,~~
~J}f\WT-fi!V-1&, 33(6)-fi1!I·~WI:~~~·ti~ o
177
~-t-.n..~
~~tJ:'f.i~~
X. : ~ 11Jf M:f -iJL , 1~ aJ.; JL -J- ~ ~ -J- .:r.. ;;f.¥. , - ~ ~ 1! .t\ Jlj 7 -
+-+ Mt -t- 7i %Jk. 4~ ai.J .r..1t ;
{i·
guai
v.
blame
~J~
raxian
#~'1
a~bie
adv.
find out; discover
n.
be; act as
*~4-
~44
xueke
11~
fp~
zuowei
-t-*.
.w.~
zhuanye
~*F;t
)C*[)JG
wenxueyuan
JI*[)JG
Hxueyuan
JJ.* F;t
V.
n.
V.
n.
n.
178
especially
discipline; subject
major; speciality; discipline
school of liberal arts
school of science
Di shiwu ke
Dou guai ni Ma.ma
Fu: NI jin daxue kuai liangnian .le, you mei.you fiixian tebie xihuan .de xueke, ke.yi
zuovveizhuanye.de 'a?
Nd: Wenxueyuan he lixueyuan .de ke vvo dou xuan .le bushao, dan.shi hru mei.you
zhaodao vvo zhenzheng ganxing.qu .de ke. Wo zuijin ye chang vvei zhei.jian shi
fannao.
Fu: NI.men shem.me shi.hou dei jueding zhuanye .a?
Nd: Er nianji jieshu yiqian.
Fu: Na ni .jiu dei zai zhei xueqi jueding .le.
Nfi: Shi.a, zhi sheng.xia liang.ge yue .le.
Fu: Wo ting t6ngshi shuo, ta .de er.zi xue dianzi gongcheng, yi biye .jiu zhaodao.le
yi.ge nianxin shivvan duo kuai qian .de gongzuo;
.A-iE
14-
~~:At
'"""'. / '
;kJi ·t~
~At
~Jl~
AN for matters or things
J:~·tfj
fannao
~a*
jieshu
v.
v.
n.
V.
)t.-f-
er.zi
m:-1-If~
dianzi gongcheng
•
nianxin
!}i
be interested
jian
~·
~ -r- _I.. :f.¥.
*-
true; genuine
V.
t6ngshi
7i
find; discover
ganxing.qu
sheng.xia
-tiff
adj.
zhenzheng
~Jr
JL-1-
v.-c.
zhaodao
~itl
n.
n.
n.
num.
vvan
kuai
179
vvorry
end; finish
be left (over)
colleague
son
electronic engineering
annual salary
ten thousand
lump; AN for dollars
~: ~~~~~~~+~~~?~~~~~~~~~~0
*:
!if ~:i!.+*~~1*1f1il:~M..~J . J%~~3ftai.J o
M
..;;r... ·)}
I 1 (
JrJYi ;frj
r.1b)
:.:r
~~(*) jingji (xue)
'~~~u
·r~
~~
"f~~
·ti:tiJC
~*
(1~)
n.
adj.
shimli
economics
without a hitch; smooth
hen
V.
hate
shU.xue
n.
adj.
mathematics
adv.
possible
keneng
manmanr (.de)
v
gradually; slowly
;t%-3f.
}gff
petyang
V.
nurture; train; foster
~i.r.\:%
~Jt~Jt~
shi.shikan
V.
have a try; give a try
,.
180
haiyou yi.ge peng.you .de niler xue.de .shi jingji, biye y1hou ye hen shirnli .de .jiu
zhaodao .le gongzuo. N1 you.mei.you kaolli .guo xue jingji he dianz1 gongcheng.a?
Nil: Ba, nin zhi.dao wo c6ngxiao zui hen shuxue, wo zem.me keneng xue jingji he
dianzr gongcheng.ne?
Fu: Xing.qu .shi manmanr peiyang chUlai .de, xiao shi.hou bu xl.huan shuxue, xianzai
ke.yi shi.shi.kan, ye.xu ni hui jue.de jingji he dianzi gongcheng hen youyi.si .de.
Nil: Nin shuo.de yidianr dou .bucuo, xing.qu .shi peiyang chUlai .de. Nin he Ma.ma
c6ng wo liusui qi .jiu yao .wo xue gangqin, shij1nianlai, tan gangqin cheng.le wo
sheng.huo .de yibu.fen. Qishi, WO hen xiang jin yinyue xueyuan xue gangqin,
zhl.shi pa nl.men bu t6ngyi cai yizhi mei gao.su ni.men.
Fu: Tan gangqin zem.me neng suan.ge zhuanye .ne? Tan gangqin .shi zhao .budao
gongzuo .de.
Nil: Ke.shi zhei.ge xing.qu .shi ni.men rang.wo c6ngxiao pei.yang qilai .de.
-.~,JL~
-~~;c~
::f./ i~
~I&
yidianr dou bU/
,.
met
~
sui
-~
gangqin
'!I
4!Xl~
5it141Xl~
-*-$
l:'J
-*$ ,']b f-b
!'l•'T:JU
I
'
v.-o.
tangangqin
if~
yinyue
:ft.~,®.~~
I={
f%
yinytixueyuan
pa
-jj_
yizhi
Jt.
suan
il:
n.
5!1!-~
·t~
~
n.
n.
n.
adv.
V.
v.
V.
rang
181
not at all; not in the least
years of age
piano
play the piano
mustc
conservatory of music
fear; be afraid
all along
reckon; be considered as
make; let; allow
X.: !if Jt' !if Jt ... ' ~ 1f1 1-A.
*-
(3)
5-t 1tN- ii ~1.t JfJ 'if-1rxJ 2f- At1t J.J
-t ~ 17J'l! iii 1.ti!:k.'f, Jt;ff"!J!.1.t;J47Jt~~~ffilj -+*f _I.1"f,
- Jt;f)G~ ~ ffilj _I.1"f 0
X. : ~ •t1: 1~ ~ -:klb ) ~1~ 1-A. J'
I
M..*-if.
iii
1Jf*~
c6nghii mei
jianghii
y~
lm*
..jij-·i>t.
~~
zai.shuo
~~*-
song
zhongyao
'*
1rxJ 2f- !
adv.
v.
never
adj.
future
time word
send; give
important
in addition; besides
182
Fu: Ke.shi, ke.shi ... , wo.men c6ng.lai mei.you xiang.guo yao.ni yong
tan gangqin hii
zuowei zhuanye .a! Song .ni jin daxue, .shi xiwang ill jianglai neng zha.o.dao yi.ge
hao gongzuo, bing .bu.shi song .ni qu xue gangqin .de.
NU: Zhao.ge gongzuo bing bu.shi jin daxue weiyi .de mu.di, wo jue.de xue yi.ge ziji
zhenzheng you xing.qu .de dong.xi bi zhaodao gongzuo geng zhong.yao. Zaishuo
xue gangqin ye buyiding .jiu zhao .budao gongzuo.
Fu: Dou guai ni Ma.ma, yao .ni c6ng xiao xue gangqin!
183
+ Grammar Notes
1.
·t~~HIJL
C:l:i!!) mimmiinr (de) "slowly" is an example of the "adverbial
:1:1!! .de"
usage (see L.ll, note 5). In northern Mandarin the second syllable in this kind of
duplicated-syllable usage is normally pronounced in the first tone, regardless of
what the original tone was. Other examples: ·~'1;1VL:I:I!! kuaikuiiir .de "hastily";
tf.mtf.mJL:I:I!! liinliinr .de "lazily"; PJPJ JL:I:I!! hiiohiior .de "very well."
2.
- J#:JLtl3::f~ yidiiinr dou bucuo "not a bit wrong-entirely correct" is a actually
a Ji···tl3 lian ... dou pattern (Lesson 5, note 7) with Ji licin omitted. The omission
of Ji !ian is so common that you should recognize the following as a separate
formula:
- J#:)Lyidiiinr +[Noun]+
tl3 dou (or
-tt!.ye) +
::f bit (or ii mei) Verb (or Adj.)
For example: - J#:JL-tf!.::f•ll yidiiinr ye bitd6ng "didn't understand at all"; -12:
JL~-*t13ii:ff yidianr guan.xi dou mei.you "doesn't matter in the slightest"; J2-JLtl3::f~~@yidiiinr dou bitgiin xing.qu "not interested at all"; -,sULtl3::f
tfi.yidianr dou bu e"not hungry in the least"; - J2:JLt.&ti3UZ::fr yidianr fon dou
chf.bu xia "can't get a bit of food down."
3.
M* c6nglai "always have (not)" must be followed by ::f bit or ii:ff mei (you).
With ::f bit, the implication is that something has never happened and probably
will continue not to happen because of some sort of habit or policy: 11!?.1-A*::ffffi
~ tii c6nglai bit chou-yiin "he doesn't smoke (hasn't and probably won't)"; ~JUA
*::f#x)\lljf )*A iJtl::JnJi!
w6 c6ngldi bit xthuiin tfng Guiingdongren shuo
Shanghiiihua "I've never enjoyed listening to Cantonese people speaking
Shanghainese." With ii(:ff) mei (you), the verb is followed by the suffix
:i1 .guo and the implication is that something has, in fact, never happened, but the
future is an open question: :fltM*ii:WM § EBf~il w6 c6nglai .mei kan .guo
Ziy6ushen xiang "I've never been the Stature of Liberty"; :tt!P.M*iifffitt~ .ta
c6nglai mei chou .guo yiin "she's never smoked (but might, some day)."
A similar word, rPJ * xianglai, resembles M* c6nglai except that either a
positive or negative verb can follow: 11!?. iJ?. i5 rPJ *'tl tii shuo-hua xianglai man
''he has always spoken slowly (and likely will continue to do so)."
184
(.1f) ?fJt
~ ... Ji
-.
be interested in
-¢- ~xt-1£t~ ijf!.~-1ft~.y;.ft!o
I am interested in many courses.
it~ !f! !l~xttf **~1ft~ (;{f) .y;.ft!o
Many students are very interested in Sino-American relations.
2. k~xt/.t-JZ.~-iti~MJ 101M~~~ U.t;{f) .y;.ft!o
No one was interested in today's discussion question.
1.
=-. ~ ... Ri ·Iii
be worried about ... , fret over ...
-¢- ~ ~lli>~ 't 7!J i! 14-. :kJH~ o
Recently, I have been worried about this matter.
1. ~~i!~~~k!f!, ~~~;7!]~~~~·~~0
Since you study at such a good university, you really don't have to be worried
about finding work.
2.
!f!~ 1f -*.1!-, it~ X. -it~ 7!J i! 14-. :kJH~ o
Many parents worry over the fact that a college education is too expensive in
America.
:k ~ ~ k
..=...
~Jr
-¢-
Jt.,M",
~ ~~J
r ~ +JJ 1
be left over
o
~at.;-:ktJJJJ~~-¥-~ 1, ~~tlr~ mG 1 o
My good friends have all graduated; I am the only one left.
2. niJ ai.J ;r}] i*-~ 1tk X 1 , ilL ~~J r ~ ~~it ai.J .tli% 1 o
The other homework is all finished, the only thing left is to write the report for the
computer class.
Right, there are only two months left.
i*-
1.
-¢- 1;f- if VAil\. il\. ~ o
You can give it a try.
mi. V-V ;l
1.
2.
3.
4.
t t~
Jt Jt ~
17
17
ilL iJL;t
give a try, V and see
taste it and see; eat some and see
try it on
MI-MI.~ think about it (try thinking about it)
try saying
185
Ji_, -.~.. JL~ (~)
+
~/~i.
not at all
x. -tt- .??.. JL~ ~ =*. ·~ ~ av *}!Jt1t z. o
-¢'- 1~-iJi~-.~.. JL~~~o
What you say is not wrong at all.
1.
My parents don't care in the least what my interests are.
2. ~-kOO, 1tZ.JJJt~~A~;t, ~-.??.. JL~~~·t~o
In America, there are people of all different colors; this is not at all strange.
starting from ...
-¢'- 1~~~~J-A.~
_,\ ~~;ffl,~~~4~2f.o
Since I was six years old, you and mother wanted me to learn piano.
av
4--e JJ ~,
1.
~-i~:tJG~-PtJt*oo
7
Since July 1997, Hong Kong is no longer England's.
2.
1-A.~~ tf ;t_~- ~~' ~;ffl,if~tJ-i-t 00 ~~ 0
Since the first day I started learning Chinese, I have been planning to go see
China.
J-A 1997
o
--b. A~ 1 B ~-~~
-¢- -t- JL-f*-, 5f-4~2f.~ 7 ~1-,~av-~7}0
A became part of B
l:..~~ttt tv-f:tJG~ 7 -k oo av -~7} 7 o
The Hawaiian islands became part of America long ago.
Playing piano has been part of my life for more than ten years.
1.
2.
1~~*~ 7, llSJ n-*i#-~ 71~..:r..11av-~7}0
He is thrilled that travel has become part ofhisjob .
-¢- ~ 1fl 1-A. *-~f.~' ii *1•t- JfJ 5-f-4~ 2f- *-11 ;1.] -t -*- Pjif !
never
.1\.... ))tjJl~/ ~i.
;t ;tt:. tf 00 Al-A*- ~f.~ ii
We never thought you would make a career of playing the piano.
1.
«i~-ffl- »o
~ J-A *- ~% iJl: l'J A1~ av +A ~Ft -1.' o
He never tells anyone his personal background.
Some Chinese people have never read "The Analects."
2.
-¢- ~ 1fl 1-A *-~f.~- ii ~1~t- JfJ 5-f- 4~ 2f- *-11 ;1.]
take ... as, use ... as
-t -*- Pjif !
We never thought you would make a career of playing the piano.
186
1.
1.7- .-t z. n~ m.t~- -1--*f _r_ 1'F *-1'F 7'J .l. *- ~ av it- mav ~?
*'
How can you take finding a good job as your only goal in going to college?
2.
:1r ;tt:. Am ~5tt JL 1t *-1'F 7'J ~ ~ f;Ji 1-*" ~ av J.t liJ o
Some people use opposition to the Communist Party as the reason not to learn
simplified characters.
+ mG J.- ..iE :1r *~ av ff; ~ l;t:. .t~ .flJ _r_ 1'F Jt. -t- ~
A is even more important than B
~ ~ 'JitAl ~ -
0
I think studying something that you really are interested in is more important than
finding a job.
1. {f. -k 00 ~*f~j:l;l:,~*ftf j:_Jt. "!" ~0
2.
~Jl:.tt 11 l;t:.~Jlr.i it} it. ~0
For a nation, developing education is even more important than developing the
economy.
+
~33 (Exercises)
In America, learning English is even more important than learning Chinese.
5tt-+ oo ~*- iJL,
-t-
-.Fill in the blanks with the following expressions:
*
1. -kl!l-Jt~:k.~a~t j:$Ji
~~ ~~
-~
·-
~ ~T ~ ~~ -~
JLlf-;f7t:Mr:ft~1#-!fa~a
3. ~a~ :k.~ ~
- f1 ~l_~ 1 , Pf YA$£:;f~$£:;f~ 1 a
4. ~ ~ :1!.1--t ~,t.;?!] 7 .!'f~ YAJ6-:kt~..I..ff,
:i!.5liE:k.~ a~ -*:A! a
2. tfl!JKRtM.1949lf-YA*'
~::t"if-li~-fi!.-ii5-a
187
5. ~~~*-~~~~~~f1j..:L11Jt~
1£.1}-Jt-
6. #.:/(P *;{f ~;Jt;fJG
7. 4'--lf-*f~a~
mC.~:f'
~~_ _ 1-f-1fl~o
#.-i~-i~~11e:,o
,
ilJGJti.tHtfal~o
i: i~-it-#-~Jt tF l!,l _ _ a~ 7i €. o
10. 1-f-M.•J,fu .:k..~~lt
, ;{f1t~:kt:.tyf'ti&;a~~?
8. #.a~~-t~t.~a~
-J}-{~-0
9.
..::.... Complete the dialogues with the expressions provided:
Uk.· · · r,
1. A: 1-t-i!*-~ ~A. r? -t -*-iJt it. r \1~?
B:
2. A:
B:
~~;Jt)
#.- it.-!~k~ ~.i~, ~~.t. ~ ~Qt.JJ~-1'--t -*.~?
(-.~,JL~···, J%~)
3. A: l!Jt~1tia~ tF I!J ~' ~f.'t*f 11to ~Jllf11iV.t1f1ti~, 1.f- 11t 11t~ o
B:
( · · · .t. ~ ~~ -1f. · · · , .fHJL)
4. A: 1.f--tf.~1t~ ~?
B:
cJ.J ···:.tyfotg;,
5\
*1
r)
S.A: 1.f-JL-t-.:k..~J:f.-*. T 11~?
B:
( -···ilJG···, ~~*-)
6. A: *~!:.
B:
.y, 1-lt-ftAlt~ 4~V~?
(No.+ ~ +AN+ N,
it-)
-=..Answer:
2. ~ I!J .:k.. ~ 1. ;{f 1t ~ :.tJHg;?
3. 1.f- .!:f. -*.1W J€;-~;;if it Jtt:.1t ~ liiJ ~?
4. 1.f-i£.*-~ ~ ma~ Jt 1t~?
s. 1-f-5tttf ~a~~;JtJt!i*-itk.;{f~iaiJtJ%~t!:: *-a~?
1. 1.f-5tt ~#lailtJ!...:L#~ -t -*-~~;lt?
V!1.
Write short passages on:
a) J%~~;lt
b) Qt.{-*.
188
+ &¥*
(CharacterTable)
4t
~
~lj
ii\
~t
4~
te
(adj.) special:
W:§}rj
-t
giin
(v.) feel: ~~@
(n.) sense: fiX.@[;~
chengjiugiin, a sense
of achievement
sheng
(v.) be left:
~t~
~,_
ff)f
o
~rf; ~tl 1 :i;R~
shu
(n. )number:
~
shu
(v.) count: ~~
~~; ~*
zhuiin
~~(n.), major
~~L.,(v.),
concentrate
niio
(adj.) angry:
'=C'Im qiniio, get angry
(adj.) unhappy:
:J:~·~m
xfn
(n.) salary:
if.ijf; Jjijf
yang
:f:iH'f(v.), train
(v.) keep:
~~ii] yiingg6u, keep a
dog
(v.) form:
~PX.~f33't:!
shi
(v.) try: iJ\iJ\~
if
giing
(n.) steel:
WJ ~ giingtie, Iron
and steel
W1 ~( n.) piano
~
189
sui
(n.) years of age:
1mA,if.+n5t
qin
0
/j\ ~ xiiiotiqin (n.),
violin
Wl~(n.), piano
m
:X::
1~iiA:*·~~iF7, ~~~~f~!f.fJJIJ-8-IXI¥1*~4, llJ~1'F~-$~
I¥JU~~?
fr.=~*~~~*~l¥1•a~~7~&,~~~~~~a~rr•M•
s"J •
:X::
--1-r- ••
.:A
Y:.:
:X::
0
a:m:Jli -tE/m ~ ~1tt$1:Ji ·t~
0
1~1r~1tMIF-f1~f~rR5E-$~U~~?
- .6::: 1tTI. 1t± -;::f::; t' I ...>..t....
~-'-1-"'••>!X,.•I=I J'l". ~ l'}ij o
7o
7H~~rF ~1m! J3 7 o
1J~1n\:@Cf~1£~*1ArR5E
~ n~~,
:x:=a•~*~'~I¥J~~*•~I~,~-~:@C~~7~1mJ1F~+
-~~HI¥JI~;~~1m!M~I¥JY:.~*I¥1~~~, -~~m&m
Y:.:
:X::
~~~:@(;~~7I~of$~~~~-~*~~~-~I~~?
~, 1n\~ma~~•m~*' a~•nr~*~~~-~I~~?
ft-~'t~Ht;L
(1)
:ttf•ili*l¥1,
11\IF-f{~~-8-IX~*' f~f±llJ~~i\~5\
~, &~1n\·~~~~~-~I~m~ami¥Jo
fr.: f~~I¥J~~&-JL~
1r~
<zl ~~*' ft-~:1:-tf•ili*I¥J
o f~)fO~~~~fJEa/\~
0
Y:.: llJ~~1mlft•~f$~-a~~:ttf•~*l¥1o
:X:: -ar ~, -ar ~···, a1r~1J£* ~r~~~1~ffls-'M~*1'~=~•~n~~ 1
:X::
~-~~-~-1mJ--~~?~-~~~~~I~I¥Jo
(3)
190
~~~**'~*m~M*~~~-OOWI~,M~~~~~­
M~B"Jo
~:~OOI~M~~~*·~-~§~,ft~~--OO~~·~~M
-~*W~~~I~~-~oW~$M~ili~-~M~~~I
fFo
X::
~13'1~f~~fi§~fi§, ~f~f;f!J\$·~!
191
~-t-*~
~~~-i-t~JA
-£]:":
-k:
i!.+%1 *~~1~t~~~-!-Mi(t)ill.i9
:it~ :ilX..-*-k tf
00 JAI1jtf?
1i -f-, 1~-* ~-* jf{~ 1f1- Jk. JL
-k:
0
.t. ~ X..-*-k tf 00 JA~?
* M"?
11
~~if E~..JJ~+J~~ 1,
X..JlJiX.. {L,
~1~-ii-r·~~~~~~~~?~*~*~'
-It :
~ ~ ·tf 1~ :h 1t ~ JJ~ ~
..J. rb
JL -A
m
J.~ ~
a
_,_ _,_
1~ ,J,
at 1~ jt{~ 1fl- JJc
l:JU k .:.h
1t /,z_ -1)L~
.., h rb
m
T ~
if ]J( tf 00 JA o
~~
l.h
T ~ >llX..•~' ;N;:. ~ ~ / ' / ' (3) r:!'J ,
JJt~ /'.J 'I
~~~~~+~~x..~~x..~~~' ~~~~R~tFOO
~1-t. ,
-tt ~ Ji~ 1\ ~ k 00 ~1-t. , fit IK J-A.f]~ JL @1 *- fA Jf; ~ ~ 1-1-
4t]tj ~#JJ!lo
-£}:":
*~,*~,~~-!-~~-!-~o~Jt~*-~•+"~00
A" 1
o
192
Mi
t l!l JA
'tt-T-Jk.JL
~Pi
.L'tt-T-
Jili
-a--a-.)!!...)!!..
f<iJ M /"' /"'
tang
t:FIJ:lflX
zhong.guocheng
*~
dim
ta-T
~J!JL
yikm\ir
1¥
zang
l:ta-T
xinqi
1~q.
i8fji
i8f Jl1t
t!X.~·. -~
{-fr~
st'i.qi
mi~
shangye
mi~{t
shangyehua
1-\:.k
#n'l
jibu ... yebu ...
-ij-JJl
shii.fu
*fve
hao.ba
~···
AN for certain verbs of motion
Chinatown
AN for 11t, ;fr and certain
other verbs
restaurant
adj.
together
adj.
go to a restaurant
v.-o.
~~JlJl gaogaoxingxing
-$~~
AN
adv.
shangguan.zi
dongshi
n.
n.
guan.zi
·ti•
AN
adj.
adj.
adj.
n.
adj.
dirty
cheerful; happy
sensible; mature in
understanding
new and strange
in poor taste; vulgar
commerce
commercialized
neither ... nor ... ( 5l ;(-: · · · 5l
~···)
daibiao
tebie
193
V.
adv.
represent
adj.
unusually, especially
int.
comfortable
all right; very well
rf ~A~ :?JGA 7 >'r ~A 7
-it:
-k:
!!. + ~l Jli M; l!J.! ~--~--lt--(7)' 12. }t .. ·12. }t ...
:k~-
5l
you
*
zhang
mao
~
~1.1L
1J,if;,
AA.!L
~*
jianzhi
ban.!a
ha
~
2;?
11
adv.
for emphasis
v.
n.
grow
body hair
adv.
n.
simply; downright
way; method
Ha!
+ Grammar Notes
1.
Review Lesson 6, note 10 and Lesson 9, note 3 on counters for verbs. Some verbs
tend to take special counters.
timg tends to be used with
qu and :XE z6u:
(-) m~.BJ"J qu (.yi) timg Niuyue "go to New York"; itl~~~Hi-!-:XE-m dao
Fei.zhou . qu z6u yi tang "make a trip to Africa." ~_m dun is used with PZ; chf "eat,"
dii "hit," ~ ma "scold," and a few other verbs: PZ;-~~~ 00~ chf yi dun
Zhong. guo cai "eat a Chinese meal"; 1T 1/J\-~.W dii .ni yi dun "give you a beating."
:Ia bian can be used with many verbs, but is especially common with verbs that
"'*
m
n
194
"'*
relate to language: Wi~ -~ zai shuo yi bian "say it again~'; ~..:=:..~ du san bian
"read it three times"; £g -~ xie yi bian "write it once."
2.
The T.le here is the "new situation" T.le that follows a time expression and
indicates that the action has been occurring for the given amount of time and
continues (see L.2 note 14). This kind of T.le can occur in sentences that also
contain a "completed action" T .le, and there is a difference of implication with
and without the final T .!e. If you say, flttE ~ ~ {1 T rJ3 iF w6 .zai Zhonggu6
zhit .le liang nian "I lived two years in China," you imply that the two years of
living in China were entirely in the past, discontinuous with the present:
past
now
future
1<----->1
two years
Here the T .le is a "completed action" T .le with quantified object (see L.4, note
2), which means that the reference has to be to the past. Now, if you add a "new
situation" T .le at the end, the implication of fit tE ~ ~ {1 T rJ3 iF T w6 .zai
Zhonggu6 zhit .le liang nian .le is that the two-year period of living in China
extends to the present and is continuing as we speak:
past
now
future
1<----->1
two years
When the verb in such sentences has an object, there are two standard ways to
insert it:
SubjectVerb T.letime-spanObject T.le
Tii xie .le yi tiiin zi .le.
1mEJ T -x~ 7
Or:
She has been writing characters for
one (or the whole) day.
0
Subject Verb-Object Verb T .le time-span T .le
1ffi£g*£gT-RT o
Tii xie-zi xie .le yi tiiin .le.
(same meaning)
The "completed action" T .le in these sentences can be negated by using &
(:ff) mei(you). To say something has not been happening for a certain time
(and continues not to happen), use both &(:ff) mei(you) and T.le in the
following pattern:
195
Subject (fl you) time-span
¥!it(:ff) mei(you) Verb (u.guo) Object
Wo you liiing nian mei qu
Zhong.guo .le.
ft:ff!W~¥9:~9=' ~ 7
I haven't been to China in two
years.
0
M!:*: ~:ff_=: -1' Jj ¥!itiJtrl9=' ~it 7
Tii dagai you san .ge yue mei
shuo .guo Zhong.guohua le.
0
The sentence in the text, (ft1i'J wo.men)
qu .le is another example of this pattern.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7./e
She probably hasn't spoken
Chinese for three months now.
---t Jj ¥9:-t: 7
yi.ge yue mei
Doubling the syllables of an adjective gives it a more lively and intense
sense: ~ ~ ~ ~ giiogiioxingxing "happy as can be"; ~ ~ ~~ ~~
shu.shufufu "nice and comfortable."
ibl:iE9* shuo .qi.lai "raise (a topic), mention." Here the complement
qUai is split.
:iE9*
ili ye to mean "both ... and .... " The usage is slightly
more formal than ili ye ... ili ye ....
~)tji can pair with
Either :7C i-Q: wulun "without discussing" or /F ~ buguiin "not caring
about" can precede a grammatical question to mean "no matter (or
regardless of) ... [whom, where, what, when, why, how, or whether]." 7G
i-Q: wulun is slightly more formal than /F ~ buguiin. They must be
followed by clauses that include either question words:
/F ~ Cor 7G i-Q:) 1t!ri':E 193~ JL···
Buguiin (or wulun) tii zai niir ...
No matter where he is ... (or:
Wherever he is ... )
Cor /F~) £i1E···
Wulun (or buguiin) .shi shei ...
Regardless of who it 1s ...
(Whoever it may be ... )
Buguiin (or wulun) n( gen .ta
zem.me shuo ...
No matter what you say to
him (Whatever you say to
him ... )
7Gi-Q:
/F~ Cor
:7Ci-Q:)
{~g~{ffi~i,. iJt···
Or choice-type questions:
/F ~1m ·tt /F ·tt ···
Buguiin ta dong. bu dong ...
Regardless of whether
understands or not ...
196
he
7C ii;1$ /f
"* "* ...
Wulim nl qu .bu .qu ...
Whether you go or not ...
In the clause that follows the one containing 7Cii; wulun or
it is common (but not required) to use
dou or ,g, z6ng:
:m
/f If 1$ fcij 1t!!ft -i. ~' 1t!!:m ~
111\- ~ j;j~JJI!.
No matter what you ask him
about, he always gives you a
crock of great truths.
Bu.guan nl wen .ta shem. me shi,
tli dou gei .ni yi-pilin da dao.li.
0
7C ii;1fJ\ /f
"* "* ' ,g,
Wulun nl qu.bu .qu,
zong dei gao.su .ta.
7.
8.
9.
Whether you go or not, you
should be sure to tell him.
0
Extending one's syllables, as the mother does hers, connotes exasperation.
In this usage, )!.. you means "moreover."
*1ffl.&tfrt: mi nin mei banja "don't know what to do with you." fij][
jiiinzhi "simple and straight," when used before a verb, is like the English
word "simply." :fltfij 1I II}f ::f'll w6 jiiinzhi tfng bud6ng "I simply don't get
it."
<y~ tr) , j£ .. .
besides, in addition to ...
-:!- tf l¥1 JA F.t.- 7 J:.tr: -f ~~ ~ jjt l£ n~ 1!k 1+ ~ ~?
-. Jfbr
-¢-
f~ 15 i)fft!!
/f!f buguiin,
r .. .
1i. t oo ~ nt
-r F.t.- 7 ~ 1 wr. oo .:t.1t
Besides going to restaurants and buying groceries, what else can you do in
Chinatown?
1.
7 mlf. t
* *-
oo.x.1t
at.J -1~
o
*
<y~ >'r ) , l£ 1-f
Besides needing to understand American culture, kids who grow up in
Chinese families also have to understand Chinese culture.
2.
+-t J[:JZ.~F.t.-7-:!- tf l¥ll£~-!-# l¥1
0
This summer, besides going to China, I'm also going to Korea.
-=-. - v ~ 0
*'
whenever it comes to V-0, then ...
tt, ...
197
-¢- -iJt~
*
iJG * ~1.rt- ~ 1.rt- r
4' ~ J~*-;fJGJ!. ~ ~ ~
1. ~ x. -HF- it~ 4' ~ tr.J • *-
0
Whenever Chinatown is mentioned, you get so unhappy.
o
Whenever my parents start talking about China's affairs, they get
extremely excited.
*'-
r
2. ~ -1ti.~ ~ *- iJG;te.Jyftt~ M; • ~ .~ o
Whenever I start an experiment, I forget everything that's bothering me .
.E... J!>t···~/.5l···
J!>t~/jf.···~~/jf.···
4' ~ .!A ~JG ~ ~~ 1~ ~ 4' ~ ~1t '
-k
either ... or .. .
neither ... nor .. .
~ ~ ~~ 1~ ~ ~ ~1t 0
Chinatown can represent neither Chinese culture nor American culture.
~
<r,l- ~.l- £b g;t:. --~ ~J:Jf.,
.J.. --~ -J- ~b
,,, 9k -r b..:lh ;!!...(. £b ~lf!
1• ~J(..I''J
:ll~f 1'/U/::sl./'~' ~/3l./J Fit.,
3 ,,, -'1' ~ ~~fl7J'-o
-¢-
I have neither interest nor ability in mathematics; of course I won't take
any math courses.
2. ~~~~-~-4'~{!J.;-~~' ~~-~~-k~~~o
Taiwan is willing neither to be part of China nor dominated by America.
ifVthen V
tz!l.VttV~
-¢-
1;f- ~ -!- ;f}G ~ -!- ve:. o
If you don't want to go, then don't.
1. 1-t!!.~iJtiJG iJt ve:. o
If he wants to say it, then he should.
2. 1;f- ~ 1ti. ;f}G ~ 1ti. ve:. o
If you don't do it, then don't.
1.r. .tt, ;te. " *- ~ A"
.£. ~···~ ..Jl· ..
-¢-
refer to .. . as ...
11 ~
A """ ~ A" o
1i ~r. ,'f- 1t- '*" ~ 11JT .flJ 4' ~ A.;te.7r ~ A 11~ A ":t-7r"
You always refer to Americans as "foreigners."
1.
2. 1-tt >J ·tt r ;te. :t- ~rr 11 ~ A "Jt.1." o
0
In Beijing you will often hear Chinese people call foreigners "laowai."
He is accustomed to calling the teacher "mister."
4' ~ A.JGi~.ftlli}]~JLi£Jt 4' ~A, .t. z. ~Jt"r ~A~?
no matter ...
-¢-
No matter where they go, Chinese people are still Chinese; how can they
198
be foreigners?
1. ~~
tf 3::.JG-i~.t.z. ~~~;ff?rOO o-to
No matter how I study Chinese, I still have a foreign accent.
2. ~}(.~~~~§~~' ~~~~~~~~~~~~0
No matter how many times he tells me, I still can't remember his telephone
number.
~ ltti .t. ~ 1~ ~f. dr
-b. ~jj_
-111!; '
~
*
simply, just
!
1. i!. z. § ~ ~ -i~ , ~tti .t. ~ 7 ~ aJ.; 4[1-- !
Mom, I simply don't know,what to do with you!
There are so many tests; it's just going to kill me!
2.
-!- t 00 a!.; #J"- kHftJ:,
~ *~1f ~tti.t.~ ~ ~ 1it o
The night before going to China, I was so excited I simply could not sleep.
-. Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word:
J:._ _ fol
~ 1115l-k 7 _ _ ~ I!l.Mk,o ~ 7 ~ 7
'*-,
;(_ _ l£ (Jt
I!l J~ ~ ~ _ _M. __ ~L, _ _ -tt;tr -it~ __ {1{]
:fo __ fJ~ JL, A1fl~ _ _ *:I!l A 11~ 1tk ">'r I!l A," -1--*-, --~*-iJi.,
~ I!lJ~a~n~Jtt:.A_ _ :it>'r!!lA~! 1t!?..1f1 _ _ ~~iJL~3::, --~~iJL
%!!11;, --~1x.r t 11;, ~1 _t_ .t·t:!-t.&. r 1
r __ ~ I!ltt -r
o
~
1. A: 1~ 7-J 1t Z. ;f!*-;f!~~ ~-;}flli~~?
.=.Complete the dialogues using the given expressions:
( · .. -iJL~· .. *-, y,t .. ·)
2. A: ~ I!l J~;)l -t-1t Z. l-'f {1{] 1~ ~tr)tf?
B:
B:
( .. · flk .. ·ott .. ·)
r
3. A: 1~~:Jt-ft~JfJ.:o/Jtk.~~~-¥-~ 1
B: (~Vi.t~V, ... 5l;tr1tZ.*~~?)
199
4. A:
B:
tf ffil.M~.li.;;t) JJ'l a'-;~~"~?
( ... .:fe.· .. 11 ~ A ... )
6. A: f,f. 'f 'f -f1]
B:
:!i.)f.... OtUk a'-; o/t.?
*
5. A: 3E. i'i·~)l1JJ~ Jt!:. ffi] ~a'-; A.:ll:_,W.,
B: ( JG-i-t· .. )
JfJ ::i-1f1..1ij: .~t!:.ft Z. o/t.?
(5Ct···#d.t, ···)
*
-=.. Answer the questions using the expressions provided:
1. f,f- ii aJ.; t ffi1 JA rfl1t z. :f-f -t aJ.; ?
(5l···5l···, -t1"~, j:{t., ~~bl!···)
1
2. 1;t- ;fl2 1;t- x. -EJ: 5Ct t ffilJA a'-J :-t
*;;t 1t z. ;;r-:
~?
.f£ *- ffi1 , 11t :l1:_7r ffi1 A?
( 5Ct · · · :J.fU.t , l! .f.! , A 1 , ;;f :l1:_ , .:te. ···-i.JL A)
"f:•J lA..'
( '-I- n:;
3.
rrb...
r.-r..
'
[9. Composition:
~ ~
rCiJ /' '
JJ:
T\,
_£.
~'
'*" )
-7'\ *:
-tt
*-. ffi1 a'-; 71- ffi1 A.
a) .£.~ ~ i]};fp ~ -*.1-t.
Ji. Write short passages on:
c) j~X. -EJ;-.ik:Jl~ ~;fDJ:.-it -t
b) ~# j:{t..Zia] a'-;*~
d)
tr!1M~.a'-J-t1"~:f;t.
-Ht:
~@~:?KftfiJ{$-g.gt&t~~(l)~*~
-!A:
HJ::
:J~:/F~x~~~~~n~~?
0
~P~~, ~fm~Jj &~ 7 <z>, t&l~~i!~JL~~~fiJUZtl!~~~ta
200
-9:.:
~' 1$!'f/f~ ~ j~ fJt
1r, ~:f:_t;L .:t: U~~?
~mX~.:t:~il:lflX~Je? ftll:~t·JJ~OO:I:-t!!7J7,
Xf1¥JZ.IIijL,
~T~m~m~~~~~*•~?ft~~.:t:~!
£J: = ft~ ·ti 1$~1+ • JJ~ • ~t • ~~:~fiX 1$ 11\ ~f'*j~ ft 1r, ~:f:.t;L
0
.:t:~~:lflXM~--~~m~,m~~*•~~~~~='flX*
fr.:
(4)WtJJ~-~-~~Je?
~~~ft~••,•~~~:lflX•~~~~~~•,m~ft
~. fl$J. JJ~OO :1:-t!!:lJ Jl..1B-1i!X j¥1j ~ 1-t
e;t ~ ~~ 1~*:. ~~X 1t,
m~~~1~*-~~x1t, ~iJ\1J£JJ~;d§J*~1&~•11$J.~J5rJ~
~~~0
£1::
fr.:
To
MP~, ~fP~, 1$~.:t:Wt~.:t:u~o -~~*~flOO "7r~A"
~~, 1$~\!l~re "~~A" ~4P.X "7r~A,, ~•, ~~~,
~~A~ ~7r 11 APJe
0
£1::
~~AWt~9=t~A! 9=t~A~~~UI9J~JL<6>~~9=t~A, ~
-9:.:
•ir~7r~A~Je?
£J: =
ti~IIA*~,~~~A~*i!A; m~ti~IIA*~'
9=t
~A~Wt!J.X7 7r~A 7PJ®?
~11m If¥ ~mJ~ ft--~o--m--(7),
1.s ~ .. ·1.B ~ .. ·1.B
~ft~~~=mg, •••, ~~Xoo~~~, ft~~Jf£
ir~7H~AP~?
-.k:
~~--! :fXIi11i*1~~mrt(9)!
201
c+--t) mAm
-k ml
*+ *.JA rp JL-t~;{f tf ml JPk.o
tf ml JPk.-tt 11~ it A~ir o
;tA~k~~~~t:fml#~-·~~~' ~~JL~~~~~
~~~o~tfmJ~£, -~~~~~~~~~-tt~~tfmJ~
·~~' ~~~t~o-1'-~~~~t~~A, ~~~tfmJ
Ji- A1ir
JP~. rp
JL-t
tangrenjie
chengshi
~-¥
jThu
-f$J]
zaoqi
~4f..
JUJl
., .,
n.
n.
Tang People Street - Chinatown
city
adv. almost
time
at first; in the early stages
word
v.
come together; assemble
202
<+-t) mAm
~~ii
..~«<~
a:
jingguo
~Jf~Jf
~~
jianjian
7-J ..£
•
y::.{ ....
tV-···~± y1 ... weizhii
if. A.
•A
Huaren
t) ~lldK
[§]~~
shangyequ
-~iYL*-
-~~*
yiban shuolai
~t-*.
1r~
hangye
~-it
~~
canguan
*!k~
~~rn
zahuodian
~:Y
bushao
JilL~~
fuzhuangdian
i1G*-~
x1yidian
if-1ft
;.A.
-{~
Huaqiao
1ft¥
c6ngshi
~*~15
l'!f 1.t
tongxing
Guangdong
hml
jishr
~t
bei
r tt- 1--&i~At
;l1t.t
7rA.
kanzuo
~
er
,. '
watren
~Jt 11~ 1t.t
beijiaozuo
~·
lao fan
~
er
~fu
shoudao
J!iAYL
ll:itl
qishi
adv.
pass through
V.
n.
take ... as the main factor
n.
Chinese people
V.
n.
n.
gradually
business district
generally speaking
profession; trade
n.
restaurant
n.
many; much
n.
laundromat
adj.
n.
adj.
V.
n.
conj.
grocery store
clothing store
overseas Chinese
be engaged in
current; generally practiced
Cantonese
even if
pretransitive verb: passive voice marker
v.
n.
conj.
V.
n.
conj.
v.-c.
v.ln.
203
regard as; take to be
outsider; stranger
moreover; and
be called
"old barbarian"-a derogatory
term for non-Chinese, now used
only in jest
therefore
receive or suffer the effects of
discriminate against/
discrimination
c+-t) H!fAf!I
~ 1t 1-ff ;g. A1ir :;ff .~te.1~ -k 00 ~p ~ 4(- A fJJ.; 1*- "tl1 IR , ~ ?.~ v~ 1t1
"1*- "tl1 IR ," 12- 7t ~ iE1*- "tl1 fJJ.J rf 00 :t.1t. -.!r ~ f 't :;ff FRo
~~~~~-ff1, ~~*~jt~~)l£~~fJJ.Jj:_~o·~
~;g.A~, ~~~;t~~~~fJJ.J:t.~, ~~~;t~~~-+
;ff Jtl:.
lR
~r~*""-
$.-iE.
1~W
1* 00 ~
youxie
Yindi' amen
baoliuqu
zhenzheng
1~W
baoliu
;ff Ftt
youxian
~j'
zahuo
~-Jf
likai
adv.
n.
n.
adv.
somewhat; to a certain degree
American Indians
reservations
v.
actually; truly
adj.
keep; maintain
v.
sundry goods
n.
204
limited
leave; depart
c+-1::;) ll!fAW
~-T
Jlj~
shiiyli
~$A!,
~-
canguan
~44=
qite
'f
Zhong
~
XI
7JX.
daocha
'f*
Zhongcan
11•1 -f
li.zi
~z.
~M
du6.me
~t/G·mt
UZ:~tl
chi.bugmln
+
v.
belong to
V.
visit (a place)
n.
strange and distinctive
abbreviation for China
n.
knife and fork
n.
example
adj.
n.
n.
QW
v.-c.
abbreviation for the West
Chinese food
how? (+adj.)
cannot get used to eating
Grammar Notes
1. Passive voice markers. Chinese verbs, by nature, can be either active or passive.
If you say fffi)f 7 tii kiii .le "he opened (something)," a Chinese listener will
naturally understand 7f kiii as active: "he" did the "opening." But if you say
1'17f 7 men kiii .le, the listener will just as naturally understand 7f kiii as
passive: the door "has been opened" (by someone or something). In many
cases of the English "passive voice," therefore, nothing has to be done to a
Chinese sentence.
But, if you want to be more explicit about passive voice in Chinese, there
are some ways you can do this. One is to use the ~ .. ·1¥3 .shi ... .de pattern in
the following way:
Object ~ .shi [somebody or something] Verb 1¥3 .de
205
<+-t) !1fA.1!J
·=tt~~ *:$: /!:: 1¥1
Shu .shi Lao Zhiing na z6u .de.
The books were taken away by
Old Zhang.
Wen.ti .shi bilren ti chu.lai .de.
The question was raised by
someone else.
fiiJ H2i:J!J}tl AfJHti
0
*I¥J
o
An even more explicit way to indicate passive voice is:
Receiver+ ~~ bei +Doer+ Verb+ Other Elements
Grammatically ~~ bei is a pretransitive like
Examples:
1E ba
(see Lesson 8, note 1).
W6 .de qiche bei tongwu kiii z6u .le.
My car has been driven
away by my roommate.
JJ~ :f3( I~H~ ~iij nZ; 7 o
Nei kuai riJU bei g6u chi .le.
That piece of meat was
eaten by the dog.
fti¥J1-\$~~~&.7f/!:: 7
0
n4 jiao or iJ: rang can substitute for
~~ bei in the above pattern. (~~ bei is
slightly more formal and is preferred in writing; 114 jiao and iJ: rang are more
informal and colloquial.) Modifiers of the verb come before ~~ bei (or U4jiao,
iJ: rang), not immediately before the verb:
Qiche yfjfng bei tongwu kiii z6u .le.
1-\$B~~~~&.7f/!::7 o
As in the
1E ba construction, an optional
Neijf kuai rou quanjiao g6u
gei chz.le.
The car has already
been driven away by
the roommate.
~ gei can precede the verb:
Those bits of meat were all
eaten up by the dog.
JJ~JL:IR~±n4~~UZ7 o
In cases where the speaker does not know who the "doer" of an action was,
ren "somebody" can stand in:
:f\tl¥11-\$ iJ:A c~) 7fl!:: 7 o
W6 .de qiche rang ren (gei)
kiii z6u .le.
Even more simply,
My car was driven away by
somebody.
A ren can be omitted:
My car has been driven away.
206
A
c+-t) mAm
W6 .de qiche bei kiii z6u .le.
This last usage has the advantage of allowing non-human things (a ghost, the
wind, etc.) to be the "doer" of an action. But it has the limitation that only ~
bei-not ll4 jiao or iJ: rang--can be used in this way.
Note that in nearly all cases, the 1.Bt bei (or ll4 jiao, iJ: rang) pattern describes
something unfortunate: my car was driven away, the meat got eaten by the dog,
etc. The object usually "suffers" the action of the verb.
-.JL-f-¢-
almost
-k ~ -fg:--f-- :k_J)X. rp JL-f-~;t) 4' ~ J)X.o
Almost every big city in America has a Chinatown.
1. 11.-t±. t ~ .tAX a<] AJL -t ~
2.
Jt.r tJ; A
o
Almost all the Chinese people who live in Chinatown are Cantonese.
JLJ¥-~1.*-, ~JL-f-iA.;r-: !±: ~r. .1. a<] k1!r o
Having not come for several years, I could hardly recognize the main streets in
Beijing .
r
Jt A1if i:1Jf i-$]f ~JlA T - 1-- VA* A f.J _i. a<] ~ ~ IR o
..::... lf.A · · · ;lJ ..i.
-¢-
4' ~ Jlk.Rt §1 ;tJ VA Jt.Jl ~ ~ ~i iff-;/.] _i. o
be for the most part
Chinatown gradually developed into a Chinese-dominated commercial area.
1.
It- a -k ~ JI.t~fi ~Jt YA *'~ Yt. a<] n i f.J £
Presently the Chinese government is emphasizing national economic
development.
2.
207
o
c+-t)
mAm
Today, the American government is still dominated by the Republican Party.
-¢-
-:AtiJL *-' tf 00 J)(:l. ~ 1t ~ .i. ~~-*-it :fp
*!Jt
generally speaking
~
0
Generally speaking, Chinatown's business is comprised mostly of restaurants and
general stores.
1. -:At iJL
*-'
* :t
f!1
1f -H.*~~ ~ ~ 1. 75- 7]<.-f ;tr 5~ ;tr .t*- ~
0
Generally speaking, the general American public is concerned about whether the
standard of living is rising.
2. -:At iJL *-,
~ ii tf 3::. ~ 7r f!1 A~ ;ff tf f!1 JJJL~ o
Generally speaking, foreigners who have studied Chinese all have Chinese
friends.
-¢-
-t£ t f!1 MX..£ , :tfll!.1t a~ -ffl- ~ ;r-: ~ 3::. ,
-a ' -k '£.
fl;_ r '1' "J,-, •
*
00 a~ -it 1!. 1&- , rri1
neither ... nor ... but ...
~ ;r-: ~ t
In Chinatown, the most common language is neither English nor Mandarin, but
Cantonese.
1. .J~ -=r- :tfl ~ 17t a~ ;r-: ~ 4- Mf , ~ ;r-: ~ 1!. ~~ Ui1 ,
m~ ~x. ~ ~
o
2. ~ ll'k.$51k;l a~ t£. 1} ;r-: ~ 007' ~/j'-:~Sij,!k~1~' rri1 ~~~ -=r- .I..o
Children's favorite food is neither steak nor macaroni, but hamburgers.
My favorite movie is neither "James Bond" nor "Batman," but "The Lion King."
.£. flp -fi_· · · ~ · · ·
even if...
-¢- :f: ~iJLT ~ 1&- a~ A, flp 1t.~ tf 00 A~'$ ~.t;l 11 ~ "7r A" o
+
A person who cannot speak Cantonese, even if he is Chinese, is often seen as an
outsider.
1. ~+~~' ~~~~§~., ~~-~~~~~~~0
2.
This weekend, even if there are even more things to do, I will still certainly go see
my parents.
flp 1t. ¥~fA J€; ~ :f: jlj ..I..11 ~~~.ill{- If.. ~ F;t o
I want to go to music school even ifl can't find a job after graduating.
*· ···~·····
be taken/seen as
-¢- -+;r-:~iJLr~i&"a~A,
tzr1t.~tooA~'t~.t;t1t~
m~.t;t1t "~f *;tJ t\,"
"7rA"
o
A person who cannot speak Cantonese, even if he is Chinese, is often seen as an
outsider.
1.
1-t flSJ J.J .-te.~ 171'-iiE-ff-!- 7
o
Because he lost his identification card, he is viewed as an illegal immigrant.
208
<+-t) mAm
2.
1£ 'f ~ , .&..5tt iEi;M- a'.; A ~~t.;l1'f Jt ~~~a'.; Ao
In China, those who oppose the government are likely to be seen as people who
are harmful to the country.
.-b.
~A ~B
-¢'-
'f ~ ~.2. a'.; ;t1t !if v:A i>ilt~ 'f ~ ~ o
neither A nor B
Chinatown's culture can be called neither Chinese nor Western.
r,
1.
~ a~.; ~4J ~
~ ~ ~ ~~ a'.; {-f -f $.-!if ·t~ o
My dog is sick. He looks half-alive, half-dead; it's really pitiful.
2.
/l5J n1f~, ~11'11£ ~{~;f.~l:.~rJ~#r ~+4r#;-o
Because the electricity went out, we spent two hours stuck in the elevator (going
neither up nor down) .
.1\... .R ;{f .. · ;f .. ·
only ... (then) ...
-¢-- ~.R;tr*-ilJ'f~~, ;f~illb Glt~~a'.J "~'f~"
o
Only when I came to Chinatown did I realize how "un-Chinese" I am.
1. .R ;tf 1£ *._ ~
1.. n; ii a'.; A;f ·tf 11-1t ~ Jt ib Wo
.R ;tr ~ -Jf X. -BF v:A J6 ;f it.~ 1t itl X. -BF 5tt 1.t- a'.; ~ o
Only people who have lived in America can understand what freedom is.
2.
Only after you leave your parents can you really feel the love your parents have
for you.
209
(+--t;) /lfAW
-M:iJUit, t @Pft\.£M) _ _ i:.~k*1t;fl:r_ _ o i.B..il]a'.] _ _ -lt;tf _ _ JIIl
-. Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word:
~T;fl:r _ _ ,~Jt.*~--~*--MJ~~o~t~~.£, ~--M}~~~
a'.J{t:ii-it", JTJ:fk
o
-+~~i.t1 .tt--it"a'.JA, l'!r1:tlt._ _
k "7rA" o JTJaA;fl:r.f-A~:ft.
";;t_." JTJ1:.f,j _ _ o
k~~--t ~
-~t'f:ft.
.i
=·Explain the following expressions with simple sentences:
1. ~~
5. {t:ii1'-&"
2. ~-*. JK
6. Jlt;ft
z.
3.
7.
4.
~iff-
:ii.fta'.J~
~P~*A1*-fl!IK
n
.::::::.. Answer the following questions with the given expressions:
1. ~ )t;,!; k :* 1t
JEJ (JI.j !~ :ii? ( )I;.( ... ;;!] i:.)
2. {t:ii it" kv.A} .tJ; -it"iaikJ:.i*-it" i:. ~? ( ~Jt. .. ·-lt~Jt. .. · JfJ Jt. .. ·)
3. ~iJt.) fl; it-a'.] a A~ t ~ !ft\;f,t~ 1:Jit;ftvl!j? ( l'!r1:t .. ·-lt .. ·)
*
z.
.. ·)
4. 1t-iA.n ~iff-~*~ J-A :f 1t ~11 ~t..$i:kt? <-9 Jt-.. · ~'*17
5. -k ~ ~1t.k 1t Z. ~1t.? ( Pf v.AiJt.Jt. .. ·-It Pf v.AiJt.Jt. .. ·)
6. {;f-~i!~ 11JJ~ Jl.. Pf )1_:.( vt, .fij Jt-.£ a'.] t ~ .l- 11l!]? ( ~ ;t)" ·;f .. ·)
ll.9. Provide objects for the following verbs:
1. :B_/k __ 2. J,A:f __ 3. Jlt;ft_ _
5. ~-f _ _
6. ~~YL
1*-flf __
7. ~-Jf _ _ 8. 11t~·tf__
4.
Ji. Translate the following into Chinese:
1. commercial area with clusters of restaurants
2. immigrants mainly of Chinese descent
3. businesses such as grocery stores
4. immigrants' culture that is discriminated against
5. limited language ability
6. to be engaged in a peculiar line of work
7. examples of eating Chinese food with a knife and fork
8. languages widely adopted at early times
;&-A#f-MJ JJj :t11 m:f!7J~*'-1; ~
;\. Composition:
210
c+-t) mAm
~~&flm::k:IJJXrlJ~Jf~~ ~ ~:lflXo ~ ~:lflXillu4m
AWo mAt!J::k
~~~M~~~~~~~~h,~~~+~~~~**~~7~f!m~
-A~±~ftij~~
o
~&~*' ~~:lflX-~ff~±~~•~®M•mo~~~mAm
ill~~~••m®~~m,~~~~~M••~•~I~oa~~:IJJX
.,.~ff~m~~~~~ill~~~~~~~~' w~•*~o~f!m
~-®"~-*~15~A, ~P1t~~~Aill~*Jt~{$:~ "~rA"
JWtA~~~{~*lt
(!)
U4{$:
o W8A*u
"~~" W~fUJl:ifJ!o
ftfl1~mAm~!l:b{l~~Epjg:'t(A~1*00~, $i~U4{$:
~'" {B~JtlE{*if~~~~{_.t~p~~~~~~o
ft~ !J\ JWt~ IE~5t
-BJ:-* ~~s a"J ~ ~ :~JJX,
*
~ ,R ~
"1*00
uz: ~*~ ~& Jll !l:bM ~
Ji9C•007,ft~*~fl~W~•~ft~~~o&~-*mAm, ft~~
~§~~8~~~' ~~~~-*#ft~f!m~~~ftij~~o
~~~-~x~ey~~~~~~~,illey~~~X~X~offln
;z.uz: ~·Ji9C~~f!m-~~17tl-=f
0
ft_R~*~~~:IJJX~~-,~~m~8~~-~"~~~"oft
~~~-®"~~~~~,illuz~mro~~*~o&~~7~~~ft~~
m~ ~Jt~flm~~Ao
211
A~it. iaiJtiJL: "Jl-xt~~' 1t~ Jft~~.t;ff
ff-~~0"
!!at ~A -:At~i>L:
(1),
~~#~fol, ~
" 11fi~.:l., 11fi~.:l., 1~ lz.~ ~ 7
JJJL~-- Jk: Jt- tl:: -:!- t1t 1Ji ~ ;t ~ IJ
o
, tf 00 A1El ~y ;ff "~1t ~ ~ "
~m, k~Jt~•#~, ~~~-+A••*~o~~~m
~ff_~~.:l.·~~~~,~·#~~~~,;ff~~£~~+
f'anzhuo
n.
dining table
ketao
n.
conventional politeness
212
shenzhi
wilhui
.i.A
zhfuen
~A
keren
-t!
bai
i~
man
xt~~
dui.buqr
;}~-ft
zhaodai
~%]
btizhou
(.dao)
(jlj)
:J;.-f±
shizai
baoqian
;}~ft
11}j~_2.
19JPl
naH
~~
~~
ke.qi
xt-i&;J[#
t-1~15
duihua
~~
xuwei
~iF
biaoshi
-ft~
daike
!A·tic
~1t~
av
>)·If
xiguan
qiangV
1t~
ruqian
•/Jjt ·Jt;t
kangkai
*f~
haoke
JilLE-Jf-
zhangdan
t-.tJt.
even to the extent of
V.
misunderstand
n.
host
n.
guest
v.
lay out; set forth
adj.
full
I'm sorry! (apologetic)
v.
serve; entertain
adj.
inattentive; unthoughtful (in the way
a host treats a guest)
adv.
really; indeed
v.
be sorry; regret
polite expression used to decline
compliments
polite
adj.
n.
adj.
dialogue
V.
v.-o.
show; demonstrate
n.
entertain guests
hypocritical; phony
warm-heartedness
gefuge.de
.ft-V
J;$} iii
adv.
changmian
zhengzhi
each pays his or her own; "go Dutch"
n.ladj.
v.
habit; custom/be accustomed to
adj.
pay
n.
hospitable
v.
occaswn; scene
v.-o.
scramble or compete to V
generous; fervent
adj.
bill
n.
disagree; stick to one's guns
213
~o tOOA~~,*~"~&"k~~A~AX~#ll~*
~0~~~~·~~, ~~~~~~~0
-:Ri t 00 A~iA.nilil:k-#-k~t, ~kA~ A.Z.faJ ftJf<z)
~-:l-a~ -#~L 1$' o 12-k~ at1~ilii:A.fli7J'-,
;YJG _&_ iffJ :;r: -iA .~ 7
;YJGA 7 I£ 1h,
o
•+~~~~~~~~~, ~m~~•~,
:f: M ~ ~ %--, iffJ :f:k~ ~
;f:..Jt
!if X
~
weimian
kexi<1o
m
ft 1iL
[Il Jt
jJ:.J.t. Jl..
gezi
~~~ Jl..
til··· (V)
JJ~
nl.ngzuor
zuo.wei
gilding
shang.zuo
~ ~ {;t-;fi-:!-¥tif]'J Ao
adv.
truly, "no getting around it"
pron.
v.-o.
each one himself I herself
adj.
seat
adj.
n.
you ... (V)
zhiding
7~~~~
V.
n.
funny; ridiculous
offer one's seat (to somebody)
fixed; arranged
pretransitive verb indicating who is in
charge of doing something
assign; decide
seat of honor
214
(+}\.)
4-(iil:.
ilil
m&~
tuinlng
di.wei
J~Ag_
~"-~
~
qiannlng
., ~J;,
-k._;r.~
meide
·~-:l-
biyao
f!Nff
lijie
ii~
guofen
iA.~
~*
~~~
chengken
¥tit
tlt~f
piping
i~\
V.
n.
decline (out of modesty)
adj./v.
position, status
n.
virtue; moral excellence
n.
etiquette; protocol
adj.
smcere
adj.
;fL i$"
'QX:!Ji't_t I¥J ~~
adj.
V.
self-effacing/decline modesty
necessary
excessive
criticize
+ Grammar Notes
1.
2.
Question Word + :ffl3 dou. When :ffl3 dou follows a question word, it produces the
sense of "any ... " or "every ... ": il:ffl3~!:1:i!! shei dou zhf.dao "everybody knows";
1t~:ffl31T shem.me dou xing "anything will do"; ~tMt~:ffl3~ tii shem.me dou hui
"she can do anything." :ffl3 dou need not follow the question word directly, but has
to appear in the same clause: 19JHSJtt~::ffl31r nei jilin jiao.shi dou xing "any
classroom will do"; 1tMt~5f:m~ tii shem.me cha dou he "he drinks any tea." If
the verb is negative, ili ye can substitute for :ffl3 dou: ~ili 1t ~ ili ::f ~~ nZ; tii
shem.me ye bu xiiing chf "she doesn't feel like eating anything"; :!lt19J~JLili1)t-*
tt wo niir ye mei qu .guo "I haven't been anywhere."
Jiff suo can appear in the pattern:
Jiff suo+ Verb+ 1¥J
.de+ (Noun)
to produce a noun phrase, whether or not the noun is actually said. For translation
purposes, Jiff suo in such phrases resembles English words like "that" or "whom,"
which likewise can be omitted:
215
Ta (suo) chutin .de yl.fu ...
The clothes (that) he wore ...
w0 (suo) xfhuan .de ren ...
The people (whom) I like ...
(Suo) biyao .de lfjie ...
Necessary courtesies (or
courtesies that are necessary)
1m c?JD
ft c?JD W- xx EJ<J A···
Off)
~ EJ<J :&~~Y- ···
~, ~ EJ<J fL T.l· ··
When followed by ~ dou,
?Jf suo sometimes implies "all":
Ta suo chuan .de yzfu dou.shi hen
gui .de.
~?JT ~ EJ<J :&RIY. ~ ;li!: 1Lt~ EJ<J o
All the clothes she wears are
expensive.
The phrase ?ff::ffEJ<] suoyou .de always means "all that there is (are)."
-. -1-.f.
-¢- ;t at 1~-!- .f. itA i~~
even to the extent of
Sometimes even create misunderstandings.
1. {{~!. 5tt tJ G ~At~ ;t 1~ •(; , ;t at-!- .f.1t 1f {{~!. ;t 1i~ }} i&. 3t -t!t- ~ o
He has more and more confidence in himself, sometimes even believing he has
the ability to change the world.
2.
~~~*-~~*~' -!-.f.~-~z~~~~1~~~M*#o
The campus has been getting more and more dangerous, there were three
robberies in one day.
-.
itjt (neutral or undesirable results)
216
create (such results)
~
···.iff at 'Iii-!- .f. !!A i~ ~ o
... sometimes even create misunderstandings.
1.
"1~ i£J " kit A -it ;;fp 1~ l(.JEJ ;t ~ at.; .i.. ~ ~ !El o
The "generation gap" is the main factor in creating conflicts between parents and
children.
x.
2.
-t
~ fal at.; ;tit o
Differences in culture result in conflict between different nationalities.
3::..1-t at.; ;r: M!!A 7 #
a polite phrase for "not at all,"
"It was nothing," etc.
~ 11}1~£' 11}1~£' f~k$-!:t. 7
Oh, not at all, you're too polite!
1. A: 1At1At 1.7- at.; ~ JI}J o
A: Thank you for your help.
B: 11JJ~ £ , 11}1~ £ , E. 1i at.; !
B: Oh no, it was nothing!
0
2. A: 1~ 4- 3Z. at.; iii ift- J.. *T!
B: 11}1~£, 11J1~£! it~ ¥!:.1fo
B: Thank you, you're too kind.
A: Your speech today was really good!
~
::k..; V
tf l!J A.1£l:]t';ff ~1f~{Jt.; >J •tf,
f!Jl. ~l !,?..
V,
seldom ... , mostly ...
k.~ k{t~1t~o
Chinese people rarely have the custom of each paying for himself; usually they
fight to pay the bill.
1. -itt 3ft Ji; at.; t. I} 1l ~, il:. A.11i ·~ )fit. ~m , k. ~ k il: A. ~If.- 5it )fit. iT at.; o
Hollywood movies seldom move people to tears; they mostly build tension and
excitement.
2.
l!J JliHt 't gl tf 1ft~' .iff~' 4;{ ~~' k. ~ k
*
f=J A.o
Very few American government officials are from minority groups; most of them
are white.
each one takes care of his or her own part
~
tf 1!1 A.1l ~'.iff
"~1t ~at.;" >) ·mt 0
Chinese people seldom have the custom of each paying for his or her own part.
1.
2.
m~-tr:£'
~ 1..1f1~A.1tk~A.at.;.Wi}fto
In the library, each of the students does his or her own work.
*
1!1 A.J:.fJi-tr; k.~ ~.~t~at.; ;rt,
217
~1t ~at.; f~o
When Americans go to restaurants, usually they each order their own dishes and
pay their own bills.
*· ... V-0 ... )'~
~
k ~~ :t 1t 4~ , v:A *--iF ·Uit ·~k -M-1;. o
do ... , in order to ...
V ...
Everyone fights to pay in order to appear generous and hospitable.
1.
*~~~1-M-~+t~•~' ~~~*~~O~~ho
To improve students' speaking abilities, the school set up quite a few Chinese
tables.
2.
~
~1£ o/-ikRhodes ~*-:t-, v:.-<1-ffitl-};;~l!J t!*~~JL~o
I am applying for the Rhodes scholarship in order to get a chance to study in
England.
1!1£ *- l¥l A:$ *-;f;..Yt;;t) ;tb ""if Xo
truly, inevitably, "no getting around it"
In some Americans' opinions this must seem somewhat laughable.
1. 1£~:$*-, ~:t1f~;f;._jt;;t),~,}j_1j]o
In my opinion, fighting to pay has to be a bit hypocritical.
2. ~""if~~~'~~~~~~~~-~~' l!;f;..Ytk~~+To
You can scold me, yet I cannot say anything on my own behalf; this really is
unfair.
i\...
~
1;. A MJ Ji 1.-i )l Til .i.. A{~ Jt a!.; o
Til·· ·V
be V-ed by someone/something (passive construction)
~~£ ~ :f~Jtlil-ft1f-- *-'kJtai.J o
The guests' seats were assigned by the host.
1.
~ J!if1t :it dJ ~ ~*-4~ -!f-a!.; o
The American government is led by Congress.
*
My mother decides everything in my family.
2.
-/L. flJj"V ~ N
~ l!:itA-9 A.Z.faJ ?Jj"~·~al.; -,ff;fL Ti o
("Jiff" as emphatic adverb)
This is one kind of etiquette necessary between people.
1. ~~;i~~tl!J~~~~~-~~tl!J~k-#o
2. l! .~tr. ~ Jt 1:1
The China I saw is very different from the China I originally imagined.
't ~ ~fi t ?Jf 11; ~a!.; :.tL Ti o
These are rules of politeness needed in daily life.
218
:t- mG a'.]**;-(!_ -!-¥t if ~ 11 Ao
take .. . as the standard to
:t- -})
-¢>- ~ 1f1 ~ ;Ji.. i~
-k f!l 't ~ a'.J ** ;{l-!-¥t-it t f!l a'.J Ak5ll0J M o
America often criticizes Chinese human rights problems according to Western
standards.
We shouldn't use our own standards to criticize others.
1.
2.
t f!l X. ~'t :t"li ~ ** ;{l *-~~ mG a'.] :f~ 1- o
Chinese parents often use excessively high standards to make demands on their
own children.
-.Make sentences (other than those given) using the underlined expressions:
1. JJJL&.- J.k: JL ~
tF 1jJ AAtt :Y .ff "~+J- ~ ~ " >J ·~ , k ~ :Ji. .ft-:t 1t 4~ o
2. 11!!. .tt. :Ji. .ft- :t 1t ~~ , YA ~iF 11!!. a~ ·Uft •tf!;t o
3. .ft-+J- ~ 5¥- ~ J~ tf1 , .{f_ 1jJ A ;t :;ift , ;f;_ >t .ff Jt~ '1" ~ o
4. it$-a~ at-fi~, -M.iJL.:;ift, $-A a~ a1.rr.:Jt. d7 .i.A~~ Jt.~ o
s. .ff a~ Ail il:.1-ftli ~ , :fJG ~ T 1£ 1tJ , fJ~ :tJG .&. m7 ;r-: -iA .~ T o
6. ~ 1f1 J_!j_ ii -f- y ~ ~ G ;r-: M a~ >J 1~, m7 ;r-: :Ji. :t ~ G ~
¥t-it ~~J A o
-* ,
*-
** ;fi-*
=·Verb and Object: Provide objects for the following verbs:
i!tA
~~#__
~iF__
~~ Jt.
____
-f- -_t-__ ¥t-it__ T ffllf-__ .ft-+f_ _
..=... Expand the following expressions into noun phrases:
--~~·J;c
__ a~ ili!:.
J£ 1tJ a~--
M-.:t.a~--
__ a~*: -tt
'1"~~--
219
_ _ a~:fL 1"
_ _ a~>J1~
_ _ a~Jh~
't.!il..a~-­
f!l Jt.a~-­
_ _ a~$-*
~-~~--
i~.~a~--
l±~a~--
·Uft·)f!.t~--
Write a dialogue between a hostess and her guests at a dinner table .
~.
.Ji.. Answer the following questions:
!c. ~ A.-(f. -tJi ;}jLJ: :1f 11JJ~ .~t~:. $- *?
2. $-*:fp Ji ~ :Jt- @7:fl1_!!;? ;/.] 1t z.?
3. 1;f. iA. ;/.] .tt- :t1t ~ :Jt ~ :Jt- # !c. -tt? ;/.] 1t z. ?
1.
4. -~iJU~., 1.t->J·tfffl1tZ.~.AA~#$-A.?
s.
6.
iA .~ :fD i#- $- ~:Jt ~ :Jt 1i. :fm ::f Jf a~?
t~A~I1JJ~.~t~:.:g_*~1t>'r~Ai~:~·?
,\.Write short passages on:
a) -+·Uft·)f!.t-llt$-a~ JJJJ h:.
b) ~?Jf Jl..jlJ ita~ •.tA.Jh~
c) tj;, ~~A.~#$-~A.
~~119c~~X§:JJX:~3%ir
d) ~1t$-a~~~)Jj
0
e~-OO~A~~A~~,ft~M7W~~-,~~~A·~~
~:
"~t-1/f~, 1tM¥:W&~
A-1-R:W~:
"ll}j~lL
ll)jpJ,
<w
ttH~/fmJ,
1~*~~ 7
220
o
1f1£*W\o "
~~~
~M~¥, ~M~~&¥
~~? " 1ii~>f~I¥JW~IS 1£~1JA:W3R. ili~tWrW:1~~fmi±A~J!f[~ T,
~~W*~A*~' W~~T--ffl~I¥JMtto
Ma-:l:tJLili~uzjJX!!)G:W~~ *IIA1~d>1f "~11~1¥1" ~tft,
*~~~~Ma, ~~~-fm!ARm~~om~a~~a~n~•:w
~~--,~~MHI¥J~00,1f~~~~~~~~*o~1±~11A:W
*'*~1f~m~o~~*~~A~~afmi~IIA~~~~~M-ili­
*lfl1~1~ ~·~
0
3z: ±A 1¥1 ~1.V.~ lf!l IE I¥J ITff ~A 8{] ~ f.V.~ 83 ±Am IE 1¥1 *II A~ jJX,
Jj-fm!1£§~~~~1¥J~{t*~ ~8{]~@~M(~JLo ~~~A§~~'
83 :1:-lt! 1.V. ~IE
!J3
a~"~~"~83±A~AliffimM(tB*I¥1o1f~83~-~IE,1f~
o
-f.N*~A~~ff$~~M(~-tl~t~, ili~A~AZ.ratrJf (2) 16,~8{]
-tl11iifJo
{S~1f~{t*~M(1~~)t, Wt~T J!f[~, 1J~Wt&rm/G~~ 7
o
&m~·~1f~BI¥J~%,ft~-~·-,·fi®~B/G~I¥J~
{ft, ffff/G~* ~ BI¥J;fl~~1lt~f.§tJAo
221
.{£ ~~ ift M; JL
t~~M~*~*~$~§·~~$Aa~~k§
1ff- • •
••
+ k.ih\ if .2. $ Jf ai.J ~JL ii.J ~ iffJ Jf ~ 1a% J.J -ffJG ~ ~
ai.J ~ + t ~~ it§ ~~Jl ~ ~1ff-JEJ 7-J i~ ;ff ~ ii tl-:kt ~ .ft
if' k§ ~*/]
o
o
1~Jt4*~' ~£*-*1t~i;t;R~~~~1ff­
(1)0
~~~·~I~o~~~~*1*~JL~~,~~~~x~
roo
~M~~~~$~, *~~+~~~k¢~~~M~t~$
~1~-f-i~~:k.kai.J1'F
:a+·tt-HJ jlJ 11949 ~ v.Aro;ff 1 .xk;f-ai.J ?i.~o ~~ ~j1j *~
*- ~ t
~A~ 1t x ~i;t;R~ ~-*-it ai.J
*/J 1 , 1-tt1n
~;ff it§
~~iitl-:kf.ftiJ~#~~' I~~~~~~~~~o:a~t
~$~~*••.{£t~~~~~1,~~~-.{£*~~~+
~~£, ~·~ff~~~I~,~~~~--~~A1*~
~±~a
n.
duo shu
222
the majority
<+fL)
){iift
tj;j.f.
~;f.
18 -:t-~
t·~
*1¥
-~ill
xi' an
lianghao
~i'*
p
{~
X.Z.laJ
1%-Jt
1,;J.-f
n.
V.
tielu
na:§
~«<~
jingying
ffi1iZ.ra,
xianghuzhijian
minzu
~ri
r6nglu
qi zuo.yong
Jk.!f
qing.xing
mi ......
~""''~
~-fltVT
,fi-~~
f4*%
kexuejia
..r..~.I!lijl
I~j8ifi
gongchengshi
~iR1t--J-
~Q~{)t-T
zhi.shifen.zi
be educated
good
coolie
construct; build
railroad
n.
among one another
n.
nationality, ethnic group
n.
have the effect or function of
adj.
blizai v .le
San Francisco
run (a business)
V.
xianzhu
the west coast
V.
v.
sihii
~11m
+t7f3
n.
jian
t\,~~
v.-o.
center
adj.
kiili
-~
n.
n.
zhongxin
along the coast
the east coast
n.
Jiujinshan
Jl-]{t
~
n.
dong'an
sh<m jiao.yii
4*~
n.
yarmai
~:fiif
*:h
Jt
~OOI¥J$11f
n.
n.
n.
AN
melting pot
seem, it seems
situation
obvious
not V any more
scientist
engineer
intellectual
¥t
pi
1t-1ii
sizhou
place
batch of; group of
!ensan
V.
n.
disperse; scatter
n.
comer
TL;J%)
jiaoluo
Jfl~
~-ft~~
.. A
~~
word
1S-1r1S-~
gehang geye
v.
r6ngru
223
surroundings
every trade and profession
dissolve in
-fJtJJ r-r ~ ~~ ~ , f!l n m- -t" ~ !! , »k ~ :t~ 1.. 7f:i >J ·tt x.. ~ M ,
~~~~~~~~~a~+~~~T*~~~XA~~~~
~~~~~~,~~~·~~1~~~~*0~~*~~~
n ~~x.~~r1TJ~+~#-a~ .~A4w~*~ r
butong
~l!!
JHt ~
~~&I
-~
4-1-\
V.
n.
fiise
n.
gefangmian
n.
niandai
n.
K.:fx.
~m
minqruin
~#J
~~
yim.dong
~±~J~1iL
f±1W:I:-ill.1ir
she.huidi. wei
tigao
~~
~mk.
~
~Jijt
gong.xian
:fY-~J~
fji;ft!1H-tl!.
jiji.de
~~
~~
CiinyU
-;!:;'
-=rx
xiangshou
~*-
chengguo
~,
~NmiV
~Nffi]V
wei N erV
~44-
titi
xisheng
n.
n.
n./v.
be obstructive; be unable
to communicate
skin color
all aspects
a decade ;\+iF{~: the
sixties
civil rights
movement; campaign
social status
n./v.
elevation/elevate, raise
V.
v.
participate in
enjoy (a privilege or
benefit)
achievement; fruit
v.
verb for noun
adv.
n.
V.
224
·~~t ·~ (1929-1968)
contribution/contribute
actively
sacrifice (one's life)
4.9i~rh
~~~
~T·~
~~T·~4t
n.
llngxiu
Miidingludejin
it.%
1i.1.rt
zhide
~c..t-
ji'nian
n.
v.
v.
leader
Martin Luther King
be worthy of
commemorate; observe
+ Grammar Notes
1.
-.
~
::;5 fJ kuli "laborer, coolie" is an example of a loan word that moved from Chinese
into English.
~ ~ 1-- ~ ~ ai.J :k.JZ.. ~~ ,
-f-Jl.JJ ai.J t ~ ~J ~1~ ~.t~ k. k ai.J 11 o
The big melting pot of America seems to have had little effect on early Chinese
immigrants.
{~ -1-
*
it seems, as if
-t
Jtt
1. ~1!?A -t -:l- T i=f;J a
It looks like it's going to rain.
2. 1-t# A..1J?A -t 1r<.1~ .~
0
He seems to treat people sincerely.
225
m
..::...
~
m
-k ~ !!+ t\.~ aJ.J k1tJt,
~· ··tt
.xt -fJlJJ aJ.J tF ~ ~~ t\.1~ -f-).t~kkai.J1t mo
affect, act on, function
The big melting pot of America seems to have had little effect on early Chinese
immigrants.
1.
2.
m
Jf ;It~*' .xt a.u:. 'f 1.. ai.J £
~~ 7 1£'<. k ai.J 1t o
Listening to tapes is very effective in correcting students' pronunciation.
11
tf ~ aJ.; -Jf~i.xt ~;!!:- Jil~ ~ 7 1£'<.-:kt aJ.; 1t JfJ
0
China's opening up has had a good effect on the whole world .
~ ~~ t\. jtl -k ~
ai.J tF ~ A :f: -ft. .R k i1t~~ ~!i-tt ai.J ~ :h 7 o
Chinese who immigrate to America are no longer only laundry and restaurant
laborers.
1. -k ~ ai.J ~it :f:-ftk -+llJT :f: jtl p ~ai.J ~Y ~ 7 o
Overseas Chinese in America are no longer an unheard minority.
..=...
2.
~-A-···1
1~ -f
no longer, not any more
*-
*- 'f 1f *- J6 '
Y:. -tit it/G :f: -ft. 7!J 1-tl!.1f1 -f* I\_; 7
0
After children graduate from college, parents no longer worry about them.
t\.~x.iE -i9J .xt -k ~ ~1ff-~±.~J.,l!Ai. ai.J $i. ~ k/ff 1£'<. k ~ ~ ai.J o
The black civil rights movement made a big contribution to the improvement of
the social position of Chinese-Americans.
make contributions to ...
~
1.
.w. A
#.- -}1- .& ~Jt.xt -k ~ ,W. A ai.J Wf. ~i1tt;;ff ~ ~ o
President Lincoln made a contribution to the emancipation of African Americans.
2.
~H~ ai.J £ aJJ .xt A~ ai.J!! iR/ff~kai.J ~ ~0
The invention of computers has made a very great contribution to mankind's
communication.
,W. A 4ffi ~47 ~ T · ~-tt · -:t- k 7!J t\.~X.iE -i9J m~ -4- ~ 44. al.] o
fight/sacrifice for ...
~
The African American leader Martin Luther King Jr. fought and sacrificed for the
civil rights movement.
1.
-•-r-0
1-ti!.7!J$i.~~3*ai.J~±.~Jt1.im~-t 1
He fought his whole life to raise the position of women in society.
2. :JG~al.]~3*~ 7!J 7 ~~ m~44- 7
mG ai.J •
.!lk.o
Countless women have sacrificed their own vocations for their families.
worth
226
-¢-
1.
~ T · ~1.-t · ~ Jt 11i.1-f ~ 1f1 ~G ~ M1 o
The black leader Martin Luther King is worthy of our commemoration.
,W- A 4~ ~m
EI ;f-An -t1t ~5~ ~ ~ i~.%-Jt11i.1-¥- ~ ~
~r. .-r, ~ JJj t_Jt 11i.1-¥-~ 1nh'Jf 1t.
The history of Beijing is worthy of our study.
*
>J avo
China should learn from the way Japan became a strong country.
2.
avo
-. Expand each of the following groups of phrases into coherent sentences, adding
anything else you need:
Jf-JlJJ ' ;fj ~ ' 1ft~ ' $~ itij: ' ~ •\.;
2. {:.ftif, Jt.1.t, ~'f', :ffili..Zl'al, 111.-t
1.
3. ·~-Jfj, a~, ~?J;]ftl, ~-Kt, ~~A..
4. ;f±~.i~1i:., it~, :;fY-t.&., 11-{:,
A*-
=· Answer the following questions in your own words:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7-J 1t ~ i.H.~~~ 1a %J.l A. 1 ~1ff-lrt~ a~~+~ •\J?
7-J 1t z. Jf-JlJJ ~1ff- ~ M.Jt *:}]?
7-J 1t ~ ":k.JZ-1f" ;ct Jf-JlJJ ~ 111 ;fj ~ ~ :k.~11 JfJ?
J.Yl.-/f. a~~ 111 ;fJ ~~Jf-JlJJ a~ :ff 1t ~ ~ Jiil?
Jf-JlJJ ;fj ~ 7-J 1t ~ {: Jli ~Jl.?
,W- A. ~kx..I£ #J l=j ~ 111 ;fj ~a~ ;f±~Jt-0-:ff 1t ~ :X:~?
227
.=:::... Translate into Chinese:
1. Immigrants are scattered in every comer of the United States and are engaged in all
professions, but they still feel that it's very hard for them to be integrated (melted) into
the society.
2. Languages, skin colors, and lifestyles are the main reasons immigrants are
discriminated against. In order to raise their social status, immigrants must participate
actively in civil rights movements.
3. One idea worth an immigrant's attention is that if immigrants expect obvious
changes in their own social images, they should try harder to make contributions to
their new country.
4. In order to further commemorate the black leader Martin Luther King Jr., who died
for the civil rights movement, minorities in the U.S. should play a more important role
in the politics of this country. They need more well-educated people such as scientists,
engineers and other intellectuals.
IZY. Complete the following sentences in meaningful ways:
1. ~*:1!1 ;t,%a~~AM;.fX_1fJ]<..-t.tfojf¥.:.H!*,t!&~, k!EJ :h···
2. JL-t-f*, ~11f~~!:.*:M..:f=~..:r.f1=*¥Arlt!:t;tf T ~-i-~ ?'i.~,
3. !E ~#~Jit~~-ki!J iEJt--t-;fm ~ ?-1:-MJ f.iJM, 1£Jt .. ·
4. ;tr A.te.-kl!li>tA--t-r\.~~ x~ir, ~;tr AiA.7J ...
**
nk ~ ;f: fiiJ ~-kf, >J ·m- ;f: fiiJ ~-kf, .R ~ .. ·
7. -fJJ:J a~ ~11f li1 -T 5~ ;tr ;fJt.~4! 1: tl -kf a~ .ft 1f ,
8. .Ej $.- i>t ~ T · J$-.ft · 1:- )t *: 1!1 .W. A~ 49l #1 ,
s.
6.
~
1!1 A .R ;tr $\ t~J~ ~ .Ei a~~ ;t ~~ ...
Ii. Composition:
~
;f: -!r1 i>t · ..
A-1'-ti!J~r\.~k~~T~, ~T~m~~~o
228
*-.. ·
*1¥ ~~*'~~O®W~liiz LIJ mt~¥~••s"J~@ ~ ~L.' o
~~~M~~~*~8~~~~•*Ao~~*~••am~~
~1~*:1J1Xm•o
af~~,~~-~~A&1f~~~~8"J~~, *~~1!!ffJ
(l)o
fl~~ii
~,~---~~~mfi~¥~~~~-~I~o~~-~*7~~
~+~,~~~~Kffi~oo~~~•*~,~~~oo~~~*m•w
~M~~~8~~~&~~*~~fflo
~OO'tw~¥U7 1949 ~12J-1&1f7~~~a~o 8~¥U~~*~~
~A~W~~~~m~-fi~15fJ7,~~&1f~~~~~~~~~
~~•*,Imm~~~~-~~o~m~~8~~w••a~~:lfiX
~~m7,~~~aa~~~~m~~-,~-~~~-~I~,~
fr~ S~itfitf:l:-tf!¥tt A
7 ~~~±-wt
o
~M~~8~, ~Am~~·,•~~~m~•x~~,a~~
00fi~~~mo~OOM~~7A+~~-A~8~~12J-~~1f7a~,
Jlffi2J-~A~fi±IJ}Jt-f~wm•1~~±W!:I:-tl1{ll.~1~!@i:Itk1ff~*~~~o a~
~~-il~~,·-~wmA~&:ffMD~~ft,~~W$~~7~~
·iT:
~PX::W:o
t~
Jlff12J-/\ +~f~A~-~~rmliF,ijt~~~A~~*ffi~T · ~!
(1929-1968) ~{if~~fr~*-c~~o
229
~~·k~A~~~~~~·~k~A~~A~o~~~
~~~~~£~~~~M,~·~~~~h~~~o~-
v./n.
'.t~
xuyao
j_t~t;
,.,_
~
zheng.zhi
gao
A"ff!G
chengjiu
230
n.
politics
n.
achievement
adj.
need/ needs
prominent; high
M._ .. ·jlj ...
f;t ... ~u...
hlt1t.
c6ng ... dao ...
xueshu
~;;!(
n./v.
yanjiu
~g_ jilj
jingshang
;f. -Jto
chenggong
~;r}]
adj.
v.-o.
adj.
burn
V.
$.-1~
qita
~
zu
~
yi
n.
~iX.Bt
Canyiyuan
~~
Gu6hui
Jt -}f iEiHt
n.
di.fiing zheng.fii
;ff:)]{!I.J
queshao
~~)l
youli.de
!Il~
gi.rran
~···~tf
zai... dangzh6ng
bijing
y_A···1'F :7!]
~t;;K
~
~
.. ·1'F ~
ttffr
ii1:h
¥X
n.
yr... zuowei
ji.shu
zheng
J]t~
xian.xiang
jJtaJJ
shuoming
231
engage in business
successful
fall short of, not as
good as
other
race; nationality
descendants
V.
adj.
be short of; lack
conj.
powerful; influential
V.
adv.
be among ...
n.
after all
v.
minority
n.
n.
V.
adv.
j£
research; study
n.
adv.
jiao
academic
the Senate
v.
quefa
~~
n.
from ... to ...
n.
n.
Congress
local government
it is true that ...
show, make plain
lack
take ... as ...
technology
relatively;
comparatively
exactly; just
phenomenon
explanation
~~~,~~~~~~*~~m~ro••~~A~a~
~~~~~~,~~~*'~~~~-+MMo~~~m
i!.-3V
-](o
*-
)it~!J7
adv,
jinyibu
dajia
*-~
IK*Bt
.:L*Bt
conj.
niguo
•*~JG
I*~JG
pron.
further
n.
medical school
n.
yixueyuan
gongxueym\n
232
if
everybody
engineering school
=+)
<
$~m/f'i¥Bl!J&¥i'l~~
~~Bt
it1*~ shangxueymm
*-·~
~m ~r.,
guanxin
&.:t¥-
zuqful
;flj~
li.yi
7j<..i&
7jds
yongyuan
.J:-..it-
~if
shengyin
.:tE ... ;t 1tk ...
r~
m~
'**- (~/ i~)
n.
adv.
zhengqii
Ill~!
n.
v.
V.
v./adj.
tminjie
genben (bwmei) adv.
#!&
dai.yu
;ff~
youxiao
n.
adj.
-¢- ~ ~ -k 1!1 A1±. J11 ~1; ..1:. ~ -:ko Jt-1~
- . ~:/(rr .. ·IJI$ !&. .. •
v.
n.
ba... kanzuo ...
irlf~
n.
business school
care about
ethnic group; clan
interests
forever
sound
regard ... as ...
strive for, seek
unite/be united in
solidarity
not at all; absolutely not
pay, remuneration (from
work)
effective
i*- ~a!.] -k 1!1 A!J~ Z. A J}J
not so ... as
o
Americans of Chinese descent have not been as successful politically as
Americans of other ethnic backgrounds.
1.
-k 1!1 tJ; ~ a!.] q_, 1~ ~ -:ko ~ ~ a!.] !J~ !&. it Jill o
11-1£ k.iA rp .1'.. ~ -:ko1i.1£ ~ lR !J~ !&. ~ ~ o
The climate of America's east coast is not as comfortable as that of the west coast.
2.
Living in the city is not as safe as living in the suburbs .
.::.. .M.. .. · Jtl .. · J.-.A.f.. T" ·
-¢- J-A ~ 1x. Bt flJ 1!1 ~ YA .f. -r- Jt ~ J11Rt ,
n
from ... to ... and even to ...
*-
~ ~:$ ~ ~Y :tr ai.J 1~ o
In the Senate, Congress, and even local government, Chinese-Americans lack
strong representation.
1. J-A~~~~~~~.f.-t~~M~;$~~~-~~+~~-~~Ao
233
2.
a!.;
My grandparents, my parents, and even my good friends all oppose my marrying
that divorced man.
tf §] ~ 7i TIQ ~ {± ·tJc i!.J~ ~ 1t , M..1k ~ .ftj Jt :l v.A .f. -t E1 '$" ;fL Ti ~
""if v.A ;t jtJ ~ 7i a!.; 1} 11~ o
China has rapidly westernized in every aspect. You can see western influence
from food to clothing and even in daily etiquette.
:::
--·
Q;l
.61>
~ f(;t
it is true that ...
00 •
~ ~-7iTIQ~~~~~··~~~~' ~-7iTiJ~~I~~··~
Ji~{;~~*~o
It is true that on the one hand it is because Chinese-Americans are still a minority,
but on the other hand it also shows that they are not interested in politics.
1.
o/ §1 m1PJ ~ ~ ~-ftt it J§" , 1.e ~tr *-- Jt. ~1!. iV ai.J o
It is true that China is still an underdeveloped country now, but it· will definitely
catch up in the future.
2.
Tl!l.
~ .>J jf- §1 -i-&- ~ 1.~-ftt-t.- ~' 12-~1£ §1 jf-aJ.; ~F-t 1.. i~~~~~ ~~:Yo
It is true that learning a foreign language is important, but one also needs the
practical experience of living in a foreign country.
-¥-i:
after all
• •1±-!k.§JA~o/-¥-~~~~Y~o
1. ~if! i~dt.f- ~~ 1-t!!. mG a!.;., Jl 1] f- ~ 1-t!!. 7
~
Ethnic Chinese are, after all, still a minority among all Americans.
o
1t Z. A 1tk,& ~jt~ ~""if~~ ~i ~ o
Whom he marries is, after all, his own business, so stop interfering.
2.
!k_ 00 lf ~~-
+ ~ _i. 00 ~,
America, after all, is a democracy; no president can be a dictator.
lack ... for/in ...
~. *oo·lR:~ooo
~
it!!.5tt Ji~{; ~ ~ *~
1. ~o *-it. ;ff :Jt -t- , A 1fl iJG~ 5tt _:r..1t ~~!A ·Ito
0
He lacks interest in politics.
If there is no competition, people will lack enthusiasm for work.
2.
1-l!!.5tt mG a~.; ~tr *- ~~ 1~ ~~
0
He lacks confidence in his own future.
*.
~
•*
}'~
00
~ 1.. :k. ~ v.A# ~ A.ft;i(11 ~ -t-*. o
·fl:;!}
00.
take ... as ...
Most foreign-hom Chinese students take science or technology as their major.
234
1. ~ vA iJl ~ ~ F;t 1'f f.J ~ ~ S) MJ §1 ~;f o
*- 00 VA t\._i..:fo mWa!.; tff~'f1'f f.J Jt 00 a!.; £.1i~ o
I made getting into business school the goal of my college study.
2.
America took the spirit of democracy and freedom as the basis for founding the
country.
~-
-¢-
*- ~~ J.J mG a~.; ~If -t Jfx.,f,J lt
;;lJ ... -:fr- ~- ..
strive for ...
~ JiJT 1tk a!.; - f» ~ ~ f.J 1~ -=r 1n-t Jfx.~ ,f'J o
Everything I do is striving for my children's well-being.
0
Everybody strives for the interests of his or her own ethnic group.
1.
2.
A.A.~~ f.J
mGit- JfX.fxA'J o
All people are striving for their own rights.
l\.. ~*-~!~i.
{'-
not at all
~~i-*-, '*'*-~~-.f--f"]iJ!o
In my opinion, it is not a problem at all.
1. ~-~*-OOA.i-*-, too~~'*'*-~~~~~A.~o
1~'*'*- ~i.-!- itt oo ,
~ "if 11~ ~itt oo a!.; »L ~?
He hasn't even been to China, so how can he know the conditions there?
In the opinion of many Americans, the Chinese government fundamentally does
not understand what human rights are.
2.
·tt
.-t
mJ ~l'.A.f. -f'J1i!.:n-JltM-, ~~~y :1r J'J 1\*-.o
2. ~if.{±.Jlt~f; J:..~-:ku Jt.~~~ifai.J m1 AJJ~ ~ A.:o/1 o
3. i!- :n- ~it. I!J 7-J ~if.{±.*: 1!1 A tf 1'f ~it. j· ~, jj - :n- ~ ~ J{ ;f; ~ ~it ){t Jli~{; ~
-. Make sentences (other than those given) using the underlined expressions:
1. ~ir-k mJ AM.~i:ilf.tju
*
~?f~o
4. ~if* .1.-{±. *~:E. :k..~ ~'.A-ft* A.tt;i(11:7-J -t ~0
5. JC.-it1t ~ A_jiJ 1 -k ml ;f,.tj}I ii;fe. mC-~11: *: ml Ao
6. -:ku *-*-~~~ 7-J
mC. al.] ~~ttir ~-f 1J it,
235
fJ~ ~
-k 1!1 ;f,.t~3jt~~ al M 1
o
=·Select the proper word for each of the blanks:
1. -¥-~ 2. ~iA.i 3. :ftt;f,.. 4. ;;{:f ~ 5. iff. iF tl::
6. rn}?/.\ 7. ir.lf5l 8. .f~~ 9. -t?k:~ 10. ~-ft~-*.
1. .ft1-~ff~.R
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
*''-' mC..:fHia~ _ _-iJLaJJ 71tZ.IiiJM?
Jf-iJL4'-lf- ~ :k. 'f .f--*.1. _ _ :ftt;f,..~ ~ .ftJ #1&-](ta~ .I..11 o
-.fit-iJL *-, .f-ilr -k ~ A.xt .®:.. ~f; _ _ *ft! o
!Y M: ~~1-lf ?91-1!!.1f1 mc.. __ ~~ a~ ;f±~.M!..1.i. o
.R :1r
:k. ~ ~ :f'l A , ;f *t __ J~ ir Jf5l mC.. ~ :f'l A o
.f-jT__ ~Jt.~.Y M:, JJ....~i)lE*: .flj ~ ~~ :t ~ .flj .f-1J1~ 4Zo
.f--Jr__~ * ~ a~--~ :1r ~.:o/J ~ 11,1
12. ~.®:..a~ *.&.!Yo
;flf:fJ ~--~·~~g. ifij:a~ JL1- :k.JA rp .W..o
a ;t,...t±Att~ ~til a~ ~.:o/J~-- a ;t,..A.~ Ill ~to
17
*.-:;
-r ,
.=..Translate the following into Chinese:
1. academic research
2. achievement in science and technology
3. interest in running a business
4. one's own social status
5. silent (unheard) minorities
6. department of political economics
7. unity among nationalities
8. majors resulting in good jobs with benefits
l2Y. Give your own answers to the following questions:
1. -:/tl7 *--f-ilr ~ 1 -k ~.&~.it., -k t
~ ~:1f 1t z. :f-f a~ a.~?
*
?91tZ.?
3. 1i- t §1 ~~.w.. **-~.J~-1--M.~-fttm .:o/JiJL!!Jl r 1tz. liiJM?
4. ~~~::fD~.i!k, llJJ~1-xt;f±~a~~~~k~? ?91tZ.?
5. .ft1- j· M:~~~~_g
mC..~lfa~ :f'JA, xt-k ~ ~;;{:f 1t Z.:f-fa~1J~?
2. 1.f-~~~?9 .f-A.~*~ ~1-lf 1 ~itJLifi14t1J 1l *~?
*'-:;
6. *~ a~.i!kl1t~t¥;J:1fllJJ~Jtb.~~J.!~J~~?
Ji. Write short passages on:
a) ~.®:a~ I; )l
c)
-k ~ a~ .i!kM- ~t ¥;)
b) JfR-*.1§ ;f1~J~1.i.
d)
~ xt .f-i:r ~ .i!k ~
236
:t it-
~=
•~•~*,••~~Aa~noom~m~~~-,~•m~
~~~~,·~-~-~~~~~o~£a~~k¥ll~~A­
~~~~~-~~~AW·~~o~~-~~~·~~*~n~
m,
¥llm~&~n~~~o~-noo~~£~~¥1la~~A
~~-~~£&~; ~-noow&•~w¥1lti~~~£"•0
•••~a•~•*~~w•~ttm~~••, w~&ti~~~
".0
~JE£~00£~~-~f~~l!lj
0
••~~A~m~a~oo~*~~-w~•~u•~&, ~
~k8"J1~~£~~-m-1E~~o ~IJ***m-R1~~-·~JG, I•~JG,
~·~JG, w~~mJ~,
§ D~tt~fU~L
~~•••a~~-7Jd~7t~:
-OOQ!~iU~i¥f~&~o
Z:
~oo~~,a~~~~~-o~~*•A~7~~-m~re§
2~~~~Ao~***m-R~7§2~~!f¥~~~, w•~
~~•*•~~~7o¥ll~~A~~~a~k~~~,aa~
*'
m*~£-OO~&o~~a~.Rm~"~~A"~~~,
M
~m~ "••~~A" ~1~~0 ~om~oo~ttm.R ~mJ~, § 2~fU
~' ~~-~~~fU~mt*~mJ~,P~?
~*••~~~•~, *~~w•~ttm~~••, ~~~
£-OO~Mo~~~Wtt~$·~·~, --~~tttt~~~~
~t~~~I 1t, ~JE£:t~~:t±•:l:-tf!1:V.fi~~:)(~m~t
237
0
-'=--t--~
l:ml~'f~.ft~
*tk~-~~~~~*~~,tk~*~k*I
*~~~*•*~m~~~~-~otk~~*~~~
~~~~~=-~~~k~~~~·o=-~k~~~4·
~#~o~~~+~*~~~~~~~~~~·~~t
*~ii R*fiJII ~* 61.;
t kA:;f
0
~1*-t-~~,*~~~~~-~~:tff~~*~
J~ -iJII ~ft.~ if liJ ~
tk•*'
A:;f oftjf YA .£ -t- ~1\ ~ * -t- ~1\ * ~ a!.]
~~~~~1*~~~~~,~~~~~1
Jliif;~~~·~ai.Jt*o ~
at.xtt k~*~a!.J*1..~F't
~, ~m~~~=-~k~~~*~t~~*ii~~A,
~~~~~~~t~~#·±~~m~~~o~~~±
1..±*~*~*1-*tk~t~~~**~~m~~
~0
n.
jiaoxue
238
education; teaching
c=+-)
~®s<p:Px~$
z;t~
bt~
b1jiao
?r~
)'[-gg
waiyll
~~
ffi'M'
xiangdang
~~U···l[
shoudao ...
zhongshi
i: .fij ... -.t'
f!
ift
~=-*-*
~k6~
m=<J\ttt
Jf.:X~
4~
Di'erci
shijiedazhan
jie.zhe
-*f16~
¥1!tfAA
Hanzhan
6~~
fAA~
zhanzheng
gan.dao
~.fij
guofang
~Ire'
!f[$
f!l~
~·
A.;f
~IWW
jiao.yilbu
-1t1f~
-Jt:W;
;(fit~']
Jt
!m~€1
kaishr
~
~:?..
I"J .,;,;r..
shao
v
JJA
rtf!~«<
1\a::.
v
jlinren
cengjingV
f%\~±
.±..1..±..*-
±~±ft ruzhang
~···11 f.J
~···1'F~ na ... zuowei
be seen as important
n.
World War Two
lv.
next/ be right after
conj.
n.
The Korean War
V.
come to see that; become
aware of; feel
n.
*Sl!li]fj'L
huo
Dongya
yanjiu
national defense
n.
human resources
n.
n.
adv.
adj.
n.
adv.
conj.
V.
n.
239
war
n.
tiisheng
~
:1;~h]f-Jt.
V.
chuanjiaoshi n.
#.ft±
foreign language
rather; fairly
V.
1f~ttutm youjihua.de
jl'
~A.
gu6fangbu
compare
adv.
n.
junshi
nSncai
f!l ~~
n.
V.
military affairs
The Department of
Defense
The Department of
Education
start; begin
in a planned way
few; little
soldiers; military personnel
have had experience ofV
missionary
born and grown up in
native soil
take ... as ...
or
East Asian Studies
00~~*'~~~~*00,~~--~~}~o*~*
OOk~±~~~~~tOO~~m~~~~~~~~~o
~~*tOO~~~~~AT-£"too~", ~~' ~
~~~~~1~~~~~£~~·~m~ot~~~*
*A~*OOk~I-#~~~*~To
~ ~I~
.JJE.
~'*' ~:t;
~\\4~"4'YG
Nikesong
~Jtt~
itf~
;fJJ $.}]
atJFP~
zhengV .zhe
~«<~
1\\L
!iE.
j:_1t :k.-f-4[t-
,'£~
.. , 1'1
fan gwen
chuqi
iE.V~
~JJi
zongtong
jingli
Wenhua
dageming
hei'an
n.
n.
v.
time
word
v.
v.
n.
adj.
240
president
Nixon
have an official visit
the early period
be in the process ofV-ing
experience, go through
The Great Cultural
Revolution (1966-1976)
dark, murky, nefarious
<=+-)~001¥J9=r)(~?¥:
&
atJI:JJ
~1J3
haiwai
JG~
y6uqi
§4
~~
?i.
;fe:.· ..
1'F···
* 1'tE···'M
F ...
~*
J.'l ~-
AN for a period of time
shiqi
ift 7r
*~
n.
duan
xuezhe
ba ... dangzuo
f±ir±
~
~
~ ~.C,j~
,~ffJ:~
Wutuobang
;If*
~~m
youguan
she.huizhuyi
7fJA
xingcheng
£
gil
lil-t
9=J~~ Zhong.guore
daliang
IB~
·t}ti!.
A*
y6uyti
kuaisu
~-R
chengzhang
#]~
IJJ;{I
dongji
.t~-if-
t:fG-*
zhaoxful
-. *'A~B'*-*'*1
* m:t
"¢>- ~ 'f j:_~- Jtb ~i,.~l
*-:.tt
€r.J
~.;ffl
v.
adj.
Irxiang
k.i
n.
prestige; reputation
n.
shengyil
~±~_i.
o/1¥l1A
n./
place
word
adv.
period of time
*
*
§
n.
n.
overseas
especially
scholar
take or regard ... as ...
ideal
socialism
Utopia
related to
V.
be formed
n.
AN for a current trend
conj.
in large numbers or amount
adv.
China craze
adv.
due to; since
n.
V.
V.
*-l;t..$i,
4;.i aJ.; o
241
rapidly
grow; mature
motive; intention
search for
compareAwithB
'f j:_..t£ -k l¥l *- ..w..11 7'1 7r-ffl-
*
Comparing Chinese with some European language, the history of teaching
Chinese as a foreign language in American colleges is fairly short.
1.
*~A~~-~~*~~' ~-~~~~~-~~~~o
Compared to white people, minorities still suffer a certain discrimination.
2.
*~p~4C-Aa~1~fif g_~;g.A~*~;t~, ;g.A.{ifl&l$11~~0
Compared to Native American reservations, Chinatowns are much livelier.
..::....
~ .ftl 00 J19:.J1t a~ y ifYLJt ~ ..::... ;k i!t- Jll 6~ Jt.A J6 a~ • o
It was after the Second World War that the American government viewed
Chinese as important.
~ Jtl· ·· ~~
{-- o/ k
1.
~ili Jlr4=·
*
*,
be viewed as important
*-
~y ft ~~~ ~ J;iJ "~-'i: .flj
*00
~.±. ~ ~ y ~YL o
In recent years, the issue of minorities has received much attention in
American society.
2. 1~ f!J hJf1t.5tiii ~;ff ~-*.mi ~.ftl ~
*
Jlla~ YifVLo
The medical world paid great attention to him because his AIDS research
had positive results .
.E... ~-it-it~ A ~~-iiL~ B
{- *oo
It's more appropriate to say it is B than to say it is A.
r J!t~t; ...t:fP + • ...t a~ t; ~0
~
o/ k:<tf.*,
~ .1--iJLJtf.J
r*
;i(...t a~hJf1t., ::f:-]{triJLJtf.J
It is more appropriate to say that the Chinese teaching in America is for
the needs of the government and military than to say it is for academic
research.
1.
2.
:Jt-*
#.1~ Z Ia] ~ $.-iJLJt
:X: ~ , ::f: -]{tr iJLJtJJJJ ~:X: ~ o
It is more appropriate to say that the relationship of those two is one of
friends than ofhusband and wife.
*
*
00 ){t tf ~ .1--iJLJt§i~f; _t ~ -t ~' ::f:-]{triJLJti£ ~ _t ~ .j:§:"*l} 0
It is more appropriate to say that America controls the Middle East
economically than to say it interferes politically.
1~ 1n ;t a~ Jt i£1£ o/ 00 1£ li a~ 1t :<tf. ± o
Some of them were missionaries who had lived in China before.
ll!l. t'~Vlt
{-1.
2•
*00
»i
have V-ed before
tt
k....t tt i£/ff Ji- -fi.:Mf ~at JJJ o
In American history, there was once a period of Chinese exclusion.
-t~: -r re ~ .. ~ rb ~ ~ -Mt '-A JS. L ' Jil.. /.It -r -i> $
-1"~ /I' I/~ .~ 1JL T ~ 11!7 i=j ~:X.'I~)L '71~/1' fiiJ /' o
It once made my parents very unhappy that I was unwilling to speak
242
Chinese.
-} -G -t- 4-1~-iJJ JiJJ '
4' 00-tf- i4-7r'
~
,:. 0
}G .ft. Jt-(f_
*00 '
especially
;ff ~ ~ ~ a~ fo
In the early seventies, China had a very good reputation overseas,
especially in America.
1.
2•
•**~-~~*~~' JG.ft,Jt~~~~o
Overseas Chinese need to improve their social position, especially in
politics.
~~~~M~*~PTP7
~ ~==J A. f
~'~'J
f
!A'
~
-,"J" "'I' -,"f
J
,
/u -7'\ ~- '"u ~'~'J
p~g
*M~~
A. f
o
American college tuition is extremely expensive, especially at first-rate
schools.
*.
~ J&.
*
form; bring into being
4' 00 ~ hJf 1r. -JfJ ~ 1 -lit " 4' 00/A " 0
Research on China has brought about a "China fad."
1. J1]fi~ "jt' ~ t\.~ m~a~ ~iJ;" Jli\. T Jf-1~ vA *-~i-fJf-Jf} ~a~ o
So-called "minority self-awareness" was gradually formed beginning in
the 80's.
2. jt' ~ t\.~;ftj ~ ~- j i1t.-$Ji" ~ ~~f; Jl*.][1f vA 1fj ~ o
Minorities having common interests makes it possible for new political
alliances to form.
-} ;ff
-. Rearrange the following phrases to make coherent sentences:
1. ~ .ftj, 1Jil .M~ tf j:A. ;f , 7f":!tf> , 1: li it *1-:fi ""f al.] , :k 00 :fi ""f ~ , 1Jt., J1
2.
3.
*'
·~' k~~' ~~~' 'fj:A.;f, ~~0
1972 lt-, ~, 'f j:_, ai.JJYl.~, k, it.Jtt~, y~J6, .±.1..±.*-ai.J, A,
*~~~' ~M, ;f, *~~~~' :kOOA., 'fOO,~~a
rm , :k oo !f 1. , ~ -t , ~ 1 , ~g_ ~ ~ , 'f oo , tk: it, i 1J 'f oo -k , f-A :f ,
A*-,~*~~~'~~~~' !f~tfj:_o
243
=·Answer the questions using the given expressions:
1.
11JJ~1-~~ ij(.Jtt-k IIJ ~"W~l;l:.~:k., it.Jtt~i£JL>iAf.~9l?
... )
tf -k * ~ 1t ~ at1rl-Jf--M; a. 3t ai.J? ( Jtt .. ·i!Ati:t f.iJ)
"tf IIl ~" Jf iF til it~ -k IIl A.~ :t tf IIl' Jtt ~ Jtt? ( ~ Jt ... ~-:/(17".)
tf IIl ai.J ~.lkJtti1JJ~Jtb.IIJ ~;ff*t~? CJtJt)
~if-T-*n1t~-~t5tt!ftF j:_;ff~~ *-~*~? Cr!J-t-)
~IJ1iJM- n 1t ~ ~izHt tF j:_A.;f ~ i)'' t*? cn 1 .. · , ;te. .. · ~ 11 .. ·)
~'
2.
3.
4.
s.
6.
( ~ .. ·~ .. · *-l;t,
'*
*
.:=.. Translate into Chinese:
1.
After the Second World War, because of the country's needs in politics
and military affairs, the Department of Defense started to train young
people in Chinese.
2. Most Americans who were interested in Chinese were missionaries or
their children. Very few students born and raised in America would take
Chinese or East Asian Studies as their major.
3. China had a very good reputation in America in the early 1970's, even
though the Chinese were suffering through the darkest years of the
Cultural Revolution, thus, the "China Fad" of that time was different from
the one now.
4. The progress of Chinese language education in America shows that
Americans are becoming more and more interested in improving
Sino-American relations. Can this also mean that socialism and capitalism
might benefit from each other?
1lY. Rewrite the last paragraph of the text into a dialogue between two students.
Ji. Write a short passage about each of the following:
a) tfj:_:.ft!f~!IJFif-*'*
b) tf, ~j:_ai.Jl;l:.~
c) ~fol[~.it ~ §f; ..::::..*- -t!t- ~ :k.~~
d) it.Jtt~i:t~
244
m• _t mfffi ~ ~i&I ~ ~f ijlll ~~~~A
m*~•~~~~ffi~~~o ~~~~~~am~mm~m=
~~am~ ~u 1£ ~ IW fn
~ili~*ti~~~-o=~*ti~~~~~~tio~~ti~~
/to
~u 7/\ +iFf~, ~~~IWtmfn~ffW/tlm~~rff~tftl±-tf!ijJII~
~~OO~A/tam~~+i:F~~A+i:F~~~~~~~·, ~
~~~~7•m_t~M~, ~~~~~7affl_t®JJ$_t~flfi
~0 ~IF-fW~~:ffJI!T~ms"J•:±~~~&, fmfr91f~~=i}(*Ua"J
~~1£~~I~i&J~JJA, :ff~~~~ttf£~~~-~±~~
~~m~am&:ff±:±±~~~~•:±•~~~*§M~*~
~fmfr98"J-W~o
~oo·tw~~U7 1972 i:F~~~mMEmR:t~
~§15 rp~ ~ 1~
c1913-1994)
~~
1f 71ft:k ~a~ a -t+i:Ff~1JJ}tAB?~ ~~A ~iE~
~~~~*·~--~~-~~M,~~~~f£-*, ~~~
1£~~, W:ff~-~~••o~~~~**:±~•~mre~~
~~em~~-~-~nnaW:ff~~~~M~&~~7-ft
"~~M", ~~, W~~:ffJI!Tim~*:±~*·~~~7o
·ili~~~~~-~~~~~' ·~~~~~~·:±d*
d~7o~~·~~~-1f~~~7~~~~-~-~-~~
I~,:ff~~w~~~m~~~:ffftflm, &1f~~~7~*~
B~n~~-®~~0 ~~B~MM~~~~*··-~~~
8{] )'~ gg 7
0
245
o/:·~~~~*,~*~~*§A~~~~~·,~~
-~~~~~+~~·~~~' ~~~k~~~o
~: .XX.~~.~ 1t ~? ~~ ~ ii:.J~ -1- J.A.'J' ~ ~ #~§?
o/=~~~•~~~~-~~~~-=r-~rm~~~~~~
m~m~~~*~~o~~~,~~-~~~~~~
~*~~~~*~~-1-#~,m~~~-~o~#~
m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o
~=~+~*·~~~*~*~*'~~~~~~~k~
~-0~~~~~·~~*~~~~~1~-~~~
-=r-~~~~~~~'~*~~*#~~m~~~,~
xt 1~ 1n Jt.A J€1 <0
~;f.± 4'- ~ ~ :t 1'- Jl1tt ~ ,frJ
MJ o
~ .i. 5-R.
-+~~•*~m-tr~§,~m~~*T*~'~
;il.i$.~~~~0
o/=*~~-+~.i.~~'*+~-~~~El~~~*#
~~~~~' ~~~~§og~*-+A~~~~~
246
n.
shuangyii
~Y4fi~j~
v.
tic hang
.tli.1~
j>l)[~~
shaoshiuninzu
J~-t
gongping
L;[:.jj-j.Jt
bi.fiingshuo
q1ng
kecheng
7i*
Allil...t
n.
adj.
int.
n.
hire; appoint
v.
n.
fiingra
minority people
equal, fair, unbiased
v.
y1ngxiang
two languages (as a
modifier, "bilingual")
advocate, promote
adv.
for instance
school courses
affect; influence
method
on the surface;
outwardly
in fact
*'" F.f- _t
~t*­
jieguo
~jl'
jianshao
v.
result; consequence
baochizhu
v.-c.
keep; maintain
v.
competition/compete
be disadvantageous
for ...
adj.ln.
propose; advocate
1*#1£
biaomian.shang
shiji.shang
:>t~
jingzheng
5tt .. <1~ ;flj
dui. .. buli
l3R
n.
n.lv.
v.
zhuzhang
~j_
minzhu
1i~~
nenggou
5!it
qiangpo
adv.
aux.
v.
247
decrease; reduce
democratic/democracy
can; be able to
force
1~00~A1~00Ao~~+"¢~"~~~t,
k
~~-##~~~~~1~k~~mo~~~*~•
+~±~t k~ii1J!. 1!
o/: ~~, ~*~~m~~~~~~?
>'r ~, 1Jl Jl ~ Y ~ ~ Jl~~ -H):-~~ -11- xt ~ 00 A*-ilt.,
~k
iJG Jt ~ 1n a!.J -HJ:-~ o
o
v.
r6nghua
adj.
gongt6ng
n.
zuoyong
248
melt
in common; the same
effect
c=+=)
1£-#
iiff-
*- Pf·t% 1!
Pf~
JJ)C!l
~~
ey~
mlil
1.. ~~:iii(.
jianchi
~t.l
insist
v.
V.
f'angqi
taikexTie
gtve up
What a pity!
adj.
ke'ai
lovable; cute
n.
di.fiing
j~jj
lit-it
~iiH5Crf
xuanze
part; respect
V.
choose
n.
freedom/free
n./adj.
ziy6u
sheng.hu6fiingshi
lifestyle
+ Grammar Notes
1.
lV-IW yfqian and lV-J§ ylhou, in addition to attaching to verbs to mean "before
[verb]-ing," can be used as moveable time words to mean "in the past" or "in
the future":
!;), !Wilt /F ~i~ r:p 00 i!
Ylqian wo buhui shuo Zhong.guohua.
0
f* ~ § B I¥J -BJ:i.g !;..~, J§ ~ 1& :ff f'!Hf-J o
Baochi zi.ji .de muyu ylhou hui hen
youyong .de.
249
I used to not know how to speak
Chinese.
Preserving one's mother tongue
will be useful in the future.
-n av
-¢- il: :Y ~ ~a~;t ~~
*JL~, i!:Jt1tt-k 1! ~ o
Enabling all minorities to have the opportunity for an education is a big
improvement.
1. ~M-- JL-1£ :M- :h 1-1: !!_ ~ A.~ilJ .:r.1t o
The government is always working hard so that even more people can find
jobs.
-.il:
av
let, make, cause
av
2.
hiJ 1-1: i! ;tr. , J, :f *1 11~ 1.t-1n av ~ ·tt o
Don't let these little things affect your feelings.
-=-. m... *···
m
use ... to ...
-¢- ~x.ii~1f:YJG:Jt~T
~iivA7r1tnE'.Jfl-Itii*-~ >J o
Bilingual instruction is where, in addition to English, you can also study in
your native language.
1.
~~~~11~1.f.~, 1!!.~k~
m~11*-~*-1tkrr 3::..lJJi*o
-n
Although I know how to write traditional characters, I mostly use simplified
characters to do my Chinese homework.
2. x. -It .tt- :Jtm rr I!l A. av *if ;'fi *-~ ~ o
My parents always use the standards of Chinese people to teach me.
-=-·
"'~
.
_;~
~7iK~L.·
-¢- z;t ~ i.t,
for instance, for example, such as
..
it ~i.t rr 3::. av ~ ~;p *-~M.. rr I!l *- av .Jj: -r# ~ ,
JJi ~i!
Jtl:.i*:fJ.o
For instance, to ask a Chinese-speaking teacher to teach courses in science or
history to children from China.
1.
-If. jJL i'-J 'f VA ;t jlJ it ~ !ft hiJ av ti; VJJ , z;t ~ i.t , $-# ll- 2t ~ ~k...J~
0
In New York, you can see a lot of special things, such as all kinds of exhibits
and operas.
2. -tf.~~*ff~~~,~~~,~-*~*~~'f~~*~+I!l
~0
It is very convenient to travel in Europe. For instance, if you buy one train
ticket, you can go to many different countries.
V!l. ~ ~ .. ·
mV .. ·
--} i!1.f 1~ 1n :Yt ;r;: ~ IE1
n ;r;: ·tt ~ 3::. m*1 11~
because of... (Verb) ...
~ >J 0
This way, their not understanding English won't affect their study.
250
jlJ
1.
~~JL!EJ/.J~9..~*fm7~;!&~0
2.
Because the weather is bad, the plane won't take off.
1-ti!..IEJ 7-J ~-j,Jt. t _;(_ m7 ~ jlJ /~ $] fsJ.] y /f.t 0
He got the attention of the company because he speaks Chinese.
~
i! 1'- ~ :R liJ J:.;t ;i&'*-1ll*f, 1£. Jt. *'- ff- J:.;ff -ftl :k. a~ I~ M o
superficially/on the surface ... (but) in fact ...
*
Superficially this method seems very good, but in fact it has very big
problems.
1.
2.
*'
~j~ a~ at1i~' ~:R liJ J:.-ftl-t~t'
f,f- J:.-ftl ~t 5~o
When taking a test, on the surface I seem very calm, but in fact I'm very
anxious.
-k 00 fsJ.] ,W- A
f=J A.?<_ Ia]
:R liJ J:.1i~ ~ -t ~ ~, {e Jt. *'- f,f- J:.;ff -ftl~J,t fsJ.]
~ Jfr 0
On the surface it seems that American blacks and whites can peacefully
coexist, but in fact there is a very deep conflict.
-ffl-:eft 1f 5tf ~.Y ~ ~~*-a~ :J* -=t V:A J€; 1±. ~± ~ J:. a~ Jt ir Jt.-ftt ~ ~~J fsJ.J o
*· ···~· ··~J.;f:/~~·J
~
){X.
be (dis)advantageous for ...
Bilingual instruction is very disadvantageous for minority children when they
compete in society later on.
-k tf
*
1.
~ .~{~5tf~ 1'-00 ~a~ ~£~£Jk~Jt.-f£l~~ 1J fsJ.J o
The deterioration of Sino-American relations is very disadvantageous for the
economic development of both countries.
2.
~ 11t1lJft5tt1Jtlllt.1tt;ff~,J a~ o
Eating more vegetables is very beneficial for one's health.
~. 1ft~
*- 7 -k 00 '
A, it B
~ ~ 1f1 ~J[, ~
it/Gil. i#.
'*
given the fact that A, then B (a suggestion)
>] ~ _;(_0
Since we have come to America, we should learn English.
1. ~~~~~~E.i!#~~~~' ~E-~~4--+~~0
z.
Since you cannot adapt to this kind of lifestyle, you should consider changing
careers.
2.
~J[,~-f~jlJ 7 i! *fff.] ~~' it/G~*f*t-~ 1] Jfl ~ 0
Since you got such a good opportunity, you should take full advantage of it.
.1"\.. ~
1A
~B
in order to A, do B
251
lif·t% 1
0
It's too bad to have to give up one's own culture and language in order to
adapt to the mainstream life of a society.
1. /~~ 1-J 1.:tfi1~!- ~um11~k 1 it~
r %a
The company made lots of commercials to promote sales of its products.
2.
~/.] 1 ~ ~~ ~-i:k~m7-JtJ~{oJflt,Wf.:ff.-o
In order to avoid a misunderstanding, I made explanations to him over and
overagam.
-. Make sentences using the underlined expressions:
1. ~ if.<ft 1f ik. it il: :Y ~ ~ ~ ¥J .:f~ -f Flt T JfJ *= .:t. v.:Ur , ~~E-. JfJ -BJ.-if
2. ~-~~~ai.J .:r~ -f't't f!l J.J ~·ti*=.:t.m7JJ11~ jlJ ~ >J
*- ~ >J
~if.;ft 1f¥J ~*~oo .L;t *--1tif-1tHt, ~Jt*'-~t .L;fl1tt:k.a!.J f.iJ Mo
0
3.
4.
s.
6.
7.
fo![i~ ~if.;ft 1f¥] ~t
*- 't't Jt~~Y T jt ~}\.~.:f~-f~ >] *=.:t.al.]{lt.~o
~ if.<ft 1f )(t .:f~ -t-1n v:J..J€;-tf.~±~ .L ¥J :t ir Jt1tt~ ~·J ai.J o
-if.. I!J , ;fk,;lL ii ~ >J *= .:t.o
7-J T itS -M.A. ¥J 1. ~ m7 ~t -1t- mC. 4t ;fl ¥J .:t.1t. ,fPi% 1:,
~ 1Jl ~j(,~ *- J
252
~ k Jif ·Hr
To
o
A: 1t Z. 11~
:k..1%.1i'" ?
=·Complete the dialogue; pay special attention to context:
"~Mt {!{;
B: ______________________________
A:~*~~~{!{;A~ftA~*~A~?
B: ______________________________ o
A:
11~
Z. , 1t Z. ~~ii4t 1f o/f..?
B: ______________________________ o
A:~+**~*~-,~~-~Mt~Z.*#~~{!{;~-ffl-o/f..?
B:
o
A: 5!:i!*+A~i>L~~' JJ~k.~~.i. 7 o
B: ______________________________
A: 'f~.#.-!t-m c..a~-ffl-§~1t., ;(f.~~*k.'f·t%7!
B:
o
A: ~*' *~.R:1f-1{-:f=~:k..~~{~{ij:,7i1i~:1fQt.;ft¥Jo
B: ______________________________ o
Translate the following phrases into Chinese and then make sentences with
them:
1. the lifestyle of minorities
2. to retain one's own special mother tongue and culture
3. freedom to choose
4. equal opportunity in receiving education
5. forced bilingual education
6. to give up an opportunity to compete
7. had better hire bilingual teachers
8. equality only on the surface
9. a society of freedom and democracy
10. actual influences
=:.
Q:!J. Composition:
o/. ~~~ii4t1f~:1r~Z..i.*?~~--¥J~*?~~Z.?
li.. Write short passages on:
a) *~ a~>'r-ffl-4t1f
c) *~a~ ~1t.
b) *~a~ ~Y-~Mt
d) +Aa~:t~~~iJ
253
~= •~+•~*' a~~~~~A~m~m~w, m&&~~
~~0~~~W~fl•, ~~m*~~Wo
Z:
~~fi~W~1tM? ~/G~-~-f-1~/J\~~~~~fi~?
~= ~m~w~~m&&~~~~f-~7m~~~*&~m~~
~~m*~Mo ~~~' ~~~·~~~~~~*~~~~
*~~f-W~,~~~~-~0~-~~~/G·~~/G-~
~rm~~~U~Mo
Z:
~{!m~~!~frnLl:~*&~f11.t~t, {B~:l'~J:.~1~*~FP,Jmo
m~~m~w~~*~~~-&7&&~~~-f-~M~~~
t~•, rmM/G~~1:~H~1±1m1r,~~~H, ~t-t1m1r, ~fi
(1)
a*±•
J:.~H*~m~~~oft~~-1!m~~-M~m-~m~,
ft~~~*7~~' ~-~~M~~o
~= ~~~-11m~~~~, ~1!m&&~~~-~~~~~~a~
Jt{-t,
~ 2.8"J~g;;o 5~i§.~-ftiDA®mt~Jt/G~~±B"J{i'&¥!o
Z: -JlliA1E~~~41~ "~~~*mn!"
,
~Ma1tMA~U7~~
~~7~~Aoa~1!m"m~"B"J~~~, **mt-~~~
B"Jm~~7m*~~moma~*&&~~~~m~~~a
~m~, ~~~/GW~-1!m~~*m~7o
~= ~7••~•J:.-&A~~mrm~•~a~~~®m~,~
~eym7o~~-ey~~~~~~~1!mA~~~m~~~,
rm/G&'*~:W1~--~l!=o
254
~= ~~~~~oR~~~~A~ey~~~§6~I~,
§6~
~m~~, ~£**~~~~~W£&~~~~0-~~•
~~~~~~~~~~~A, ~ma~~~•~*~~~
7!
~=
WM,
~*·~~~*~~~~?
~= *)'r~~??ftll~~H~1fM~£~~-*!I¥1o ~±~*~)'r~??f,
~£~m~~£%re~m*~oti~~A*~' ~~~£~
fr,s<J~~??fo
255
<=+=)
AttlU'fJJ.~
J:. -:!p- '~'JL 1t )~;ff" iit~.j~-$tj , ~1f M_ -jf- )~;ff" JE1 7-J i~ ~-$-14~a~~~~r~~J:.~~~o t~~k-+~A~•
~: ~~A~·~~Ah~W~~~-~' ~~~~k+~
~*•'*~*~~~AhM4o~~~~Ah,*+
~~~;ff~~~·*o~~~A*~' ~~~~~~k
·~~~Ah;~k~-+£~t~~~*~' ~1iM.
;ff~~,~~-~' ~k~~~~Aho ~~~~~-
256
n.
A~5l
renquan
~$
gaige
-Jtii
kaifang
V.
itt~
f'angsong
J~-ili'J
kong.zhi
~14-
tiaojian
n.lv.
loosen; slacken
~~
gaishan
{l;J~
n.lv.
condition
chedi
~~5l
jiquan
n.
V.
n.
adj.
n.
hun
if
~*
guan
JJ.Jkt
fiizhanzhong
1~
bao
'Ti7f
ningke
·tk:~
kuaile
Ail
rendao
Jt;t
dizhen
Jj<.;t
shuizai
control
improvement/make better
thorough
adj.
interfere with
essential; basic
adj..
full (with food, not hungry)
lump together; mix
international police
developing
adj.
would rather
n.
humane/humanitarianism
adj.ln.
happy
n.
earthquake
v.-o.
257
practice the open-door policy
v.
aux.
shouhai
reform
centralized power
V.
ji.ben
human rights
flood
be victimized
~: A~M4~*~~~-~A~A~M4,~~~~A~
1014 ~ /G ~~ ffil .v:t:Y~ -T ij ]rj L¥1 a11*J i&.o -:kfl jftJJiL.{±. tf L¥1 i&.Rt
xt *- L¥1 iEiJ?t -iJt :
Mlf;ff-
M~~
" ~ ~ f 1~ 1n {m ~ Mlf. ;}c # .~~ Jt ~.tal.; 101 4 , ~
jieshi
r*)Jli
neizhimg
~~f
churei
Mlflk
jiejue
#
~~ Jli;fYl.
1.i*-
fi :Ji§C ll:i :f~
11*
v.
explain; interpret
conj.
internal affairs
n.
zhongzu qishi n.
wanglai
258
unless
V.
resolve
n.
racial discrimination
contact
• iitJ i!-fJIJ 1:0
k 00 A.tt-$~k.:fe.Akx.~ ~ ~ i1t1f_ -~o
~A
~
;fl:t B 11b,/£ -~
mix A up with B
.te. 4--:kJJ ~ ;¥5Jt. $ i1t1±-- ~ ilJGA 7 -:kJJ -to
Americans always like to mix human rights in with trade.
1.
If you mix together milk and ice cream, you'll have a milkshake.
2.
ii.;tJ --t-t:F 00 A~~.te.~1*-~~ ~11*-~iEt-1±--~11 a<; o
There are no Chinese who do not mix traditional and simplified characters when
writing.
-.
~
J!oo •:fl$oo•
~it- md7 ~t--t-i!~~ 11t~~a'-J A.jf-~~:ijty~a'-3 o
1. 1-tl!.. J.- jj '
even
Freedom of speech isn't the most important concern for a person who doesn't
even have enough to eat.
i!- JJt 4~ ~ if. ;tr
1.t- .~ z. i!.JK -=t·li a<; itJ!.~ ~ aJJ F=J '?It?
0
He is really poor; he doesn't even have a dollar.
2.
How can you not understand this reasoning that even a child can comprehend?
-· 'Tiif A~~ B
~
~mw,
'T!if§to
would rather A than B
*
Without freedom, I would rather die.
1. 1-tl!.. 'T liJ -M. ~ ~ ~ ~ 11t
:f~ ~~a<;~ o
He would rather starve than eat the food in the school cafeteria.
2.
~ 'T liJ &t*. ( ii.;tJ .I..1'f) ~~1tk mG ~ $~k a<; :f o
I would rather be unemployed than do work that I don't like.
k 00 .ifixt ~ ;li... ii ;fe. mG a<; ;t * 5!k !Ju #;- ~ 1] a<; 00 ~
force A on B
'U!I. ~A J!;hP~ B
~
0
1.
The American government should not force its own opinions on other countries.
;fe. ~ 15) a<; ~ i~ 1fJ ~ 5!k !Ju #;- ~ 1] A~~ ~t a<; o
Forcing different ideologies on other people does not work.
2.
-
-t- 00 ~ ;r: tl~ ;fe. mG a<;
*'* 5!k !Ju
~ ~ 1]
00
0
A country cannot force its own laws on other countries .
.Ji. · · · :t..fl]f ~~ A ..iE.~ ~ ;b B
the reason for A is precisely B
~ k 00 :Zfo.Jf YA ~ Z.1tk, iE~ fEJ ;/.] 1f_ "00 ~" .Z.J:.~;t] "Ail" o
259
*f!1
Z Ji]f VA :ff '!&. -51 /] , iE :Jt ~ 7!J ~ ..i.. ;f1:r ffl dJ :Jt£.'*- a"J ::ft;ff o
The reason America does this is that "humanity" is higher than "nationality."
1.
America is attractive precisely because freedom and democracy are its
fundamental spirit.
2.
t f!1 a"J tg_ ~z JiJf VA -Jt it,
iE :It ~
7!J JiiRl .;tJTX. 7 ffi1f iEi *- o
The reason China's economy is open is that the government has adopted new
policies.
*·
~
flp-1!.·. ·~· ..
f!p 1t.:ltAiliUJ il!, -tt .:f: ~~ ~ ll:t ;f/(. -f ~ JJ1j f!1 a"J r*J iEio
even if...
Even if it is a question of humanity, you still cannot for that reason interfere in
the internal affairs of another country.
1.
tf f!1 ;fp {; i'~ f!p 1t. .:f: ~~ ~k.- '
-t
*'
_j_ ~y -tt J}L ij: ;fp
5rJ: 0
Even if China and Taiwan cannot be united, they should at least peacefully
coexist.
2. f!p 1t.
*
f!1 .:f: ~ tf f!1 ~.~ f!1 #!&' tf f!1 a"J tg_ 5if--tt~f!J! ~ :JJ,_ffi_o
Even if America doesn't give China Most Favored Nation status, China's
economy can still continue to develop.
~ ~~f. 1;f- 1f11W Jt Nf ;k. # ~k J1i ifYL a<]
a<] 11.
*-
unless
IUJ il! ,
~ 1f1 .:f: ~ I; ;f1:r 1.t-1f1 :ff 1if ~ J:.
0
We are not willing to have trade relations with you unless you thoroughly solve
the problem of racial discrimination.
1.
~~f. :ff _j!_::kt a"J -ttl& , ~ .:;r;: ~ -t~ ..:r. +'F o
Unless the pay is better, I will not change jobs.
2.
~~f. ~ ~ iEi ~f; 11i'L~. ' tf f!1 :It .:f: If~~ :ff ,i it- mdJ a<]
China cannot have freedom of speech unless the political system changes.
0
260
-. Make sentences using the underlined expressions:
1. 4' Ill a~ :;t 1i M. .Jt 5~ ;ff 151 7-J ~ ifh~-14"- ~ a~ ifi7 ~ :bo T 1; i~ J: ~
2. *.Ill~ J}l ii j~ -1-~{f 5~;ff A~x. ~Ill ~;tr ~ J; 1: a~*~ o
3. *.ill A.~ _g.xk.-1e.A~5l:fp ~ $; 1'£-tf. -~o
6.
tJ liJ xt-1-l!.~~"t~-te.a~A.Jf-~klltY-*~ o
1<t-xft.it5~"JTiJU:t "~ mr£J, 'Tiif Jt" ~6Ji&-"lb?
{k: ~ -t!!. -if' ~ ·t:k: ~ -t!!. -if' ~~ ;}t1e.1n me.. a~ •
~
!klll~M~#k, ~k1517-J-tf."lll~"~J:~;ff"A.it"o
8.
A~x. ~ ~ k
4.
5.
9.
10.
tJ liJ o
1;~
0
-1- §i~t; lliJ M, -t!!. k -1- Ail lliJ Mo
l'!f 1.tkA.it lliJ M, -t!!. ~ ~~ 151 ~t:fk. f- ~ }Jij Ill~ 1*J Jlio
~~f. 1<f-1fl fQlf ;Jt # ~JI:t ~a~ JliJ M, -* ~ ft.~ 1fl ~ ~ 1; :fp 1<f-1fl ;tr ~ J; J: a~ 11. *- o
=.Translate into Chinese:
1. to promote the policy of opening the door and reforming the economy
2. to obtain freedom of speech
3. a country with absolutely centralized power
4. the basic human rights for people of developing countries
5. extremely serious issue of racial discrimination
6. victims of earthquake and flooding
7. to loosen the control on international trade
8. an inhumane policeman who often interferes with everything
..::::.. Rewrite the dialogue into an essay.
1lY. Answer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
l'}J~ Jt!:. JYl, ~~ ;f;" tl::
*.Ill ~;ff #
7-J 1t Z. if-~ A~iJi.-k 00 A:JlOO ~T-1f~~?
7-J 1t Z. if- ~ *. 00 A~ iJi. 9=' ill 5~ ;ff A~5l?
{,f- xt *. 00 JliHi- -te.A~x.:fp ~ I; i£ 7-J - il a~ 1tk * ;ff 1t z. ;t *?
i*- ~iJi. , "xt -1- ~Jk 4' ~ 00 ~ *- iJL, -t 1i M. ;ff -t&. 11t , ;ff -RJlll ~ , ;f k £
a~ A~", 1<f- M1;"1b?
xt {,f- *-iJL, 1; i~ tJ liJ ;}t lit Y-* a~ A~5l".!b?
:ko *-}}1] Ill f- ~ *.Ill a~ 1*1 J1i, *.Ill A~ 1-1- ,t,. Z. {f?
¥tit --t-Ill ~a~ A~x. lliJ M Jr. ~ Jr. f- ~ }Jij Ill ~ 1*1 J1i?
1<f- iA. 7-J *.!llxt 4' Ill A~ lliJ M a~ ¥t it~il: 4' Ill :;t 1i M ~ "lb?
~ Jl:t ~Yl.?
*"
Ji. Write short passages on:
a) 4' *.~J'aJ a~ :t Jt
261
~-*"
m& 1r~~~11iu, 16 s~i~ & 1r IE! ~*~~1~141¥1 a~ rm t~ 11o 7
~= ~~•ili•~*' mMa~~~-~*~~,~a~~~w-~
JL
~~~I¥J~~o~~~~-~~~I¥J·-~*o~~~~~-­
~~-&1fAmi¥J~*1f·~~I¥J~~o
z:
~~A•••reAm®•~ma-~, -~~B~~~~••,
~~~ili~I¥1Am~~o~•m~Am,~~~*m1f~BI¥J~
~oti~~A*~' ~~~~ey~~-~*I¥1Am;~~ti-~
D~~l¥1~**~,168~1ffi~,1f~·9,~~~~*1¥1A
mo
~~~~ti-~~fim~~~I¥JA~~~-£~1¥Jo
~= 1~Jtm&1flt!~i&! "~~ ~,
•eyjE"
~ilJ~!P,~? a-~:fffi,&~,
:ff~-9, ~~~~~~~I¥Jtl~W, ~~~~~-1¥10
z:
a~•~~I¥J~,~~~•mM,~~•mM,~m~~~AI¥1
$, ~~~J#~~~re ~ BI¥J~¥!5m1JoMtJJ!J8"J~*o
~=~~~m~~-~~~EJ~a"~*"~~~:ff"Am"oAm~
~~-~~~~~, m~-~Am~~o-~~·®*~~~,
am•~~~~MM~~I¥JA~-·I¥Jo
262
tm ~ ll:t weT- r& J1rJ ~ 1¥1 r*J II)t
o
:tLu
*
1.B llP1t~AmFP~~ ill~
m 1£ !=f:l ~ II)t m
~: AfiFP~~ ili~f~ PI ~M~*)J)GffigAJl!Fp~~'
t-t ~ ~¥IJ II)tm ~ =
"~~~1%1\fr,~~M~fiMct.t;fJHI"J Fp~~' fJtfr,~JJti:~U{%1\fr,~ 'Ji. ~
~l¥1tt*o "~m~~A·-~~--~
263
~.::..-J-1!!1-iJ
~~Jt•n~~~m
iJ
*
~: A~~~~~m~~~*~~-~To ~~~~~~·
(l)
o ~~Jj xff.a..J:1tk~, :fJG~-jfA~J;~*Ao
~~~m~~~~~r~~~*o~~~~~~~~*
-r #-
.L •' ~-+I- r::1
-'1' 7F J.1- :i~>rT
-p
R o
m~~:f±~~if~1'F m,
~£5Rro ~**~JJ:.~*.f~~
~: ~~.t ~
264
m
o
~~~*~*, fJ~~;ff
lk-:h
Jv
~·It
~-i~m
~~
mw
n.
n.
seqing
baoli
d7
~
yii
~~§83
yanlim ziy6u
'i:f~
dianshi
§83
ziy6u
~1~-if;
/G1l~!
buxianghua
1tt~
{~~
zuo'ai
jf
qlin
~¢~
qiangzhan
jiekou
4~
siinshi
;k
·UH~
qiaqia
~,&_
xiangf'an
;fx..;f1J
quanli
1-!~r?..
qinf'an
AN
a group of
v.-o.
V.
zazhi
1%0
terrible, outrageous
v.-c.
zhuanqian
f'anmai
adj.
V.
yaoqiu
91_&.~
n.
television
v.-o.
chongman
shangren
n.
n.
n.
jinzhi
r.l)A
conj.
violence
v.-o.
sharen
and (used to connect nouns)
freedom of speech
freedom
make love
gunfighting
murder, kill people
prohibit
be full of (usually used
abstractly)
demand; ask for
n.
make money
n.
sell; peddle
n.
excuse
adv.
exactly
n.
opposite
n.
V.
adj.
v.
265
pornography; sexual desire
magazine
businessperson
loss
rights
violate; infringe
G:
~~A~~~~~~~~o~~$~~~~, *A~~
n 1~ ~ $ ~k T1t ,
~~;~k~~A$~~0~-~~$~~-~~, ~
k
~~A$ ~k T1t o ~ ~~
~k-{f~il.J.!o
o/:
flsl
iJG ~it ] 1]A T1t ,
~~~+~*X~~~o~*~~k+A~., ~~~
~~kk~~·o~*~~-' ~~~~~-~k~+
A~ •
,
1.~ :§t1f_ 11}]~ ;t. ~ iJG1f_ 11fi~ Jt. ~ o 1.~ ~ M~t
]
1]
Ak~
~ ai.J 0
G: ~+J;tl1f.J~i
Ak3tif;!
~Mjtl] 1] A~1t.Jltk~ ::1{: ~ ~,
~~A:§t~~~~~' *~~~~~~~~llto~~~
it~~~~' ~~~~£k~~~~~·~~-~~o
-+~~*~~~~~~~~' ~~~~~~~~~0
f.J
11*-.ff~i~ ~ ~, 1f_ ~~JLJ:~ .~.. ;t. ~·jf~P.£-jJ ~
~);~ ~ 1\1110
qiangpo
v.
force
266
k:iJi
c=+llY)
J~
la
l;t"iiJ
biyil
-)(tl;t,
haobi
.#n~I!l
Mil
::trti
chouyan
youhai
j(if;
~~IS
xiao.hua
ftif-
ft~lf
yiinxii
1*~
baohu
~;;J;
~:fi,\§
qima
1\11r
1~1Jl
daijia
1*At
~t'A'·:!Jk/JfO"§~ §
adj.
EE
hot; spicy
n.
analogy
it's just like
v.-o.
smoke; smoking
adj.
n.
harmful
joke; ridicule
v.
allow; permit
v.
adj./adv.
n.
protect
least; at least
cost (usually in terms of suffering,
loss of life, etc.)
+ GrammarNote
1. /F~···mt~··· bu.shi.. jiu.shi... "if not ... , then ... " implies that one or another
of two alternatives is bound to the case. It is sometimes natural to use "either ...
or ... " when translating into English:
Subject =1'~ bu.shi Predicate 1 fi:)t~jiu.shi Predicate 2
Diimshijiemu bu.shi seqingjiu.shi
baoli.
Television programs are
(composed of) either sex or
violence.
1t~ I¥Jxl!b~IH~/F~fOZ;, /f'~j(1:mt
The eggs in the dining hall are
no good-either too raw or
overcooked.
~tJ\'.lr § /F~~·tf.fmt~;l:jJ
0
Shitang .de jldan hen buhiiochf,
bu.shi tai shengjiu.shi tai lao.
~j(~o
267
~ ~ it ~ iJGit-J.. iJ o
Recent television programs are full of either sex or violence.
if not A, then B; either A or B
+t
-¢- :ijll!i ai.J t. ~Yl. 11
1. 1~:fi 1f 1~-J-al.] 7i A.~it.triJGit 11;, k~Ail 7
o
The way he teaches children is too inhumane; if he's not beating them he's
scolding them.
2.
illbillb .~Jt..n ~.fi·\.;,
~;t.tr t.~iJGJt~ 1~, :kt1~~J£Jt..-t--1~
My mother is always worried about me and either telephoning or writing
letters, as if I were still a child.
- til [noun] *-[verb]
-.
-¢- ~ ~ .i.. 5R til JJtM-
*
-r
be [verbed] by [noun]
~ Jl:.:t!Af a~.] 11 ~
-k ~ ai.J ~~ iL ~a*-~ ;t w Jt ai.J :fJt~*~fi# a~.] o
*
o
I'm not in favor of this kind of program being prohibited by the government.
1.
*1t.t1t ~ _I.1'f a. ii til 1~ -r mG *'* ~0
America's public schools are maintained mostly by local revenues.
2. 1~ -r~~
What jobs children will do in the future should be decided by the children
themselves.
-¢1.
m
£-it-fk. m~ ~~
1~ 1n ~ Jt..
~ ~ mtil 11= n 1~ 1n J»,&. ~ ~ :fp -J.. JJ a~.J 1% o o
They only use freedom of speech as an excuse to peddle sex and violence.
*11= n
*
use A as B
·tt
~1n ~t
n a~.] {t- 11t
2. ~ 1f..~ I¥J ~ iL ii +~E.. :ftJ *-11= 3t ~i. f1l.J ~$~ 0
All countries of the world should use mutual benefit and equality as the
foundation for their exchanges.
o
Christians use the Bible as the standard for their behavior.
V!l.
o
n
m
•1*-•1*-:.ffl li-.
exactly the opposite
-¢-~~~Lai.]Jt..,~-~fft.~~~~~~-J..JJ, ~~~~a~.]~
;;ftj 1: jlJ 7 1-i. ~~ 0
It is exactly the opposite; when I turn on TV and see sex and violence, I feel
that my rights are being violated.
1. ft; 7i A;tr" if-~ >] -K$-~ :fp ~ 7i A a!.]·!*-·!*-~ & o
Eastern people have quite a few customs that are exactly the opposite of
Westerners'.
268
2. ~~~+*M~, -+•~~-' ~-+~~~~~' -~­
a<] ;fJG ;r: -tt Jill. o
I have two good friends; one likes to eat spicy food, the other is exactly the
opposite. As soon as he eats something spicy, he feels ill.
tt QW ...
1.7- f.>t±. uJJ~ JL ;tW
~.QW ... ,
-¢-
om ) ;fJGif- II}]~
whatever, whenever, wherever, etc.
JL
;tW <m)
o
Smoke wherever you like.
1. ~~~ 1t ~
~ ;f}G~ 1t ~ ;;- ~
I'll watch whatever program I want.
2.
;;-
0
1.7- ~- 1t ~ at 1r~ -i- ;fJG1t ~ at 1~ -i- o
Just go whenever you want.
*-~···~~
-¢- 1.7- ;tW m){t h'l A..~.:t ~ ~ o
be harmful to ...
t :k. J, ~)# ){t 1Jt 1ft~.:fr ~ ~ o
Your smoking is harmful to other people.
1.
11
Eating too much sugar is harmful to your health.
2. ~ •tt ~ ~~ ;;- §1
){t
.J~ ~.:fr ~ ~ o
Pornographic television programs are harmful to little children.
1] '
-. Complete the dialogues using the given expressions:
1. A: ;fib M xt1/t/.l;ff ~ , J;; ft Z. J£;ff A.;fib M?
B:
2. A :
B:
(~:{· · · ai.J11 ro)
*: !¥J 1tt y
UfH~if:~ ~a~.]
t£. ;fYl. J:.- Jt. i.t;ff ~At :fl:r ~ fJ u~?
Jt: .. )
~Yl.<tk 1f.
3. A: ~~J:.-k~~*A.k, ~~kk~;ffA.~#~~?
4. A: ~ ·tt t.JJ ~ -t 1-e- m
1t ~ ~ ?
B: (J;; J"·)
5. A: l!.ttt:.A.-#.Jt}-.J:Ph?.Jfft.t:t, -Jt-ilA.~~ 7!
B: ( ;t y .. · fiJG y .. ·; ~$~k y .. ·, fiJGJ11j y .. ·)
B:
** *
(JfJ· .. *31J;;· .. a~.]1ifo)
269
2
1-t xt ~ ;fYZ.J:. a~ ~A~~ .h ;ff 1t z. ;t *?
3.
*·~~~~ff~~~*~~~$~-+~~~~*~?
=·Answer:
1.
~*s~~s~~~~;fYZ.~~~~~?~~z.?
i. it- mdJ ~~ ~ i~;ff 1±1iiJ' Ftl -ljirJ ~? ( JfJ ffr]-=fiJL ~)
s. 1-t-iA.~ ~ !i Tf l£~~ !i L.i.ta~ ~;ffitJ.!.? ~1tZ.?
6. .~ z. t+:t ~e:. ~YC.1*.tt -tit- mrf1, .x..~JJ:. ~·tt:fo~n?
4.
;t ~jtl ~·tf*,ta~~l.*- Jt;ff~tt*f~il~t(moral) 11~?
"m dJ ~;f) 1~11ra~! " ~1t Z.f; .~?
9. -tit-m dJ~~·~m dJ.tfaJ;ff1tz.*~?
1o. 1.t- J:t I; !i 5-511. -+1t z. t.f a~~±.* 'f?
7.
8.
.=..Translate into Chinese:
1. TV programs full of pornography and violence
2. a businessman caring only about making money and ignoring society's morals
3. to force others to accept different standards
4. to violate his right to smoke cigarettes
5. TV programs harmful to the younger generation
6. price that human beings should not have to pay
llY. Write a composition about your opinions on the topic discussed in the text.
Ji. Write short passages on:
~~~;t~~~~~
~¥ = li:ilil¥1~*~~rr
~~M~~~
~~JJ:.~~~~kmdJ
§ -.~~*~/Ffl~!J
0
/F~~·twmt~•n
(1)
0
/F~~~~*r~~, JWI;~~~A~~~Ao~~bW§~~r
~~7--~/FMoaJt/F•~*M~m/F=~~-W§o
270
z:
~~~•~m~•h~•me§&~~~mm,~~ft~~~
EEil)O#*~ll:~~~iifJ §
o
~= •me§~-~~~~~~m, ~~~m~~, w~~~*~
~~?
z:
ftm~mM~~~~, ~~~~~-*~~~~-~0~-~
oo~*~~~ffi, ~-~oox~~Jt~m, ~~~m~~•?
~= ft~•~m•h~~~~Eii~*•~~ow~maa~•m~
-~~ftA, ~~ffl~~~ffi*~A~~~-~m~·h~M
Do~~a•m~~~~~~,tiA, ftM~~~ft~~~~
B3~7ffi~o~~ffi&~~, ft-noo•m~~~~m•h,
ft~1~ft~ti~U~fU 71~3e.o
Z:
&~ A~mJ!L1t~~!l:hiifJ §
o 1t~.j:~~{iJtt~,
tiA1t~)JrJ~:
~~&~A.j:~~o~~~~.:g~~-~¥, ey~&~A.j:~
rizo
~~~~A1t~.j:~riZ;, ~~~lf)JrJA~, ~~-;t;Rs"JmJ.Io
~= ~~~oo~~~~~tio~*•¥~00A~$, •me§W~
**~-o~M~~~, ~~~~~~~~~OOA~$, ~~
ai!JJ~JL~~ai!JJ~JL~ o {t~~fi}jrJA~:ff~~ o
Z:
~00tt~fi1.R~~~IS! ~~Ji1~)JrJA~flm~~~M1~8"J, PJ~A
~~~m•~, M~~~-~~~ilmo~~~m~m~*'
~'tw-~iE~~~~ B31ttli~~-W7to -1tm~ft~q:~~~tw•
~~~~, &PT~~ll:m~~moA7~•~~~ffi,afim
__t~~&";L ~'tw*UJh ~ ~-~~~~Efl,j{~{l o
271
~*~t~~*~~~' ~t~~~~~$·~~~~
1\1t a~ it~.¥. t~~~'fiit~!£'t~~a~ !fl
~~~~o*%~~~~$·~~~~*A,~m~t~~
~0
~*~~~~~I#~, ~~~~~ff*~~~~*r
#~,*§~~~~&~~~~~~~it~*~#~~~~
*J.- PT Y:~ iJL~ t ~ a~ n .r
~0 ~*§t~~#~,-~, ~' *#~k§~~it~*
~
>'r ~ ff.l ~ ~ ,
~
~-
sheng
1Lt1\
jindai
-$1f
geming
$~
xin
n.
n.
n.
adj.
272
provmce
modem times
revolution
new, the latest
o
<=+.li) '*~
sixiang
.~~jj._~j~
~~~~... ~
~~:1:11!
fiiymindi
~ ~ro ~
sixiangjia
-f-4p--~
gemingjia
JJ\!A~1t.
I~f-tf-t
xiandaihua
banyan
.tt:~
""
Jfl~
j iaose/juese
j~JJ.
dili
#~
teshu
V!Jjj
i!t-~C.
~i-16~
~t7
oo
ttt~c
shiji
xifiing
~~
jiechu
shangpin
i~it
~«<~
lli:C
jingguo
#Jij
ft~U
chmindao
1*1 j~
neidi
4tf'
*f£
techan
At
,'f-
~
si
H
cha
-w-:ft
xiangliao
4t.n±:
f1.P
-w-$
Mili
ti;m.!IE
*i?+]
*i¥j5} Dongnanya
ltk*
ltk:{}
¢ , .. ,
'''"' \,.,).:
*4h
FtJ5
shuchu
menhu
Xianggang
Meizhou
~it
yinshi
~~
yincha
~~ JL.\
dianxin
shiwli
n.
n.
n.
thought, idea
source; place of origin
n.
thinker; philosopher
n.
play (the part of)
n.
v.
n.
a revolutionary
modernization
role, part
adj.
geography
n.
century
n.
v.
n.
v.
special
the Western world
come into contact with
goods; merchandise
pass through; via
V.
pass to; spread to
n.
inland; the interior of a country
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
special local products
silk
tea leaves
sptce
export
n.
door
n.
America (the continent)
n.
n.
Hong Kong
Southeast Asia
v.-o.
food and drink
literally "drink tea," also means "eat
dim sum"
n.
pastry, "dim sum"
n.
273
food; edibles
~*A-~~~mrm~~~~~~~~~~, ~-~
~~~~*~-#~~~~~~~~o~~~+~*A~­
~' ~~~~~~~*~~o~#~ff~~~~~~#~~
.:RJJ\!.
*.?....
{aJ
*f~
5!1.!~
1~
if!#
biaoxi<ln
V.
qi<inglie
adj.
show; manifest
n.
strong; intense
adv.
tendency
V.
adj.
keep; maintain
n.
conservative
{~J{~
qingxi<lng
ft~
changjiii
ME~
weichi
1~~
baoshou
fA' >tv
jingshen
~t.~,
~~~
tedian
J~I!
ttl!~
diqii
4~llt
~ifr
linjin
Shenzhen
~J,tJJij
i.~{t
~if1
yliciin
for a long time; permanently
n.
spirit
characteristic
n.
district; region; area
n.
V.
be nearby, be close to
n.
a city in Guangdong province
fishing village
274
c=+1iJ 1*1lri'
£J.t
~ffl.
:faxian
ft!~
chaoyue
{:1 ~r.
taibei
;fjf :ho
J!1#
J;t
XInjiapo
ill~
qushi
~1ir
xiangxin
1t.t~
zuochu
v.
discover
v.
n.
exceed, surpass
v.
tendency
n.
Taipei
Singapore
n.
believe
produce, make
V.
r ;j; :it tf l¥l ili1~ 3t.J:.-f-4r~ffi]f .~:tN, M; £~J.to
A is the place of origin of B
-¢--
Guangdong is where revolution and new thinking originated in modem
Chinese history.
1. ?;-~ Jnf~-l;-y ~ ;}t~ ~ j:_1t aJ.J £~J.to
Western culture originated in ancient Greece and Rome.
2.
tf l!l A~iA.J.J -;f~iif~irL1~:it tf l!l j :1t av £~ J.to
Chinese people all believe that Chinese culture originated in the Yellow River
valley .
r ;J; A{£ t
.::.. $}~1{ · · · ~ fij @.,
-¢--
l!l J.t1~1t av li~I t
play the role of••.
t4-~~ li~f 't -.t" ~av Jfl ~ o
The Cantonese played an extremely important role in the process of China's
modernization.
275
1.
2.
1-t!!.. -#t i1i at.) ;ti6- A at.) Jfl ~ o
In this play, he plays the role of a good person.
1±-i!. ili ~ _2. ,
1±- tf l!l ~ ~ i~ at.;*~ tf'
*
l!l ~-#ti1i- 1--1t ~ Jfl ~ ~?
What role will America play in the relations between China and Taiwan?
transmit/pass on to B via A
~ if-~~ ~at.;~ J'o~.~~-~Jt7ti£iir :t-Pt# .ftl r*J J~-:!-at.J o
Many Western products and ways of thinking pass into the interior through
Guangdong.
1. ~ ~av 3:_1-tJf-JJJ Jti£ii #~ ±# .flJ l!l
M; 0
In the initial stages Western culture was transmitted to China by missionaries.
2. JJi!.1±- at.; ~ ~YL ,-
rr
*
m~ -=!=- Jt i£ ii Jr..£# .flJ -&.- Jf-~ J~ a'-J o
These days, television programs are usually transmitted throughout the world
by satellite.
i!. ~ +~if .jf_ i£ i1} J:. a'-J JJ...!k ~ i£ :11ft!~~ it-,
;;!!~ 1
~ ~I:. ~-$1f 7Jo JJt at.;
have a tendency toward ...
~
0
In economic development, these two cities already have moved toward
surpassing Hong Kong, Taipei, and Singapore.
1. tfJ!l~*~$ff~~*' ~~:1J~~J!l~~-J!lat.};;l!~Jo
Once China reformed and opened up, its economy began to change from a
poor country into a rich one.
2.
rr l!l a'-J ~ 1f :11 ~ *~ ff ;fi a'-J;;!! ~
o
The trend in Chinese education is to be more and more open.
make contributions to ...
~~0
We believe that Guangdong will certainly make great contributions to China's
economic development in the twenty-first century.
1. ~iJ!!l.(Edison);/.J A~ a'-] iti iV1tk ili ii Y k.~~o
Edison made great contributions to the advancement of humankind.
2. 4t-1--A~A~ A:YJt1±-J.J~±~1tkili~~o
Everyone makes contributions great or small to society.
276
r- tt- ;ro :fr 1t z. ~t. ??, ?
i.H. i'-] ;ff 1t z. # ,??, ?
1}-$;ff 1t z.-!" ~·t±?
7!J 1t Z. T ft- A iif YA Jf. )li-fg: >'rtf 1!1 A a'-] 1\ .:tl?
~ 1 1*-.:t..tft.fU a'-] YA >'r, 1;f-l£3;P :it llJJ~ tf 1!J # f-?
tF 1!1 A~ *:1!1 ~~>fi :i1tZ. t-fa'-J ~ t?
-. Give three answers to each of the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
*
=·Translate into Chinese:
1. to emigrate overseas
2. a small fishing village near New York
3. standard food of the Europeans
4. special geographical position
5. open-door policy
6. local produce exported to a foreign land
7. tendency to be Westernized
8. representatives of a conservative concept
~-
Fill in the blanks with anything you find appropriate:
*:1!1 )l· ..... a'-] ~ai ~~0
2. It- }ttl}~ JJi :t.J: ······ a'-J ~ t a
3. i.H. t'-J 151 7!J · · · · · · m'*.. iJ I :t ~ 1!1 a'-J ~:t-o
4. . ..... )l *:1!1 ;tt-tt a'-]1\*-o
1.
5.
:Y~t\.~*-.fJt 1······a'-J1~f.>Jo
6.
tf 1!1 a'-J ~Jl. e. ~.i:fr · · ·· · · a'-J ~ J} a
7. l!j T·~-ft·~7!J······-_t" :k.a'-]Jt~o
s. it~····· ·#;it a'-J tF l!l-t"4h a
t
12!1. Make sentences using the underlined expressions:
1. r tj; )l tf 1!1 ilt1\ :t.J:-f-4f-~#Jf ~~~a'-] ~aiJ~o
r-
2. if-~ r fl; A~~ tF l!IJJt1\1t. a'-] i:t;f1. ~~}fiii~f.'t-t"~a'-J ~
3. T fl; A .A- iif YA iJL)li.fg: >'rtf 1!1 A a'-] 1\.:tla
4.
tt- A.:ttJJt 1 5~ .9.1~ a'-1 foJ i.fg:-7bt.$ t\. a'-1~ foJ a
5.
6.
;tt-tt )lr fl;Aa'-J ~tAo
to
R~~+rft-A~-~' ~~~;ff~~rft-~a'-], ~#Xff~X*~a'-1
r
1a
tt-~~*J:Jri~~+Mk.if~~~J:a'-J~ll.e.~.i:fr;t!,t!if-$, i; ~r.~#Jf:JJuJt.
a'-J~J}
277
n. Use the vocabulary in this lesson to describe a port city you are familiar with.
/\. Write short passages on:
b) ;f;f ;ft ~ -k OO-t-4h
a) it~ a~ 1!1 f.t-1-t.
c) foJ *-1J:.
'*-
d) 1t ~.it..!§ JYl.1~1-t.
**a~~~*~m•, ~~~ili~~~¥~®~m~~B•
~o~~m~*®¥~*-~**A, ~~a~~m~~~~~~
-1Jt~~~~1tll~~f§~o
**~A~~&w~a,~+~ili~oo~~®®~~T~a,
~~®~~-£®m~-~%~~**N·~~~~~oW~~~
~~~&, -~'~'~~&*~~~~-*~*~-ili~,
~-aytj~~~~~F~F
•*
o
~~*,ti•*~~A*~' ft~fr~~~~~~*~~,
W
~-*~o~~m~*~~,~~~~~~' ~~~~~A~~~
~~-*A, •*A~-aJtj~~-*~~A~~~o~~-*A~
~1t,
•
"~~"
'
"!~JL.," &JJ.X7tl~~~~1t!Jo/J7
278
0
••A-~oo*m7~~~~•*3~~-~, ~-~oowx
~~~~~~B~m~~~~o ~~~~--A~-~' 8~&~
~~--~~o~mxoo~x~~~M~~--A~~~o
J\ +~f~~.!J007JJ(!V-f&, •*XPX:7-~~~~~5fr:tJi~:li~
~fip B~PX: 7 ~ ~l¥i~r.-~~5fll Ji ~ 8'-J ~ ~L.' 7
~~:l:fu~; :Jt:1t~~iliif$l~¥*:lJII, +•~1rtfjj[~fmi 1J\~ii-1, ~­
o
~ ~~i@I-1·1'1 5fr:t¥*:lJII
~A~ir~IJL ~~fml~m1£r.-~~J::~~JiBr.-~1iii1HE®if$l, ~:i~
~~~~~-~7oft~ffim••-~ir~=+-@~~~~~~
~Ji{$lli£A~~JlRo
279
~-=--t-7\-~
~~~J.f-
k-
-~~~~~~, too~~~kA+~~~~,~k
n 7ii!Yt
~~~~~~~#~~-+tOOo~~~OO~±~*'
"too"
~p "~
i·~" ~~+~~a~ J~J!..£ i~ ft]f ~*a~ ~X; J:. a~ ~i~,
"i'/tJLk
+~f'f~~5l~~~ 7~lf-~fPlil!o
~Jf-" ~ rtoo~~i~~~)(..i~o
-~~~~~~, too~~~~~£•~toom~J:.
k-+~*~~~~m~,~n-+~~~±, ~?~~­
~~ ~~ f..{~a~ too~~ ~lf-*f:n -#~4ta~
1t~00~1t~~~~,
A1t~~(; o ~f-
~~~~m~~~~~~~~~, ~
1f1X~a Jt~*~JjiL~ ~ ~ ~~(;J!.~-o
~~*~~~~·, ~~~Jf-~~~7A+~~~~
~*r, ~*~~~J:., ~~J:.~~r~~~~~;~k~
X.1~~pif~ ifiJ ~, ~~ +~±*-ir 5lk~p'f~a1~ a~, iftJLk~ Jf-
~A~*§•~~~~~~~*o~if~J:.§~~~~~~
#~~,£~,~~~~~~~~~~~0
280
i/ij:Jh_k
*'-#--
ji(flt
shiti
~~
~Jj
shuangfiing
1£-#
~~
jianchi
:ffft!
:il!>t
youqu
.fjt~
min'gan
iS~n]
mingci
i'--it-
*~
zhengliln
Jt$]
n.
n.
fPJ~~
JJ}TiJ
n.
n.
n.
M~~
jieshi
~ Jtifk~~
mJ~lEJt~
~~Jt
~~:;;
qite
liangdang
zhengzhi
Gu6mindang
.f)t.§i
¥Jtl£Jt
zhizheng
4~_±.
~~±
lingtu
Wf-ff:-
-.t4t
;t-11-M-
Jtir
*'JJQ.
tm *av
ru'l:*
jingzheng
:WIJ1.
if§&'l¥1
shixian
xiangdang.de
xiangsi
~1~
#'tV
"l-J=l
~Pi~
chengwei
~@.5tt
~gt-j-
juedui
1£1iif
F~l~
~~00
281
noun
dispute; controversy
synonym
situation
n.
peculiar
adj.
n.
interpret; explain
two-party political system
v.-o.
the National Party (KMT)
n.
territory
be in power
common people
V.
compete
adj.
realize
v.
adj.
considerable
similar
adv.
appellation; form of address
n.
any
adj.
ge.he
sensitive
v.
n.
renhe
avoid
political situation
n.
laobaixing
JlJl.
v.
n.
zhengju
The two parties or sides
amusmg
n.
jfunian
entity
insist
adj.
t6ngyici
(Taiwan) strait; channel
V.
adj.
bimian
~i~
F)_)(_j~
n.
haixia
absolutely
estrangement; barrier
*§~OOA~~~~A·~~~~~~kMA·~~
·~~' ·~~~A~~~~A~~A~o~~~~~X~
4fti~
~ft~O
CUO.wU
£-,e~
~~
ji.chii
~.it.-
J'' L
~-
tongyi
~-
leguan
~){ji
F!i'i~
adj.
wrong
n.
v./adj.
adj.
basis; foundation
unite/united
optimistic
1-t;:t.te. 1949 4- ¥.AJ6 a~.;~ 1!1 ~ M~;h -#~#a~ vai ;t:J1t;:~
-. ;Je A ~:f.f:;;l} B
~
explain A as B
0
The author explained the Chinese political situation after 1949 as a kind of
peculiar two-party system.
1. ~ ~
M~.te. ~ ·tt M~ ;h §
i~ md7 o
I don't condone explaining pornography as freedom of speech.
282
2.
1* .-t ~""if ltA;fe.{~5Ct1.t- at.)*- ~~*f- 7-J f- ~ ~?
How can you explain his love for you as interference?
..=....
-¢-
*- atJi.JJ at.; ;.t,Jk ,
~ !I~Jt VJi Jf. i.i A 7 ~ 1tl ;r: ~ ai.J ~± ~ 7 o
Through a long period of development, two very different societies came into
being on the two sides of the Taiwan straits.
~.it
i.i ii
1. i.i ii :k. ~ ai.J # ~
+
e.
"*:h , *f"
through, by
~Jt.JJ ~A 7 ~ 1n at.; it ~.1J o
By everybody's working hard together, we finally completed our plan on time.
2. i.i ii ~ 1.. a!.J -tt- ~, 1~ ai.J #J 1ff1-1- ~
7o
After the doctors' emergency treatment, his condition improved greatly.
:::
&
--· lHU
.••
.:z:. ~
as far as ... is concerned
1111 "
As far as culture and language are concerned, these two societies are very
similar.
1.
:rt.ift ~r; -*1J J.t m1 "t" , -k ~ ""if YA X- Jt -t!t- ~ .1: :4t f\. .i.. at.;
m§ ,
0
As far as political systems are concerned, America can be counted as the
world's most democratic.
2.
;f)G~.l~J-tl!.1.i
-k ~ .W. A:ii.l&;r:.Jto ~ Ao
As far as social position is concerned, African Americans are still far behind
Caucasians.
-&.f. f" ;ff A ltA 7-J ~ !ll}t VJi )f. a!.] A.tf. o -ffl- .1:~ ;r: ~~ 3.. ;ffl 7 ~ o
even
-¢-
Some people even thought that people on the two sides of the straits cannot
understand each other's spoken language.
1. 1~ ;fg i@. i>t tf ~ ' -l- .f. T YA 1~1 tf 00 A J.J Jf.tl:. 0
He refuses to speak Chinese, and even believes it is a disgrace to be Chinese.
2. FPJ *-~ A;r: JfJ j~-$-, -&.f. f" ;r: JfJ ~0
The Amish people do not use cars, and they don't even use electricity.
283
-. Make sentences using the underlined expressions:
1. i!.1t*:!I1~1.~*' Ji.-1-~f't;ff~5t~$:~ 7~6t.JIUJ"!o
2. 7!J 1 i!!Jt.Jli}i; J:. at.J .,_it-, "i~~Jt iJ1J Jf." A 1 tF III ~ f; i~ at.J ~ )(.:i~ o
3. -~~~~~*' tFIIIJli~~~at.J£~1ttFIIImkJ:.Jt.-+~*~;t~
)(t-1--k III~ 1.*-iJL, ~ 'T"fJe.l!.# ~ ~;f-f.-7!1 -#-Jf-#at.J iJ1J ~Jli}i; o
5. # f- ~ :fp III ~ ~ ~ at .:f)(.Jli, 1-t 1fl li..:#JJ't .,_ *- JJiL $- m6~ Jl1 }i; J!. o
6.
" i~~Jt iJ1J Jf. " JC.. it-1t Jl1 }i; J:. :iai:li. ~£ ~ J:. , ~ ;t 1 {m ~ 6~ JE. ~ o
7. 1ft Ji_;f,tj:1-t.:fp"* ~ m7 "t"' i!.iJtJ +~±~ 5t:li.~f '${m1~ 6~
6~ JJt~o
4.
m
*-
0
8.
*f*IIIA~nf;~A~~m~~~' ~~~;ffA~7!J~~i71Jjf.at.JA1t
o"*J:.~~~1i..:.ffl1~, i!.Ji.~~-~at.Jo
=·Give your own answers to the following questions:
1. 7!J 1t Z. tf III Jlil1t :fp f; i~ Jlil1t ~ 1£- # .R ;t-1- tF III ?
tF III 6~ iJ1J ~ Jl1 }i; :fp *: III at.J ;t 1t Z. ~ ~ ?
4. # f- ~ :fp III ~ ~ $-;ff 1t Z. {f 6t.J Jli}i; J.t ~-?
5. ~~~1i71J Jf. at.J tF III ~±~1t l2JJ~* ~~ Ji.:.ffl1~ 6~ :fp ~ ~ at.J?
6. 1;f-5(t~~1i71J j!f. 6~ ~.Jt.-;t 1t z. ~ *?
2
"~~i71Jff."n*~A7tFIII~f;~at.J~~~?
3.
.::=.::.. Write a dialogue between:
a) an American and a Chinese, or
b) a Chinese and a Taiwanese, or
c) a Taiwanese and an American
concerning their opinions on the China-Taiwan issue.
[9. Translate into Chinese:
1. the ideals of the political party in power
2. an optimistic attitude about unifying China
3. estrangement resulting from competition
4. peculiar two-party political system
5. rather sensitive dispute over territorial questions
6. unavoidable geographical phenomenon
7. similar political situation
1i. Write short passages on:
c) *:III 6~ iJtJ ~ Jll}i>
~:t.,_at.J.~
~~~f;~~~at.J~*
d) #:fp ~ :fp ~£ ~ 6~ Jli}i> J!.
284
m
-A~A~~~, ~~~-~~~OO~ffl.H, ~~~~~~
J#=W~~.R:ff-oo~~o ~a~~¥1::W*, ~-oo~~~:ff~x::f
~~-~~~Mo~7-~"~~"~"B~"~~oo••~~~
~~?JT~*~~1iLI:~~~,
"~~~!¥" JJX:7~~fOB~8"JIPJ~
~0
-n~n~~~, ~~~ffl~oo~~M:tE~~~~r~-oo~
*&:ff~~m•, ~~-oo~~¥1:, a•mre-n~n~~~~
~~~~~-~-~~*~~-~fflo~~-~~~-[PJ~~~'
IPJ~:ff~~~B~~±~~~~, ~~liffiH~*•m~~~~ffl
~~-R~M~~M, ~~~WB*~JJX:7~001~/FIPJ~*±-®"7,
•~a~fflr,~~r=W:ffTffi~~~•; ~~~~~~m~w
~, ~~1rn!H±\WtiPx~~~~ffH~~, ~~~i*~At-J~t~$·tw:W:ff
~~OO*~o~m~rB~~~::f~OOW~~~~,~~t-t~~~
JJX:1f{UJ~ ~
0
~q:~,r~A ~~-~A:W ::fti1iijU*~*~A:W ::fti~H*,
~~~:ffA~~~~~W~Aaomr=W::f~liffi•~, ~~~~
-~~oili~~~~:ff~~m~~~r~~[PJ~•, ftti~~~J$
~ME-~~@l~o
285
~' ~~~t-~£~~~*~#~~~~~~~0 ~T~
~~~~~-~A~X~~T~, ~~~~Rff~t~~~
~, m~lf-*-, ~if~~.i~
'.Ji_ ~
"to
P
r thJ:.~ -t ~
To
286
en 7i A~~~ av
00-ffl-otilt
~~li
I'll=!
gu6yii
fJE;ijt
cujin
~fiAt
tuixing
{tll
pUJl
*-1!
jHiotong
*Jf;
~p
A it
£h
v.,
~1&
luohou
PX:~
chengji
.±..Jtl!.
~~
~~~~
tudi
ti!J
dao
~~
yiymm
51
Ji.$.
:k.Fffi
j]iifl.
qiang
zhengke
A:~
DaJ.u
l!i§.
yap<'>
iiE fl}]
~~
Rli
zhengming
il\,[!]
~J\111
shim
A""Ji..
o 1:a
L:>. ~li
r::l I'll=!
Truyii
itj :11
~UJi!
chuangzao
~Pj
j:jlt
ci
ia]
biyao
~-~
"···WaiJlaO
jr~
;r: P[ 71- _fJj
1r-i~
*W6
zhengliln
bilkeren'ge
n.
v.
v.
n.
national language (Mandarin)
stimulate, promote
practice or carry out (a policy)
V.
popularize; promulgate
adj.
transportation, communication
n.
backward; underdeveloped
n.
island
n.
achievement; result
adj.
aspiration; wishes
n.
n.
n.
n./v.
V.
n.
V.
n.
land
strong
politician
Mainland China
oppress
proof/prove
try; attempt
the Taiwanese language
V.
create
adj.
word
v.
foreign affairs; diplomatic relations
n.
adj.
287
necessary
debate; dispute
inseparable
it~
daolu
:f~iL
gfili
-#N;f
1%ti
*~}]
~;f.Yl.
mm
W.Hii
fang'ru
{!S~
shanghai
~tJ!
qinqie
dishi
n.
v.
road; route
adj.
hurt; harm
v.
v.
v.
isolate
hinder; impede
intimate; warm (in manner)
regard with hostility
288
+ Grammar Note
1. ~ duo "much, many" appears with numbers to mean "more than" in two
different ways. The pattern:
number+ AN + ~ duo (+Noun)
means "more than the given number (but less than the next highest)." Normally
this pattern is used only for numbers below ten:
.=:-t~JJ
san .ge duo yue
over three months (but less than four)
si niim duo
more than four years (but not five)
12]if:~
Note that this pattern works only with nouns that are easily divisible. =: 1'-~
siin.ge duo ren sounds unintelligible.
A
With higher numbers, the pattern:
number+~ duo (+AN)(+ Noun)
means "several more than the given number":
-=+~ C1'-) *Lff
er.shi duo (ge) llbili
more than twenty weeks
(maybe twenty-two, twentysix, etc.)
siinwim duo xuesheng
over 30,000 students
.=:75~~1:.
289
-
•
.d:l>
iiJGJtr t
_JI, • • •
IIIU~
~
.Jo
~ •••
-~- _2. diJ~~* JL~ ~~a~ 7i
i. o
even if; even
Even within the province of Guangdong, there are many different dialects.
1.
2.
*#TiJ#J" AA-t~,
iiJGJt,~, ~k~~~~{frj 7ro
All people are equal before the law, and even the president is no exception.
;fJ }\. fi)G Jtj±
Ill .1. n; qf<_ ff, 4- ~ ~ - ;t ~~ Jt ~ 1 wr-
*
*
Ill
0
Even if immigrants live in America for many years, they do not necessarily
understand America completely.
=-. M..A *'~
A
Y
II
A~
.IY\.. X"~
from the point ofview of A
rl<..~
~~ ,
~ ~.J;_~.Ja..4h
9
A ..
n.x...~.!Jl ..q~xJ WJ ~a i~
o
Looking at the country as a whole, Taiwan has the best record.
1.
M..$--7idiJ *-~, -kill a~ Jt1t~1:i'J 77r*-Jt1ta~l}vWo
In every respect, all of American culture has been influenced by foreign
cultures.
2. M.. A t\. a~ .1. n; 1]<. -t *- ~ , gx_ i?-~117} ~ ¢; 49l1t. J~1.i. o
Judging from the people's standard of living, Europe still takes first place.
::
~Ja
---· '1'"' ..1-=-
... .:r..
not only ... but also ...
R
fll.J J:L. • •
~~m~~1±o~~~#~~~~, ~A1±Jt~~~~m~~~
~ ~-~1to
They not only insist on using Taiwanese in speech, but also try to "Taiwanize"
Chinese characters in writing.
1. 1~~1a ~1.i.1± tf 00, ~ A.1!,hD A. tf 00 fi o
He not only wants to live in China, but also wishes to become a Chinese
citizen.
2.
t:f 00 ~ ~Jl~~xtt:f 00 A~:f'J,
~Axt~-ili:"~~ ~.i~~;l[l}
China's development not only is beneficial to the Chinese, but also influences
the world economy.
take the road of... , go the way of...
~~~Aj±~~~~mk7ii.~~-Jt~~~~o
Taiwanese are isolating themselves by linguistically trying to go the way of
local dialect.
290
1.
-1± /\.. -G -t- Jr-+1(. av ~ ~ , k Yt .{:..1:. 5lit~JtALlJt &avo
To take the "capitalist road" in China during the sixties and seventies was very
dangerous.
2. ~ 7r ~ ~ -it 1JJi 1t. ~ ~ ;r: 1-t- ;r: k mjJ it. 1.. it~ 0
The sanctions of the West against China forced China to take the road of selfreliance.
av
xt
av
-. Expand each of the following groups of words into coherent sentences, adding
anything necessary:
1. 1Jt.i!, ~it-, 1 fijlf., ;ffiAt,
M
2. {fa, if,_J€;' .l-litll,
*'-
~Us, J.!.~
3. ~*iL, ~JJiifl., ~#, iR.IIJ ' 1%~
't} ill ' 1% ti' ~~Yl..
4. ~iL, -kii~, {lo
5.
A;r}},
~it-, ~iif~.t·J'
~-~,
z.
1!-tt
.=.Answer the questions using the expressions provided:
1. f; ~~ J!iRt- ;ffi.~t ~ if a'.J A~.~ t-t? ( :fk. Jt · · ·11!. · · · )
2. 1-t-·iJ,.. ;/.J :k~ a'.J ~~~Jl~f~;tr 1tZ.tfa'.J~~? (M. .. · *~,
3. ~.hJt ~ j!{- a'.J A~~ o if J:. ~~ li.tm ~tJ ill"li]? ( · · · Jt · · · ~_-j{f a'.J -iiE. ij}J)
4.
~x.~ f; if1t ai.J1tt*~~A;r}}"Jb?
5. ~ 1-t-~
1Jt.i!
C~1-!! .. -~~ ... )
i~JJ}t~ j!{- a'.J f"l MS. ii .~ z. follftk? Ck· .. a'.Jl!~)
*'
.::::.. Provide objects for the following verbs:
1.
5. -kii~
... )
2.
~it-
6. ~:#l.
3. JJi :it._ __
7.
:itA..__ _
291
4. -€tl :it.___
8.1%1; _ __
1m. Translate each of the following using "{t," then make a sentence with each:
1. modernization
2. Westernization
3. beautify
4. idealize
5. socialization
6. specialize
7. standardize
8. make scientific
9. simplify
Ji.Write short passages on:
a) ~11.i9 a9 ~i!
b) !k.l!l a9;ft 11
~ ~!! ~oo 1J ~ 1~ ~
c) f; i~ a9 m3t
d) !k.l!l a9 71- ~it.Jit
1¥1 ~ ~c ::f1.s ~ ~JitAQriPtl nt*ili!i, JWt!!
**~~-OO&~~-~ffi~::f~I¥1:1J~oA7~~~~1¥J~~®
A~Kffil¥1•m, ~=+~~oo~~~~~JWtmfr~m~~~ili!i,
1.s !!I!IA~1f I¥J::f~ &*n3t~l¥1ri1~,
1i1r~~~l!ii¥JPX:~Jt~::f1~~
~~, ~:i:~*~' PX:-:&:~I¥J!!IE~o iE~I!IA±:I:iivJ\, :X:~~
it,
~1f~&, J&!~
A~~~I¥J§g~7
.. lm+~*' ~§gB~PX:7 ~J:~-=f~
o
w .-
~!!fiilift~, ~A-~A~*-~1¥1-·M*M~, ~~
A,
~~!!~~,-~~~~!!~*~A&~fi~I¥Jm~o~~::f
{Sf:EO§gJ:~~~-~§IS,
ITff_§_1£Jt* J:&~J\ii1E~*E:l~g{-t, 1JU
292
~ili~~-&~~A~~•~•*~~~,~aft~~*~~·~
rJJ~, -~:B~~:ff&\~~0 1949 ~~*' !l~all)Oi:r_t-to~~3t_t~f:!h
~~m~*~~,~~a~~,m~®~*_t"~~:ff~m*~~
~m1*£P~~ey~*~~~~o
ft~~~-~Aam~_t~~~~~~m~~m~~a, ~*
~~·~-*~A"B~Am~_t~mD, ill·S~~-~~~~
~Ji{o
&00:1:-fu~~Af-t ~ BI¥J~~:W~1~*fJjrJ~tJJ, ~~1~ ~ ?!:?~
$a~~f-t~~I¥J~W~m~~~f-f*D~I¥J•ma!I~Aa~~
_t-f:B~m~:ff~~~a~~m,~~am~®~*_t,m~~:ff~
1$~o
293
~:
:i!1f:l co 1~;t.J-A.1t~ ~ l.t*--i>Lo
"t 3:."
;t.xt7r @1 A*-
~~' ~"~~,;t~t@JA*-~~o -+t@JA~~
- +t
@1 A 1JL: "1~ a~
t
3:.1JL1f -Jt- ~t ! " ;t ;r: li ~ o 1-t ffi.
294
Han.yil
gu6yii
~/t'-
•).:. -1-
duben
~lt
jiaodu
~i!
butong
~~~~
duominzu
~5t~
Hanzu
Man
Meng
Hui
1ii
Zang
~
Miao
117!-.Z.X
baitenzhiX
~.f5
baokuo
PGili
;fJJ 4i!-1t
:f:~ ;ii
zengj in
chunian
tongxing
n.
Chinese language
national language
here: Mandarin Chinese
reader; textbook
n.
n.
n.
angle; point of view; perspective
v.
make no sense; be illogical
multinational
n.
adj.
Han nationality
adj.
Manchurian
adj.
Hui
adj.
adj.
Mongolian
Tibetan
Miao
v.
X percent
time word
promote; enhance; further
include
v.
v.
295
the beginning years
be in general use
lEJ J.J
'f ~~;ti-t J, ~1-ttaJ.J if~'
.re. ( ~t *1-'t"
11 ~ 1tk
(( ~
~"~~~if~~~~~MJo·~~~~' ~$~, ~
~0 ~t *~~~~-#if~ 11 ~?
~: 1*-iJLa~xt~r, ~t.r~~~~-#if~o lf~~t:r;~~tf
~ A1:tJfl 1f~~ a~ -#if~ o ~12.1JL~tif1-'ta~ Aff,,
~t if1-'tMJ Ait_ff,
~~A, ~$A~ ~-iJLM;~;fp ~t if~
1tt ~ FJ , 12. ~ 1-tt 1fl ~ 1f ~ ~t if~ o
~~ ~t
,w.. rb -d-
:.:r
T
~
*!J r
,
o
~ i~
(3)
~ 1-tt J~ if a'-J A
A -iJL a~.±-~ ~;t- Jt a~ je ~ o ~ 1n 1±. k ~
:t:
'.1i.
:.:r .t.J.,
I:I"J .u:- ~/A. 1:o ,
,w..
~
g
.~'('/
.J.r
~
296
~.!>
g
.~'('/
'.1i.
i'l-Ju ~ /A. 1:o
"G1 IJ.. ~ • ;;:: ~
..3:- ~=~ "J EJ ll!!. 11!1 o
shoudu
-t~
jf_£
zhiuning
1t~
zuopin
-j-)t
~~
yli.shi
;fkli~
*ff~
jingque
gongping
/~-f-
v.A· .. ~ ;{i
i~~
:!:t:J~
wil.hui
!?), ···~* yi ... weizhiin
iVCs
r
${
guang
~TA.
~rA
xiangxiaren
.±.1-'"t
±~IS
tiihua
1J:JfJ
shiyong
n.
adj.
n.
capital
famous
works (of literature and art)
conj.
adj.
consequently
adj.
n.
fair
accurate
misunderstanding
v.
take ... as a standard principle
adj.
extensive and wide; most
v.
n.
n.
use; apply
country folk
local dialect
+ Grammar Notes
1.
2.
3.
When followed by a grammatical question, :lf kim means something like English
"depends": :1!1~:lf{$~,Ydt0. if:! JJt*lJl zhe dei kim ni .shi c6ng shem.me
jiiiodit lai shuo "this must depend on what angle you're speaking from."
~ X
yg Y yz X weiY, is like English "take X as Y."
~:::fi& yiw.buran, literally "if not thus," is used similarly to the English word
"otherwise." ~ yiw, which is short for ~~ yao.shi "if," can be omitted with no
change in meaning.
297
-. •
-}
A
1
Jr;.(.J€;,
;f B
didn't B until after A
~~!! 1 ~ ~i*-lr:AJ€;, ;;t ~m~1n~i**-~ 11~ "~x."*~*-" o
.0
I didn't find out our textbooks were called "Hanyu Duben" until after I signed up
for the Chinese course.
1.
2.
~k~~k. 7 lr:AJ€;, 1-t!!..;f%i]f~tl:: 71tZ.
He didn't tell me what had happened until everybody else had left.
~ ~~J -JF-~* 1 lr:AJ€;, ~;;t~Jt.,t-t-7r ~
Jt
0
I didn't know it was a foreign movie until after the movie started.
=-.
-}
At ... ~ lt*- v
i~A-1- 1.7- .,tM.1t Z. ~ Jt iJt o
This depends on what point of view you take.
;t
V from the perspective of...
*-
~~~~ro, ~¥±~~~~~~~Jt*-;t~~-~~o
The purpose of a test can be different from the different points of view of students
and teachers.
2. JJi;M- ;}L ii ~~1f M. at,;~ lt*-~ ;.t ~1M .it~ ~J!iJtto
The government should consider and determine state policies from the people's
point ofview.
1.
;... number+ Jr;.(. J:../ Jr;.(.
-}
r
abovelbelow+number
-If~~, 1f 7}-z;lv-t-;_ lr:AJ: ~A 0 .,t~5t~*o
In China, more than 93% of the population are of the Han ethnicity.
1. {-tJ!..~ ~ ~A~~~-/f.;IL-t7}-lr:AJ:o
-k oo 4-lf-ai.J *-~~~ilJ 111 7t-z-k YA r
His grades in Chinese are all above 90.
2.
0
America's unemployment rate dropped below 6% this year.
-} -t ~ tJuk .it m.ir. ~-it 1~1-l-)7* o
take .. . as the basis/foundation
VJI. Jfl···~~
m-t ~ ~ tff;;fo/ 1~1-l-)1* ~
The American constitution is based upon the spirit of equality.
A J}J at,; -:kt:k~ a ii ~ m~ ·tt *-1~1-l-)7* at,;
-k ~ at,; Jt
*
Then it was decided to use the northern dialects as the foundation.
1.
2.
~
o
o
A successful marriage should be based on love.
take ... as the standard
298
--} tf 00 A. YA ~r_ ,'f. -t 7-J *;f ;'(i *-1-'f 7-J tf 00 {11.] 00 -ffl- o
The Chinese took the Beijing accent as the standard in making a national language
for China.
1.
2.
fll. i'-; J~ lK :Jt 1-'A -k 00
*
*;f
at
-t /.] *;f
~ Ia] /.] ;'(i {11.] o
The New York area takes American Eastern Standard Time as its standard.
~ Jtb ~ {11.] jJ._ -t~ :Jl YA iX.. -ffl-~ ~ {11.] jJ._
;'(i a'-; o
These characters are all pronounced according to the Chinese Dictionary standard
pronunciation.
according to
According to you, it would seem that the Beijing dialect is no different from
standard Mandarin.
1. .~~ ~ X. -itiJL {11.]
'
tf 00 A_~# J19i X. -it
1
.~~ 1-lt~ ~ iJL, 1£1tiJ A.~ "if YA1t1~1--.:L1"f~!
If we go with what he says, anybody can do this work!
0
According to my parents, all Chinese are filial to their parents.
2.
299
-. Make sentences using the underlined expressions:
~ )1.:,( tW _g ~ i! 'f ~ A. iJt a~ -i-5 17~
1.
-*-"
"
'f ~" ,
{!!. ~ ~ ~ J.! 1
'f ~ijft )1.:,( ./6 ,
~ 1f1 ~ 1*-'*-~ 17~ "~5l"ffl-~
" 'f ~" ~ " ~5l"ffl-" :Jt ~ :Jt :,t ~- {f- ' l! 1-1- ~ 1-t- M.1t z. Jfl It*- iJt
2.
0
"'f ~, :Jt~tjr ~ A.#d>ta~, iffJ "~x.-ffl-" :Jt~t'f ~ A.*-i>ta~ o
4. 'f ~A. 0 a~ii ~.Z:IL-T Ji_y_:.(J:.~~5l~*o
s. 1±. ~# if -t .z t , llSJ 7!1 ~ ~ ~ IaJ , ;fro .!.. .z faJ 11.11. :Jt "'Jf ~ tf a~
6.
"1H& 1-5" :Jtm ~r. if-it-1tk~:ll, YA ~r. -;t. ~ 7!1 *.r- ;-fi a~ "~ -ffl-" o
3.
;f ~.fJi!.
0
o
7!J 1 ilf~~.i. ijt~, ~1f1-k. )1.:,( ~!=. -;;f; ~ 7!J ;-fi ~ ~!=. if-i-5 17~ 1~1f-i! -i-5 o
"-M--1! 1-5" ~ ~L?- ~ r A.i>t ~ .±. 1-5 1£~- Jt. ~ j§. ~ o
7.
8.
.=.Answer:
1.
"~x.-ffl-" ~
2.
"~-ffl-" ~
"-ti! 1'fl"
"-M--i!-i-5" .Zfala~X:$-:Jt1tZ.?
!!1-i~ :Jt:i- ~*-a~?
"'f ~,
~ jjiJ
-rt 1t z. ·tt ot r m?
'f ~ mif ~r.~~i!., "-M--1! 1-5" ?!J1t z. ~ YA 'f ~ mif a~ o ~ 7!1 *.r-'11?
s. *.r- ;fi a~ :k ~ ~"* :Jt )1.:.( :k ~ IIJJ~ +Ji!!.IR a~ if -t 7!1 ;-fi a~?
6. :k 'f ~ ~ ~:Jtk~, 1!!.1±. -ffl--t liiJ MJ:., :k ~ ?!J1tZ. i~~ 1' ~ fl~ Z. .l. ~?
3.
4.
7.
8.
-:=:.
4fMt-t i! 1-5 YA .16 :Jt ~ :Jt.S. j~ ~ J1:. iJt if ~ ?
-t ~ ~ ~ ~jt- ~1t- + ~ ~£itt "iV iai:Jt £ tt./6? 7!J 1t z.?
"*
Expand into phrases:
4fi-ft
1tJfl
:#_.f,W,
ill~
~jt-
~.$~
e?At-
;f.-t
if itt
~£] i!
~1:!:
ijt~
li-ft
/A--f
j§_~
1lY. Translate into Chinese:
1.
2.
3.
If a big country doesn't have a language commonly used by all its people, its
development will definitely be slowed down.
In order to enhance understanding between different nations, we become more
and more in need of a widely used, simplified language.
As far as I know, there are certain differences among the American, Canadian, and
Australian languages, but very few misunderstandings ever occur, because these
languages are all based upon British English.
300
Ji. Write short passages on:
a) ~~{t!A~~li~.¥.
b) -m--ta~Y~·t±
c) i; i~ .±.~~~r. :f..±.~
d) :kmJa~~~
e) ~xt:ir§~{t!A~a~;;t*
301
~: ~11tA:*t;J_$, ~~oJJit:f:li!A~I¥J~t~4
"t:f:lJt" ,
t:f:lJt~t?J-1&, ::t~m~fr~l¥1~*m~4 "Wi~!~:tl*"
6: ~1~~
(!)
1fJ\~t£1t~jjjfl*~o
"t:f:lJt"
1S~~~jg7
0
"t:f:lJt" tn
~JtjriiA*~I¥1,
rm
"Wim"~Jtt:f:liiA*~I¥1o-OOt:f:li!AJJ~-OOt:f:liiA~:
1~ 1{. -tjf
1+1 :
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rh -Tr "
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JJ>'uf:E
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6: ~tE)G~~Wo t:f:lii~OO~~~I¥111%, ~7Wi~fit?Jjh ill~¥~,
•--~--~M~&+OO&&~~o~~~l¥1•~-~~m,
Bm,mm®Wim-a,m~"t:f:lll~"o~~~~at:f:liiN*
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Z: t:f:l~~~~oo~~~l¥111%, &~-oo~n~I¥JII%olim~m
~q:~~~~~l¥1n~, ~ftt::ltJX~t-- ~~~t-- nt*~t, m~~Wi~i?f
!:f:ll¥1-~n~oan~z~, ~~~~I¥J~~,tttt~liffig~
SI¥Jo~7~~~~~1¥J~-®~~~A~~~I¥JmD,t£=+lli
~w~oo~, *~~~-~~®~m~mmfr-~~t:f:l~~m~Dfr
s"J
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302
rmH
9:t II~ 1S 1¥1 Jt *11:: ~fit~ :W ~ffl ~ t J}{~l!f ~ 1¥1,
11::~~,
~~t}}{~~ll~
l¥1$o PJ ~
1mi¥1:1J~,
(2)
~~mU~J£ ffl ~ t :1J~I!f
*11::~9:tii8"JII~~L ~~ 1920 i=F1~
"II~!" ~®J~M/F~~~*'~' 129~9:t~~~~~t$Jt
re
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~I:I:J.eL.L1I!Fi:tj::t-.
"~t*~rs" ~4f~ "~~~fi" t-tJt1m1J~ ~/F0fl¥1
00;
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7 JM¥~~~1¥1~~ir,
nn
) I[-=+-#~;X s "
~
i:tr:::Pr!lu-'f'JE
rnffi -=:n "
rh rnffi -=+ na:; ?
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0
*"
~
:tJGfr9re~~t* ~~~l¥1~t1J~rs~4f~1fJIH~rs
0
lfi = ~~1%1\m~~, ~t-1l~t}}{~tJJ.Jt~1fJIH~t, 1fJIH~tJJ.Jt~~t}}{~t ~t*
0
~l!f /F ill.~-fi1J~U,~?
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1~Jifj{8"J-fi1J~ o /F1.B~~t1J~ISI¥JA$, ~~t1J~IS8"JA£$ o
J:#IJ:A,
Jj{*AB~~I¥J~!!i*IJ~t1J~IS~~/F IEJ,
1J~I!fo /F~
<3l
{s ~11PAr9:W1~~~t
Jt11B:I:i!!1JI¥JA~;g/Ftii¥Jo {B~tfJIH~I!fM/F~jG~
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~ftl¥1o ~*IJ~t}}{~rF A~I¥J±~IS~~-5EI¥1Ne1$o :tJGfr91£~11
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303
o
~.::..-t-iLiJ.
M..:JCAt-~ ~J~-ft~lt Et
Jt
1t
~
Jt1t-!f
4~
1%
~
wU
{.
zhai
·~
qing
~{-~~
@
v.
n.
adj.
w\lzhai
yishenqing
v.
jie
304
-1-
classical equivalent of ~:ff
debt
light (and by extension,
"carefree")
Life is carefree without debt.
borrow
c=+h)M~M-~Q~m~MB~
iiEl-f-
v.-o.
jJt.
#~'
~B-=f
guori.zi
{f~*
":t""lJL
chmintong
J!Jl;f
Jl~j
1Icai
~YL~
~~
I!~
guannian
-J:Af.;~
£A~ili
liang rU wei chil
J(J\
i~
jue
*~
it
kao
iii(
¥~·
~
'),
xiaofei
flings hi
·tk:It
kuaisu
1Jjf' /~~
ftl±J 4h
tf ·~
a~0PJ
baihuo gongs!
~~?!J
gouwilzhongx1n
r:p J~\
%!%!
jgjg
guang.guang
.tfi4~
3tiH
tu1xiao
;r-v
££
00
v:A···~
V
yr...laiv
:Ienq1
1t.%k
fukuan
~JJJ1t.%k
:Ienqifukuan
&-r
-* 1itt
/tit1i. ro -F
-7-X
xiangshou
jiezhai
Jjt~
I~~
xianj1n
n.
consume
n.
n.
department store
v.
n.
promote sales
stroll around
products
V by (some method)
"divide periods"-do in
stages
pay money
payment by installment
stimulate
n.
house
n.
automobile
v.
form
n.
get into debt
v.-o.
305
quickly; at high speed
shopping center
n.
xingshi
{1fffl
adv.
style; way
v.
n.
xinyongka
1%1t
v.
depend on
idea; concept
keep expenditure within the
limits of income
absolutely
v.
qiche
~"
adv.
have no alternative (but to)
v.-o.
fang.zi
if) 1-(
n.
v.-o.
cij1
1
tradition
manage money matters
v.
chanpin
~JJJ
-i;
v.-o.
budeyr
~1-f?G
-'tj
I
n.
pass the days, live a life
credit card
enjoy the use of
cash
+~~~~~~~~~~~~A~~~~*~~roo t~A
~~~4~~#-+~~ "~ro"~~o
~~*~~~~~o~*'~~+ff*~~•**~Ar­
~~~~o~#a~~~r~~~~~-~~-~£~, ~
X.1t
;tit
'lz{l
qianzha.i
~~15
Uiohml
!i.fiJJ
-it"WJ
~lb
guli
tiqian
v.-o.
n.
v.
adv.
306
owe a debt
old saying
encourage
in advance; ahead of time
<=+~)~£ffl-~Q~MUMB~
nr. fJ
nengli
iai~
il~
hminqian
1C.;lt
~en
jilu
n.
v.-o.
n.
ability
repay money
record
~]i
jianli
V.
build up, establish
-;tal.]
yiding.de
n.
certain
~-x.
~~
~~
yiyi
:ko $.}]
ruqi
*~
jieshou
~
l:~91
*-~~
?>?~fa
he
~
li[oli[!f-.
:q:
Maidanglao
EJDEJ~
kekoukele
chuan
4-11-
• ,
v.
muzai
4-11-~
41-f~
niUz:aiku
;fti~ !f.
t&~~
yaogiinyue
~(f-j: 8'-1
yishi.de
ffitr,!,J
Jlr%
rengshang
jJLa})
~~
shuoming
-at a~
~*~'J
shenke
adv.
sense; significance
as scheduled; on schedule
V.
accept
v.
McDonald's
n.
n.
drink
Coca-Cola
V.
wear; put on
n.
cowboy
n.
n.
n.
adj.
V.
307
Jeans
rock 'n' roll
temporary; transient
fashion; trend; fad
explain; make clear
deep
-.A; jt····, B; jt· ...
do Bas much as A
~ -~ ~Y4~, JfJ ~ :Y4~o
1.
Spend as much as one makes.
~m~#~A-~, ~m•*~~~A, *~~Ao
*,
We need help badly. You'd better send as many hands as you have.
2. 1-tk.~ ~-f£ti1J
~ ~ ~Y at faJ,
1t ~ ~Yat laJ o
He studies really hard, spending as much time as he can at it.
-t 1%4~
.::.. $A*- B
~ ~!~ ~~
*ii a .:r
depend on A to B
o
1. ~t:.i£~A 1, ~~~.fll-'tX.~*~~7 o
You absolutely must not depend on borrowed money to get by in life.
I am an adult now. I cannot rely on my parents' support any more.
2.
l!Jtb_:L1-'J=~1f't{-t!!.*Jt:~o
The completion of these tasks all depends on him .
...=... i,t.,{.· · · ~.,{.· · ·
~ it ~ t:f oo A iJG JL jiJ 1
1.
*oo
mJ_t ~ -lk 1tJk av 7i A.* !f; & .:r ,
even though ... , still ...
:BilL
!f; ~~4- 0
Many Chinese people still pay in cash up-front when they buy houses and cars,
even though they are in the United States.
~JL~1-=-~-~~' A~iaiJL*~--~~~~~~o
Even in the twenty-first century, human beings may still keep some barbaric
customs.
2.
iJGJL X.~~ ~ ~ ~ 5tt' .J~ -1- :BilLE. i~ ... iii X.~
0
Even if the parents are wrong, children should still respect them.
308
-. Translate the following phrases into Chinese:
1. traditional shopping center
2. to live by borrowing money
3. a cowboy listening to rock 'n' roll
4. without debt, life is carefree
5. a new way to stimulate consumption
6. record of payment by installments
.=.Add a noun to each of the following verbs to make meaningful phrases:
-#H;lf
Jlirj iit~--iili}J _ _ __
~~---­
~~---­
Jt.ft..____
#~----
1;}~----
Give your own answers to the following questions:
1. -:IttiJL ;f;. , ft. ~ A.:fp ,R7 ~A 6J.J J!. Y!;f 'YL $ ;ff 1t Z. ~ ~ ?
-=:.
2
3.
4.
5.
~*#aaJ.Jmt~~;t~~**~~*?
-+~ ~iiliJJ A:t ~iiliJJ:t"1i M.1t~iJLaJJ 1tz. liiJ il!?
./f.1t- =t *-, 1t z. it "1-t m" ?
tf , -k ~ ~ A xt "1-t JfJ " 6J.J ~ ~ J!. flllf- it " A" MJ liiJ ~.lai it h116J.J liiJ il!? 791t
Z.?
6.
~ ~ ~1-t..:Z.JaJ ai.J .B..;ffi1J~~!-1-1t z.
~ A1t ijt aJ.J J.! YJt 5!YL ;t-it9lt ~ ~Y 4~ ,
it*-.?
m~ :Y 4~ ,
(!]. Make sentences using the underlined expressions:
1.
t
2
3.
~k~~·~~~#A~~~*~•mto
-it~
tf ~ A.;fk.it.frj
j
~~ ~ ~E:. -t 1t4~ 1t
*~ laiitJfJ JYl.%- ik#$X. a-!]~~*-~ & -t'
a -to
~ j~J;=- 0
~-+~*-~-~~A., ./f.-~~-~~. it-t-a;t"~JfJ"aJ.JAo
5.
6.
r-t-i.t;t "1-tm" ai.JA., 1f1lit-t-~.i't1t4~x.~E:.
-:ko $.}] .i£.4~ a-!] A.}§._ ifi1 ;t ~ ~ 1-t m
-l!t-~ai.J X.li- .kJ;t- k.£.3!., ~ ~ ~1t.6J.J1J~-I!!.- .kJ;t- k~*~'l r o
*
~*~X.1:ta-!JA, )§._ifi1~
Ji. Write short passages on:
a) ~ a-!]1-t m -t
c)
~xt "Jt1:t- ~ .$.£" a-!J ;t
*
0
b) -k ~ Aa-!J i;!J f 5!Yl.$
d) ~ aJ.J ~ JJJ 1t a aJ.J ~ JJt
309
~~A-~~HM&~~"tA~ili", •m~-~~&,ffl~
~a,ma~~~s~•,~~~•m•*~B~o~~a¥00~~
m~~-~~HM&~®m•~~~~a~~~a~oftm~~~*
~8~0~:eJ(JUftm~~G'~~' Ji9C~g~fU~ 71i~~££, ~*0~t11~
7tftJHt~~~~*~U~¥f1
R
o
7tMM~W~~A*~B~~~m~~ey~~-$7t,~fim~,
fi~-~~*t11~m~mm~t11~~~*~~7tMM~,&JWt~"~
$~,mMH"offl~W~~~*fi*®,W~~A*~'®&M&
~*•*~~~om~~~~~AJi9C~~7~~~~mm~-~M~
~~~*fim~, fi~$0
"~M"ti-ft~~A*~,~~~-~~-~~ft-,&~­
fi~G,H~~ft-, ?JT~ "M-1·-~-~" ~~~A~~~-~~~150 {B
~ma?tMM~~m•~~w~•~**&a, •~**~OO*~o
1:E~OOQAI¥J¥f1 R~em•,
~-11m&~,
"1§ffl"
"f§ ffl"
&JWt~ "credit" , ~~p~£~
~-1tmAf~H~~g1J, ffii
"1§ffl"
~81if&*o
~-~~-ffii@ft~*~o-1lm~*~&H~A, a-~~--~,
&ffii~7-~&~"fflffl"~A,~~-1tm~~mamix~~m~a
~A&ffii~~M~mmo~~A&~a~~~--1tm~~"mffl"&
Mili~a+~*' ~~A~~m~~~a~~~®~,~~•#
~~•eyoey•,~~4ffW~a~m•t11~7-~~-~o~~a
310
~~~7lli~~~~-~~-~g~,ffi~~~~~~-&~-~~
-~1*~tl7
0
311
(_:: : +) {~to#
-~~~*' ~*#~~£~~~A~*~~' *#~
~A~ ~Pf ~ JtJ~ rF 1£./k~ 4'f,*,Z-o i!Jte,*~~ 1'if YAJ-J\..
t
~ ~ 1*- *~ -k ~ ~ babysitter ~ nanny ~'*'1ft, 1!?. Jt ~ ~ 1L ~­
~~~~#~#, ~t*•lf~~Jt·~~~~~Z-o
:f-f o Babysitter --At iJL
*,
_g 'f ;t 1:9: -3- ; nanny ~ ?.~ ~ 'f Jte. ~ ~,
~k~Jt~~~~T-~~Mot~~*-~T;t~-3-~~,
~~~~,-~, ~b, ~+ffl~~~·~~-0*~**
~~~A~~-~' AT~~±~t~~~~-+Ao
**~kt~~~~r•~t~~rr~~#~~~~~
~k, ~~#~A~~~Pf~o*~*#~~~A~T~­
*1:9: -=r
~~~~~~~*~rr*±,~Jt~rr£~~~~~~~,
iiL~rt- Jtb i.t ~ 4t 7-t.tt n~ ~
_g -:Jtt cn 1ti 1*-
* r 1*-*
o
~#
~~~~~,~~~~·~'~Jt, ~~~~~*#~±~
*,
~it ~t 1l ~
o
~ ?.~ , A o
ii ~ ,
312
1~-it
baomu
*{t
n6ngcful
.tr _r_
n.
n.
dagong
4j-J..Ag!
rJtiA~
wilgongrenyuan
*f\._L
Jl~I
n6ngmingong
~tr ~*i­
~1~~**
duozhong
duo yang
qizhong
Jt:.t
'*Jt
~~
;fr 1~-1-
*
kan hai.zi
~4j-/l=
jiawU/shi
IIJJt
gilding
guan
J:. -r JJI
shangxiaban
;fr{3
dasao
_i.A
zhiiren
~M.
jiating
ki
daiiang
f; {t
kuoda
.£$E.
pinru
~11
Jr4.£A
i$.1#~
teshu
{i.jj~
jineng
4f~
fanzhong
tt~
b1q1
common
occupation; profession
n.
look after children
n.
n.
adv.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
housework
fixed; scheduled
go to and from work
sweep or clean up (a place)
owner of a house
family
in large numbers or amount
rural areas
enlarge
the poor and the rich
gap; difference
v.
young people
adj.
limited
adj.
make a living
n.
special
v.
heavy; strenuous
adj.
313
in, among; in which
look after, be responsible for
v.
m6usheng
varied; diverse; manifold
v.
v.
nianqingren
youxian
adj.
adj.
chaju
:;t[ Fit
n.
working staff
peasant worker; migrant
worker
n.
v. -o.
xiangcun
.ttk
temp, work part time
n.
zhiye
countryside
v.
adj.
changjian
nanny; housekeeper
skill; technique
be compared with
Ah~~~~ft~*~f~~*~~o
-~~~'~*t~~~~~~' ~~~~~~~*~
~*~~~~47*f*#~g~~*~~~~~~·~o
~
tB *-0
tr- ,
~~ ~,
~~e-. ~ §lJ ~r
1, 1: '}~~/~~A 1 ~1 'f av 31 1aJ ,J,it., 1J1 ~
~
tr-
o
~ at~ 1t 1l--.. ~
+,J, at av 4- ~.¥.-if ""if
~I~f:B~, *~~~£-+~~~~~!
jt 'I; al.] G.. lH!~ k.i.h\
A:/]
n!nli
1t.1i:
pian.yi
*it
ffijfljf}
.tit*
ii7t
·£~
I
1\$
~Jj(
daozhi
f)Tiifl
xinwen
~~
bao.dao
i@!)t
guo fen
zhuyi
£ 44'= )Jrj aJJ I ,
*
n.
~ .tte. A- ~»l1&. ~ 1t 'f
adj.
manpower
n.
lead to; cause
v.
cheap
n.
news
adj./adv.
v.
314
report
excessive, excessively
pay attention to
<.=:+)
hiilue
,t{.~
••
izlizl
'~'..=1::::.
Jd!Jd!
JA31
·~
~m
~}jlj
yuanyuan
shishi
chengxiang
chabie
1?..:1€-
Wl~
yt Iii]
J[rmJ
xianzhu
like
iL.~IJ
kuankuo
~~~
gonglu
~!'f
xiazhai
xiangjian
xiaodao
ou'er
31 )Ej J' lit
1:IS ~
l;f .$-
1
mra,!J\m
1Mm
.~iff
lfiche
~.$-
~~iff
mac he
.$-~1.
ifff¥
checheng
Wl:~Ftti
xianshichii
ft.Jt
huafei
-e-ili
$1!../F
1tf
fo]f1f
-t&.m
suode
~JjQf
ming.bai
a}]~
J.-~
randian
~-
zhenshi
v.
adv.
n.
n.
n.
overlook; neglect
far; considerably
fact
city and country
adj.
difference
adj.
right away; immediately
adj.
highway; road
adv.
n.
obvious
broad; wide
n.
narrow
n.
occasionally; once in a while
adv.
n.
n.
n.
V.
n.
n.
v./adj.
adj.
+ Grammar Note
1.
{:~~
village path; country road
donkey-drawn cart
horse-drawn cart
driving distance
show, display
expenses
"what is received"-income,
earmngs
hotel; restaurant
understand; know clearly
real; true
..R P.f zhi1u'io, literally "the only good (way)," is used for reluctant acceptance of
a less-than-ideal alternative.
315
c.=:+) f*m
- . A :ft;r B ;ff .~..1#.
{>-
1.
1*- ~ ;ft2 *-. 00 MJ
A is somewhat similar to B
babysitter ~ nanny ;{f ,~. . 1~ o
Chinese housekeepers are rather like babysitters or nannies in America.
tf 00 AM] 'tk ~ >] •t9t ;ft2 I:1 '*-A al.; 'tk ~ >] •t9f ;{f .~. . 1~ o
2. 1.7- iJL ;,'fi ai.J {f -r ;ft2 ~ ai.J -
Chinese eating habits are somewhat similar to those of the Japanese.
+JJ11 ~;{f ,~. . 1~
o
The way you talk is a bit like a friend of mine .
it ~ :tctt A .f1JJ.~ il *- i~ 1. , 1!!. k.JA il .£ MJ ..r..fF ~AP<.;{f FR , it *-as a result [sentence], so [sentence]
..::... ~*-+sentence
Jtl:. if. ;{f 4t ~:fi ~~ M3 A .R -kt1tk 1*- ~ 1 o
Many country people come to big cities to make a living, but work in the cities is
also limited. As a result, some people with no special skills have no choice but to
become housekeepers.
1. :t i1Jfr ~ /t}- :aJ ~ ~ ~1-tt ..r..1'f , it *-1-lt-:!- 1 ;% ~ ~lli ai.J - ~ o
He got job offers from two companies, so he chose the one closer to his home.
~
2. ~~~--~~,~~~~~, itjfl.R-kf~1--~+~o
He wanted to buy a new car, but didn't have enough money, so had to buy a used
car.
.E... Jt,~· ..
( *-)
compared with/to ...
~*~MJ#~~~~~,{!!.~, Jt,~~~~*#MJ!t~*-, ~~*
,ff<. ~
0
A housekeeper's pay is low, but is still a big improvement over life in the
countryside.
1.
*oo
1*- *-,
~;t. ~ M'J ,y:~ ~ .f'J
ai.J at 1il
*-,
~ JJQ.~ i!E-1-¥- ~ 1
o
I am adapting much better now compared to when I first immigrated to America.
2.
~;t. ~»i 5t
t:F j:.i*- ai.J ~ ;J.g 4£ ~ 1 o
Compared with history class, the burden from Chinese class is much lighter.
*'0
;{f X: t:F 00 MJ ~~ llfl .tli -1'- , 't 't i± ~ i.i ~ JA -;p ai.J i~ ~ :1£/k r7T1 .~- ~ 1
~tJt lR itl€7MJ.
'1!1. i:J::~ji.f; A ilQ .~JV3. B
~
*
pay too much attention to A while overlooking B
News reports concerning China often pay too much attention to urban economic
development, while ignoring the fact that rural areas are still backward.
1.
tf 00 ~ ht1.i1.i i± ~ ).i ~ .:f~ -r .5Ct 5( -Bt al.]
316
*
JtiYf r7TJ .~- ~ 1 .:f~
-r m~ MJ ~!k
<.::::+)
{~~
.fLo
Chinese families often pay too much attention to children's filial piety to their
parents and overlook the children's own independence.
2. ~~~~~·~~~~·#~~~47+A~*~o
When looking for a job, it is easy to pay too much attention to salary at the
expense of one's own interests.
~
yt 1~fl aJ.; /~~I&. r
~1t 'f aJ.; ~
occasionally
l'al ,J, it ,
1~ ~ J£ ~~ ;;t .flJ 13t -$- ,
~ -$- o
The broad highways became narrow country roads, where horse- or donkey-carts
can still be occasionally seen.
1. 1~~ f-;;fr* I!]~~}' 1~ ~ ~$-~~ tf I!]~~}
0
Y:-it1~ ~ ~4'\-.~. !l ~fa
I work and earn my own tuition. My parents occasionally give me some money
for living expenses.
He mostly goes to American movies, but once in a while also watches a Chinese
movie or two.
2.
4\ al.; ~ f~}l mL:tT ~.ft*-~,
-. Answer the questions based on the text:
1. o/ 1!1 av1*-~n1tz. ~An #.nt!t~'f ~ll-t"~av-+A?
2.
3.
4.
5.
n1tz. :iai.:fr-it ~ *-#avlf-~A~ -;t1t.t?
o/ 1!1 ai.J JA ~ .ft )J'J.:tlJJt-r1- p»~ .~t~ 7r 00 7
1t Z. JJil, ~.&.a~u±: tf 1!1 lii.J A;/] ~ll -ft. .1i:?
-k 1!1 av ~it~~~:fp ~ fal•J'i! ~;r::~-1!!.#;-A-#-t!HC..:.t..ft lii.J ~ 1t? ?9 1tZ.?
1*-~ai.J#i~HP't .ft,
*
=·Complete the following sentences in meaningful ways:
1.
.:1r t 1!1 av mr llf-l.t!i -!f.~ ~i. -;t JA rr- av £~ , it *~---0
2.
-r1-~1i.av•J'JA£, JA~
3.
4.
5.
av.ft.lf.;f::k.aJl.£, {g.)t1!!JIT- _ _ _ _ o
.i ?.~ 30A rr £ ai.J ..r..11 fJL~-It~ll.:fr Fll, ;r:: it tt~~---0
'f 1!111- ~.i iff- f'{.$ 'f ~ JJil, 1 k:l:- al.] 1*-~, :i! + JJil, ~ iJt.fl}j _ _ _ _ o
*-#J~lR11-£~J:.i£izlizlil.J6, J!,&_BJc~ ____ o
317
Choose the word that fits each blank best:
1.
(JL-f, ~~~) 4-~~J:.:Mflf-, 1.'-ff~
-=:.
C?-Y, y~) *-~a~t~MN!*-N!
3.
CJG Jt:., # h1J) .if. ?k$- a~ .ii:f.¥. t ~ JJL r A 7f-Mdt~ .ii a -1- j o
2.
~
Jli.jiJo
,
JliM-~.tf-~91-*fo!lt;}co
~ JJL j}_,
.~t!:.-ftt
"f-:kt7,
C*~,¥k)·~~%~~~~k00*-W·~~OO·±A~
-it~
-~
~Ao
5.
(1-fjlj, .P]f1f) -.xt}t:f3..I..1'f-~a~
15t~i1i#£*-~ ±~-6-o
6.
CJl?.~lf-,
;r,t Jt ~~~
;;.; j
r fo!lt)
1.f- .R ~
r 1~ ~ ;l,t -f.-,
#!.a~ .P1f11.P1f
0
7.
(Jt.-:%, Jt.-iE) 1,f- _ _ _;fj jlj ~ t
8.
( ~l:$i, ~l:M.)
t 00 ~~'
00 -Jf-::f.- JtAlt'--_ _ o
kOO ~}/J.'-_ _ "f:~Yl.-t-Aa~~!k..ft.o
1m. Translate into Chinese:
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is obvious that those horse-drawn carriages in the city of Beijing are entirely
different from those we saw on the country roads in rural areas.
I didn't overlook the five-hour drive, but would still rather drive than go by
airplane.
He doesn't have any special skills or techniques. He is just lucky to get into that
good profession with very good pay.
Those companies always exaggerate the uses of their credit cards. Actually, all
such cards are about the same. They don't differ by much.
Ji. Write short passages on:
a) ~'«; ~j![Ej ~iif-~,J_
c) J$..# a~ ~*~1
b) 1tk~·
d) babysitter ~ ;l;t:;:
+
318
~~~~mgM~~~~-0~~-~Iey~~-~I*~-~-,
Jt9='f*~ey~~~-1ft~8{]1Ji&~~-o 9='1!~1*~fll~~~ babysitter
£!)(;nanny :ff!~flt
T; nanny
{S ~ili:::fjG~--o
babysitter-~~*' _R ~~~
&~ili~*~*r1}, 1.S:k~~:ff~J£J:r*~~Fa,o 9='~~
~~~7~~-T~*' -tE.m~~,~&,rr•,a~m:ff~*•mm
1$o
~f~1*~mfll±A1±1£-~, PX:7*ffi!1:.m9='11tm~~-1!mAo
~~~:kAiliffl~~7!iili9='~~$®8M~~-~1£M:k,ffi
--~~~ili1£~~0~~-M~~ftAA7~B&m*~$g1:.,
{S ~~$-~I fFili1~:ff~~
~lf:~:-*~&:fft~~ti~~~3c~-T _R~ ol
~~~7o~~~ffl~&~mM,I*ilim•m,~~' ~~~~1£
AM~1:.m*,~~~m~o~~,Ao~~, Ah~~~~~~~
j~~~~*lJI!Io
Milift~,:ffM9='~~~M-~,1ft~~*tt•~m~~MgM
wm~7~~-M~~1£~MJ:~~-~~-·o~~~-~~-­
~~7J!J, -R~1)£~t;}{ili~*- 11\~JL~Umc~~~ili*o ~11d>7,
J[lmJ8{]
~ 100 11\ ~ 8{] llif~BPi:tJ ~.:IF lli 1i, /\+~it 3I-OO tlt~e ~ /G ~ !
0~*PX:7~~~8Fa,!J\m 1Mm~~~~~U.~$, ~~$o :ff~f\tfl1~-,
~'M8{]~1f21:E:k~$ ~~]Jrj~·' :ffJJ:~ A-'i!~tiJi8{]1t.J:1±1±~­
~A~fft1!mYJ ~JiJT~~o ~fl'tw%-R~~U~tJ}{~:AtiJih5Pl:-'i!~tiJimc~~~
67
0
•1¥1 -rnL
f\tfr~~-1!m:f±-®-, ~~~1ft!J\±-11!1J~ 0
:t±-®-1! Jt
319
!J\ F~=~~Jm:JiJT &8Jc ili *~1±1±~
~-=--t--jJ.
tF l!l A.~~-t-1iAt
t~A~rn "~*~ff"~~+~*~~~~tA£*­
~~+t~o$~"~"~t~~•*~~~~-+MMo
t~*~~~~-~~A#§, ~A~~~~o*§*~~
~ #1(-~JJil~ ~~
t
~ 1tk ~
o xt -A! A.* iJL,
X~~ ~
ita~ ~JJ!l, "1%.Ifi" £*-~~A.A.~~~1tkjtl a~
4t )Jij ~
o
"Tt.-t&." ~ 1±1Pf ~.±. ~, 1±1Pf :t.1t t ~ ~- + -:t- ~a~ 11iJ M o
t
~ /ij {i] ?;-if; 11 ~
"
~ lt_A *
7-J 5\._" ,
t: ,'& ~ ::t-11 M_ ~ t 1&. ~ 1tk c
11
1)
~~tAY~~-#·o~~' t~A.-A!~~~~~~'
.jf- Axt1~1fl "vt~ :t.1t" ~f~
m~o
~
ntt ~ *Jh~*4h~
*~~~~A-~, ~~~~j,*j~o~*4h~~~~
++~~~" ~~~A£*-~~~~~,·~~7-Jt~A.O*
j , ~~1tkjlj~-~~. , ~~m ~~*lo
~ "~*~1t" ~~+~~a~£*-t~t, xtt~A.*
~,A~*~~~~~"~"o~+MM~~*~~~*#?
320
yishizhilxing
v.
"food, clothing, shelter,
transportation" - basic
necessities of life
express (viewpoint)
~iF
biaoshi
~'*­
rfJJh
jiben
adj.
shichang
n.
AAi-
shiyang
n.
market
1fr4~
jia.qian
n.
pnce
;gx1f
mingpai
n.
;tlJll
yr.ru
minggui
1*H-l
adj.
clothing
;g1f-
n.
brand-name; famous brand
baonuan
1£1PJ
n!nhe
adj.
keep warm
giihua
n.
-i;-if;
ti~l5
~ltA*~
~~~~ min yi shi
i#-1t.
7;,_
*E.
m~
:X
m41L
wei tian
v.ladj.
jiangjiu
adj.
zihao
n.
gongying
"JLJl:_
chongzu
~~;t
wending
lttO
V.
at_
nuan
?~
ylinzhong
famous and expensive; precious
any
old saying
Human beings take eating as
most important; man cannot live
without food.
be fastidious about/fastidious
proud
adj.
v.
stable
adj.
adj.
321
style
supply
adj.
jinkou
basic
sufficient
import
warm
serious
_:::. -t- JL -if- iW tf ~ .!A rp ..2. ~;ff ~ ~L_:r_1'f, ~ ~L.% -f- al.] ifi ~,
~~1-~A~~~&-f"~~~' ~~~~~~~~4o/ff
;ff A~t 1 ~t~~~L~JIJ&-f-'
10
~A~1~-~~~~&-f-~-!W~*' ~~~;ff~.;~
:f!~iJL: ~+~tEl
(2)
~?;
~
;Jt "1i." ai.J 1UJ ,t! , j{t- At t. ~ A*- iJL :f! ~ ~~ ~-:kJ:J1iif ~ m5{1! 1 o
~~~0~~~~~,~~~~~~~, ~~~~+~~~
~/ff-t-t~M~,~-t-JL-t!Wk*~~~ro, ~~-+
~~·~o_:r_~-f-JLJf-~~;{f~~~.%-f", -~1£~·~$
~£o JJ~ at1~1-ltal.] ~A;fp.J~-t-!-~1-lt, ~1-;t-itM£ il:-ii:.(3)0
.
.t%1~i3L~#·ftot.~ ~ at-.~ ~~:f:/fi~o JJL~, 1-tt1n-~~ o
*~1£~1-~}+~*~&.:r, ~~~~~~~~~&.:r
:J. ut ~~ -;?: JIJ 1-l:~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , .t%-iJL/ff it }
~ *f ai.J & .:r ?Z
:t
*~~-!-, ~m1-~~":1fA~&1i.",~-~~~~":1f
& i.tA1£" ai.J ~ ·t~ JJL ~ o
~.!A rp- £ ai.J /~~ ~~~it~1ttJG:i!al.] o :f! ~ ~~:?: *-iJL
"ff"~~"~~", ~~M,t!~t~~/ff"ft"~~r
-£ o t
~' ~1/ff~~A*' ~~~~' ~;ff~}~•A*,~~
322
7}-~C..
renpei
lEt~
zhengce
it-jt
1ft. }C.
11%
youxian
V.
have priority
tizao
V.
do earlier than planned
v.-o.
V in vain; V for nothing
bai v
-]f-J.Jtjt
~Jflm~
kaiwanxiao
-lta1Uf
m•
ruhe
:ft-45
~~
jiaoshii
if-Jr
danshen
§:A
·~
~A
airen
il:.
~
rang
{~*
-tii*-
~~
"""
H"~
~#,-.
tf/i..
?Z
':t
}til
/:\.._!:1:..:-!:
'A / ' ,~.,.
Jti!A~
gaoxiao
4-
~ ~JI.j~fj=.
jianshe
?'GJi
xianJm
·-
.,
tiJ fli 1-\: lfi
..I..J!-
gongju
~l!!..I..J!-
jiaotong
gongju
husband or wife; spouse
adv.
n.lv.
square meter
n.
finally
V.
n.
be unoccupied
adj.
construction
loan/ to loan
advanced
n.
public bus
n.
taxi
n.
323
single
rare; uncommon
n.
chiiziiqiche
teach
give way; yield
0~1-\:lfi gonggongqiche n.
ditie
difficult
V.
adj.
kong.zhe
]!~
v.-o.
colleges and universities
n.
daikuan
joke; play tricks
adj.
adj.
zhongyti
get married
how
n.
kimnan
pingfangml
1t~k
'If;
~it
adv.
xiqi
~-r-
v.-o.
policy
n.
jiehan
f:JV
~~
M
~
allot; assign
~a~~
.tli.-f
~p{t
V.
subway
facilities; tool
transportation facilities
ib 1-A. li. $- -Jf ii ¥.A *- <4) ,
~ ;;{f ~y ~ fr!J :=t"?i -k£ -Jf ~{; 9!i) ~ :fA A
A~o ~~~~~~~kt~~~' ~*£{r!J~~~~~1
~?
-:2 al.; 1~ il! o
~t
*.iA£ ;;{f JL-$- J$. ~ 1!?. J: T Jji at f!:l] k ~ ~,
Jt:. 1-tt at f!:l] ~ Jt .-bfJ -11} ~ Jt: o
{f. ~t
m».._ ...
zic6ng ...
Ji!f:J~
goumai
~AA
siren
~~
duse
~
~
tiao
J: TJjiat
Ia]
shangxiaban
shi.jian
k.~i!
zou.butong
~J/1
bukan
§I
4t4-
*,
-:kP *- ~ Jt -i- l&J-t ~, ~ ~
ever smce ...
v.
purchase
n./v.
private
n.
v.-c.
adv.
n.
zixingche
(traffic) jam
AN for road and street
time for going and leaving
work; rush hour
be blocked; cannot get through
extremely (follows the adj. it
modifies)
bicycle
+ Grammar Notes
1.
1E X 3 fF Y ba X dimgzuo Y "take X as Y." A similar usage,
Y na X dimg
Y, can be followed by a verb: ~1t!!3jr~A:W na .ta dimg wai.guoren kim
"regard him as a foreigner."
2.
S
bai, as an adverb, means "do in vain."
324
~X
3
3.
il rimg, which often means "let, allow," here is more like "ever since [a certain
time]."
4.
-.
§ J-.Azicong [a certain time] ~*yllai or ~}§ ythou means "ever since [a certain
time]."
§hUJ~~~*···
zicong ni?i tiiin yllai ...
Ever since that day ...
§ M.11B¥U~OO*···
zicong .ta diw Mei.guo /ai ...
Ever since he came to America ...
.!.~J:.
--¢- ~t-AtA*'- iJL,
.R ~::f: Jt 4;fhlj_~ -Jtav .RJUl,
basically
"1%B1." £.*-J:.JtAA.
~1i~1~kjtl at.} 0
For ordinary people, as long as they don't wear expensive designer clothes,
basically everybody can manage to "keep warm."
1.
2.
t f!l k J~;;p ai.J .X. ii .i ?!.\ -tJfJ .tJ} , 12. ~*-J:.1i~ )~ Jt :t"li M. 'rt ~ o
Transportation in China's big cities is crowded, but it basically satisfies the needs
of the populace.
av
*
f!l ~±~e. ~~*-J:.1~k_jlj 7 i.I:.A.A.~:;ff .§: jlJ tf ~ f-(J:.~ 1f al.] tJL~o
American society has basically reached the point of giving everyone the
opportunity to receive at least secondary education.
..=... 1!--M' ... ~ ...
~ " 11t -i;i" .f±-1:1-{iif ~1~' 1:f1Pf ~1t tf ~ Jt- +1r ~at.} f~ ,¥!
"Eating" is an important issue in any society and for any culture.
1. 1:f1Pf A~ ~ 1:
mC.. al.] 1. 1'fi 1]<. -t 1i~ ::f: JM- Jt~ ~ o
2. ~ :h ~!!. .w. Jt1£ 1Pf ~±~~ill Yt ::r: 1 ai.J 1PJ "! o
Everyone hopes that his or her standard of living can continue to rise.
Violent crime is an unavoidable problem in all societies.
325
any, all
0
..:::.. J.-,A A
7-J
take A as B
B
~ ~y-;{~7!] .ko
People take food as the most important thing in their lives.
1.
2.
~*~~~·~~~-~~-+~~' ~*~~~~-7!J~o
Jt
If I have to make a choice between career and family, of course I will put my
family first.
~ -jf. -=f ~ YA ~-=# 7!J !f. , Jijf Y.;{ »..;f.~ il1t Z. ~~i o
All her life, she has taken pleasure in reading, so she has never known what it
means to be lonely.
do B in order to A
~~~A7!J1~-~~~~&-=J-~-~~-' ~Jt~~~·o
It is not unusual for people to advance their wedding date in order to be assigned
an apartment earlier.
1. ~7!J1~~-+*~-*~•-+*~*A~1-o
He married an American woman in order to get an American green card.
2. ~7!1 1 ~-+#i&-kfai.J..I..1'f~iiif-1 mG~{"~o
She gave up her major for the purpose of getting a job with good pay.
~
1.
t- ~r. .i *-i.t 11~
~ 1 ~ )~* j:t ~ J~A>t YA >rr , ii.~ 1r<.. ~ ;t1u:t
To take Beijing for example, in addition to buses and subways, there are also many
taxis.
.+
,
t-Jld.t -$-14- *- i.t ,
to take •.• for example
*
~ :k. {~Jt -t!t- ~ J:. :ft#
m
.+
0
Rlt ai.J J~ 7i o
To take housing conditions for example, America is probably the most
comfortable place in the world.
2.
t- ~£iff- ~Jk a~.] :ItJ.t*-iJt'
E1 *-a~.] tf.!Jftti1-1-h7t 1t.
0
Regarding the speed of economic development, Japan's experience is worth
studying.
*. m)}...... y_A
*
since, ever since
~m»..a$~~~*-'~~~t~~w~~ft~~~~~AA.$-o
Since the reform and opening in China, a small number of ordinary Chinese have
begun to buy private cars.
1.
m».. t
'*
~JliRtiti~;f-~IUJMY.:A*-, ±-t!t-~~~*ii.~;f-~~al.] *-*-o
Ever since the Chinese and British governments started to discuss the Hong Kong
issue, the whole world has been concerned about the future of Hong Kong.
2.
m»..J:. :k.
Y.;A *-, ~ Jt. -f- i.t;i it 1t Z. ~ *J o
326
I have barely seen any movies since I came to college .
.-b. disyllabic adj. +;r-:~ unbearably, extremely (then something undesirable)
~ ~r. .i JAY aJ.J /~ ~ J:. r J)I at -1JfJ ~ 3it- o
1. ilL i'-J
*
rr ~ #-IK aJ.J.% li J,t :J;::f ~ 3it-
The roads of Beijing are unbearably crowded during rush hour.
o
2. 1{i!.ll5J *-JlJJ 1.. ~ mi l?A~ 1i .q~ ~ 3it- o
Houses in the Harlem district of New York are extremely shabby.
He appears extremely thin and weak because of a long illness.
1li*"
-. Explain the following expressions in your own words:
1. .:I..~Ffr]k
2. i! t:1? ¥!7
3. ~ VA~.?fr k
4. ~!!~£
5. if-jf
6. {;J {;J k~¥ j .&.
=·
Complete the dialogues in meaningful ways:
1. A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
2.
3.
B:
~7frt00*0*~~ "~~~.?frk"o
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
B:~-~~~-, tOOA"~" ~RM*~*M~a
A: .ih\ rjr £Jt j !!.~ ~ ~~' ,-t ~ ~ "* Aif...%1£" o/f.?
A: 1ot-7fr1t~ 5l~Y::E1:~1£ T? ~*~ll"Jt'*- 1"1!;?
B:. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4.
5.
6.
A: 1;f-.-(f. ~Ly, if.* i~.f-,
B: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
B:
.-t ~ tl:l-i-J.JtJLt'jlif?
A:___________
B: .{f. -k 00 'f lrA ~ jlJ a~ ?j; l!l'J , .{f. t
00 ~ ~ 1-1-iU a
.=:.. Translate into Chinese:
1.
2.
I hear that Chinese people don't really need private cars as long as they own their
own bicycles because the public transportation system in China is fairly advanced.
Although traffic jams in New York City are not at all rare phenomena, for people
who have never been in the city, the situation of being extremely crowded is
beyond their imagination.
327
3.
4.
If you are observant, you can easily find out that not many people are fastidious
about brand-names or styles of clothing.
My uncle is very proud of his stable job. He's been a cab driver since he was
twenty and has never considered making a change. According to him, what he
enjoys most is that he never yields when driving.
I2Y. Write short passages on:
a) -kOOA~.R-t"1iAt
c) 1f- -k @J *qt
b) j?i-*ta~-;f;X..
d) "vt"
~~:ft.
rm H1Jl~1IE:a ~t$ ~ ~ ~ 1S ~~~~~~a*~ 1~ ~
*~A~m"~*ttfr"~~m**~~~m*•~*~~m
-~oX•"~"tt*~~-~~M~~-m~Mo*~m~~~~
~~ /F1.B Jtifi$,
t-t-ftJXA*~' ~~/F~*fJJIJ1S:l8"J~~~,
"1:*al"
0
~*~~AA~
~~{~jU~o
"~~"affw~•,ffw~~*m~-m•~~~•o*~~
15Jtt~J!iu4 "~~*~~", ~,~,~~s~ireuz:~.&M-1~ (1) ~m*••~
~-1tf:•o
W§J&
*~A-ftlXm~t~~j'LuZ,
MHJ-t1m1r,
"~8"1~1-t"
~~~§fto §ftJ*~m~~~4o/J~~JJ!1EJErmJl~i5E, i!U¥~1~$,
~$~0~*4o/J~~ey~ft~o
"AA~~~"8~/F~-m~M7o
"AA~~~,mm~~lll"B~~•~*~~m•~,~~~*~
AD*$,
~~~~-~, ~ffi~/F~~o
328
a"~*tt~"~~oo~m~~*•~~,ti~~A*~,•~
~~~~~~"tt"o~OO~ma~mx~a•M•m~$o
=+•~~~~~m••~*~I~~*~m~~~•,w~7
m~Aa*~m~~~~,~~~~-%~~-o~~AA7~~~
*~~m~w~~~m,~~~~~•; &~A~7m~*~~~m
~, me~~: ~ooms
(2)
~!7
0 ~~H?t~~iiJrmm~~~IS,
{s~&-ar~
~m, ~~aw~~~~"tt"~~m,ti-&~~A*~mca~~
~0{6J~~li7
o
ft~oo~~M:ts(, ~ +&1¥~*~•~~1~ mca-oo?31~~•0
I~+•~mN~*~~m~,-•tta¥~m~•ow~~~~~
A5fO~~~~{tB, ~f~M.f~J.¥.~-~
(3)o
tfi11B~~~~·tg¥Jea&-~-~&­
ili~~~oma,~~-*~D~~tt~7-~$~~*~m~,ey
~f~**A~~~m~~~~r~=~~mwtt~L.'o
•m:~tJX~u~maJt?3Jtt, tfl~~~t$ Jt~f ~ m~Y:~ •~
m~,
ilim7-~00"~ANmtt",~-~OOW~"~mNAtt"~~§
m~o
"~"~~"~®", ~®~ma~~&~"tt"w••ma ~
~~*~~0~~®9l~~1~%Jit~o mc~~t**~u~, ~7~0~
r-=c!fr~ ±m-~;tr, -~1~$ ili~Jit-=\!ff, m~x ~1LX~~~~iii~a
§tfB)C!!fifmJ]J(~*
(4),
ili~d>~8"J~~~ifm~ftmfffii5fbA1-l:!fia
83
~1-l:!fi·~J!W7ci:tt!!mJJn, ~m•B"J3tii~£JJX:7;ft!JJltmstr~=~~mo ~t
Jit~-~-~~~{s~~*~~~~~,~~~~ili~~~~~aa
~tJit, ~o*~~~:i!:tfu~, !l~fi~ li*~~B"J3t~IA~~ §
329
1r!fio
~-=--t..::..iJ.
~1*1: 'f~~--1'-tfl:~!t
~~~~~~~' -~~**+~~~~·?~1~k
*'"
~~~' ~~·~·~' ~**~~~' -~~~~1~~
iJT ~ i~ ~ fr= m(1)
j1j
1
~~
, :ht1 it 1
0
-k' El *-~it %-trJ Jt_;fp ~
1~ 1f1 ;fe. ~'
~ ~ ~ JJi!Al(.1t o
~~~ (1828-1912) lt.~-+-~-kOOai.J~~Ao 1828
J¥-
i:B ~~~ n, --t; j1 ~ at1~itl1-ftJT-~~ n ~ ~i5L••~~~,
-Jfitf;11~~1tai.J•1f; 1847
~~
, *- r
jlJ
*,
~
~ lff.~'
J¥-,
(3)
1~i£~i~-tJtj1 <z) :fJG~-Jf-7
~r
--+ ~ ~ , n 1~ itlA *~
k~1tt;'(t~; 1850 Jf-, 1~itlA 1 Jf~f-k~, ~Jf-Y'.AJ€;lf~,
lf ~ Y':A J6 ~ 7--.. , ;f)G ~ 7f 1
-k ~ , ± 1
AJJJi~~~-+~-k~k~Jf~~~~A.o 1854Jf-, ~~~
154 R_ a!.] -A{5 ;f @1 flj -w- ~~ o
r
-~~~~@]~~~~' ~~~~~~~1~§,~~
~ fJ ~
>J ~.x..~:t ~f:.;fp ~~A -Jk.JL_r_fr= o 1~~-w-'*, ~ n,
~;fp~~~~-~-~' ~~' ~~~~#.I-~,
330
c:.+=)
?G~
~1*1
,,
?l:f~= 9='00~-1-ii'~~j:::
rt1:k
lifunei
lli1~ 3t
jindaishr
~7}
M~1,_
IZJ:.:r
/-1.
*'*
00*1:.
£1:.
jie.shao
~·a
1./,
~n~
zhi.shi
~
ou
Jt.
hl1it
fojf
~it:.ti
:.ti~~;ft
~ir*~
i!EJ1t
•->1- ...
ip;lj
~
¥~···~
n.
be fully ... years of age
n.
Massachusetts
"*:h
-C=
~it
n.
v.-o.
zuochuan
n.
huiyilu
wang
~~
!f. ;)],
Jim
~-#
)C§
fiinyi
331
high school
Yale University
ride on a boat
memmrs
n.
diligently/diligent
n.
wenshu
missionary school
forget
n.
maiban
Christianity
V.
adv.ladj.
niili
tE~
AN for school or building
V.
n.
Jf~:tA:* Yeliidaxue
@}·~~
Macao
man ... sui
gaozhong
IEJ•tL. ~
accelerate; speed up
Westernize
-;1;-tf
1t -A{;
system
V.
Masheng
Jf~t- *-~
Europe
Jidujiao
jiaohui
xuexiao
xihua
~~jiiJ
n.
n.
suo
law
knowledge
n.
aomen
students studying abroad
introduce
v.
··-
modem history
V.
n.
'
JiaSU
~F~
n.
produce; effect
n.
zhidu
~n
n.
V.
!al{i
personal name
go and study in America
n.
chansheng
ft~
-ifftJ
v.-o.
liuxuesheng
1r-~
jgk
n.
R6ngH6ng
translator; interpreter
comprador
office clerk; secretary
1863
Jf=-, $:-J*J ;ff ~JL~ JLffitJ 7
a~.] Ji~~4Yl~47t ~ ~ (1811-1872)
o
1~~
v.
manyi
332
t
~at t ~
-+-Jf aJJ mi ;ff l&JL
~~~it.~
7
mG ?kit
satisfy; be satisfied
c=+=)~~= ~oo~-~00~$~
hoJ:.
jiashang
*at
~~
a=t '
5t -*_ij
dangshi
Qingchao
ffi)Jnt
M~
fiibai
shiwang
fk~
··- .,
Jtaqtang
ho5~
'* .-:. ;
juexin
-]f-a}J
~ryj
kaiming
i&.!t
:i8!J!
yuanJlan
~~¥1
Zeng Gu6!an
-~
I!) . . . .
w~mr
•• ,
tichii
.:bll:B
JlH
J!..1;.f..
1-tt• .. ffi. lJ;
/.1:;1
\1
~.
Jtt3t']
Jrtlu
~iL
~tfl\..r..r
fltf!GIJll
1k1~
311~
~J.t
Jrffl.
att
~~
JL:i"
.. ._.z 01
1iJJA
)t.£
-$Jj-~~:t..
~)T =9t~ iJrij
adj.
n.
n.
adj.
V.
determination
enlightened;
open-minded
foresight
(1811-1872) statesman,
military leader, writer,
and poet
put forward; bring up
plan; scheme
jianli
V.
build; establish
v.
machinery factory
v.-o.
jixiegongchang n.
huode
shixian
ji.qi
ert6ng
chedi
pai
~~
n.
strengthen
v.
disappointed
V.
... zhinei
~~
adj.
corrupt and incompetent
cehua
zhongyao
"£"~
adj.
the Qing Dynasty
V.
guang.shi
fl~
n.
at that time
zai...xia
gailiang
Jt)t
time word
add; adding
detailed; concrete
be appreciated by ... ; be
looked upon highly by ...
be under ... ; with ...
jutr
1~····~ de ... shangshi
1f-···r
v.
XInyinggelan
get; obtain
n./v.
realization/realize
adv.
n.
only; just
adj.
critical; important
n.
children
v.
n.
adv.
n.
V.
333
ameliorate; reform
machine
within ...
thoroughly
dispatch, send (a person)
New England
jizhong
~o/
J~V·I·I
~~·l·l
~4+#7-fb
P'
'\$
lil ... y
;:f.f9... JL}J
'tw
3\:A
j(WJ
Kangzhou
Haterude
y6u ... v
zizhu
~~
§~
guanyuan
~P.X
biancheng
V.
centralize; concentrate
n.
Connecticut
n.
Hartford
V.
be V-ed by ...
V.
n.
aid financially; subsidize
v.-c.
official
n.
become
~if it
Jrdutu
&t#
shidiao
V.
lose
rPJ···~~
xiang ... xuexi
V.
\¥?~~
liuxueshi
J't~
guanghur
adj.
history of studying abroad
:l'G4
n.
learn from ...
iG~
~c~
jilu
n.
glorious
{a] ...
*>]
'M~~
\%J::r
334
a Christian
record
+ Grammar Notes
1.
}!§fp mqz zuo.yong, a verb-object compound meaning "function, serve a purpose,"
can be split: ~X Ef<Jfpffl qz X.de zuo.yong "serve the purpose of X" or "perform
57 sui here is used in the modem sense of "years old" that came into China from
Western cultures. But in ?(j. ~ R6ng Hong's day, 57 sui meant something slightly
the function of X."
2.
different.
In the West someone is zero years old when born, then turns one on his or her
first birthday, two on the second, and so on. In China before the arrival of the
West, a baby was one 57 sui when born, then two 57 sui on New Year's Day, and
then one more 57 sui on each succeeding New Year's Day. Then concept was "how
many calendar years, in part or in whole, has this person existed in?"
"New Year's Day" meant lunar New Year's, which falls in late January or early
February in the Western calendar. At family gatherings on New Year's eve, people
stayed up until midnight in order to celebrate the moment at which everybody
went up one 57 sui together. This was called ~57 shou sui "watching the year
out."
The difference between the Chinese and Western concepts makes it awkward
to translate between 57 sui and "years old." Theoretically, a child born within the
last minute of lunar New Year's eve would be two 57 sui one minute later, and
would tum three 57 sui on the day after turning "one year old" in English. The
difference between 57 sui and "years old" would remain just shy of two for the rest
of this person's life. On the other hand, a child born in the first minute of the New
Year would be one 57 sui at birth and tum two 57 sui the same day he or she turned
"one year old." For this person, the difference between 57 sui and "years old" will
remain one for the rest of life. In order to know whether to "add one" or "add two"
in translating from "years old" to ;# sui (or to subtract one or two when going the
other way), you have to know both a) the birth date of the person in question and
b) the day as of which the statement is being made. Often it is impossible to know
these things. It is not even easy to use an average, because the average difference
between 57 sui and "years old" is one and a half, and it seems odd to write things
like "when R6ng H6ng was not yet nineteen and half years old." There is no easy
answer to this problem.
In modem Chinese, ~ 57 shisui "full sui" is sometimes used for
Western-style "years old" in contradistinction to m57 xusui "empty sui" that
refers to original sui. The terms ~57 shisui and m_ 57 xusui seem, however, to
reflect a conceptional misunderstanding, because there is nothing "empty" about
original 57 sui.
335
American states are normally called 1·1'1 zhou "prefecture" (see L. 3, note 2). The
only exception is Massachusetts, which, for complex historical reasons, uses i!fl
sheng "province" and is called ~~- Masheng.
3.
WI* :txt~+~±~av ~Jk_?: 1.. 11ttkav1JP~
A creates···effect on B
~
o
Students who had studied abroad greatly affected the development of the whole
society.
1.
a ;f..it-$-x*-. aJ.J ~Jkxt-k fi1 _;;:!!.. 11tt:k.av 1J 11foJ o
!Y ~ ~:b~ ~iftxt -k 00 av i&.~ii _?: 1.. 1 - Jt av 1J jl~ o
The development of Japan's automobile industry greatly influenced America.
2. ·
The participation of minorities in government had a definite effect on America's
politics.
prepare for A
~ $.)~~~~· ~7-Jf-~ tf, f.J{~i!A-kOO *-*1t111f_~o
Rong Hong studied one year in a Massachusetts high school to prepare for entering
an American university.
1. -
ftl
1.1n ~ ~ f.J ~ ~.1-\ 1tk 11t~ o
* .t., *
JiJJ
As soon as the end of the semester nears, students all make preparations for finals.
336
2. 1-t!?..ft 1 -
.ttb-4~,
f.J -!-7r l!l Jt.J§-1tki1!~o
He saved some money in preparation for settling abroad.
~~~ mG1£ §] ·~r. iJtJ:. 1-t, ~ atf-tt tr.J t j:_~ it~ o
According to his own memoirs, Rong Hong had forgotten much of his Chinese by
then.
according to A
~
r
•
-t- ..=..1r.
1. ·~~tr.J~~-~~' ~~~~±7-~-~-0
«A..~
iJL, t l!l A.. o ~ ~~ li 1
o
According to the Peoples Daily, China's population has already exceeded 1.3
billion.
According to today's TV news, another bomb explosion occurred in Tokyo.
2.
.t%
a .tit»
av
Tl!l. ~A ~f;/~~f;
be (not) satisfied with A
~ 1-1!!.5Ct~.ttb..r..1t~ ~ i~ ~ 0
He was not satisfied with these jobs.
1. =t-11 -M. 5Ct J1il1t av ft. -:fit ~~J 1rd~ ~ o
The people are pleased with the government's reform plan.
2.
.li.
av
~ 5Ct m G ~ ~ $.}] A~~ :k.. i~ ~ o
I am not too satisfied with my grades this semester.
t
m
+-Jf aJJ ~ :t izlJL av Jli ~ii 4Yl ~*
and
1. ~ av i1i i#- ± #J ~ :t ~ , '?&. ~ 1 71fl ~ 17JT J..t o
~
l!l ~ Jt-
o
Zeng Guofan was an open-minded and far-sighted political leader.
Her speech was lively and interesting, and it attracted a large audience.
2.
*.
-IM:-~~ ~ tf•~Jt.--1'-~ :k.~~:}~Jttr.JJtiA.o
The World Trade Center is a tremendous and magnificent structure.
~ $:.1~ $t. ili 1 ?t.it t l!l avA#.it~.~J, 1£l1-f t l!l
Jti;; o
Rong Hong put forward a concrete plan for reforming China, which was regarded
highly by Zeng Guo fan.
~ A ~ j- i..R
appreciated or regarded highly by A
$-av
1. ~tr.J~~~~~:ff-A*, ffl~~~-~tr.}Jf~o
His research has been consistently fruitful, so his professor thinks highly of him.
2. ~tr.J~~~~~:ffJ~~,~~~~~~~~tr.}Jf~o
Her boss thought highly of her because her suggestions helped the company to
develop.
337
~.
,{£ ... ~ j__#' r
with the support of...
tY @J ~€r.] .t.#r,
i!+it~1 1-f± 1865 Jf-1t1f*'-J.lo
With the support of Zeng Guo fan, this plan was put into practice in 1865.
-¢- .{±
1.
1~ aJ.; *'~A .lJJ 1 o
With the support of his friends, his experiment was successful.
2.
-f± ~J~~JN-€r.] .t.#r,
-f± JJJL~..1n aJ.; J:.#
r,
~1nai.J*R~-t1J. ~*-7
o
With the support of the local government, our school finally got established.
338
-. Provide objects for the following verbs:
?1..
-fr~
?i..:f-
?'i.lt
?i.R
*'
J)il,
;'(!~
i!A
lW ·~0
11i-Jl}J
!),
.t.#
¥tit
~3i.'l
'tiY-
;k#-
1'Flfl, h11it
5~ -;t: , )#.) 9!t, ;k !l. , ~ at , ;k •'-l
Jt-#-, 'tiY-, R1l-, .t.#, *i&YL
=.Expand each group of words into a coherent sentence, adding anything you need:
1.
2.
3.
~
t/~, IJ~, .fr~,
~~.
**·
m~. ~~. &*~
-=:. Answer in your own words:
1. tf ~ 1.. ,i(t tF IJl ~.±.~a~ .£.Jl.f 1.. r 1t z. *J ,~?
2. $.1*l:;tf; !l. ;~ z. {f *- ?i.lt tf IJl?
3. 7t -*JJ Jlk.Rt- llt iffi. ~ - ¥t tf ~ 1.. a~ m~ Jt.1t z. ?
~
5.
UfJ ~*11,8~~1Ji.1l- tf IJl ~>]~It- UfJ?
$-~~tf!Jl~R~~*~*z.~~?
[9. Translate the following, then complete the sentences as you see fit:
1. Due to the influence of students studying abroad, ...
2. Before I reached age sixteen, ...
3. According to his own recollection, .. .
4. With the support ofthe government, .. .
5. Because of financial aid from alumni, .. .
6. Although he lost a good opportunity, .. .
7. The real interest of those politicians is .. .
Ji. Use your imagination to write a dialogue of at least ten sentences between $.1*1
and ~ IJl ~.
/\. Write short passages on:
a) -k IJl :ijt1:r k. M; Jlk.~{; 4~ #1
c)
.fi.. x.. -It a~ tf ~ ~g_ JJi
tf IJl "*;r;: -*UfJ1t.?
b) tf ~ 1.. ~ JYL1~1t.
d)
339
a~~ili~~~, m•~w•m~•~D~~~7**~~•,
ff£]1[¥~tl~1f, fj£r!lf:~tlftij~, oo•~=W~ 7 ft~~H1JT~n~~1'Fffl
(l)o
~~re~~~~ B*~~~~m®~~m~7~~,~~7~~~m
1~1-to
~~ (1828-1912) :li1:~~{tm\¥i·~~~~~Ao 1828 *ili~a
~r~, -t~s"J~1!9cJl7~JiJTa~r~~~t?~~••t;t, rm~il71mlffi1-t
*'
~~1f; 1847
alff~~
(3)
1mJ&t/F~~+tL~
(2)
mt!Utm7~~' *~07~~,
~7~*(Wj~, ~1m:ilA~~*•1Ut*1i; 185o
*' 1m:il
A7~•*•' ~*~m•~,~7~~~~~ooa~~*••~~
~~Ao 1854
*'
~~-~~1&/FA, mt!Utm7~~, ~7 154
xi¥J
~'ri/.t@l~u~mo
~ ~ ;l!A Fa, 1Ut
-~~Ba§lm•~~,~~~~~~~7~~,~~~~•~
~ ~R ;t ~~tn ~
rnm A~tt~I 1'F 1ma ~m ~
o
~ r~ ~
*?·1·1 )fn
~--~--~~--~-I~,~:li1:~W~~I~:W/FWa,~~
1m ~.!J*± •
1*r
&-~~~~ll)(m~~~MW&, ~~~~ooJl1~1~~~, 33~~oo~P:fJn~~7
~ AA:~t., o 1mJl1~ &- ~ ~ ~ :1: ® ~ ~ :li1: Tffi~ E!"J~~n~~ ~ti
0
1863 if., ~~:fft~• Jt~u 7 &-~~ t~~oo rm ~rm:ffM!Jt~ll)[¥€:1~~
1£13W!I$C 1811-1872),
1m~ Wll$11ili 7 ~ BB)O~~~~JVMt~tJtl,
m~W~¥1~-~oaW!I$~~~~,~~-~~~~m~~mfl
flf!GI~, ~OOBi-Jtla 1865 *3if~Jrlf!o
340
w••~~ft·~~~~~~~~ft~~~,~~A*~~®~
RmB*mi•~~~~,~-~~~re~~~~-~~~~*M*o
~~~~~a~~~~,&~~
+~+=•~+E•~~~~~~
*'•~~~Etta-®,~~~~~-®~ft~,·~~~-·~
~~•R~~~~m~,~~~am, +E~~mNre~~~§~
~0
1872 ~' WM.£Yl71m~~tltlo ~~~!M¥~1-+~'1'00*1:*
~~~~~~-~~,~~•~a•ffl*~mMmilio~~~~ili~
~_t~-1tt
El3 ~mStt ItJJ a<J oo •1: 0
~~oo•~~-~~-~~~~~~~-~m~,~A~~oo•
1:a~~••~~7~~~m~~~,~~~~~~7~e~,~~
±~~~~~1mfr,lli~~ §
a<Jo
~-s~~oo•1:a 1881 ~*~i!§
7~~, ~~~~~7-~~-®~·R~~--0
~~00*1:*~~oo•~~~-~&~••,~~~•wa~~
~oo•~_t00r7 :J't~a<J~c~o
341
~-=--t--=-iJ
~Jf.: 4'00-13*~#1~~-
;f:k.Jt ( 1875-1907) it rt oo llt1\ Jt.J:. a~ -+**jf!:fP*11
~o~titi~-~,~~7~~*~~~~r.fOO*~~~~
1a 1t ijt ~At~ -r , -tfr lfX. mtil, -t ~ :fp ~i .ft.~ it~x o
n 1 .:tfi~~~~J1.tl1tm?~Jt~ <n,
tkJt 1875
~ra
,
~
i!.x..Jtrtoo*~~~~~~~
-+ ~ ~~ -+Jt.i. ~~fit, J-A.'J' ~ 1
'*
>] 11it
~~~*'~~'f#~, ~~,~~,~~oJ!.*~~~*
~
'*
*-iJLJt1tl~ -t'f ~
1896 -+, ~ x. -It a~ *MF r, tkJt i-t 1 ~t, 1!?. :fp ;t :Jt ~ *
1tt~ :kt; 1904 -+, ~ ~ 7t 1 ;t :Jt:fp~** a *- t *'f >J a
0
Qiu Jin
fim{i
n.
n.
342
(1875-1907) female writer and
democratic revolutionary
women
7'Gl31K
xianqu
*i4i
yingxi6ng
11~
zuojia
-1.
yisheng
~o1i1J
nilie
18
jiu
At~
shuru
-tlfX-
zhengqii
-t~
pingdeng
.tfi~
tuifiin
t~m
Manqing
~~
~~
aigu6
~JYl..
*IJ¥.
biaoxian
J-t!!..i.
dizhii
11it
zuoshi
11~
zuowen
l3t ~
qima
~§rj
jijian
j;Jt~
tiaogao
j;Jt:izl
tiaoyuan
~-t't
bupingchang
*.t.if
anpai
;):_*._
zhang.fii
-f--:k
zinG
Dongjing
El~
Riwen
~!!~
ji.xu
~j;fj
tan Man
geming
ziizhi
n.
n.
n.
n.
adv.
adj.
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
adj.
forerunner; pioneer
hero; heroine
writer
one's whole life
how
out of date; old-fashioned
fetters; bondage; restraint
strive for
equality
overthrow
the Manchu nationality
government (Qing Dynasty)
n.
patriotic
v.-o.
landowner; landlord
n.
display, performance,
manifestation
v.-o.
write poems
n.
fencing
n./v.
n.
write essays
horseback riding/ride a horse
n.
high jump
v.
extraordinary; unusual
adj.
n.
long jump
arrange
n.
husband
n.
Tokyo
n.
continue
n.
v.
adj.
n.
343
children (of parents)
Japanese language
anti-Manchu
revolutionary
organizations; groups
~~*~~~T~~k*~#M~~~~~, ·~~' ~~
~~~~·~~*~~~--~~~~o~~tOO~~*~
~-1t*-"t JJ A!t~, JGi~~~~~~~~i~~~~~~31.~*-o
~
4:f JJrJ JR.~t i;i;t_,
JR.~t X.. -Jt*-tlf ~ ~tjl!l
,
JR.~t ~-J- ,;l.. ~Yi Rill-A
~*,JR.~*-J-~~*~~~~Jt~o~~*JJ*~~' ~
~0
~~o~#$·~~' ~~~~~~~~~**-~~~~'
~1m &.. a'-J o
J!J] l'al
~Ara,
j:_:f
itiaJ
qijian
wenzhang
~~~n]
shici
n.
n.
n.
344
period of time
article
poems
(-= +-=)
~*:h..±
~*
fiibiao
{JlJ~
~*Et
bao.zhr
7FI~
*'f£"?.r
j:j,e.-
zazhi
1*1~
.flt.1~
-:k=r-kNt-~9:.
1R-.$:
'!:7
:.:r 1."
~
,&,5tt
~X..
neir6ng
Pfff =9: mnJl: fimii jiejiang
tic hang
yikao
*~
xueshi
t.IJE
chanzu
&W
**
Ia.ndui
hiinyin
~t-k~
->l' ~Ji
qi.zi
~'~~
bixii
§E.
Sl
*~~
ZaiJia
JL:Jt
.i3R
'
_±~
zhiizhang
fan.shi
._.,
~Ji
Jljln
JJ~
!)3~
nanzhuang
m
§rj
-1t 7!J
it:t
}(.~~
1r~
xingwei
~~}C
shiwen
yizai
1Hf:Ah
''"" F.Jl:J
:,t..
)Jf...t-a
wtineng
churei
~~f
~-
dai
jian
-Jt
,.y[,
Q
~*~
tongzhi
lkRv~
gailiangpru
v~
pai
i!'iV
Jizv
V.
publish
n.
newspaper
n.
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
n.
jin.bu
magazme
contents
advocate, promote
women's emancipation
rely on; depend on
learning
object to
foot-binding
n.
marriage
V.
die
v.
be remarried (for women); -!3}~
(for men)
maintain or hold (an opinion);
advocate
every; all
aux.
... '
~iii!
"
tk:EI: J:j:l ffil ~ ::9: ill~ 1¥J$t ~
adv.
adj.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
adv.
wife
must
radical; advanced
men's clothing (in man's attire)
carry; wear (arms; ornaments)
sword
behavior
poem
adj.
time and again
n.
rule; governance
conj.
n.
n.
adj.
345
incompetent
unless
reformists
group; faction; school
progressive; advanced
1905
Jf-,
~kJll-A.
El
*- ffi1 00 V:AJ6,
~~J.L"A.. $.1t~#J, ~
~~~, ~~~, m~#~**~#~~~~~~~~4t4t
m- a"J .r..1'f,
~h~o ·J6~~~*tt~T~·~#J, *~~#·~~~
1907
~ -¥JJ ~m- ~f ~~·ttl~ o
-+ 6 JJ
;f.R~
ijf;ft!j
:;[;#}
mJJJ
d),
tl-ft
~~
jJ-J:
4 El , ;fk Jl VA " i!~" a"J -W- ~ lt.lt.#l , V1J R..
._.,
JlJl
hu6dong
m
ban
I§'~
xuanchmin
:1-if.
,.
v
petyang
-jf
~
bing
~].~);
~~~
~·1t#J
ll!$qrtJJ
zuzhi
junshi
xingdong
tonghen
y;,{···-W.£
li.liang
~·ttl
yr ... zuiming
adv.
n.
v.
V.
n.
enthusiastically; actively
pursuits; activities
run, manage (a school, a
company)
spread; publicize; propagate
V.
develop; build up; raise
conj.
force; power
v.
and (used to connect sentences)
v.
military operations
v.
n.
organize
hate bitterly
under the charge or accusation of
m6utan
V.
conspire against (the government)
Jt-tm
drubu
iif~.r.
Zhe.jiang
n.
arrest
i~&.
hk-*
'tll
....p
~
/'
~&
%ll.OO
~-'Q/,
Shao.xing
:fiX~
kant6u
n.
v.-o.
346
a province in southeast China
a city in Zhejiang province
be beheaded
+ Grammar Note
1.
"'¢-
1.
7-.J 7 X rm (verb) wei.le X er (verb) can mean either "(verb) for the sake of X" or
"(verb) because of X." The example of f~~ bei sha here is an unusual one in
which no "other elements" (see L. 17, note 1) follow the verb.
:t:Jot aJ.J - .1. , 1~ At t ~ -J--:kt:diif lfx. m
~ ~ ~i JL ai.J i:t~.¥. o
Qiu Jin's life represents how Chinese women have striven for freedom, equality,
and independence.
r
*
-t
w, +
how
rr .iEiRtit-i-t 7 -:ko1iiJ F$-1~~e..~ if al.; 1',;] Mo
i!-*-41 _i_~it al.; Ji..-:ko1iiJ~ 1f -1-*
The municipal government discussed the issue of how to lower the crime rate.
2.
0
This book is mainly about how to educate children.
o/ ~
*-J--:ko 1iiT-(±.
under the constraints of...
-t
IS 1t M. al.; )jt3W. T
lfx. ffl liJ · ··
How Chinese women strove for freedom under the constraints of old traditions ...
1. -t±. :it~ ~L~ ai.J At.~ r , A ~f.;t 1t ~ :rt ;ttfl _r_ aJ.J
o
Under the constraints of feudal ethics, people didn't have much spiritual freedom.
2. -(±.IS,!;~- al.; .*-~ T, 1-tf!.. Jt 1.-- .:Y: ~&.Ait X. -It al.; ~ ;)}.-!~-k~ o
Under the constraints of old ways of thinking, he did not dare in the slightest to
oppose the marriage arranged by his parents .
"'¢-
mw
..=...
JL;{_ (subject) ~ (verb)
{- ~iA~ JLJi..JJ A.~~1~kaJ.J.'
*
all (subject) (verb), any (subject) (verbs)
A.~~~1~ko
She thinks women can do everything that men can do.
1. JLJt.Wi:t.aJ.JA~~~·~**aJ.J~~~o
347
A:Y T Wf.-Jtt:.-k~ a{; 5Z1~o
Anyone who has studied abroad knows the importance of learning a foreign
language.
2.
JLJlftl -k~ a{;~~~$A~
All immigrants to the US know at least something about American culture.
f!!l. Jfk~f
-<}
Ft.- ~f .tfi~ i~ rn-a{; iiu~ , t
~ Jt i~ :tr
•1:
unless
a{; o
~ Ft.-~ f it!At 1w A a{; ~-f. ;t :tr If n~ 1£. -!V o
Unless China carries out a thorough reform, it won't be able to advance.
Unless the Manchu Qing dynasty were overthrown, China would be hopeless.
1.
2.
t
.f±. -k ~ ,
Ft.-~ f 1: li R-kf a{;~ 1f , ~ ~ 1El~fi .f~ frj .I. 1'1= o
In America, it is not easy to get a good job unless you are well educated.
.li.. Y~ A ~ ~~ (it) verb
-<}
:fk Jl Y'A i~t~ a{; .W. jj ~,tit .trfl o
*F.t YA 1f.l
t;; a{; .w. jj .f'J
suffer (verb) under the charge of A
r 1{1!. rJJ-i lf-*']
<:?iu Jin was arrested and charged with conspiring against the government.
1.
1{1!. YAJR.~ti&.M- a{; .W.jj ~,t~~*- r
o
Charging him with theft, the court sentenced him to two years in prison.
2.
o
He was charged with opposing the government and arrested.
-. Make sentences using the underlined expressions:
1. ;fJOt 4<.i 4<.i a~ -1.1~ At 1 tf I!H/3 -k-t ~ mdJ -t ~a~ li:f.l o
2.
3.
:M!. Jt. 7J 1 ~fi~ ~f!i 7t JtRt- ~ ~.t if- a~ o
:M!.J-A•J,~7*SJ1tit1ti:v-~.ur, -It*~~~, ~§'lo
348
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1896
-t,
~ x. -iiF~*Mf
-r,
#.~t
r -*th
#.iA.;I.J JL)!_J3 A~~1ij:a~., -:k A~~~1ij:o
:fk J.t - Jt iJL aJJ , ~~f. .:ffi jfj 5~ ~ .iliM- , 'f ~ )t )~ ;ff if~ a~ o
i!.#-f-•·~m., ~t~ ~ at?.t tl~a~ i5*-)t5t.i!. iV, 3t. 1m .A~ o
'f ~ a~~-:k-JC.lt-~~iif-J:.J£)t~-i~J:.~~~.!k.ft.~*-o
.=.Fill in the blanks to make coherent sentences:
1. ~ T · JI$-1t · -:t-1<..a 4<R a~ - 1. ...... a~ i:l::f.¥.
2.
3.
4.
5.
~I~ ~ iX.
0
'f ~ .iliJN-...... -f!l ~ -t 't ~ o
«iK~~at.tli» a~.i.~r*l ~)!_ ...... ~~0
;ff it~ A~ fiiJ t: 'f ~ .iliM- a~ .ili~, 11!!.1fl JR.)(t· · · · · · JR.)(t· · · · · · JR.)(t· · · · · · JR.)(t· · · · · · o
~ -k ~, ...... a~1t 7-J )t~ ~~;ft~±~-*i~ ~ o
.:=:.. Answer in your own words:
1. -=- -t-tJticAJJ J.JJ , 'f ~ ~3 *~ jrJ 11}]~ n:J 1t ~.it a~ >ft. if?
*
~
1t;M-7-J 1tz. iJLtkJ.t~.:ffijfji~ ~.iliM- )!_ x.::r~ ~ ~ l:.~AlJYL?
1;f- )(t JiJ )( -iiF *-* .:Mf -f" * ~ i!t1~ ;ff 1t z. ;l *?
5.
-1f ~ lf-#)"~;fkJ.t;fp ~1~ *~~3-:k-~.~m.J:.;ff 1tZ. ~1~-Z*?
6.
1;f-iA.7-J-k~~~3-:k~JEW(.jt J 17~?
2.
3.
~**#J3A±~,aa~;ff~z.#~M~
-k ~ JYL~~J3 -:k-t~~ liiJ MJ:.;ffli}]~Jtt:.~,tti!.~ i5*-?
8. -k ~ ;ff )~ ;ff iif ~~ t!:: JJL$3 Ja:Jt. ~~ a~ .iliM-? 7-J 1t z. ?
9. ~ -k ~ , -f' ~ iif Jt)O'A 1t Z. .W. .£ i!#l A? JR.)(t .iliJN- -It -'t- .W. .£ 11~?
10. -k ~~1tZ. ·tt~ r ~)(t}Jrj ~ *~~ .-ft#J?
7-J1tZ.?
7.
1m. Translate the following phrases and then add a verb before each:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
corrupt g<;wernment
women's emancipation
equality between men and women
revolutionary force
essays and poems
political movement
people's power
military operation
Ji. Write short passages on:
b)
a) -+x~.tft
c) ~3xW(.jt
d)
~~ ~JJi)t~.iliM-?
i!t1~
mJiJ;fp·t±fijlf.jt
349
tkfl c1875-1907)
~~llili1~!£.__ts"J~1!mJz:~t1ttnJz:1t~c
:ruB
mm~~~,~~7=+ili~WM~~~~Jz:~~Maw•M~*•~,
*I+X § ffi-.
.lf~-to~il:~~f¥o llf~
M?.A 7 flfi~~~if)O#rm~~ m'
mX~~~~Jz:~~~~~-~~ffl.o
tkfl 1s1s
if:te~a~1!m:t-m±~*~' fJE!J\~7~~1t~~1tJti2J­
)'!-, M?.ili~.~-~ . ¥~tl .. W5~ .
1t8"J
W5J!o
mt-J&'ffif8"JJz:~*~~~~/F.lf
0
1896i:F, ax:-BJ:s"J~flp~, tk:£1~a7~~, 1.s-to:t:x~mm1*~~:f~r;
19o4
if:,
.
~m~~m7:t:x-to~Jz:~EI***~~
EJJt,
t~~JaJfi, ~ffif
•~y~~&-~¥*~•oamMMM?.a7:f&Jt•~~~g~a
~~
-~__t,.±~~~~~~m~Jz:~~~m••~~mo:ruB~~
~~~~Jz::f~W*a~A~m,~•a~M__tm~~•__tm~~il:~
~
M?.%JJU&t-Jt.l£
&t-JX:-BJ:~flp~~~~, &t-J~~~,~~E~fJE:t:x,
&ti~~a:t:~~~~~N·o~.±~~~f~,.±~Jz:~iliS~~
~~,M?.~A~~~A~~~$, Jz:Am~~om•~mma&"!Rf~
m•~~o:ruB§2.1fffif9~•,a~, ~!Rfmm~pm-~ffAaw
1lmffif1~~/FM~~f±~13C~~ o
~7~Jz:~~I2J-*,tJcfla:ruB~~Jt•~w~~-~~~1!m•~
~M~~~m, ~~~mt:m~~~-~M¥€1, ~~~~~1f*~~o
m,
~~&"ffifa~~~±~*~~~~
.
m*l**-li!1,
~~~~o
1~sif:,tJcfi~B*§II12J-~,m~~•**m~,M?.M~~,
350
-~~,ffl~-~~*~•&•~mm®~9¥~~hioft~~~
Ju~f.ill~l7
m¥trtJJ,
*~trml~r~mll&m~I
1'F,
~~~il&m~~~:Jm
'f~~o
~~7~6~4B,~~~"~&"~$~••M,~~~~~a
~rr~~-~~7, ~~~~~-+=•0
351
1ii.. ; 1907 Jf. J1J1.~ 1!1 WI ~ ; 1912 Jf. t:f 1¥ t\.1!1 J!iM- -1±. m*A
iL, 1-tl!. @J I!J1ti;.fi if.~*-; 1917 Jf.ftt.;f.e 1£ ~t
1t 1 it~ ?k$ {11.] J..1t' 1~~t .:k.-1±.~.i~.i
18 a~ 't 1it-*IL¥;J- ?.t
--~·&
~JG~ .£. n~
(2)
ifi1 A 1
:.:r /I~5P- "
"~~~
Cai Yminpei
Beijingdaxue
(1)
*.:k. ~ ~ *-,
JLJf..:Z tf d7 -~::t-
t:f 1!1 ~- fo]f JJt1~1t a~ .:k. ~
,
n.
n.
352
i1i
o
:.:r /J~P(.."I' /'J .ll:ll...la n~J~... 7J-I=~'J ,
~~~aT~~~m~~
THJ
(1868-1940) educator; thinker
Beijing (Peking) University
<:::::+11!1)
t
itt±
.t.t-t
m.i
£b1..!.
:.r..!L
.l.b 00
l(.tr;
.£.
1:# *-
zhong
Jft±
*1ll.
t~~
jinshi
shouyii
xuewei
De.gu6
Nanjing
fit :A
weida
:.ttif~
jiao.yujia
AiL
chengli
1tk
:.tf_-i;"l:5*
Fl ·~'
zuo
jiao.yil
~~~l!lft zongzhang
.fe1£
}iff
danren
ti*-
;f')tft
xiaozhang
~18
~-
laojiu
't1t
~~~
;/.] . . . JJ!t 4}--
*?j(
~'t
·;~
mm
**r
~··· ~~rJt
'M'§
guanlhio
·- '
Jigou
xueshu
v.
n.
n.
n.
adj.
n.
academic degree
Germany
capital city of Jiangsu province
great
educator
V.
found; establish
V.
act as; serve as; take (a position)
n.
v.
n.
adj.
adj.
n.
n.
minister of education
assume (a responsibility, an office,
etc.)
a university president or school
principal
old-fashioned and conservative
bureaucratic
apparatus; structure
academic research
serve ...
dangguan
V.
hiln
V.
be a government official
get or obtain (by manipulative or
shady means)
diploma
wenping
~~
m6uqu
;Jf-#!l,
J:~
zige
1l ift]
5m~
qiangdiao
yanjiu
gaoshen
7i'"'W!'
n.
earn (a degree) in competition
the highest degree in imperial
examinations
confer
V.
Jt~l
fii]t*-
V.
wei ... ruwil
5t.1t
it.lfX.
JftjL
~:lG:htf~:I~JiCk~
*l'OJ
*F~~
xuewen
~4\
-~
zhuanqian
n.
n.
V.
try to gain
qualification
V.
emphasize; stress
adj.
research
n./v.
n.
v.-o.
353
profound; deep
learning; knowledge
make money
n1* ~ a-!J :.tt~~- ~:.tt
~~~1~+~*~~, ~~1*§~~~~-~~~~~
~~~
*- ~t :k.:.tt-# ,
ii: 1~ 1n ~- .ttr. t.&.
ijft, :tifi~, 1.tt~ 1a ~ # ,'& ~-1±. ~t .:k.X;fm 1} llfoJ, X;fm ¥tit, 1f!..
Jt-#-~X;fmi!Wo
1±.~7t:l%~P~~.:k.:.tt~~a-!J4~-!f-r, 1917 ~.f'J 1927 ~:ttt
~~~~~~~-~~' ~~-~~~~~o~+A~~~
~?~~' ~~*~~~~~~~~Jt{f.~~~~t+~~
tf ~ *-~
~~
I\.J
0
*
(3)
0
:k.~1±.~7tJ~~4~ -!f-r,
1~1±. ~~ :k_,PJf Jt iL~
~tf~~~~~~~'
~pt
t
A1 t
~ ~~ j :1-ti£#1 ~
*- ~ 1; * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~;k iL '
1\ :tz 1 ~
t
~~~~~~~#o
n lli at.~ at m1 i£ ~L ~ t
~ 1±. 1920 ~1\:tt -+~ ~~ I*J Ji~ ai.J 1Jt.~Lat1\, 1f!..
:tt~ 7t:!% ?Jf 4~ -!f- a-!J ~~ ~~ :k.
~ ;t~ ~
1-
+~~~, ~nt~A~*-7~~~0-+*-~~~*~~
-!f--ffl*-~*~~~~~?~~#~:k.~~~' ~7~7t:l%
~~,{f.t~m~~~~~~~~~~+Ao
354
~iff
~§ff
pinq1ng
4-4£
iF~
nianqing
**
~45
~Ia
**
~-
;ft!j:f.fg
·at
:tap
m~
~*-
jfwei
bianlim
pohai
f£ .. ·z r
4gr~
jiaoshu
jiao.shou
~;f.t
:tif-i~
xuezhe
zai ... zhixia
~JPI
mli'i
lrngdao
hu6yue
1--A.i-~
OOA±*i
gerenzhiiyi
#r.£~
~£±*i
gongchanzhiiyi
~;lr~~
lian'ai
xinwenhua
yimdong
lrxing
-$1f k 1-t ~ #J
fJT x1-til!JJ
Jt~
1[~
kufulr6ng
~-t
{I~
jrn'guan
1(-Jii,J
ij[";ij
junfa
r*J ~J<.
pg~
neizhan
ift~L
¥m~L
himluan
il'r-~
IV:..,..,.
~III::JJII~
Jt.:~.f'
J.!•t±
{~~
zh1chu
~~
ffingxiang
Yk.
zhongda
355
v.
adj.
appoint; hire
n.
young
adv.
teach
v.-o.
n.
scholar
extremely
v.
professor
V.
n.
be under ...
adj.
leadership
n.
dynamic; active
v.
communism
v.
n.
n.
n.
adj.
debate
persecute
individualism
(romantic) love
New Culture Movement
rationality
conj.
tolerant; lenient
n.
warlord
v.-c.
chaotic
n.
adj.
n.
adj.
although, however much
civil war
point out
direction
significant
+
Grammar Notes
1. ~1Hli duiinduiin "a very short." The duplication is different from that described
in Lesson 6, note 11; here it simply makes the meaning more emphatic and
lively.
2. -~ yfbian "with one change" represents an idiomatic use of- yf "with a ... ".
3. Review:}! .shi ... ft-J.de "is a case of' at Lesson 7, note 14. When used to
emphasize the time, place, or manner of an occurrence, :}! .shi ... FB .de implies
the past: tl:9:MJJ5c*IJ § EB~~:J!1'£M:+if9=l1t-~B~U9=lOO*ft-J.fu.nujiefong
he ziy6u !ian 'ai .shi .zai zhe shi nian zhongjie.shao .dao Zhong. guo lai .de "it
was in this decade that women's liberation and romantic freedom were
introduced to China." Other examples:
Nl.shij[ dian zhang xzng .de?
When was it that you woke
up?
Fu.mu .shi zuofoijf lai .de.
My parents came by air.
.Shi zai Niuyue shangfoi.ji .de.
They got on the airplane in
New York.
ft :J!JL ,~~iJ~ ~If Ft-J ?
X: -BJ: :J!~ ~ ;fJL* Ft-J
:J!1'£ ~11 ~"J __t ~ ;fJL Ft-J
o
o
When an object is involved, as in the last example, it can come either before or
after FB.de: :J!1'£~1i~"J__tFf-j~;fJL .shi zai Niuyue shang .defoijfis also correct
and the very same in meaning. The latter alternative, however, cannot be used
if the object is a pronoun. You can say: ft:t!1':E~~:W ~M!.FB w6 .shi zai
xuexiao kim.jian .ta .de "I saw her at school." You can't say: ft~1':E~~:W ~
Ft-J~ili wo .shi zai xuexiao kiln.Jian .de .ta.
356
-. WA.tt-f
-¢- i!.Jt at w~ ~.it-t av ~ ~ ¥ 1E: o
*
~* ~~ av ~ *lfR1E:~ Jt
be conferred (or awarded) by A
*m.t.t-t avo
This was the highest degree conferred by the state at the time.
1.
w.& iit.
:F ~Jt w-i%" .vl :F ~~~.it-t av ~ ~t- ~t1. ~mJJ o
The minister of each government ministry is appointed personally by the
President.
2. -i%" .vl
The Nobel Prize is an international award conferred by the Nobel Foundation.
¥ ~Jt~ 11 j_t~{;JJll~avo
.::... )lJ ... JJl ~
-¢-
serve ...
1. ;{f Jtr_ ~ ~**--ft1'-Jf-4£A~ "X..~I1 ~ ~JJ!l~~ Jf-o
Scholarship should not serve politics.
!!.1'-~~-tt av ..r..11 A 9! ~ 1rz ~ I\,; Jt 11 Ji9l$. JJ!l ~ o
Some countries require every young person to serve the country for two years.
2.
The staff members at this hotel all serve the customers enthusiastically.
-¢- ~•Jt~~ ~r. k-ft.t.tav4.vi ~
-r,
-+ Jt t
under the leadership of...
1917
Jf-JIJ
1927
~ ili1~
~~~~~mw~ ¥~~~a~~-+o
Under the leadership of Cai Yuanpei and the professors of Beijing University,
the ten years from 1917 to 1927 had the most liberal thought and active
scholarship in modem Chinese history.
1. ~* ~ -$1f .& iit. av 4.vi ~
2.
-r :I£. ~t 7 ~ .J:.vi fX. -f-
o
The government carried out a multitude of reforms under the leadership of the
new president.
~ ~~ :Jt aJJ ifiJ :1f i&JL av ~~{; ~ av 4.vi ~ ;f :1f 1if ~t 1£. iV 0
A country can progress only under the leadership of open-minded and farsighted statesmen.
r
fl!l. ~., .. ·-f!z.~· ..
-¢- ~'f
t
01 ~~~ i£{Lat1~, 1.El.Jt-ftJt
at .W.. fffi- ifiJ itt {L av tf ~ ;f~ ~ 7 -1'--$1f 7i
*
~~ 1920 Jf-1~Jt-1'--'f. Ji~
~ Ji]f 4.vi ~ av -$1f ~r. k
tfiJo
11
even though, in spite of, however much ... still
357
However much the 1920s were chaotic times for China, filled with warlords
and civil war, still Beijing University led by Cai Yuanpei showed China the
way out of the darkness and confusion of the time.
1. ~'if {; i~ ~ i.i ~ ~ f 't .£. ~ , 12-
Jt{f. .iEl
~~ J:. ~ Jtl!Ai.1El ;r: ~ )JL o
In spite of its advanced economy, Taiwan's political position is not rosy.
2. ~*~~·~*~~~~,12-Jt-~~*~~*~t~~~
~0
Although he likes American life very much, he goes back to China for a visit
whenever possible.
~
~ ~~ ~ 7 -+#JT ~{o] 0
The new Beijing University led by Cai Yuanpei pointed out a new direction for
China at that time.
%Jt:..t%Ji]f49i -!f-av#]f ~!:. kn
1. i!.Ji; it-
*atav t
point out a direction for
3;:_n i!- 39- hJf 1t. 5t~ii ?ffi1 ~~ ~ 7 a}j ;;~ av ~ foJ
0
This article provided a clear direction for the further study of AIDS.
2. 1-tt~ A~ n-it~ Jf-4.£A.~~ ~
r
j} fJ
av ~foJ
o
His success showed the way in which many young people could exert
themselves.
358
-. Translate into Chinese, then complete the sentences in meaningful ways:
1. Within a short period of about two hundred years, the US ...... o
2. Most ofthe people take ... as ......................................... o
3. He doesn't like to study, and even ................................... o
4. Under the leadership of the government, ........................... o
5. The university education covers a lot, from ...... to ................ o
6. Although the US is a country of freedom, ......................... o
r ~lf E1 '*-lt-1'-1t z. {f-al.j m1 ~"Jb?
=· Answer the questions using the given expressions:
t m1 J.t~~Jt-# r .i. )lal.j m1 ~"Jb? ( ~1f .. ·1B.Jt ... )
4. .-t Z.{f-;t ~E:.if!#$-#~.tfaJ al.j lil ~t? ( .. ·1t .. ·li.;f:m .. ·)
s. ~ m1 al.j liJJ~ .~t~ .& ~.itAtl1:fi k.? ?!I 1t Z. ? ( .i(t .. ·r 1.. "t:" k. IJ ufaJ )
%Jt..t:g.iA.n *-~ ~11= rn Jt 1tz.?
1. 1~
2.
3.
w···- 3tr7i7 ~· ··)
C
cn .. ·JjJt4}-)
..=...Translate into Chinese:
1. to confer a doctorate
2. chaotic bureaucratic apparatus
3. to seek the qualifications to be a college president
4. to emphasize academic independence
5. to point out the direction of (doing) research
6. the purpose of dating (having a love affair)
7. to obtain a diploma without any effort
8. to appoint young scholars as academic leaders
9. to persecute intellectuals who had returned from abroad
10. to introduce China's New Culture Movement
lm. Write a dialogue between two students about %Jt..J% and
Ji. Write short passages on:
a) ~ ~~ Jlti~
b) :ft 1f ?k$
c) ~ m1 ~ k.~
359
~t
;r, k.~:
d) _;(jt al.j11= rn
~JG:I:-tf
( 1868-1940)
~ili{~q:t~~f!mf¥j(I¥J~1f*fO,I[!!,~~*a
1892 ~*7~±, ~~&-ff,frn~*1f-TI¥Jll~*1ir; 1907 ~~Uf~~
00*;
1912 ~q:t¥~~li&J#1±1¥ff~pjG_lr, {lli§1~{~~1f~~H~:; 1917
~~ Z. q:t Eti ~oo ~If 1¥1 '§ f~Hj!!f~~~
~1mtt1fit~**~-R, ~1r7~lf~r&lfia<JI1'F, {~jtj(f:Emm
(2)
(!)
rm pjG 7 q:t ~ ~ ~Ji)f!J1. 1~1-t 8"1
**a
~JG*~~"*m~~", rm*m~~~n&~~&l¥1, &-ff,f~
~itj(I¥J*~tiHEL~j(*&'1'F~1itl'§I¥J$1ii 1'F, JiJT~j($J1-*~
~~~~7m~~~~, *~~&''§I¥J.~,~~ti~~~*R~
JJ!~~1fJLJl~~&:ffi¥J a
~JG*~•**~~~~~*~I¥1~~, ~g-~••~m~~
****•I¥J~~§I¥Ja~~ili7~{00~~~~' ~~7~~~~
¥HJ7rM*§I~I¥J~~*=i!r*it*~•, gJfm1r~fn~!l:~~j~{*~I¥J~
~~~~~-- m~, 1t~ii~tl,lf!!,~~1£itj(liffUt~~, litfHtt~f,
{S~M~lit§i§.~a
1£~JG*fnit*~~I¥J~JP~r-r, 1917 ~~u 1927 ~~4t~ili1~~
~m~li~Etl--*llillm•B<J+~a~OOA~a~~~~-, ~­
~MnJc~U ~ Eti~!~~~~1±~+~zq:t1r~~U4t~*8"J
360
(3) a
::ltR-::**1£~JG:I:-tfi¥J~~llr, JJJG 7 9=r®QfJTJt1-tiltJJI¥J9='J~,
0
1m
:f±::lt:*Jiff~.lr~*l¥1~~§ E8*o*m~.lr, 1~* 7ili1~9=r~~nm&11t
-TlJU~L § 83*nJll:~I¥J~;fEf3o
?JT~~ 111¥1 jd t:*~ 'M' ~ ~ B{fffiJ ;/~ ~L 1¥1 9=' ®Q 1~ tH 7 -{001 ik1J rtl , ill~
{1~9=r®Q1£ 1920 1F1~~-{00!!f[~~pg~I¥J~~L~1~, 1.B~~JG:h-g.
9=r®QAm*7~*mo-fm!:**I¥1~~~~1J-m:X*ti®Q~®~
~£1:~~.m:X~~I¥J' ~7 ~JG:I:-tf~)'~, 1£9=r)'~~~J:~::f~~
1~~um=fm!Ao
361
~-=--r.n.~
'f w~ ~1\1-t
a!.J 4~ 00 ~ JL1±- j:_1-t J:. J;t rt
00 tt J6 a!.J " Jf Wi A." o 12. JL -r~ J:t J;~
+~J€1, tOOA~RT:~*~~~~$., ~~~#*~
ft~~~~~~~14'00o rt'OOA1±.~~~~~~4~J6,
;)t ,\_; foJ ~ ~ ~ >) ,
v.
gandao
~.flj
-f~J:t 6~~
12.1±- JJ~ -t- at 1r~ , 1-lt 1f1 VA 7-J rf 00 fojf !Jc ~]l al.] .R
~h~~
n.
Yap ian
zhanzheng
362
feel; realize; sense
the Opium War (1840-1842)
mYA 7-J
1-llfJ'&-
·tr- iti!
Jt~
tilt
J.?-~
v.
n.
ziyiwei
lZfl%]
4~~
n.lv.
qinliie
n.
sizhou
~~~
mrm
-~
lin'gu6
adj.
v. -c.
yeman
jingxing
conj.
yuanhii
v.
jingguo
..:L-*.
gongye
~it
chao guo
.5~9&.
zhanbai
Jf.tl:.~
chirii
n./adj.
v. -c.
v. -c.
n.
v.ln.
juexin
*:At
:k.:i@.
4*~
n.
n.
bingjian
dapao
.#]
yiji
{t-J.'f.
llinli
it-t~
daode
..:r..r
gongchang
~
lei
#{t
keji
JtAlt
shiwl!
industry; industrial
exceed; surpass
be defeated in war
shame; humiliation
make up one's mind/resolution,
determination
warship
cannon; artillery
factory
science and technology
things and objects
n.
ethics
confidence
stem from; proceed from
defend oneself/ self-defense
V.
mention
adj.
wealthy
adj.
363
undergo; go through
morals
v.ln.
qiang
it turns out that
n.
V.
fU
be startled awake
and (literary)
n.
tidao
uncivilized; barbaric
category of; kind of
conj.
ziwei
adjacent countries
AN
n.
chuyti
all around
railway
n.
xinxin
consider oneself to be
n.
n.
tielu
invasion/invade
strong; powerful
#k~~~~~*~~~~~~~ra*,~ra*~•~
~0~~~~"~~~~", t~~~r~~mR~~~
,J,
1] '
~
a *if]~ ~ -f- _2. o/t.?
l-A.~;k 9t.oot al.] ~ iJrl
t , t
~ ~~
~~~**~~~~= ~~~x~~#ft~S~~~~~
~' t~~~~~*#~£~~*~~~A~~~o~+~
~, ~~~*t-~~~~ff~~~~~~a$~~~~~
.r~J,
t
t&:,
J-J ai.J $~-tJf7 o ~+ at1~,
*"*
1]
~tAfi~~
1 , fo]f~ a!.J 1a iJt
lFJ1ft-11i.~1:.ftl7 iJT~ ~~o A111£J~ t ~ ~1st,Yf~~t;f(
tEl Ji~ir 9=t B ~-¥
Zhongri
zhanzheng
.'&~
slkao
n.
v./n.
364
Sino-Japanese War (18941895)
ponder over, reflect on/
<-=. 1i ) "P 00 1¥1 ~JJM~ 1-t
+
'
~).
9Jg-ifA.
Qft#.l=t ;f,A
peikuan
t 1J il:
~tlgJ
genlng
iftJP.
JiiL
9&.1±- ...
9!t
-tY
i&f!J
~9&.
~iJI[
yangwii
¥-Fr1t±~~JJ yimdong
¥Bi:li
-¥.
haijiin
jianli
¥&
¥&1£···
bai
~~
daogu6
~¥&
shibai
~WII
jiaoxim
baizai ...
shoull
J£Mlt-
Irjie
~t -*JJ
Qingchao
't~
guanli
Yf:h
Fll.tfu
±Uii
.r~J- tf
~fJ
shill
~.13.11
zurao
quanmian
J.J
ti$ L1J
Sun
Zhongshan
dizhi
~llJ
11r1A
mft1
.1l1.t
jiazhi
~I&
~~~
kaoyan
~~
;f:1X.
~a}]
n.
V.
zhimindi
7li~J-t/!.
i.f~li!.#J
n.
/G1f
guifan
bujin
giioming
n.
n.
v.
v.
n.
n./v.
n.
v.
n.
consideration
indemnity; reparations
cede (land)
colony
Westernization Movement of
the nineteenth century (to
introduce foreign technology
to China)
navy
establish
be defeated
be defeated by ...
island country
failure, defeat/
fail
lesson
understand; comprehend
n.
the Qing Dynasty ( 1644-1911)
adj./adv.
obstruct; stand in the way of
n.
V.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
adv.
adj.
365
(dynastic) government officials
power
comprehensive; all-round
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925)
founder of the Republic of
China
autocratic monarchy
standard; norm
value
test; trial
not only; not merely
supenor
~•, ~~~~~m,~~rm~~~~~~#o
~m~~~~= t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ ut1~ ~J:. ~ 1t a'.J ~
~' x~±~~~~·~~~t~~~~~~ff*o~~t
..=. + Ff!.&
o
nt
~?~m~~~t~~~~~~t, -#~~t~#~~~
~ 1tiE~ 7fJ Ao
",t:fl-7r" ~ "J4f7r" J-A.3ft~i.~
~~3ft it
~~~~' t~A~S*~~~-#ff~~m~~~~jft~
~P-1 7r *-a~.; *1T •
{§-~
4h ~p *1T ~YL $
fg*
pipan
7}{Jf
:ten. xi
i,lf 1.
~±~
ll'r::ll::t
n.
zhexue
¥t.f•l
i&i~
o
n.
n.lv.
n.
jielun
v.ln.
xinsheng
366
philosophy
severe criticism
analysis/analyze
conclusion
regenerate/rebirth
Ft&
ili1~ 3t
n.
jindaishr
jieduan
~Ji:TffJ1t
quanpanxihua
9t-!-
shi.qu
~r Jt.
jiaoliu
dai.you
#~
tese
·m>'r
MF>'r
juwai
,;j~#-J
jiena
v.
n.
F6jiao
;fJt--ff
n.
n.
Yin.du
1?/7:.ft
n.
stage (said of a period of time)
complete Westernization
lose
India
n.
Buddhism
v.
special characteristics
v.
n.
paiwai
modem history
v.
V.
exchange; interchange
bring inevitably along with
be afraid of foreign countries
exclude foreign countries
accept (advice, concepts, etc.)
-. -foJ
~ tf 00 A- foJ mYA 7!J Jt ilt ~ a'-J tf ~~ o
1. 1-tl!,- foJ iA. 7!J
always; all along
The Chinese have always thought that China is the center of the world.
t
00 a!.; 1~ J!. il1.t1.t 1~ TffJ :if A~* o
He has always thought that Chinese morals and ethics are worth emulation by
Westerners.
2.
tf 00 ~i;; 73'--f- foJ %~k~l=j §t~f; +-t
0
Chinese intellectuals have always liked to get involved in political struggles.
367
. : . . ~*
it turns out that (including discovery of truth)
~tOOA~H7:~*~~L~~·' ~~~#·~~~~~~
~J~;t!~ 1 t 00 0
The Chinese woke up: it had turned out that after the industrial revolution, the
West had far surpassed the Chinese in science and technology.
1. ~1itA.~f.~ JL~, ~ *1~-!- .!Ib?·}j I11 1
o
I hadn't seen him for a long time. It turned out that he had got a job in Asia.
2. ·t~ ~ -f.f-jt1fl *--1-¥-11~ Z-1~' ~ *-Jt~-Mt1~ 0
So they are sisters! No wonder they look so much alike .
..=... ~ .. ·;If1t ·~
~ 1~1n ~t
aJ.; ~~il -*'1 ltJt.Ali #- M.ai.J1t-JJ.it-ttii.Jt1tt;ff 1~ ·~ aJ.; o
They are still very confident in the political system and the ethics and morality
of China.
have confidence in ...
too
1. i~~i!*-~I}t, -jt~t
mG ~~~n Jt1f1~ ·~ 1
o
After this test, she had more confidence in her own abilities.
2. -iJI[
!* 1 i! Z. A.,
~~fa}] k. al.; ~l:.~ii.Jt~f.1t Z-1~ ·~ o
I have trained for so long, but still don't have much confidence about
tomorrow's competition.
~
i! -t- at $J:] al.; ~ 1t m. #J *'- f.F J:. ~ -t m.:E.
be based upon; proceed from
0
The Westemization movement of this period in fact was based upon selfdefense.
1. -tf. ~ 1n
oo ~, -t4£A-* ~-* ~ * Jt ~ Jt ~ -r- m~
0
In our country, whether young people join the army or not is entirely up to
them.
2. 1tt ~ A-!-~ 1~ ~
+Jt ~ -t ~t 1~ aJ.; ~ ·tt
o
The reason many people go to visit him is primarily sympathy for him .
.Ji..
... +£
J.J 1t z. t
a~
~
1.
00 ii.Jt9!t-tf.- -t- J"J' ~ El
be defeated by ...
*- ~ 00 ~ +.2. o/t.?
Why was China defeated by Japan, a tiny island nation, anyway?
;G ilh ¢~ -t 1t.- ;tb tf
00 ~Jl *- 9!t-tf. 00 +.2.
*
1
Ji- ~f.~- .flj 5l9!t-tf. -jt ~ +.2. 1
*
0
Some Middle Eastern countries have been repeatedly defeated by the United
States because ofthe oil war.
2.
0
368
I really did not expect to be defeated by her again.
*. lf~ • • •
~
:J1t Verb
A ?jf 11; ~at.) Jt. Jt.A - #
( ~ Jt)
tf 00
4h :ifi2 -$if 5t}L ~
-}f- ~t ;ifi2 J.! •t± al.] ~ J!.
Verb with ... (attitude)
*-4! ~FJ 7r 00 al.] -$if :f
0
What the Chinese need is to accept new things and ideas from outside with an
open and rational frame of mind.
1.
Jt.:.( •ijl. 7r ;ifi2 .:f.if 7r al.] ~
J!. *- .xt # 7r *- ~1t Jt. )_t ::fir itJ it at.) o
There is no future in adopting an attitude of fearing or excluding foreigners
when dealing with foreign cultures.
2. 1f- ;i1. i#: Jt.A ;J. •\.J ai.J ~ J!.
*- ~ >J JJrJ A ai.J *~
o
You should emulate the strengths of other people with a modest attitude.
369
( ~ -l!o ) ~ ~ iA. tf
-. Put the word in the proper place:
1.
til !if~- ~(d)~ :if
2.
I!l (a) -?i. #
~ .ft ~ J:.(b) L;l:. ~ J:. ~ :if ,
0
( Jr.A&.) .R ~ ~ ~ J:. uv(a)lk.f-, t7i7 ~ Y~Yl.(b )Jiifz(c)i:!-#"11i'L'.t(d) MJ lk.f-:Jl
~~ta~ o
3.
~
12. (c)-?i.-ft- .f.!!! {t :if
;f.. a~ 7A Lc\. Jt o
(~ *-) ~iJL(a).~ ~ f]~ ~~(b)~ i·~ A.~~iJL(c)
a ;f..~'
(d)~ i~ ~ ~:Jl
a
c-~) tFI!l~~~~W*~:Jtm-?i.~*·~~~~::if~~uv, ~:Jt~
1fl(d)uv .i.. 5~o
s. ( cl:: -T) tf ~!lilt - i f 4- *-Ca)ai.J itJ6·tt-JfJ(b)~ J!.Jt~aJJ tf I¥l A.(cHt.te ~1t.
~ 15t 15t :Jl(d),;Nj; >'r a~ •\.; .f.!
6.
(!&!&) .t.itlt-(a)xttf I¥JA.uv1Jl1{oJ(b)~li T tf I!l(c))}j JtJ:.1£1iif-+:g .i..
*
0
?1f(d)~E'.~ju a~ Jt"iV o
tf I¥l ~71<-i&l! ~ jtyj itJ6 -!b?
( xt · · ·1~Af 1-t •\.; )
2.. -l!o *- tf I¥l :fa -k I¥l .tr~ 1k*-1;f- ;t ~ 91-?
( lr.A .. · UV ~ J.l*-.. ·)
3. l!;f..-#~»!1 r 1.txttf I!luv r ~ 11-!b?
..::... Answer the questions using the given expressions:
1.
11
( M. ... jlj ... ' M. ... jlj ...... '
4'
Jb k-~*
'I•J'7'i-'J..!:!..
·-d."
tT")'J-Qi--YJ
" ... , ~
~ ... )
h r.;} !irl1il.?
~~&A~ "'r -="J.
g
k
( cl:: -T, 1liAJf)
s.
-kOOA.n1t~I1J1~+oo ~a~ •~of-~?
-?i. tf ~!lilt1\ JtJ:., tf I¥l A. a~ 11J1~ *. ~j(,. 9!t-?i. T >'r I¥l A. 6V 1-1£ ~?
( ~1X_ ... ' ;f,t;}l· .. 1!!-... )
c m Jr.An :Jt)
6.
1. ~ jl], itJ6' ·!$ ij[' ~li' 11 5!
2. mJL, Jf!l:. ~, -tHl, ;ffl ~ , ;ft -iJrl
..::.. Expand each group of words into a sentence:
1* '
*-9!i
3.
~ fll. ;fj(, ' 7f aJJ ' 4lk: ~y '
4. ~til, .ffi~, ~ ~, ~ a}j, ~{Jf
5. ;fE.•\.;' 4;} fJ '
6. xiiL,
4t ~,
l!-tt' 11t-11L'
~t-it-,
.tl#J,
*- *
-Jf~t
370
'f!SJ.
Make sentences using each of the following:
1.
~jlJ ... ~~I 1-!~1 ¥t..fij/Jfll:.411) l1{uJ
2. ~tit- :it ... ' .R :11 ... ;f ...
*-···
~
4 . ... ~-:ko ... , 9!t~ ... a'-J-f£
3.
0~~1-1-)
... '
s. ... ..iE.~HJ A
6.
~ jlJ ... ill .ill ...
li. Write short passages on:
~~•~~•
c) ±i:~1-t
~*~~~~m~a
d)
e) 71i.f;\.J~;i:1-t
1*fi~~itfi
371
m:1~
IW,
9=t ~~n~1Jt-Tm-~_x~$tl~ ~®1J~f§ ~1:£-J\.[9 =1f:f.ey
~ti~~~o~&~9=t~m-&~~®1Jm~~-~~~o1:E~~
r:f:t~A-~
§ ~~~tltW~r:f:tJt,,
ffif[9JWJ~~~=W~1:Ex1-tJ:.
~r:p~~~~"~•A"o~~f.ey~ti~~~, 9=t~A-D7: ~
*~~I~¥~, ®1J~#~~~ma~~~m~79=t~o r:f:t~A
a~¥uti~~~f11:4}~~&, ~Jt,~®1J~f§, 1sa~~OO~f~, 1m1r~~
~r:f:t~m~&~~~~-,*~,aM,I·~-#~J:.~$~,
1m fr~ t-t 9=t ~ ~ l5l: ~f!!u& ~ &:f' ~ ~ fifflliBg t~Jj!~ 1~ ~ f§ Jt, ~ JiJT ~
0
~OO~M~®~~~•~J:.~ili~§•o~~fJt-Ta~oo~mm•
~tR:$tl~~oo¥~
"tl" 5fn
"sm"
0
-J\.fL[91f:r:f:t Bti~Mt 1 9=t~~n~1Jt-Tm=i)(,fi!!,~~*l-wt
0
~
&u~mmMtr:f:t~~M4}~f.ey~ti~~*' 9=t~~7M*•~m~
~*Jj!ffi§~~-Mt7B*, ~7B*~M~~o-+1f:~"~S
•~", 9=t~~~7~amR~~~•, &~7~~--~I•,
ey ~~1t~r:f:t~jg~~1:E-{tm,JvJ\~ B*~~E!"J.:f:!!!!~lt?
1ft~{)(~
~~~WIIr:f:t, 9=t~~~n~1Jtr1$JT1$JT±1PJ~M$tl: ®1-t/F~~1:E~4~J:.
5~~[§1J~f§, r:f:t~~l5(~~~~~Ji&~~~/F~A~~1Jo
~oo~~, m~l5l:mr:f:t-m*~~oo~~~~~~~¥~~~15l:~
f!!tlJi,
1B~f29~f*~~}J8"J~£Uf, ~i)(¥~~~1~·~wc~~1 o
9=t~~~1Jtr~~5~~oo~®1J~f§~a-tL--1f:~r:f:tili
~¥~~~o~oo~~, m~•maJ, m~~•mc,wmm=W
372
~~7~~~MoA~gm~~~~W*ttlli~~~~-' -~~
~m~&~-~~~~~~0~-~~w~~~-~~~~7-~
~oo~m~= ~~*~~*' ~~~~~~, m~7~tl~m~~
*~0~~~~~~= ~~~~a~~oomm&~m~••~~
~' ~~~OO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OO~o~~~~ili~
~1:.~1-t~~-1100~~}10
gq:~tt~1*~~~~~oB~-TttJL.,~M~1t1t1t~~~1t~~
~~~~, ~-~~~~~~, ~~~~~-ili~OO~-~~~~
1Jt~1~ i)iHI"J ~~, {S ~1Jt~M & ~1E ~ ~ ~JJJG Ep ~, l1H~t8:ili-a
~~~~~M~•~re~~~JJJG~~~?ft~mma~~~~~~
¥Jrt~, -,f~~~~~~~8"J~~1tiEa%JJJGo
"'f'ljr" fll "f41:jr"
~*&~~~~~*~ffW~W, ~~Am&~~~~-~00~~
~'ti~~~*~~jr*8"J~k~!fo/Jfll~IL* o
373
Pinyin Index
m~•i1r
The entries are in Pinyin and arranged in alphabetical
order. The number following each entry indicates the
page on which it appears.
8"1-'% ~ ~JR i~ iJll ~ ili fJl E8 YJ: fi~
*~iJI ~~Xi!t#~~~, ~*-BJ:Jllm~t4F~Uo ~iJll~J§
o
Pinyin Index
A
biqi, ~!:.~, v., be compared with, L. 30, p. 313
biyil, ~!:.*, n., analogy, L. 24, p. 267
bijing, ..f.i:, adv., after all, L. 20, p. 231
bimiAn, i<!Jt., v., avoid, L. 26, p. 281
bixii, .,tdjj, aux., must, L. 33, p. 345
biyao, ~-~.adj., necessary, L. 18, p. 215; L. 27, p. 287
biye, ,.f.3k., v., graduate, L. 11, p. 135
biyiln, i<!lf., v.-o., avoid pregnancy; practice birth control, L. 6,
p. 79
bian, ~. v., change, L. 13, p. 155
biancheng, 'Jtli\, v.-c., become, L. 32, p. 334
bianlun, #it-, v., debate, L. 34, p. 355
bianr, UI.,L, n., side, L. 2, p. 19
biao.zhiin, ;/.f.;f!, n./adj., standard, L. 12, p. 146; L. 13, p. 154
bidomian.shang, ~ dii J:, adv., on the surface; outwardly, L. 22,
p.247
billoshi, ~;F. v., show; demonstrate, L. 18, p. 213; express
(viewpoint), L. 31, p. 321
billoxian, ~J~, v., show; manifest, L. 25, p. 274
billoxian, ~JJII.. n., display, performance, manifestation, L. 33,
p. 343
hie, Ji'J, adv., don't, L. 6, p. 76
bie.de, -*'l ~. n., other (things), L. 6, p. 79
bieren, -*'l A, n., other people, L. 13, p. !56
bingjian, *-AJil.. n., warship, L. 35, p. 363
bing, .jf-, adv., actually (not), L. 4, p. 45; conj., and
(used to connect sentences), L. 33, p. 346
bingqi<!, .jf- JL, conj., moreover, L. 10, p. 124
budan, :1-1!1-, conj., not only, L. 4, p. 46
buguo, :1-:i±, conj., but; however, L. 5, p. 64
bUxianghua, :1-1~ 16, adj., terrible, outrageous, L. 24, p. 265
bUxing, ;r- -t, adj., unfortunate, L. 11, p. 134
Mdeyi, :1-1-i- e.., have no alternative (but to), L. 29, p. 305
buduan, ;r-W,If, adv., constantly; continually, L. 14, p. 168
bUtru, ;r- *.., adv., not very, L. 7, p. 92
buzai V .le, ;r-.jij. V 7, not V any more, L. 19, p. 223
bu, ;r-, adv., no; not, L. I, p. 3
M.fen, -ijlf}-, n., part, L. I, p. 6
Mhlloyi.si, :1-*f;@:,~-. adj., embarrassing, L. 5, p. 63
bujiiln.de, :1-Ji!.Af., adv., not necessarily; not plausible, L. 4, p. 47
Mjin, :1-Vt, adv., not only; not merely, L. 35, p. 365
bllkii.n, ;r-~, adv., extremely (follows the adj. it modifies), L. 31,
p.324
buk<!ren'ge, :1-"ffl-.t'L adj., inseparable, L. 27, p. 287
Mpingchang, :1- -t 't, adj., extraordinary; unusual, L. 33, p. 343
burn, :1--*", v., fall short of, not as good as, L. 20, p. 231
bushllo, ;r- ~-.adj., many; much, L. 17, p. 203
butong, :1-il, v., be obstructive; be unable to communicate, L. 19,
p. 224; make no sense; be illogical, L. 28, p. 295
Myiding, ;r-- >t, adv., not necessarily, L. 3, p. 33
buzhThujue.de, :1-~:1-:!t(JI!!.), adv., unconsciously, L. 11, p. 134
Mzhou (.dao), ;r- p.j ( Jtl ) , adj., inattentive; unthoughtful
(in the way a host treats a guest), L. 18, p. 213
.a, ff. particle showing obviousness, L. 3, p. 33
anpru, *-il~. v., arrange, L. 33, p. 343
ai, f:, v .. love, L. 8, p. 105
aigu6, f: 1!1. adj., patriotic, L. 33, p. 343
airen, f: A, n., husband or wife; spouse, L. 31, p. 323
aomen, ~ fl, n., Macao, L. 32, p. 331
8
bll, te,, AN, for things with a handle, L. 7, p. 91
bll, te,, pretransitive verb, L. 8, p. 104
blL..dangzuo ... , .te. ... ;lift: ... , v., take or regard ... as ... , L. 21,
p.241
bll... kanzuo ... , .te. ... ;t{tk ... , v., regard ... as ... , L. 20, p. 233
ba.ba, ~~. n., father, L. 4, p. 45
bai V, ~ V, V in vain; V for nothing, L. 31, p. 323
bairen, ~A, n., Caucasian American, L. 3, p. 34
blli, .tt, v., lay out; set forth, L. 18, p. 213
bllirenzhiX, 11 fr:Z X, X percent, L. 28, p. 295
bllihuo gongs!, 11 ~ 1]::. $J, n., department store, L. 29, p. 305
bai, Jlt, v .. be defeated, L. 35, p. 365
baizai...shiluii, J!t.tf_ ... J[, be defeated by ... , L. 35, p. 365
ban, iht, v.. move, L. 1, p. 5
banchiiqu, iktl:ll -!-, v.-c., move out, L. 7, p. 88
ban, ;}]., v.. handle; manage, L. 10, p. 127
ban, ;)}., v., run, manage (a school, a company), L. 33, p. 346
ban.fll, ;)}.it., n., way; method, L. 16, p. 194
banylln, #-i'/i, v., play (the part of), L. 25, p. 273
bang,~. v.. help, L. 10, p. 126
baokuo, @..:If;, v., include, L. 1, p. 4; L. 28, p. 295
bllo, -18, adj., full (with food, not hungry), L. 23, p. 257
bllochi, -~*.#, v., keep; maintain, L. 11, p. 133
bllochizhU, 1*-#it, v.-c., keep; maintain, L. 22, p. 247
bllohU, i!lt.tf, v., protect, L. 24, p. 267
blloliu, i!ltfll, v., keep; maintain, L. 17, p. 204
blloliuqii, {!it fl1 Iii., n., reservations, L. 17, p. 204
bllomll, f!lt.f/t, n., nanny; housekeeper, L. 30, p. 313
bllonuan, 1*'11i, v.. keep warm, L. 31, p. 321
blloshilu, {!jt <;f', adj., conservative, L. 25, p. 274
bao.dllo, .tR. .lf-, n., report, L. 30, p. 314
baoli, Jl;./], n., violence, L. 24, p. 265
biloqian, 4etl:., v., be sorry; regret, L. 18, p. 213
bao.zhi, .t!lAA., n., newspaper, L. 33, p. 345
Mirangren, ~l:.::ff A, n., Northerner, L. 13, p. 156
B<!ijing, ~1:. ;f., n., Beijing, L. 9, p. 117
B<!ijingdilxue, ~1:. ;f. :k.._"f, n., Beijing (Peking) University, L. 34,
p.352
bei, ~t, pretransitive verb: passive voice marker, L. 17, p. 203
beijiaozuo, ;ft•~ 1*., v.. be called, L. 17, p. 203
bei.jing, 1\' ~. n., background, L. 11, p. 135
bi, i!, v., force; push hard, L. 4, p. 45
bi, ~t, v., compare, L. 1, p. 4
bi.fiingshuo, ~t::ffij(,, int., for instance, L. 22, p. 247
bijiao, ~t4i, adv .. more; relatively; comparatively, L. II, p. 135;
v., compare, L. 21, p. 239
+
c
cai, :;t, adv., later than expected, just now, L. 2, p. 19; L. 2, p. 20;
L.3,p.33;L.4,p.47;L.4,p.48
376
Pinyin Index
*·
chiiyil, til-t, v., stem from; proceed from, L. 35, p. 363
chiiziiqiche, tll:f.ll.i'\.4-, n., taxi, L. 31, p. 323
cMfang, ~.%. n., kitchen, L. 7, p. 88
churei, J'$df., conj .. unless, L. 23, p. 258; L. 33, p. 345
chiifa, ~ .fol, n., punishment, L. 11, p. 134
cai,
n., food; vegetables, L. 2, p. 20; L. 7, p. 89
Cai Yuanpei, ~it.Jg-, n., (1868-1940) educator; thinker, L. 34,
p.352
canguan, ~AA'.. v., visit (a place), L. 17, p. 205
canguan, -l-it, n., restaurant, L. 17, p. 203
canjili, ~:hu. v., join; participate in, L. 9, p. 117
chuan, 'ff, v., wear; put on, L. 29, p. 307
chuandao, # .ftl, v., pass to; spread to, L. 25, p. 273
chuanjiaoshl, #4-t.±, n., missionary, L. 21, p. 239
Canyiyuan, ~R~. n., the Senate, L. 20, p. 231
canyil, ~.Ej, v.. participate in, L. 19, p. 224
cehua, ~~'], v., plan; scheme, L. 32, p. 333
chuantong, #t.ic., n., tradition, L. 29, p. 305
ce.suo, ffil .FJj", n., toilet, L. 7, p. 92
cengjingV, t ~ V, adv., have had experience ofV, L. 21, p. 239
chabie, A.Jlll, n., difference, L. 30, p. 315
chuang, ~. n., bed, L. 7, p. 91
chuangzao, ·M l't, v., create, L. 27, p. 287
ci, -i"J, n., word, L. 27, p. 287
ciji, *'l ikt, v., stimulate, L. 29, p. 305
c6ng ... dao ... , M. ... .flj ... , from ... to ... , L. 20, p. 231
chliju, A.l!E, n., gap; difference, L. 30, p. 313
cha, :ft. n., tea leaves, L. 25, p. 273
cha.buduo,
X ::f.~. adj., similar; about the same, L.
chanpln, !'- .fo, n., products, L. 29, p. 305
chansheng, /'-1., v., produce; emerge, L. 11, p. 134
chanru,
~Jt.
ci, ik, AN for verbs, time; instance, L. 6, p. 77
14, p. 169
c6ng ... h\i, M. ... *-· v., come from, L. 3, p. 32
c6nghii mei, »-*-ii., adv., never, L. 15, p. 182
c6ng ... ql, M. ... M,., starting from, L. 7, p. 88
n., foot-binding, L. 33, p. 345
chansheng, /'-1., v .. produce; effect, L. 32, p. 331
c6ngshi, M. •, v., be engaged in, L. 17, p. 203
c6ngxillo, M.•J•, from one's childhood, L. 2, p. 20
*-7-.,
chang, 't, adv., often, L. 2, p. 18
changjian, 't Ji!., adj., common, L. 30, p. 313
cujin, -vtili, v .. stimulate, promote, L. 27, p. 287
cuo.wil, ilhjt, adj., wrong, L. 26, p. 282
changjiil,
adv., for a long time; permanently, L. 25, p. 274
changmian, Jh<ii, n., occasion; scene, L. 18, p. 213
chlioguo, Ali±, v.-c., exceed; surpass, L. 35, p. 363
D
chllo, •.:Y. v., argue; quarrel, L. 8, p. 107
checheng, 4-:fl, n., driving distance, L. 30, p. 315
chedl, 1t>J fit, adj., thorough, L. 23, p. 257
chlioyue, A!,t!, v., exceed, surpass, L. 25, p. 275
d{l,
p. 127
dll.gong, :fr .:r:., v., temp, work part time, L. 30, p. 313
dllsllo, :fr~3, v .. sweep or clean up (a place), L. 30, p. 313
da, k, adj.. big, L. 1, p. 4
daduo, k~, adv., mostly, L. 12, p. 145
chedl, ~IJJ fit, adv., thoroughly, L. 32, p. 333
chenjThui, ,it:bt.4<-, v., take the opportunity to, L. 9, p. 118
*-*·
chengwei, #i1i, n., appellation; form of address, L. 26, p. 281
dajili,
pron., everybody, L. 20, p. 232
daliang, k:f:, adv., in large numbers or amount, L. 21, p. 241;
L. 30, p. 313
Dalil, ki\t;, n., Mainland China, L. 27, p. 287
dapao, k:te., n., cannon; artillery, L. 35, p. 363
cheng, ~. v., form into; become, L. 11, p. 133
Chengdii, ~fll. n., name of a city, L. 2, p. 19
chenggong, ~;r}J, adj., successful, L. 20, p. 231
chengguo, ~*· n., achievement; fruit, L. 19, p. 224
chengjl, ~ti. n., achievement; result, L. 27, p. 287
chengjiil,
~tk.,
daibillo, R~. v .. represent, L. 16, p. 193
daibii, .J!;J;Ii, v .. arrest, L. 33, p. 346
daigou, 1\.i/;J, n .. generation gap, L. 12, p. 145
daijia, 1\.1fr, n., cost (usually in terms of suffering, loss of life, etc.)
L. 24, p. 267
daike, #.:3:. v.-o., entertain guests, L. 18, p. 213
daikuan, "lJ't$1:., n./v., loan/ to loan, L. 31, p. 323
dru.you, .Jil' ;ff, v., bring inevitably along with, L. 35, p. 367
dai.yil, #i!, n., pay, remuneration (from work), L. 20, p. 233
danrt'm, .:/!!11-, v., assume (a responsibility, an office, etc.), L. 34,
p.353
danshen, if.:t, adj., single, L. 31, p. 323
*-·
chlril, -*"~· n., shame; humiliation, L. 35, p. 363
chongman, ;t;~, v.-c., be full of(usually used abstractly), L. 24,
p.265
chongzu, ;tJt, adj., sufficient, L. 31, p. 321
danxin, ;/!!•-:.;, v., worry, L. 6, p. 76
chouyan, .#1:1!!1, v.-o .. smoke; smoking, L. 24, p. 267
til~.
.Jil'. v.,
bring; take, L. 7, p. 90; carry; wear (arms; ornaments),
L. 33, p. 345
dru ... kouyin, .Jil' a-t. v.-o., speak with ... accent, L. 13, p. 155
dai,
n., achievement, L. 20, p. 230
chengktn, lR<..~. adj., sincere, L. 18, p. 215
chengli, ~ir., v., found; establish, L. 34, p. 353
chengnian, ~.!f-. v.-o., grow up, L. 12, p. 145
chengshl, ~'fl. n., city, L. 17, p. 202
chengxiang, ~~, n., city and country, L. 30, p. 315
chengzhang, ~
v., grow; mature, L. 21, p. 241
chi, ot.., v ., eat, L. 2, p. 20
chi.buguan, •t::f.·tl. v.-c., cannot get used to eating, L. 17, p. 205
chifan, ot..~. v.-o., eat, L. 7, p. 88
chiigu6,
:tr, v., dial or call (on phone), L. 5, p. 64; get (injection), L. 10,
dangguan, ;\1 't, v., be a government official, L. 34, p. 353
dan.shi, {!!.;t, conj., but, L. 3, p. 34
v.-o., go abroad, L. 10, p. 124
chiinian, ;/<JJ .1f-, time word, the beginning years, L. 28, p. 295
dangran, ;\1 #.;, adv., certainly, L. 10, p. 125
chiiqi, ;/<JJJIJJ, time word, the early period, L. 21, p. 240
dangshi, ;\1
chiisheng, til 1., v., be born, L. 5, p. 63
chiishengzhengming, til 1-illlf}j, n., birth certificate, L. 10, p. 127
at, time word, at that time, L. 32, p. 333
dangzhong, ;\1 'f, among; between, L. 11, p. 133
377
Pinyin Index
daochii, 7J Jl, n., knife and fork, L. 17, p. 205
duanxunban,
dllo, ~. n., island, L. 27, p. 287
dllogu6, ~ f!l, n., island country, L. 35, p. 365
dllozhi, .lf- it, v ., lead to; cause, L. 30, p. 314
daode,
.iHt. n.,
daodl,
.f'l ;!., adv.,
morals, L. 35, p. 363
duihua, ~i-6. n., dialogue, L. 18, p. 213
dui.le, ~ 7, that's right, L. I, p. 5; int., well; by the way, L. 7,
p.91
dun, ~:Ji, AN , AN for •t, ;fr and certain other verbs, L. 16, p. 193
daolu, ilJ!$., n., road; route, L. 27, p. 288
.de,
.ttl ... -k, v.,
.de,
~.particle
go to ... , L. I, p. 5
duo,~.
for modification, L. 1, p. 3
duonianhii, ~ 1f- :Jlt. for many years, L. I 0, p. 125
de ... shangshi, 1~ ... i"iY-, v.-o., be appreciated by ... ;
be looked upon highly by ... , L. 32, p. 333
Dezhou, .f.t ~Ji, n./ place word, Texas, L. 3, p. 32
.f.t f!l, n.,
dl!i,
di,
.f~.
Germany, L. 34, p. 353
duoshu, ~ ~. n., the majority, L. 19, p. 222
duozhilngduoyang, ~ ;ff ~ ff·, adj., varied; diverse; manifold,
L. 30, p. 313
du6.me, ~ ~, QW, how? (+adj.), L. 17, p. 205
aux., have to, L. 3, p. 35
dilse,
adj., low, L. 13, p. 156
1~.
dique,
adv., indeed, L. 14, p. 169
~z~.
di,
~,
ordinal prefix, -st, -nd, -rd, -th, L. 1, p. 2
~.
n., places, L. 4, p. 46
;If~,
n./v., (traffic) jam, L. 31, p. 324
E
dishi, it:#i!., v., regard with hostility, L. 27, p. 288
di,
adj., much; many, L. 4, p. 47
duominzu, ~ !.\.~, multi-national, L. 28, p. 295
particle to introduce an predicative complement, L. 4, p. 45
.f~.
De.gu6,
n., short-term training class, L. 10, p. 124
dui...bUii, ~-·· ;f-;f'J, v., be disadvantageous for ... , L. 22, p. 247
after all (emphatic use), L. 2, p. 21
dao.II, itn'., n., sense; reason; argument, L. 13, p. 156
dao ... qu,
~ iJIJ ~.
duan, $i., AN for a period of time, L. 21, p. 241
dui.bu.dui, ~ ;r-~, Is it correct?, L. 1, p. 6
dui.buql, ~ ;r-~ I'm sorry! (apologetic), L. 18, p. 213
ewai, $Ji ?]-,adj., added; extra, L. II, p. 133
er, ,!Q, conj., and; yet, L. 1, p. 6; moreover; and, L. 17, p. 203;
therefore, L. 17, p. 203
ert6ng, Jt.. j:' n., children, L. 32, p. 333
er.zi, Jt..-t, n., son, L. 15, p. 179
Di'erci shijiedazhan, ~.::..ikilt.lllk~. n., World War Two, L. 21,
p.239
di.fiing, ~~. n., part; respect, L. 22, p. 249
di.fiing zheng.fii, ~~U.n., local government, L. 20, p. 231
dill,
~n'..
~ !K,
n., district; region; area, L. 25, p. 274
ditan,
~.{!.
n., rug; carpet, L. 7, p. 91
ditil!,
~4!k.,
n., subway, L. 31, p. 323
ditu,
~!Jl.
F
n., geography, L. 25, p. 273
diqii,
fiibillo, £-tl, v., publish, L. 33, p. 345
!ada, £it, adj., developed, advanced, L. 4, p. 47
fiiming, £11Jl, v., invent, L. 14, p. 167
n., map, L. 1, p. 2
di.wei,
~-0-.
n., position, status, L. 18, p. 215
dizhen,
~~.
n., earthquake, L. 23, p. 257
fiixian, ££, v., find out; discover, L. 15, p. 178; discover, L. 25,
p.275
fiiyin, £ ~. n./v., pronunciation/ pronounce, L. 13, p. 155
dizhi, -t*~· n., autocratic monarchy, L. 35, p. 365
dizhii, ~j_, n., landowner; landlord, L. 33, p. 343
fiiyuandi,
dianr, ,!!. Jt.., n., spot; dot, L. 2, p. 19
dian, ,,!i., AN for counting hours on the clock, L. 6, p. 77
~i-6,
fiinyi, jj;Jif-, n., translator; interpreter, L. 32, p. 331
fan, ;ijj", v .. be tired of; trouble, L. 8, p. I 05
fannan, ~~.adj., complicated & difficult; troublesome, L. 14,
p. 167
fannllo, ffiMi, v., worry, L. 15, p. 179
fan.shi, Jt>{., adv., every; all, L. 33, p. 345
lt-4. n., the east coast, L. 19, p. 223
Dongjing, It- ;f., n., Tokyo, L. 33, p. 343
Dongnanya, It- ~ 31!., n., Southeast Asia, L. 25, p. 273
Dongya yanjiii, /t.3I!.#Jf:fr., n., East Asian Studies, L. 21, p. 239
dong' an,
tf, v.,
fantlzi, ~#.!f., n., complex traditional characters, L. 14, p. 166
fanzhong, ~Y. adj., heavy; strenuous, L. 30, p. 313
fiindui,
know;understand, L. 1, p. 5; L. 6, p. 79
:ill. adv.,
fl1n Man,
~±.
n., anti-Manchu, L. 33, p. 343
fanzhuo, ~,t. n., dining table, L. 18, p. 212
in all cases, L. I, p. 6
fiingbian, ~1t, adj., convenient, L. 7, p. 88
fiingta, ~it;, n., method, L. 22, p. 247
fiingshi, ~ i(., n., style; way, L. 29, p. 305
n./adj., independence/independent, L. 12, p. 147
~.J!Jl.
&.~,
fanmai, J!&.#<, v., sell; peddle, L. 24, p. 265
it, v., study; read, L. 10, p. 124
dubt\n, it ..f-. n., reader; textbook, L. 28, p. 295
duli,
v., object to, L. 33, p. 345
fandian, ~;;!;. n., hotel; restaurant, L. 30, p. 315
du,
duanqi,
&.~,
fiin'er, &.m, adv., on the contrary, L. 14, p. 169
dilngshi, tf-.,, adj., sensible; mature in understanding, L. 16,
p. 193
dongji, #J;fJt., n., motive; intention, L. 21, p. 241
dou,
147
talo, itc$, n., law, L. 32, p. 331
n., phone call; telephone, L. 5, p. 64
dianshi, ~:f.li!.. n., television, L. 2, p. 20; L. 24, p. 265
dian.ylng, ~§.}. n., movie, L. 8, p. 104
dianzl gongcheng, ~-t .x..;f¥., n., electronic engineering, L. 15,
p. 179
dingjii, '/Ul;, v., settle down, L. 12, p. 145
dilng,
n., source; place of origin, L. 25, p. 273
Fll.gu6, it; f!l, n., France, L. 4, p. 46
dianxin, ,,!!,.;:;, n., pastry, "dim sum", L. 25, p. 273
dianhua,
£il.f.~.
U, n.!v., development/develop, L. 12, p.
Iazhanzhong, U 'f, developing, L. 23, p. 257
razhan,
rangxiang, ~f.;], n., direction, L. 34, p. 355
n., short term, L. 9, p. 117
378
Pinyin Index
rangyan, ~-t". n.. dialect, L. 13, p. 156
fang'ili, it .iff, v.. hinder; impede, L. 27, p. 288
fangyizhen, i!t1.Ht. n., inoculation; injection, L. 10, p. 127
fang.zi, ~-=f. n., house, L. 29, p. 305
tangwen, ~ J"J, v.. have an official visit, L. 21, p. 240
fangxin, M:•-:.:, v.-o., don't worry; lit.: put down the heart, L. 6,
p. 79
filngjiil, M:1R, v.-o., be on holiday or vacation, L. II, p. 134
fangqi, .ft.. v.. give up, L. 22, p. 249
fangsong, M:;fk, v.. loosen; slacken, L. 23, p. 257
reichang, 4t-'t. adv .. extremely, L. 9, p. 116
reiji, 1:. ;f!L, n.. airplane, L. 10, p. 126
Feizhou, 4t-iiil, n., Africa, L. 3, p. 34
renpei, ~ilL. v.. allot; assign, L. 31, p. 323
renqi, n'-$.JJ, v.-0., "divide periods"- do in stages, L. 29, p. 305
renqifilkuitn, ~$.}J1f$1:., payment by installment, L. 29, p. 305
rensiln, ~*-.. v.. disperse; scatter, L. 19, p. 223
ren.xi, ~{If, n./v .. analysis/analyze, L. 35, p. 366
tendou, il-4-. v., fight; strive, L. 12, p. 147
rengshang, Jj(.[;\1, n .• fashion; trend; fad, L. 29, p. 307
F6jiilo, 1*:4t. n.. Buddhism, L. 35, p. 367
fiise, AA. ~. n., skin color, L. 19, p. 224
fuc6ng, ill».., v.. obey, L. 12, p. 146
fuzhuangdian, Jlll*-m, n., clothing store, L. 17, p. 203
fiibili, JAi a, adj .. corrupt and incompetent, L. 32, p. 333
ru, 1;, adj., wealthy, L. 35, p. 363
rudan, ~ .i!!, n., burden, L. 11, p. 133
rujin, Jlliilt, n.;place word, nearby; vicinity, L. 2, p. 21
rukuitn, -!t$1:., v.-o., pay money, L. 29, p. 305
runil, -tlx, n.. women, L. 33, p. 342
runiljitjiang, -tlx/lfM:, n., women's emancipation, L. 33, p. 345
ru.qin,
n .. father, L. 2, p. 18
ruqian, -It~. v.-0., pay, L. 18, p. 213
ge.he, IW!Ji), n., estrangement; barrier, L. 26, p. 281
geming, -f.~. n., revolution, L. 25, p. 272; adj., revolutionary,
L. 33, p. 343
gemingjiii, -f.~~. n.. a revolutionary, L. 25, p. 273
ge, 1-. AN .. general AN. used for nouns, L. 1, p. 6
ge, ~. pron., each and every, L. 4, p. 46
getangmian, ~~Iii. n., all aspects, L. 19, p. 224
geruge.de, ~1t~~. each pays his or her own; "go Dutch", L. 18,
p.213
gehang geye, ~~t~3k.. n., every trade and profession, L. 19,
p.223
geren, 1-A. n., individual, L. 12, p. 147
geren.de, 1-A~, personal, L. 14, p. 169
gerenzhiiyl, 1-A..i:. 51.., n., individualism, L. 34, p. 355
gezl, ~ tl , pron., each one himself I herself, L. 18, p. 214
gti, ~. prep./v., for; to/ give, L. 5, p. 63
gen, '*-·prep., with; to, L. 2, p. 20; conj., and, L. 3, p. 33
genb~n (bU/mei), ~;f.. ( ;;r::/il.) , adv., not at all; absolutely not,
L. 20, p. 233
geng, ~. adv., even more, L. 4, p. 48
gongchitng, .I-T, n., factory, L. 35, p. 363
gongchengshi, .:r.t.Hp, n., engineer, L. 19, p. 223
gonggongqiche, /..}-~i't.$-, n., public bus, L. 31, p. 323
gongju, .:r.J!,, n., facilities; tool, L. 31, p. 323
gongke, .:<}J-ilf!., n., schoolwork, L. 7, p. 89
gonglu, /..}-M., n., highway; road, L. 30, p. 315
gongping, /.}-.if, adj., equal, fair, unbiased, L. 22, p. 247; L. 28,
p.297
gongsi, /..}-$), n., company, L. 10, p. 126
gongxueyuan, .x. "f F.;t, n., engineering school, L. 20, p. 232
gongye, .x.,&, n./adj., industry; industrial, L. 35, p. 363
gongying, 1!\-;ll., n., supply, L. 31, p. 321
gongyil, *;ii, n., apartment, L. 7, p. 88
gongzuo, .:r.tj;, n., work; job, L. 11, p. 135
gongchitnditng, ~?- :>t, n., Communist Party, L. 14, p. 166
gongchitnzhuyi, ~ ?- 1:. 51.., n., communism, L. 34, p. 355
gonghegu6, ~;fl>OO, n., republic, L. 1, p. 3
gongt6ng, ~~.adj., in common; the same, L. 22, p. 248
gong.xiiln, 1t~. n./v., contribution/contribute, L. 19, p. 224
goutong, it) ii. v.-c., communicate; get through to, L. 12, p. 145
goumiii, ~
v., purchase, L. 31, p. 324
gouwilzhongxin, ~#J 'f•-:.:, n., shopping center, L. 29, p. 305
gull, .JJ5-.ft., v., isolate, L. 27, p. 288
gu, Jlt, AN for a current trend, L. 21, p. 241
guhuil, ?;if;, n .. old saying, L. 31, p. 321
gilli, !l&/i, v., encourage, L. 29, p. 306
gilshii, ?;~. n., ancient books, L. 14, p. 167
gilding, t!l >t, adj., fixed; arranged, scheduled, L. 18, p. 214; L. 30,
p. 313
guran, t!l ~. conj .. it is true that ... , L. 20, p. 231
gu.shl, ilt •• n., story, L. 8, p. 105
guil, .tt, v., hang, L. 2, p. 18
guiii, lj., adj., well-behaved, L. 12, p. 147
guili, •tJ:, v.. blame, L. 15, p. 178
guan'ili, *.:t, n., deep love, L. 12, p. 145
guanli, 1: J:,, n., (dynastic) government officials, L. 35, p. 365
m:
X."*·
G
giiibian, ?.t3t., v., change, L. 14, p. 168
giiige, &~. n., reform, L. 23, p. 257
giiiliang, f.t It, v .. ameliorate; reform, L. 32, p. 333
giiiliangpili, f.t tlilf-. n., reformists, L. 33, p. 345
giiishan, &~. n./v., improvement/make better, L. 23, p. 257
ganshe, -t i;V, v., interfere with, L. 12, p. 145
gitn.dilo, ~Jt v., come to see that; become aware of; feel, L. 21,
p. 239; feel; realize; sense, L. 35, p. 362
gitnxing.qu, ~*At. v., be interested, L. 15, p. 179
gangqin, 4Jiillf., n .. piano, L. 15, p. 181
gao, iii, adj .. prominent; high, L. 20, p. 230
giiogiioxingxing, iii iii**· adj .. cheerful; happy, L. 16, p. 193
giioming, iii llJl, adj., superior, L. 35, p. 365
giioshen, iii i~. adj., profound; deep, L. 34, p. 353
giioxiilo, iii:flt, n., colleges and universities, L. 31, p. 323
giioxing, iii*· adj., pleased; happy; glad, L. 4, p. 45
giiozhong, iii 'I', n., high school, L. 32, p. 331
giiohun, ~itt, v.-c., confuse; mix up, L. 14, p. 169
gilo.su, %-iJi:, v., tell, L. 4, p. 45
gerang, $J il:., v .. cede (land), L. 35, p. 365
*·
379
Pinyin Index
guiinlh1o, 't{f-, adj., bureaucratic, L. 34, p. 353
guiinnian, '~;$-, n., idea; concept, L. 29, p. 305
guiin.xi, X: ,f., n., relation; connection, L. 10, p. 125
guiinxin, X:•.:>, v., care about, L. 20, p. 233
guiinyuan, 't ~, n., official, L. 32, p. 334
guiin, of, v., interfere with, L. 23, p. 257; look after,
be responsible for, L. 30, p. 313
guiin.zi, -tt-t, n., restaurant, L. 16, p. 193
guiinghui, ;t;lf, adj., glorious, L. 32, p. 334
guiing.shi, ;t;lt, adv., only; just, L. 32, p. 333
guiing, I, adj., extensive and wide; most, L. 28, p. 297
-!J"~. n., number, L. 6, p. 77
v., drink, L. 29, p. 307
he, ;;fl>, conj., and, L. 1, p. 6
he, it.~. box,L. 8,p. 104
hebl, f.ril.·, QW, why must? why bother?, L. 6, p. 79
haomli,
he,~.
hey6ng, -@- rn, v ., share, L. 7' p. 92
hezhu, -@-ft, v., share living space, L. 7, p. 91
hei, .1!., adj., black; dark, L. 2, p. 19
hei'an, .\f. at, adj., dark, murky, nefarious, L. 21, p. 240
heiren, .\f. A, n., African American, L. 3, p. 34
htn, ~ll, adv ., very, L. 2, p. 19
Guiingdonghua, I $1"f;, n., Cantonese, L. 17, p. 203
guiingdongren,
htnnanshuo,
I If. A, n., Cantonese people, L. 5, p. 63
1!l~ ill,
It's hard to say., L. 1, p. 6
hen, •t!l, v., hate, L. 15, p. 180
h6uhui, Jf;·tAt, v., regret, L. 10, p. 125
guang.guang, ~~. v., stroll around, L. 29, p. 305
guifan, ~I€.. n., standard; norm, L. 35, p. 365
*·
houlai, J€;
n./time word, later, L. 2, p. 19
hiiloe, .~-~. v., overlook; neglect, L. 30, p. 315
hooao, t}l ~. v., behave crazily (Exclamation) ridiculous!, L. 8,
p. 106
huxiiing, .!.All, adv., each other; mutually, L. 13, p. 156
hUzhao, ;tt .lffl., n., passport, L. I 0, p. 126
gui, 1t, adj., expensive, L. 7, p. 89
gu6fang, 00 f;5", n., national defense, L. 21, p. 239
gu6fangbu, 00 1'.;5"~, n., The Department of Defense, L. 21, p. 239
Gu6hui, 00 *· n., Congress, L. 20, p. 231
gu6jijingcha, 00 J';f;.!f~. n., international police, L. 23, p. 257
huafei, :it t, n., expenses, L. 30, p. 315
Huaqiao, ijl.1i}, n., overseas Chinese, L. 17, p. 203
Huaren, ijl.A, n., Chinese people, L. 17, p. 203
gu6jia, 00 ~. n., country, L. 1, p. 6
Gu6mindiing, 00 1\.:i't, n., the National Party (KMT), L. 26, p. 281
gu6yil, 00
n., national language (Mandarin), L. 27, p. 287; L. 28,
p.295
guo, :i±, verbal suffix for past experience, L. 5, p. 64
m-,
huayi, iJ'.i'r, n., Chinese born overseas, L. II, p. 135
... hua, ... 1t.,, suffix, -ize, izy, L. 11, p. 133
huaiyun, •11-.!f., v.-o., be pregnant, L. 6, p. 79
gu6cheng, l±:fl, n., process, L. 11, p. 132
gu6fen, l±~. adj./adv., excessive, excessively, L. 18, p. 215; L. 30,
p.314
gu6ri.zi, l± El -t, v.-o., pass the days, live a life, L. 29, p. 305
huaile, lf-
7, v., be broken, L. 7, p. 91
huanjing, .tP.t, n., environment, L. 12, p. 147
huanqian, ~~. v.-o., repay money, L. 29, p. 307
huang, -;t, adj., yellow; brown, L. 3, p. 33
huangzhongren, -;t;ff A, n., Asian American, L. 3, p. 34
H
ha, ~. Ha!, L. 16, p. 194
Hateftide, ~#~.tt. n., Hartford, L. 32, p. 334
hai, ~. adv., still; also, L. 1, p. 4; L. 2, p. 21
hai.shi, ~;It, conj., or, L. 2, p. 21; adv., still, L. 2, p. 20
Hui, 1!!1, adj., Hui, L. 28, p. 295
hai.zi, 1A-t, n., child, L. 5, p. 63
huilai, 1!!1
v., come back; return, L. 6, p. 77
huiyilu, !!!l•tL.
n., memoirs, L. 32, p. 331
hul, *·aux., could; would; can, will, L. 2, p. 19; L. 5, p. 64; L. 10,
p. 127
hiinyin, -i\Ht!l, n., marriage, L. 33, p. 345
hoo, ;lt, v., lump together; mix, L. 23, p. 257; get or obtain (by
manipulative or shady means), L. 34, p. 353
hunluan, ilt-M., adj., chaotic, L. 34, p. 355
hu6d6ng, if;-i;/1, n., pursuits; activities, L. 33, p. 346
hu6yue, ;'(;Sf;., adj., dynamic; active, L. 34, p. 355
hu6, A, conj., or, L. 21, p. 239
hu6de, ~Af, v., get; obtain, L. 32, p. 333
huida, 1!!1-f., v., answer; respond, L. 5, p. 63
hui.dilinhua, 1!!1 ~if;, v.-o., call back, L. 6, p. 77
huijia, 1!!1 ~. v.-o., go home; return home, L. 6, p. 78
*·
Mijiin, ~:f.. n., navy, L. 35, p. 365
hliiwai, ~t!-, adv., n., place word, overseas, L. 14, p. 167; L. 21,
p.241
hliixia, ~~.it. n., (Taiwan) strait; channel, L. 26, p. 281
Hanzhan, #;~, n., The Korean War, L. 21, p. 239
Han.yil, i5tilt, n., Chinese language, L. 28, p. 295
hanyil pinyin, i5t ilt.#f{-, n., the Chinese phonetic alphabet, L. 14,
p. 166
hanzi, i5t~, n., Chinese characters, L. 14, p. 167
hangye, ~t ,lk, n., profession; trade, L. 17, p. 203
Hanzu,
i5t~~.
hlio .ba,
-Jtt•e'.., int., all right; very well, L. 16, p. 193
n., Han nationality, L. 28, p. 295
hu6 duo hu6 sMo, A~
hiiobi, -itT ~t.. it's just like, L. 24, p. 267
A:Y
, adv., more or less, L.
11, p. 132
J
-Jtt•t, adj., tasty; delicious, L. 7, p. 89
hlioji.le, -Jtt;f!. 7, wonderful, L. 4, p. 45
Mochi,
ji.bl\n, ~'*-·adj., essential; basic, L. 23, p. 257; L. 31, p. 321
hlioji, -itT JL, quite a few, L. 6, p. 78
ji.chtl, ~:1:, n., basis; foundation, L. 26, p., 282
hliojiO, -itT?..., time word, for a long time, L. 7, p. 91
hliokan,
*·
Jidiijiao, .l.ir~. n., Christianity, L. 32, p. 331
-Jtt:fi, adj., good-looking, L. 14, p. 169
JidiitU,
hliowar, "*t1JtJL, adj., fun, L. 8, p. 105
~ if.f;t,
n., a Christian, L. 32, p. 334
ji.hui, lit.*, n., opportunity; chance, L. 9, p. 117
hlioke, -itT$., adj., hospitable, L. 18, p. 213
380
Pinyin Index
jiao.yiljiii, 4t 11 ~. n., educator, L. 34, p. 353
jiao.yil zl'lngzhilllg, ;ft. 11 .~ -}'<:., n.. minister of education, L. 34,
p.353
jigou, ;f!L;ff), n., apparatus; structure, L. 34, p. 353
jlhii, JL -t, adv .. almost, L. 17, p. 202
jiji, :fg ~ adv., enthusiastically; actively, L. 33, p. 346
jiji.de, :fg;fl!.A'!,, adv., actively, L. 19, p. 224
jijilin, ~11•], n .. fencing, L. 33, p. 343
jijin, ifti11:, adj., radical; advanced, L. 33, p. 345
jixiegongchilllg, ;f!LtJ<..r..r, n., machinery factory, L. 32, p. 333
jiquan, ~~. n., centralized power, L. 23, p. 257
jishl, f!rR, conj., even if, L. 17, p. 203
jiwei, ;flt?IJ, adv., extremely, L. 34, p. 355
jizhong, ~ 'f, v., centralize; concentrate, L. 32, p. 334
jilu, iC. :>Jt, n., record, L. 29, p. 307; L. 32, p. 334
jineng, .fi~t. n., skill; technique, L. 30, p. 313
jiran ... (jiu), ~;& ... (:V.t), conj.. given the fact that; since, L. 13,
p. 156
jiechu, ..fHi, v.. come into contact with, L. 25, p. 273
jie dianhua, # t.l6, v.-o .. answer phone calls, L. 6, p. 76
jiedulin, ffl-R, n., stage (said of a period of time), L. 35, p. 367
jiena, ##J, v.. accept (advice, concepts, etc.), L. 35, p. 367
jieshOu, ..ti--:t, v.• receive, L. 12, p. 146; accept, L. 29, p. 307
jie.zhe, #:i, conj./v., next/ be right after, L. 21, p. 239
jiegou, M:ffJ, n., structure, L. 9, p. 116
jiegul'l, M;lfl, n., result; consequence, L. 22, p. 247
jiehiin, M-i~, v.-o., get married, L. 31, p. 323
jielun, M*:, n., conclusion, L. 35, p. 366
jiemu, ;s- §!, n .. program, L. 2, p. 20
jieshU, M"*-, v., end; finish, L. 15, p. 179
jil\jue, ~i}c, v., resolve, L. 23, p. 258
jil\shi, ~;ft. v., explain; interpret, L. 23, p. 258; L. 26, p. 281
jie, 1%, v., borrow, L. 29, p. 304
jiekl'lu, 1% o, n., excuse, L. 24, p. 265
jie.shao, 1!"-!{l, v .. introduce, L. 32, p. 331
jiezhai, 1%-ft, v.-o .. get into debt, L. 29, p. 305
jinnian, -4--Jf-, time word, this year, L. 9, p. 117
jlntiiin, <}~, n./time word, today, L. 4, p. 44
jln, ~~.adj., strict; tight, in short supply, L. 4, p. 45; L. 10, p. 126
jln'guilll., .J!..-f, conj., although, however much, L. 34, p. 355
jlnzhiing, '.~5!t, adj., tense; strained, L. 10, p. 125
jin, iJl:. v., enter, L. 11, p. 135
jin.bu, i11:3V, adj./v., progressive, adavanced/make progress, L. 33,
p. 345; L. 9, p. 117
jlndai, :iltf\, n., modem times, L. 25, p. 272
jindaishl, ilt.1\ .Jt, n., modem history, L. 32, p. 331; L. 35, p. 367
jinkl'lu, i11: o, v., import, L. 31, p. 321
jinlai, i11:*-, v .. come in, L. 5, p. 64
jinshl, i11: ±, n., the highest degree in imperial examinations, L. 34,
p.353
jinyibU, i11:-3V, adv .. further, L. II, p. 135; L. 20, p. 232
jinzhl, ~Jl:., v., prohibit, L. 24, p. 265
jingchang, ~'f. adv .. often, L. 12, p. 145
jingguo, ~ii, v., undergo; pass through, via, L. 17, p. 203; L. 25,
p. 273; L. 35, p. 363
jing.ji, ~iff-, n., economy, L. 4, p. 47
jt.qi, ;f!LH-, n .. machine, L. 32, p. 333
jl, JL, det., several; a few, L. 6, p. 77
ji, ~. v.. mail, L. 10, p. 127
jibU ... yl!bu ... , ~;r:: ... -1!!-;r:: ... , neither ... nor ... (5l;r:: ... 5l;r:: ... ),
L. 16, p. 193
ji.de, iM¥·, v., remember, L. 14, p. 169
ji.hua, itlf.•J, n., plan, L. 9, p. 118
ji'nilin, ic.$, v., commemorate; observe, L. 19, p. 225
ji.shU, .ft~. n., technology, L. 20, p. 231
ji.xu, ~~. v., continue, L. 33, p. 343
jiii, ~. n., home, L. 2, p. 18
jiiiju, ~.J!., n., furniture, L. 7, p. 91
jiiiqiling, ;bo ~!, v.. strengthen, L. 32, p. 333
jiiishling, /Ja J:., v.. add; adding, L. 32, p. 333
jiiisu, /Ja it, v., accelerate; speed up, L. 32, p. 331
jiiiting, ~~. n., family, L. 12, p. 144; L. 30, p. 313
jiiiwU/shi, ~~t~, n., housework, L. 30, p. 313
jill, 'f, pron., person A; also the first of the ten Heavenly Stems,
L. 1, p. 2
jill, ~. v., marry (a man), L. 6, p. 79
jia.qilin, 111-~. n., price, L. 31, p. 321
jiazhi, 11!-1!, n.• value, L. 35, p. 365
jiiinchi, ~#. v., insist, L. 22, p. 249; L. 26, p. 281
jiillldiin, [.~if, adj.. simple, L. 7, p. 89
jiilllhua, ;ill1t, n., simplify, L. 14, p. 167
jiilllshdo, ~:}·, v., decrease; reduce, L. 22, p. 247
jiillltlzi, r.~ #.!f, n., simplified characters, L. 14, p. 166
jiilllzhi, r.li .1i., adv .. simply; downright, L. 16, p. 194
jilin, 1t, AN for matters or things,, L. 15
jilin, Jt, v., construct; build, L. 19, p. 223
jilin, 11•], n., sword, L. 33, p. 345
jilinjilin, iflfifl[, adv., gradually, L. 17, p. 203
jilinkiing, -lltllt, adj., health, healthy, L. 9, p. 118
jianli, Jt.ft., v., build up, establish, L. 29, p. 307; L. 32, p. 333;
L. 35, p. 365
jianshe, Jtit, n.. construction, L. 31, p. 323
jiiinghii, :If*-. time word, future, L. 15, p. 182
jiilll.gjiii, iJf-';t., v./adj., be fastidious about/fastidious, L. 31, p. 321
jiiio, ;ft., v., teach, L. 8, p. 106
jiiioliu, 3t iii., n., exchange; interchange, L. 35, p. 367
jiiioshii, ;jt~, v.-o., teach, L. 31, p. 323; L. 34, p. 355
jiiiotOng, 3tii, n., transportation, communication, L. 27, p. 287
jiaotong gongju, 3tii.I...J!., n .. transportation facilities, L. 31,
p. 323
jiiioxue, ;ft.~, n., education; teaching, L. 21, p. 238
jidodu, ~ J.t, n.. angle; point of view; perspective, L. 28, p. 295
jiooluo, ~ fi., n., comer, L. 19, p. 223
jidose/juese, ~ ~. n.. role, part, L. 25, p. 273
jiao, •t v., call; be called; tell, L. 5, p. 63
jiao, 4:t, adv., relatively; comparatively, L. 20, p. 231
jiaohui xuexiao, .ft4<-~-tt, n., missionary school, L. 32, p. 331
jiao.shou, ;ft.~, n.. professor, L. 34, p. 355
jiaotang, .;ft'.t, n., church, L. 8, p. 107
jiaoxim, .;ftiJJ], n., lesson, L. 35, p. 365
jiao.yil, ;ft. 11. n., education, L. 12, p. 146
jiao.yilbu, 4t 11 ~. n., The Department of Education, L. 21, p. 239
381
Pinyin Index
.kl!, or, adv., for emphasis, L. 7, p. 90
kl!'ai, or~. adj., lovable; cute, L. 22, p. 249
kl!koukl!le, or u or /f-, n., Coca Cola, L. 29, p. 307
kl\lian, orf4-, adj., pitiful; pitiable, L. 8, p. 105
kl!neng, or~. adj., possible, L. 15, p. 180
kl!.shi, or :.It, conj., however; but, L. 1, p. 5
kl!xiao, or 1(, adj., funny; ridiculous, L. 18, p. 214
kl!yl, or~-~. aux., can; may, all right; no problem, L. 3, p. 34; L. 7,
p.90
ke, ~ n., lesson, course (at school), L. 1, p. 2; L. 4, p. 44
kecheng, 1J!t;f1., n., school courses, L. 22, p. 247
ke.qi, $.9.., adj., polite, L. 18, p. 213
keren, $-A, n., guest, L. 18, p. 213
ketao, $.*, n., conventional politeness, L. 18, p. 212
kongzl, ;JI..-f", n., Confucius (551-479 B.C.), L. 14, p. 168
kong.zhe, ~ ~. v., be unoccupied, L. 31, p. 323
kong.zhi, ~if;~, n./v., control, L. 23, p. 257
kou.yll, P if, n., spoken language, L. 9, p. 117
ku, ~. v., cry, L. 8, p. 104
kllli, h, n., coolie, L. 19, p. 223
kuai, Jk., lump; AN for dollars, L. 15, p. 179
kuai... .le, ·tk. ... 7, adv., almost, about to, L. 2, p. 19
kuaile, ·tk. If-, adj., happy, L. 23, p. 257
kuaisil, -lk.lt, adv., rapidly, quickly; at high-speed, L. 21, p. 241;
L. 29, p. 305
kuiinkuo, JtJiil, adj., broad; wide, L. 30, p. 315
kuiinr6ng, Jt~. adj., tolerant; lenient, L. 34, p. 355
kilnnan, [!) Jlft, adj., difficult, L. 31, p. 323
ku<'>dfl, .tt :k.., v., enlarge, L. 30, p. 313
*
jing.ji bllzhil, ~*;f~.flh. n., financial aid, L. 10, p. 126
jingji (xue), ~
(Of!) , n., economics, L. 15, p. 180
jingli, ~/}j, v., experience, go through, L. 11, p. 132; L. 21, p. 240
jingque, ;tA-zA, adj., accurate, L. 28, p. 297
jingshiing, ~ jl'!j, v.-o., engage in business, L. 20, p. 231
jingshen, ;tk#, n., spirit, L. 25, p. 274
jingxlng, if. M., v.-c., be startled awake, L. 35, p. 363
jingylng, ~1i'. v., run (a business), L. 19, p. 223
jingshang, *-.1:, respectful phrase used to close letters, L. 9, p. 118
jingzheng, :ti'-, n.lv., competition/compete, L. 22, p. 247; L. 26,
p.281
jingzhil, ;lft;i>t, v., wish with respect, L. 9, p. 118
jiil, ;V,t, adv., sooner than expected; as early as, L. 2, p. 20
jiil, IS, adj., out of date; old-fashioned, L. 33, p. 343
Jiiljinshiin, ll'l~JJ, n., San Francisco, L. 19, p. 223
jiil.shi, ;V,t;.lt, v., be exactly, L. 1, p. 5
jumian, ,!iJ diJ, n., situation, L. 26, p. 281
jiljl, ~~. v., come together; assemble, L. 17, p. 202
jillf, J!e.~, n., distance, L. 12, p. 144
jil ... shuo, {ll; ... iJI.., according to ... , L. 14, p. 166
jiltr, J!.~. adj., detailed; concrete, L. 32, p. 333
jilwai, •J:Il.$>1-, v., be afraid of foreign countries, L. 35, p. 367
jmlnshe, ~ -,5-, v.-o., curl the tongue; pronounce retroflex initials,
L. 13, p. 156
jue, 1!, adv., absolutely, L. 29, p. 305
jue.de, 1\f:A;, v., think; feel, L. 2, p. 19
jueding, ift ;t, v., decide, L. 7, p. 90
juedui, 1!~. adv., absolutely, L. 26, p. 281
juexin, ik:·~. v./n., make up one's mind/resolution, determination,
L.32,p.333;L.35,p.363
junffl, :f. Ji>J, n., warlord, L. 34, p. 355
junren, :fA. n., soldiers; military personnel, L. 21, p. 239
junshi, :f.:;:, n., military affairs, L. 21, p. ·239
junshi xlngdong, :f. :f'tt#J, n., military operations, L. 33, p. 346
*
L
hi, li., adj., hot; spicy, L. 24, p. 267
lai, ;Jft, v., come, L. 2, p. 19; L. 3, p. 32
h~ihui(jipiao), ;Jft~jj](~~). n., round trip (airplane ticket), L. 10,
p. 126
laizi, ;Jft J1J, v., come from, L. 11, p. 132
Ian, .Hi, adj., blue, L. 3, p. 33
lllobllixing, ::t-11 ti, n., common people, L. 26, p. 281
lllofiin, :t-411', n., "old barbarian"-a derogatory term for
non-Chinese, now used only in jest, L. 17, p. 203
lllohufl, ::t~. n., old saying, L. 29, p. 306
lllojili, :t-~. n., hometown, L. 2, p. 19
lllojiil, :;tiS, adj., old-fashioned and conservative, L. 34, p. 353
llloshi, :;tg;p, n., teacher, L. 5, p. 62
.le, 7 , particle for new situation, particle for completed action,
L. 1, p. 5; L. 4, p. 44
leguiin, If- 'Ji!., adj., optimistic, L. 26, p. 282
lei, -!R,, AN, category of; kind of, L. 35, p. 363
li, ~. v., depart from, L. 14, p. 169
likai, ~ jf-, v., leave; depart, L. 17, p. 204
II, .i'., localizer, inside, L. 2, p. 18
Lr, 4', n., a common surname, L. 14, p. 166
lrcai, n'.lilt, v.-o., manage money matters, L. 29, p. 305
lrjie, ;fL;;, n., etiquette; protocol, L. 18, p. 215
lljil!, n'.~, v., understand; comprehend, L. 35, p. 365
llxiiing, n'.~. adj., ideal, L. 21, p. 241
K
kaifang, 7f"it, v., practice the open-door policy, L. 23, p. 257
kaimlng, jf-R.Jl, adj., enlightened; open-minded, L. 32, p. 333
kliishl, jf-*1;, v., start; begin, L. 21, p. 239
kaiwanxiao, 7f"Rt1(, v.-o.,joke; play tricks, L. 31, p. 323
kiin hai.zi, :t 1i: -T, v.-o., look after children, L. 30, p. 313
kiint6u, $.. 4-, v.-o., be beheaded, L. 33, p. 346
kan, ;t, v., see; look, L. 2, p. 20
kan.buchUiai, :t ;r- ::1:: ;Jft, v.-c., can't figure out by looking;
can't tell, L. 3, p. 33
kan.qr.Jai, :t~:Jit. look like, seem, L. 3, p. 32
kanzuo, :lf!.t, v., regard as; take to be, L. 17, p. 203
kiingkru, ·It~. adj., generous; fervent, L. 18, p. 213
Kiingzhou, '*-iii, n., Connecticut, L. 32, p. 334
kangjil, .tt-h!. v., resist, L. 11, p. 134
kllolo, :t ~-. v., consider, L. 7, p. 92
klloshi, :t-iR., n., examination; test, L. 7, p. 92
klloyan, :t ~. n., test; trial, L. 35, p. 365
kao, t, v., depend on, L. 29, p. 305
keji, #-tt, n., science and technology, L. 35, p. 363
kexuejili, #Of!~. n., scientist, L. 19, p. 223
382
Pinyin Index
man, ·If.. adj., slow, L. 9, p. 117
manmiinr (.de), ·lt.·lt.Jt.. (:Ill!.) , adv., gradually; slowly, L. 15,
p. 180
mang, •11':, adj., busy, L. 6, p. 77
mao,..{, n., body hair, L. 16, p. 194
maodiln, ~ Jti, n., conflict; contradiction, L. 11, p. 132
mao.yi, 'W J;, n., trade, L. 4, p. 47
meita, i~*· no way; can't, L. 6, p. 76
mei(.you), i~(1f), have not; there is not, L. 4, p. 45
mt!ide, -k.ft, n., virtue; moral excellence, L. 18, p. 215
Mt!igu6, -k 1!1, n., The United States of America, L. 2, p. 19
mt!itiiin, .ft ~.time word, every day, L. 7, p. 89
Mt!izhou, -k~Jll. n., America (the continent), L. 25, p. 273
men, fl, AN for school courses, L. 4, p. 44
menhu, fl }', n., door, L. 25, p. 273
Mt!ng, ~.adj., Mongolian, L. 28, p. 295
Mt!nggiigu6, ~ 7:;' 1!1, n., Mongolia, L. I, p. 4
Miao, 1Ji, adj., Miao, L. 28, p. 295
mingu6, ~1!1. n., republic, L. 1, p. 3
minquan, ~;fx., n., civil rights, L. 19, p. 224
min y! shi wei tian, ~ ~:.t ~ 7-J ~. Human beings take eating
as most important; man cannot live without food., L. 31,
p.321
minzhii, ~l.. adj./n., democratic/democracy, L. 22, p. 247
minzu, ~~. n., nationality, ethnic group, L. 19, p. 223
m!n'glin, .fjt$, adj., sensitive, L. 26, p. 281
ming.bai, R,fl E1, v./adj., understand; know clear, L. 30, p. 315
mingci, ..t'i'l, n., noun, L. 26, p. 281
minggui, ..tit, adj., famous and expensive; precious, L. 31, p. 321
mingpai, ..t».t. n., brand-name; famous brand, L. 31, p. 321
mingtiiin, R,fl ~. n./time word, tomorrow, L. 5, p. 64
mingxilin, R,fl ~.adj., obvious, L. 11, p. 133
ming.zi, _.t !j:, n., name, L. 5, p. 63
m6utan,
v., conspire against (the government}, L. 33, p. 346
m6uqi1,
v., try to gain, L. 34, p. 353
m6usheng, 1., v., make a living, L. 30, p. 313
mil, -il}:, n., short for
(mother}, L. 4, p. 44
miiyii, -!l]:-i.g., n., mother tongue, L. 12, p. 145
mudi, 1'1 ~. n., purpose, L. 13, p. 156
IIxing, .~Ai, n., rationality, L. 34, p. 355
IIxueymm, J.t Of' F.;t, n., school of science, L. 15, p. 178
like, Ji:.B:~. adv., right away; immediately, L. 30, p. 315
li.liang, /] -1:, n., force; power, L. 33, p. 346
li.sh!, !fi 31:._, n., history, L. 1, p. 5
li.yi, ;f•J .M,, n., interests, L. 20, p. 233
liyong, ;f•J rn. v., make use of; take advantage of, L. 9, p. 117
li.zi, 1J•J -t, n., example, L. II, p. 135; L. 17, p. 205
!ian, i!, conj., even, L. 5, p. 64
lian'ai, :~ :t, v., (romantic) love, L. 34, p. 355
lianxi, ~ >.1, v., practice, L. 9, p. 116
lianghito, tl'*f. adj., good, L. 19, p. 223
tiling, ;!li, no., two (used with AN), L. 1, p. 2
lilingdling zhengzhi, ;!li :it.®:,){;, n., two-party political system,
L. 26, p. 281
liang ni wei chii, 'I' A 7-J ~, keep expenditure within the limits of
income, L. 29, p. 305
Iillojit!, 7 N{., v., comprehend; know very well, L. 9, p. 118
lin'gu6, 4~ 1!1, n., adjacent countries, L. 35, p. 363
linjin, ~.ilL. v., be nearby, be close to, L. 25, p. 274
ling, #-, n., bell, L. 6, p. 76
l!ngdllo, 4Ji ,Jf-, n., leadership, L. 34, p. 355
l!ngtii, 4Ji .±., n., territory, L. 26, p. 281
l!ngxiil, 4Jildl, n., leader, L. 19, p. 225
ling, J7, det., other, L. 11, p. 133
liumt!i, fll -k. v.-o., go and study in America, L. 32, p. 331
liuxia, fll r, v., leave (message, etc.); stay (behind), L. 6, p. 76
liuxuesheng, fll 1., n., students studying abroad, L. 32, p. 331
liuxuesh!, fll 31:.., n., history of studying abroad, L. 32, p. 334
.lo, ~.particle showing obviousness, L. 4, p. 47
lilyin, :iit-t, n./v., (telephone) recording; record (sound}, L. 6, p. 76
lilyindai, :iit-tf-, n., audiotape, L. 13, p. 156
Juan, ~. adj, unruly; disorderly; chaotic, L. 13, p. 155
Lun.yii, it~. n., Confucian Analects, L. 14, p. 169
lunl!, -~t-J.t, n., ethics, L. 35, p. 363
lunliu, ~itt., v., take turns, L. 7, p. 89
luohOu, if,./€;, adj., backward; underdeveloped, L. 27, p. 287
Itiche, !!j 4-. n., donkey-drawn cart, L. 30, p. 315
'* '*
'*.&...,
'*Jilt,
'*
M
-ilf'*
N
.rna, ·~.particle for simple questions, L. 3, p. 33
mii, -&. n., mom, mother, L. 4, p. 44
Masht!ng, Jtt,.:fl·, n., Massachusetts, L. 32, p. 331
mllche, ~ 4-. n., horse-drawn cart, L. 30, p. 315
Mlldinglildejin, ~ T ·Jt...ft · ~. n., Martin Luther King, L. 19,
p.225
mlli, :Y<, v., buy, L. 7, p. 89
mlliban, :Y< iJJ., n., comprador, L. 32, p. 331
mllimai, :Y< #.., n., buying and selling; business, L. 4, p. 47
Maidanglao, :till*· n., McDonald's, L. 29, p. 307
mlin, iili, adj., full, L. 18, p. 213
MAn, iili, adj., Manchurian, L. 28, p. 295
Mlinqlng, iili ~. n., the Manchu nationality government
(Qing Dynasty}, L. 33, p. 343
mlin ... sui, iili ... 'jl, v., be fully ... years of age, L. 32, p. 331
mlinyl, ;~ ;t, v., satisfY; be satisfied, L. 32, p. 332
na, :t.v., take with hand; bring; carry, L. 8, p. 104
na...zuowei, :t ... 1t 7-J, v., take ... as ... , L. 21, p. 239
nM!, 'llFJl. polite expression used to decline compliments, L. 18,
p. 213
na, Jljl, det., that; those, L. 1, p. 3
na.me/ne.me, Jljl ~, conj., well then; then, L. 1, p. 3
nashi, Jj~ at. n.. that time, L. 1, p. 4
nandao,
do you mean to say that ... ?, L. 6, p. 79
nan.de, ~ ~. n., male; man, L. 6, p. 78
nanfiing, ~ :71, n., south, L. 13, p. 155
Nanjing, ~
n., capital city of Jiangsu province, L. 34, p. 353
nanpeng.you, ~ JVl..&... n., boyfriend, L. 6, p. 77
nanqiang bt!idiao, ~ ~ ~1:. -if.l, n., southern tune and northern
intonation-mixed accent, L. 13, p. 155
nanzhuiing, ~ ~ n., men's clothing (in man's attire), L. 33, p. 345
*-it.
"*,
383
Pinyin Index
nllr,
"H~Jt..,
QW, where, L. 2, p. 18; L. 5, p. 63
piao, .:;.., n., ticket, L. I 0, p. 126
pi~ru. 1t~, n., the poor and the rich, L. 30, p. 313
pinqing, ~it. v., appoint; hire, L. 34, p. 355
pingchang, f-'t, adj., ordinary; common; usual, L. 9, p. 116
pingd<!ng, 4'-"f. n., equality, L. 33, p. 343
pingfiingmi, f-ir;!<., n., square meter, L. 31, p. 323
pohai, l! 't, v., persecute, L. 34, p. 355
puji, it.&.. v., popularize; promulgate, L. 27, p. 287
putonghua, -lH! -if;, n., standard Mandarin Chinese, L. 13, p. 154
for follow-up questions, particle for emphasis, L. I,
p. 3; L. 4, p. 48
m~idi, Jl;j ~. n., inland; the interior of a country, L. 25, p. 273
.ne,
~.particle
neir6ng, P<J $:., n., contents, L. 33, p. 345
neizhan, P<J ~. n., civil war, L. 34, p. 355
neizheng, P<J .i&., n., internal affairs, L. 23, p. 258
neng, fit, aux., can; may; could; able to L. 5, p. 64; L. 9, p. 118
nenggou, fit~. aux .. can; be able to, L. 22, p. 247
li~ :1J,
nengli,
Nikesong,
n., ability, L. 29, p. 307
~.;ttk,
Q
n., Nixon, L. 21, p. 240
ni, it, pron., you, L. 3, p. 32
qijiiin, .J!J! f"l, n., period of time, L. 33, p. 344
ni you hii.le, it X..~ 7, there you go again, L. 4, p. 46
nil'm,
.1f-, n., year, L.
qLzi, ~-f. n., wife, L. 33, p. 345
I, p. 4
qiguai, -ttl:, adj., strange, L. 2, p. 19
niandai, Jf-1-\, n .. a decade, L. 19, p. 224
nianji,
-+~
nianling,
qim!!, ~ ~. n./v., horse-back riding/ride a horse, L. 33, p. 343
n., school grade; year, L. 7, p. 91
qiqiguaiguai,
-+lit. n., age, L. 12, p. 144
nianqing, Jj'-.$Z, adj., young, L. 34, p. 355
nianqingren, Jj'-.$ZA, n., young people, L. 30, p. 313
Jf-mr, n .. annual salary, L. 15, p. 179
nianxin,
qite,
nian, ~. v., pronounce; read; study, L. 13, p. !54
-.t #, adj., strange and distinctive, peculiar, L. 17, p. 205;
L. 26, p. 281
pron., you (a respectful form), L. 5, p. 64
nianshii, ~~. v.-o., study, L. 6, p. 79
qizhong,
nin,
qim!!,
~.
adj./adv., least; at least, L. 24, p. 267
qi zuo.yong, ~1t rn. v., have the effect or function of, L. 19,
p.223
qiche, i"\A-. n., automobile, L. 29, p. 305
niurni, 4-i-t, n., cowboy, L. 29, p. 307
niuz!!iku, 4-1-t#-. n .. jeans, L. 29, p. 307
hi~.
J\. 'f, in, among; in which, L. 30, p. 313
~~.
qi ming.zi, ~1; !f., v.-o., give a name; pick a name, L. 5, p. 63
ningk<!, 'T'f, aux .. would rather, L. 23, p. 257
Niuyue,
-.t-.t·tH:I:, adj., very unusual or strange, L. 13, p. !55
qishi, Jlt:flil., v./n., discriminate against/ discrimination, L. 17,
p.203
qita, J\.i\1!., n., other, L. 20, p. 231
n .. New York, L. 2, p. 19
n6ngciin, ;!t#, n., countryside, L. 30, p. 313
qiaqia, •tfdi-, adv., exactly, L. 24, p. 265
n6ngmingong, ;ttl.\.~. n., peasant worker; migrant worker, L. 30,
p. 313
null, ~:17, adv./adj., diligently/diligent, L. 32, p. 331
qiiinrang, ;til:, adj./v., self-effacing/ decline modesty, L. 18,
p.215
qiiinzheng, ~li.. n., visa, L. 10, p. 126
nuan, ~.adj., warm, L. 31, p. 321
nli, ±, n., short for± Jl. (daughter), female, L. 4, p. 44
qian, i\, n., money, L. 10, p. 126
nli'er,
*
qianzhai, X.1t. v.-o., owe a debt, L. 29, p. 306
qiiingzhan,
Jt.., n., daughter, L. 9, p. 118
qiang,
0
qiangdiao,
6, O!J!:, int., oh?!, L. 4, p. 47
6, •J!,, int., oh; I see, L. 1, p. 4
f~
n., gunfighting, L. 24, p. 265
strong, powerful, L. 27, p. 287; L. 35, p. 363
~H!J.
v., emphasize; stress, L. 34, p. 353
qiangjia,
~£:1itr,
v., force upon others, L. 12, p. 147
qianglie,
~HR.
adj., strong; intense, L. 25, p. 274
qiangpo/qi!!ngpo, ~£1!, v., force, L. 22, p. 247; L. 24, p. 266
qi!!ng V, .Jt V, v., scramble or compete to V, L. 18, p. 213
Ou, IY:., n., Europe, L. 32, p. 331
Ouzhou, f!(t;"ilj, n., Europe, L. 3, p. 34
ilu'<!r,
tt~.
~£.adj.,
qinfan, 1HI!., v., violate; infringe, L. 24, p. 265
if,, adv .. occasionally; once in a while, L. 30, p. 315
qinlne,
-f.t~.
'*m.
n./v., invasion/invade, L. 35, p. 363
qinqie,
adj., intimate; warm (in marmer), L. 27, p. 288
qing, .$Z, adj., light (and by extension, "carefree"), L. 29, p. 304
p
pa, ·ttl, v., fear; be afraid, L. 15, p. 181
Qingchao,
paiwai, .f!~?r, v., exclude foreign countries, L. 35, p. 367
pai, iJR, v./n., dispatch, send (a person)/group; faction; school,
L.32,p.333;L.33,p.345
peiku!!n, ~.tl:.. n., indemnity; reparations, L. 35, p. 365
qingsong, .$Z:./'k, adj., relax; easy; relaxing, L. 8, p. 107
qingxiang, 1lJl (a], n., tendency, L. 25, p. 274
it, aux./v., please/hire; appoint, L. 6, p. 76; L. 22, p. 247
qing.xlng, ·It%, n., situation, L. 19, p. 223
qing,
peiy!!ng, J.g. .jf:., v .. nurture; train; foster, develop; build up; raise,
L. 15, p. 180; L. 33, p. 346
pi, .jlt., AN, batch of; group of, L. 19, p. 223
pipan,
7k $Jl, n., the Qing Dynasty, L. 32, p. 333; L. 35, p. 365
Qiii nn, ~Jut, n., (1875-1907) female writer and democratic
revolutionary, L. 33, p. 342
qiishi, ,!! :14', n., tendency, L. 25, p. 275
.jlt..J'•J. n., severe criticism, L. 35, p. 366
.jlt.if, v., criticize, L. 18, p. 215
qu, -1;;, v., go, L. 2, p. 21
piping,
quanli, k~-t·J, n., rights, L. 24, p. 265
piru, .Y,ittr, conj., for example, L. 14, p. 169
quanmian, 1::-ii, adj./adv., comprehensive; all-round, L. 35, p. 365
pian.yi,-ltll:, adj., cheap, L. 30, p. 314
quanpanxihua, 1:-11t~1t., n., complete Westernization, L. 35,
384
Pinyin Index
p.367
quefa, lik:~. v., lack, L. 20, p. 231
queshdo, lik: ;?·, v., be short of; lack, L. 20, p. 231
shdoshu, ;?· ~. n., minority, L. 20, p. 231
shdoshuminzll, ;?· ~ ~~. n., minority people, L. 22, p. 24 7
Shao.xing, ~ ~. n., a city in Zhejiang province, L. 33, p. 346
she.bei, il~. n., facilities, L. 9, p. 116
R
she.hui, ::114-, n., society, L. 9, p. 118
she.huidi.wei, ::114-~ii. n., social status, L. 19, p. 224
she.huizhiiyi, ::114-.i. :il, n., socialism, L. 21, p. 241
shtm.me, 1t ~, qw., what, L. I, p. 2
que,~. adv., but, L. 3, p. 34
q(m, If. AN, a group of, L. 24, p. 265
rang, 11, v., make; let; allow, give way; yield, L. 15, p. 181; L. 31,
p.323
rangzuor, il:.Ji Jl.., v.-o., offer one's seat (to somebody), L. 18,
p.214
rechen, 11.<.•1*., n., warm-heartedness, L. 18, p. 213
shenke, i~iiJ, adj., deep, L. 29, p. 307
shen.shang, ~ J:., on (someone's) body or self, L. 12, p. 147
Shenzhen, i~.J.11j, n., a city in Guangdong province, L. 25, p. 274
shenzhi, -!- .!., adv., even to the extent of, L. 18, p. 213
rencai, A;f, n., human resources, L. 21, p. 239
sheng, 1., v., be born, L. 2, p. 20
sheng.hu6rangshi, 1. i-5 if#.,., n., lifestyle, L. 22, p. 249
shengyi, 1. ;f;, n., business, L. 4, p. 47
rendao, A.i!, adj./n., humane/humanitarianism, L. 23, p. 257
shenghu6, 1.i-5, n./v., life/ live, L. 9, p. 118
renkou, A o, n., population, L. 4, p. 47
renli, A}J, n., manpower, L. 30, p. 314
renmin, A~. n., the people, L. I, p. 3
renquan, A#-, n., human rights, L. 23, p. 257
sheng(yin), ;!>( ~), n., sound, L. 6, p. 76; L. 20, p. 233
shengyil, ;t 7[-, n., prestige; reputation, L. 21, p. 241
sht\ng, ~-, n., province, L. 25, p. 272
ren.shi, 1A.iY., v., know (a person); recognize, L. 7, p. 91
renzhen, -iA.Ji,., adj., conscientious; earnest; serious (in attitude),
L. 8, p. 106
ri, EJ, n., day, L. 9, p. 118
renhe, #:{"f. adj., any, L. 26, p. 281; L. 31, p. 321
r.
sheng.xill, *'l
v., be left (over), L. 15, p. 179
shibi\i, ;itJ!t, n./v., failure, defeat/fail, L. 35, p. 365
shici, l+i'!, n., poems, L. 33, p. 344
shidiao, ;it#, v., lose, L. 32, p. 334
shi.qu, ;It-t,, v., lose, L. 35, p. 367
Ri.bt\nren, EJ ,f..A, n., Japanese people, L. 3, p. 34
Riwen, EJ :t., n., Japanese language, L. 33, p. 343
shiwang, ;it:'l, adj., disappointed, L. 32, p. 333
shiwen, it" 3t, n., poem, L. 33, p. 345
shidai, Rtf\, n., times; age, L. 14, p. 168
shl.hou, at~. n., time, L. 2, p. 18
R6ng H6ng, $:-U], n., personal name, L. 32, p. 331
r6nghull, ;!t{t., v., melt, L. 22, p. 248
r6nglu, :ttJ:i', n., melting pot, L. 19, p. 223
r6ngril, it-A, v., dissolve in, L. 19, p. 223
shiji.shang, :fkl\f.J:., adv., in fact, L. 22, p. 247
r6ngyi, $:.1.7, adj., easy, L. 7, p. 90
shijiiin, Htf"l, n., time, L. 7, p. 89
shiqi, atJ!JI, n., period of time, L. 21, p. 241
rugul\, $1 ;lit, conj., if, L. 20, p. 232
ruhe, $1{"]", adv., how, L. 31, p. 323; L. 33, p. 343
ruqi,
~"J!JI,
shitang, 1<-:t, n., cafeteria; canteen, L. 7, p. 89
shit!, :fk -ff>,, n., entity, L. 26, p. 281
adv., as scheduled; on schedule, L. 29, p. 307
s
shiwil,
siinmingzhi, ;. ~A~{;. n., sandwich, L. 7, p. 89
shl, {t., v., make; cause, L. 10, p. 125
shryong, ~Jfl. v., use; apply, L. 28, p. 297
shi, ;t, v ., is; am; are; fall into the category of, L. I, p. 2
shi, 'f=, n., things; matters; business, L. 6, p. 79
shichiing, ;jrJ~, n., market, L. 31, p. 321
shiji, ilt~. n., century, L. 25, p. 273
shi.jie, iltJ!t, n., the world, L. 4, p. 46
shlli, ~}], n., power, L. 35, p. 365
shi.ma, :It •.!!.7, Is that so?, L. 4, p. 4 7
shiingyeqii, ;8j ,fr.llt, n., business district, L. 17, p. 203
.shang, J:., localizer, in; on, L. I, p. 5
shangci, J:./k., time word, last time, L. 6, p. 78
shishi, :;: :fk, n., fact, L. 30, p. 315
shi.shikan, -iJ:,-iJ:,;fr, v., have a try; give a try, L. 15, p. 180
shangguiin.zi, J:.tr:+. v.-o., go to a restaurant, L. 16, p. 193
J:.~.
food; edibles, L. 25, p. 273
shizai, :fk.(f., adv., really; indeed, L. 18, p. 213
seqing, ~·tk. n., pornography; sexual desire, L. 24, p. 265
shiiren, 1/; A, v.-o., murder, kill people, L. 24, p. 265
shanghai, 1% ti, v., hurt; harm, L. 27, p. 288
shiingpln, ;8j J'.,, n., goods; merchandise, L. 25, p. 273
shiingren, ;8j A, n., businessperson, L. 24, p. 265
shiingxueyuan, ;8j "/! F.t. n., business school, L. 20, p. 233
shiingye, ;8j -*., n., commerce, L. 16, p. 193
shiingyehull, ;8j ,fr. {t,, adj., commercialized, L. 16, p. 193
shangke,
1<411, n.,
shixian, :fk.OC, n./v., realization/realize, L. 26, p. 281; L. 32, p. 333
shiyanshl, :fk.ijft-1:, n., laboratory, L. 9, p. 116
shiwil, :;: 411, n., things and objects, L. 35, p. 363
shitu, -iJ:.Jil, v., try; attempt, L. 27, p. 287
v., hold class; go to class, L. 5, p. 62
shangxiabiin, J:. r JJI, v., go to and from work, L. 30, p. 313
itS., v., adapt to, L. II, p. 132
shoudii, it :ill. n., capital, L. 28, p. 297
shou.bulido, 1:: ;r- 7, v. -c., can't stand; intolerable, L. 7, p. 89
shoudao, 1::JHJ. v.-c., receive or suffer the effects of, L. 17, p. 203
shangxiabiin shi.jiiin, J:. r JJ! at f"l, time for going and leaving
work; rush hour, L. 31, p. 324
shang.zuo, J:.Ji, n., seat of honor, L. 18, p. 214
shii.owei, :fjlf.f;tt, adv., a little; a bit; slightly, L. 8, p. 106
shiyang,
shiylng,
shdo, ;?·,adj., few; little, L. 21, p. 239
385
A:f.:f, n., style, L. 31, p. 321
Pinyin Index
shoudao ... zhOngshi, {:.ttl ... y;f!i, v., be seen as important, L. 21,
p.239
shOuhai, :t 't", v.-o., be victimized, L. 23, p. 257
shoujiao.yu, :t4t.1L v.-o., be educated, L. 19, p. 223
shouyu, ;ft-f, v., confer, L. 34, p. 353
tii, it, pron., she; her, L. 6, p. 77
tii, 't;, pron., it, L. 10, p. 127
ta.men, 11i!.ff1, pron., they, L. 1, p. 5
taibei, f; ~1:.. n., Taipei, L. 25, p. 275
taideng, {; ;.tr, n., desk lamp, L. 7, p. 91
Taiwan,{; r!J, n., Taiwan, L. 1, p. 5
Taiyil, {; -ffl-, n., the Taiwanese language, L. 27, p. 287
tai, :k., adv., too; excessively, L. 4, p. 45
shouzui, :tW., v., suffer, L. 8, p. 105
shii, ~. n., book, L. 2, p. 18
shiichii, *if ::1:, v., export, L. 25, p. 273
shiifang, ~&. n., a study, L. 2, p. 18
shii.fu,
~Jlll,
*·
taikexile, :k. 'if ·ft 7 ! , What a pity!, L. 22, p. 249
tangangqin, ~4/iJ>\t, v.-o., play the piano, L. 15, p.181
adj., comfortable, L. 16, p. 193
shiijia, ~
n., bookshelf, L. 7, p. 91
shuj iit, :1-1ri, n., summer vacation, L. 9, p. 117
shuyil, .J,J, -t, v., belong to, L. 17, p. 205
tan. tan, it it, v., talk; chat, L. 9, p. 117
tangrenjie, It A-liT, n., Tang People Street- Chinatown, L. 17,
p.202
tang, Mi, AN for certain verbs of motion, L. 16, p. 193
shUru, '*-~· n., fetters; bondage; restraint, L. 33, p. 343
shUxue, !ft<'¥', n., mathematics, L. 15, p. 180
tlloyan,
shuangrang, JGt:?i, n., The two parties or sides, L. 26, p. 281
shuangyu, JGt -ffl-, n., two languages (as a modifier, "bilingual"),
L. 22, p. 247
shui, if!, QW, who, L. 6, p. 79
shulziii, 7)<. ;t, n., flood, L. 23, p. 257
it JR., v., find disgusting, L. 4, p. 44
tebie, #Ji'l, adv .. especially, unusually,L. 15, p. 178; L. 16, p. 193
techan, # /", n., special1ocal products, L. 25, p. 273
tedian, #.?i., n., characteristic, L. 25, p. 274
tese, # ~. n., special characteristics, L. 35, p. 367
teshii, #~.adj., special, L. 25, p. 273; L. 30, p. 313
tian, x, n. or AN, day, L. 6, p. 78
shunli, JlJi:f'l, adj., without a hitch; smooth, L. 15, p. 180
shuo, ij{., v., speak, say, talk, L. I, p. 6
tiiioti,
shuo.ta, i>Lit., n., way of saying; opinion, L. 5, p. 63
shuoming, 1JLRJ3, n./v., explanation/explain; make clear, L. 20,
p.231;L.29,p.307
si, &, n., silk, L. 25, p. 273
-#t~'],
adj., nitpicky; fastidious, L. 7, p. 89
tiao, ~.AN for road and street, L. 31, p. 324
tiaojian, ~1'1'. n., condition, L. 23, p. 257
tiaogiio, ll!~~. n., high jump, L. 33, p. 343
tiaoyuan, ll!Uzl, n., long jump, L. 33, p. 343
sikllo, .w..;IJ, v./n., ponder over, reflect on/consideration, L. 35,
p.364
siren, ft.A, n., private, L. 31, p. 324
tichang, .R1~. v., advocate, promote, L. 22, p. 247; L. 33, p. 345
tichii, .f,t::l:, v., put forward; bring up, L. 32, p. 333
tidao, .f,t.fl], v., mention, L. 35, p. 363
sixiang, .W;l!!!-, n., thought, idea, L. 25, p. 273
sixiangjili, .W.·l!!!-*, n., thinker; philosopher, L. 25, p. 273
tigiio, .f,t~, n./v., elevation/elevate, raise, L. 19, p. 224
tiqian, .f,t lt, adv., in advance; ahead of time, L. 29, p. 306
sr, ;t, v., die, L. 33, p. 345
tizllo, .R-¥-, v., do earlier than planned, L. 31, p. 323
tlhui, #.4<-, v., have a true appreciation, L. 12, p. 145
Sichuan, !!V !II, n., a province in southwest China, L. 2, p. 20
sihii, 1~1'-. v., seem, it seems, L. 19, p. 223
sizhou, '!SJ p.j, n./place word, all around/surroundings, L. 35, p. 363;
L.19,p.223
song, :i!, v., send; give, L. 15, p. 182
tielu, i*~· n., railroad, L. 19, p. 223; L. 35, p. 363
ting.dao, •Jj- itl, v., hear, L. 4, p. 45
tinghuit,
•Jj-~,
v.-o./adj., obey, obedient, L. 12, p. 147
tongxing, ii.ft, v./adj., be in general use/current; generally
practiced, L. 17, p. 203; L. 28, p. 295
tongyong, ;am, v., use commonly, L. 14, p. 167
t6ngshi, I"] ., , n., colleague, L. 15, p. 179
suqi, %- ~. adj., in poor taste; vulgar, L. 16, p. 193
sushe, -!ii-t-, n., dormitory, L. 7, p. 88
suan, J!f., v., reckon; be considered as, L. 15, p. 181
suan(.shi), J!f.(,l), v., be considered, L. 5, p. 64
suiran, ~ M;, conj., although, L. 2, p. 19
suibian, J't 1~. adv., casually; freely, L. 9, p. 117
sui, ~. n., years of age, L. 15, p. 181
Siin Zhongshan, :f·l·tf' J.i, n., Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925)
founder of the Republic of China, L. 35, p. 365
sunshi, ~9i
n., loss, L. 24, p. 265
suil, J'!f, AN for school or building, L. 32, p. 331
t6ngxue, I"]<'¥', n., classmates; schoolmates, L. 2, p. 21
t6ngyi, I"] t:, v., agree; approve, L. 12, p. 147
t6ngyici, I"] :J/..10], n., synonym, L. 26, p. 281
t6ngzhU, l"]{i., v., live together, L. 7, p. 88
tilngyi, iJt-, v ./adj., unite/ united, L. 26, p. 282
tilngzhi, M.it;, n., rule; governance, L. 33, p. 345
*-·
tonghen,
~·tit,
v., hate bitterly, L. 33, p. 346
tuanjie, Bl it, v./adj., unite/be united in solidarity, L. 20, p. 233
suMe, J'!f~i'-. n., "what is received"- income, earnings, L. 30,
p.315
suilwei, J'!filli, that which is called; the so-called, L. 12, p. 144
t6u.fit, -!}; ~. n., hair (on the human head), L. 3, p. 33
suil.yi, J'!f V.-{, conj., therefore, L. 3, p. 34
tilhuit,
suilyilu.de,
J'Jj';t~,
tildi,
.±.~,
n., land, L. 27, p. 287
.±. i~, n., local dialect, L. 28, p. 297
tusheng tilzhang, .±. .1. .±.
born and grown up in native soil,
adj., all, L. II, p. 132
*·
L. 21, p. 239
tuifiin, .fftfli, v., overthrow, L. 33, p. 343
T
tuirang,
tii, 111!., pron., he, L. 2, p. 18
tuixiiio,
386
.fftil:., v., decline (out of modesty), L. 18, p. 215
.ffttl!, v., promote sales, L. 29, p. 305
Pinyin Index
4f!At, v., practice or carry out (a policy), L. 27, p. 287
tuixing,
v
V.qi.lai, V ~ ...
V.zhe, V.zhi, V
*'·
wilji~.
X
XI, !lfl, n., abbreviation for the West, L. 17, p. 205
xi' an, !lfl,J!f., n., the west coast, L. 19, p. 223
xirang, !lfl7r, n., the Western world, L. 25, p. 273
v., start to V... , L. 4, p. 45
keep on V-ing, L. 2, p. 18
~,particle,
w
xihull, !lfl1t, v., Westernize, L. 32, p. 331
xi' nan, 1lfl rfJ, n., southwest, L. 2, p. 18
wai.guoren, ~~- 1!1 A., n., foreigner, L. 6, p. 79
waijiiio, ~r 3t, n., foreign affairs; diplomatic relations, L. 27, p. 287
waiytl,
xiwang,
:.t1:-, adv., completely, entirely, L. 1, p. 5
~~-~.
wanqmin,
xiqi, #-.t. adj., rare; uncommon, L. 31, p. 323
xisheng, ~#:.. v., sacrifice (one's life), L. 19, p. 224
n., outsider; stranger, L. 17, p. 203
~r A,
wairen,
n., foreign language, L. 21, p. 239
wan, 7i, num., ten thousand, L. 15, p. 179
*'ill:.
*'Jl/!,
adj., advanced, L. 31, p. 323
xiiinjln,
n., forerunner; pioneer, L. 33, p. 343
xiiinqii,
xillnshichii, ~ 7F til, v., show, make plain, display, L. 20, p. 231;
L. 30, p. 315
xillnzhu, ~;f. adj., obvious, L. 19, p. 223; L. 30, p. 315
xiandaihua, £1~1t, n., modernization, L. 25, p. 273
weibOiu, tit..ilf.Ji', n., microwave oven, L. 7, p. 90
weichi, j(!#, v., keep; maintain, L. 25, p. 274
1-f\ :k., adj., great, L. 34, p. 353
wei ... ciioxin, 59 ... ~·-:;, v., worry for, L. 6, p. 79
"it-, unique; the only, L. 12, p. 146
w~ida,
wei...ruwil, 59 ... »l+, v., serve ... , L. 34, p. 353
wei.le, 59 7, prep., in order to, L. 4, p. 47
xianjin, £:t-, n., cash, L. 29, p. 305
~. n., phenomenon, L. 20, p. 231
xian.xiang,
xianzai, £./f., n./time word, now, L. 1, p. 4; L. 1, p. 5
m
*-.lt. adv., truly, "no getting around it", L. 18, p. 214
59 N .Iii V, v., verb for noun, L. 19, p. 224
xiiingciin, ~ #, n., rural areas, L. 30, p. 313
xiiingdiing, ;hJ ;11, adv., rather; fairly, L. 21, p. 239
xiiingdiing.de, ;hJ ;11 ~?.adj., considerable, L. 26, p. 281
weishem.me, 59ft~. qw., why, L. 1, p. 3
weishengzhi, .Jl.1.~. n., facial tissue; toilet paper, L. 8, p. 104
wenhua, ~1t, n., culture, L. 11, p. 133
Wenhua dageming, ~1t :k.Jf..4Jt-. n., The Great Cultural
Revolution (1966-1976), L. 21, p. 240
wenping, ~~. n., diploma, L. 34, p. 353
wenshii,
wenxue,
~~.
~"/!,
wenxueyuan,
*'-
xiiingduilaishuo, ;hJ ~ iJL, relatively speaking, L. 12, p. 147
xiiingflln, ;hJ &., adj., opposite, L. 24, p. 265
XiiinggW1g,
"/! /~;, n., school of liberal arts, L. 15, p. 178
xiiingsi, ;ffl1.;t, adj., similar, L. 26, p. 281
xiiingxiaren, !J T A, n., country folk, L. 28, p. 297
xiiingxin, ;fflft, v., believe, L. 25, p. 275
xillng, ~. v., think, want; would like to, L. 3, p. 33; L. 4, p. 45
xillngshOu, .f~. v., enjoy (a privilege or benefit), L. 19, p. 224;
L. 29, p. 305
xiang, 19J-,, v., resemble, L. 3, p. 33
n., written language, L. 14, p. 167
w~nding, :t~Jt.. adj., stable, L. 31, p. 321
wen, JUJ, v., ask, L. 5, p. 62
wenti, JU] ,9!, n., problem; question, L. 7, p. 88
~*·
wo, 4\, pron., I; me, L. 1, p. 5
wo.de, 4\~. pron., my, L. 2, p. 18
wo.men.de, 4\ 1fl ~, pron., our; ours, L. 2, p. 19
Wiituobiing, ~.#.1/S, n., Utopia, L. 21, p. 241
xiang ... shenqing, foJ ... lf it, v., apply to ... , L. 10, p. 126
xiang ... xue, foJ ... "/!, v., learn from ... , L. 8, p. 106
xiang ... xuexi, foJ ••• "/! >J, v., learn from ... , L. 32, p. 334
wii.zi, /1. -f, n., room, L. 6, p. 76
wiJ, ~. v., classical equivalent of it;(f, L. 29, p. 304
wiJiiao,
~-'~r.
wiJlim,
~it.
wiJm!ng,
xiiiofei, iili f, v., consume, L. 29, p. 305
xiiio.xi, ij) .t, n., news, L. 4, p. 45
adj., boring, L. 8, p. 106
no matter, L. 14, p. 169
~~.adj.,
n., Hong Kong, L. 25, p. 273
xiiingjiiinxiliodao, ~ frlJ •Ht, n., village path; country road, L. 30,
p.315
xiiingliao, -t-;M-, n., spice, L. 25, p. 273
wenzhiing, ~'f. n., article, L. 33, p. 344
wenzi,
it~.
xiiinghilzhijiiin, ;hJ .!..:Z.f•1, among one another, L. 19, p. 223
n., office clerk; secretary, L. 32, p. 331
n., literature, L. 4, p. 47
~
n./ v., hope, L. 9, p. liS; L. 10, p. 124
xiazMi, ~~:f. adj., narrow, L. 30, p. 315
xiaci, T ik, time word, next time, L. 6, p. 77
xia.tiiin, -l,3t, n., summer, L. 10, p. 124
a*,
wllnglai,
n., contact, L. 23, p. 258
wllngwllng, ~i.,fi, adv., usually; ordinarily; often, L. 12, p. 144
wang, .~, v., forget, L. 32, p. 331
weimilln,
weiNer V,
;If;~.
xiguan, >J ·~. n./adj., habit; custom/be accustomed to, L. 18, p. 213
xisu, >J 19-, n., custom; convention, L. 11, p. 133
xihuiin, ~n:,, v., like, L. 4, p. 45
xiyidian, i;\'.{l~, n., laundromat, L. 17, p. 203
wllnfan, Bt1:&., n., dinner, L. 7, p. 89
wlln.shang, B~J:., time word, evening; night, L. 9, p. 117
weiyi,
11-Wf., v./n., misunderstand, misunderstanding, L. 12, p. 145
xilio, •]', adj., young; small, L. 2, p. 18
incompetent, L. 33, p. 345
xiao,
wiJzhaiyishenqing, ~-It- !f ~. Life is carefree without debt.,
L. 29, p. 304
wilgongrenyuan, +J.AY!, n., working staff, L. 30, p. 313
1t, v., laugh, L. 13, p. 154
1tlt, n., joke; ridicule, L. 24, p. 267
xiao.hua,
xiao.shun,
*-·
# J@i, v., respect and obey parents, L. 12, p. 146
xiaozhllng, &
n., a university president or school principal,
L. 34, p. 353
xie, J\!2, "plural" AN, L. 6, p. 77
wil.hui, 11-~, n./v., misunderstanding/misunderstand, L. 18, p. 213;
L. 28, p. 297
387
Pinyin Index
L. 35, p. 365
yang, ti-, n., kind; sort, L. 3, p. 33
yang.zi, ti--f. n., state; appearance, L. 8, p. 104
yiioqiu, ~.;Jt. v., demand; ask for, L. 24, p. 265
yaogtinyue, .fftiftlf-. n., rock "n" roll, L. 29, p. 307
yao, ~. v., need; want, L. 4, p. 46
(yao)bilnm, (~);f-tl\, conj., otherwise, L. 13, p. 155
yaojrn, ~~it. adj., important, L. 7, p. 91
yao.shi, ~:>{.. conj., if, L. 6, p. 79
Yeltidaxue, .11~-t k"f:. n., Yale University, L. 32, p. 331
y~. -\!!., adv ., also; too, L. 1, p. 3
y~man, Yf'Ji, adj., uncivilized; barbaric, L. 35, p. 363
y~xti, -11!,-if, adv., perhaps; maybe, L. 10, p. 124
yi.fil, .Rnll, n., clothing, L. 31, p. 321
yikao, 1i<. i;, v., rely on; depend on, L. 33, p. 345
yishizhilxing, {<.~-fiAt, "food, clothing, shelter, transportation"basic necessities of life, L. 31, p. 321
yixueyuan, iK Of:~. n., medical school, L. 20, p. 232
yiding, - ;t, adv., for sure; definitely, must, L. 4, p. 45; L. 7, p. 89
yiding.de, - ;t6?, certain, L. 29, p. 307
yikuair, ->JuL. adv., together, L. 16, p. 193
yimin, ;fJ ~. n., immigrant, L. 11, p. 132
yiyang, -ti-, adj./n., same/one kind, L. 1, p. 3; L. 7, p. 90
yizai, -.jlj., adv., time and again, L. 33, p. 345
yizhi, -JL, adv., all along, L. 15, p. 181
yi, C., pron., person B; also the second of the ten Heavenly Stems,
L. 1, p. 3
yiji, J-;{ -&_, conj., and (literary), L. 35, p. 363
yijing, e.~. adv., already, L. 8, p. 104
yL..hiiV, !-;{ ••• ;f<. V, V by (some method), L. 29, p. 305
yiqian, J-;{ 1t, n./ time word, before, L. I, p. 4
yiwei, Y.l.
v., think mistakenly, L. 11, p. 135
yL.. weizhti, J-;{ ••• ki.., v., take ... as the main factor, L. 17, p. 203
yL.. weizhtin, YA ... f); ;ft, v., take ... as a standard principle, L. 28,
p.297
yi.zi, #-f. n., chair, L. 7, p. 91
yr. .. zuiming, J-;{ ••• .W..t, under the charge or accusation of, L. 33,
p.346
yL..zuowei, J-;{ ••• ft ;);, v., take ... as ... , L. 20, p. 231
yi, 1<.., no., a hundred million, L. 14, p. 167
yi, it. n., descendants, L. 20, p. 231
yibiin, -At, adj., ordinary; common, L. 11, p. 134
yibiin shuohii, -At ijf,;f<., generally speaking, L. 17, p. 203
yicengl6u, - Jli.~. n., a floor; the same floor, L. 7, p. 92
yididnr,- ,>'i.JL, a little, L. 1, p. 4
yididnr dou bill mei, -A JL:i{l ;f-/ i.lt, not at all; not in the least,
L. 15, p. 181
yirangmian, -~Iii, on the one hand, L. 11, p. 132
yiqi, -~. adv., together, L. 7, p. 91
yisheng, -1:.., n., one's whole life, L. 33, p. 343
yishl.de,- R<t6?, temporary; transient, L. 29, p. 307
yi.si, ;!:.~.• n., meaning, L. 2, p. 21
yitiiin hi yitiiin,- JUI:.- Jt, day by day, L. 4, p. 47
yiyi, ;t :X.., n., sense; significance, L. 29, p. 307
yiyuan, t:Jt, n., aspiration; wishes, L. 27, p. 287
yizhi, t:.t, n., will, L. 12, p. 147
xi~. ~. v., write, L. 5, p. 63
xin, ~If. adj., new, the latest, L. 25, p. 272
Xinjiiipo, ~Jf;/JP.l}t, n., Singapore, L. 25, p. 275
xinlishang, •.:.>Jl'.J:., psychologically, L. 11, p. 132
xinqi, !If*, adj., new and strange, L. 16, p. 193
xinsheng, !If 1:.., v./n., regenerate/rebirth, L. 35, p. 366
xinshi, ,.:_;:f. n., something on one's mind, L. 12, p. 145
xinwen, ~lfJlil, n., news, L. 30, p. 314
xinwenhua yimdong, !If X-1-t. ~ #J, n., New Culture Movement,
L. 34, p. 355
Xinyinggelan, ~H~~ jt, n., New England, L. 32, p. 333
xinyuan, •.:.>.It, n., wish, L. 10, p. 125
xin, 1t, v., believe, L. 6, p. 78
xinxin, 1t•.:.>, n., confidence, L. 35, p. 363
xinyongldi, 1t rn i-' n., credit card, L. 29, p. 305
xingqi, .lf.J!JJ, n., week, L. 2, p. 20
xingqiliil, .lf.J!JJ 7>, n., Saturday, L. 2, p. 20
xingcheng, -JfJA. v., be formed, L. 21, p. 241
xing.le, .ft 7, will do; all right, L. 13, p. 156
xingshi, -JfJ #,., n., form, L. 29, p. 305
xingwei, -ft f);, n., behavior, L. 33, p. 345
xingming, M...t, n., full name, L. 6, p. 77
xing.qil, ~At. n., interest, L. 9, p. 116
xiiw~i. Jl.{J!;, adj., hypocritical; phony, L. 18, p. 213
xiiyao, 1; ~. v./n., need/ needs, L. 20, p. 230
xtiduo, -if J. n.; adj., many, much, L. 8, p. 105
xuiinchuan, ~#. v., spread; publicize; propagate, L. 33, p. 346
xudn, Qf., v., choose, L. 4, p. 44
xudnze, ilf.#-, v., choose, L. 22, p. 249
xue, Of:, v., study; learn, L. 2, p. 21
xuehui, "f4<-, v.-c., learn, L. 14, p. 169
xueke, Of:#. n., discipline; subject, L. 15, p. 178
xueqi, Of:J!JJ. n., semester, L. 7, p. 88
xueshi, "Pi?-, n., learning, L. 33, p. 345
xueshil, Of: ;f.., adj .ln., academic/academic research, L. 20, p. 231;
L. 34, p. 353
xuewei, "f{i, n., academic degree, L. 34, p. 353
xuewen, Of IOJ, n., learning; knowledge, L. 34, p. 353
xuexiao, Of: .ft. n., school, L. 2, p. 21
xueye, Of: .'It, n., schoolwork, L. 10, p. 127
xuezh~. "f:t, n., scholar, L. 21, p. 241; L. 34, p. 355
xiln.lianbiin, 'iJ!J ~ JJ£, n., training class, L. 9, p. 117
n,
y
Yiipian zhanzheng, .f.4Ji ~+. n., the Opium War (1840-1842),
L. 35, p. 362
yiipo, JJi.i!, v., oppress, L. 27, p. 287
Yazhou, 3E;'i!j, n., Asia, L. 3, p. 35
yanMi, ~~. n., along the coast, L. 19, p. 223
yanjiii, .f)f1l,, n./v., research; study, L. 20, p. 231; L. 34, p. 353
yanliln ziy6u, -t' ~ ro lfJ' n., freedom of speech, L. 24, p. 265
yansil, J'- Jli, adj., serious (in nature); solemn, L. 8, p. 106
yanzhong, J'-1:, adj., serious, L. 31, p. 321
ydnjing, B!lllk, n., eyes, L. 3, p. 33
yangwil yilndong, ifj}-~#J. n., Westernization Movement of the
19th century (to introduce foreign technology to China),
388
Pinyin Index
,t!*-,t!,
ylncl, IliJ Jll:., conj., therefore, L. I2, p. I45
yin. wei, fliJ IJ, conj., because, since, L. I, p. 3
ylnyue, ~If-, n., music, L. I5, p. I8I
ylnyilxueyuan, ~If-~ !'t, n., conservatory of music, L. I5, p. I81
ylncha, -tk;f.., v.-o., literally "drink tea", also means "eat dim sum",
L. 25, p. 273
ylnshi, -tk-t<, n., food and drink, L. 25, p. 273
Yindi'iinren, ~p !f;-4(.-A, n., American Indians, L. I7, p. 204
Yin.du, ~P Jt, n., India, L. 35, p. 367
ylnggai, ;!L ii, aux., should, L. 8, p. I06
Ylng.gu6, ~!!I. n., England, L. 4, p. 46
ylngxi6ng, ~jft, n., hero; heroine, L. 33, p. 343
ylngxiang, §J•f.J, v., affect; influence, L. 22, p. 247
y6ngyuan, ,]<..;&, adv., forever, L. 20, p. 233
yong, Jfl, v., use, L. 7, p. 9I
yongju, J!.., n., utensil; appliance, L. 7, p. 90
youxiiin, ·v\'.31:., v., have priority, L. 3I, p. 323
y6uqi, X.,J\., adv., especially, L. 2I, p. 24I
y6u ... (V), Iii ... (V) , pretransitive verb indicating who is in
charge of doing something, L. I8, p. 2I4
y6u ... V, Iii ... V, v., be V-ed by ... , L. 32, p. 334
y6uxi, i4~. n., game, L. II, p. I34
y6uyil, Iii f", coJ1j., due to; since, L. 2I, p. 24I
y6u, ;ff, v., have; there be, L. 3, p. 34
y6u.de, ;ffMJ, pron., some, L. 3, p. 34
y6uguiin, ;ff :;lt, related to, L. 2I, p. 24I
y6uhiti, ;ff 1i, adj., harmful, L. 24, p. 267
y6ujihuit.de, ;ffit~~J~. adv., in a planned way, L. 21, p. 239
y6uli.de, ;ff fJ ~,adj., powerful; influential, L. 20, p. 231
y6u meiy6u, ;{f;l,;{f, have or not? are there?, L. 5, p. 62
y6uqu, ;ff ,It, adj., amusing, L. 26, p. 281
y6ushi, ;{fat, n./time word, sometimes, L. 2, p. 20
y6uxiiln, ;ffrn,, adj., limited, L. 17, p. 204; L. 30, p. 313
y6uxiito, ;ff ji, adj., effective, L. 20, p. 233
y6uxie, ;ff adv., somewhat; to a certain degree, L. I7, p. 204
y6uyl.si, ;ff t; .'&, adj., meaningful; interesting, L. 4, p. 48
y6uyi.yi, ;ff t: :it, adj., significant, L. I 0, p. 124
you, .il, adv., again, for emphasis, L. 5, p. 62; L. 16, p. 194
you ... you, x.. ... x.., both ... and ... , L. 8, p. 105
yilciin, 1:!#, n., fishing village, L. 25, p. 274
yil.shi, T :Jt, conj., consequently, L. 28, p. 297
yil, ~, conj., and (used to connect nouns), L. 24, p. 265
yil.fii, i-i*. n., grammar, L. 9, p. 116
yil qi A burn B, ~ ,J\. A :4-:lta B, would rather B than A, L. 11,
p. 135
yilyan, i-i"t, n., language, L. 9, p. 116
yil.shi, ~:£. n., bathroom, L. 7, p. 92
yuanlai, ~
adj./conj., original/it turns out that,L. II, p. 133;
L. 35, p. 363
yuanyrn, ~ fliJ, n., reason, L. 12, p. 146
yuan, i&, adj., far, L. 14, p. 169
yuanjiiln, i&Ji!.., n., foresight, L. 32, p. 333
yuanyuan, ;&;&, adv., far; considerably, L. 30, p. 315
yuan. wang, _m ~. n., wish; desire, L. 11, p. 133
yuan.yi, ,m t;, aux., willing, L. 8, p. 106
yue, }] , n., month, L. 9, p. 118
yue lai yue,
more and more, L. 4, p. 47
yilnxil, fc..if-, v., allow; permit, L. 24, p. 267
yiln.dong, I£#1, n.. movement; campaign, L. 19, p. 224
z
zahuo, ;},. ~, n., sundry goods, L. 17, p. 204
zahuOdian, ;},. it;&, n., grocery store, L. 17, p. 203
zazhi, ;},..t, n., magazine, L. 24, p. 265; L. 33, p. 345
ziti,~. v., be located in; at; on, L. 2, p. 18
ziti, Jt., adv., again, L. 5, p. 64
ziti...diingzhong, ~ ... ~ tj>, v., be among ... , L. 20, p. 231
zitijiit, Jt.:ij:, be remarried (for women); Jt.~ (for men), L. 33,
p.345
ziti.shuo, .jlf.iJL, in addition; besides, L. 15, p. 182
ziti w6 kilnlru, ~~;t *'·in my opinion, L. 12, p. 146
zai...xi8, ~ ... T, v., be under ... ; with ... , L. 32, p. 333
ziti ... zhrxia, ~ ... :Z T, v., be under ... , L. 34, p. 355
ziing, !!It, adj., dirty, L. 16, p. 193
Zilng, ii(, adj., Tibetan, L. 28, p. 295
z~ofiln, -ff&., n., breakfast, L. 7, p. 89
z~oql, -f.J!JJ, time word, at first; in the early stages, L. 17, p. 202
zitocheng, :itA, v., result in; cause (undesirable results), L. 12,
p. 146
zem.me, 1!~. adv., so; this, L. 7, p. 89
z<!m.me, ,t, ~, QW, how; how come, L. 2, p. 19
z<!m.mebiln, .t, ~ ?J., what to do? what can be done?, L. 6, p. 79
zt!n.me hui shi, ,t, ~ 1E1 :;:, What's the matter?, L. 8, p. 107
Zeng Gu6f'an, 'l!t !!I Ill-, n., (I811-1872) statesman, military leader,
writer and poet, L. 32, p. 333
zengjin, .If itt, v., promote; enhance; further, L. 28, p. 295
zhiti, ft. n., debt, L. 29, p. 304
zhanbru, ~wt. v.-c., be defeated in war, L. 35, p. 363
zhanzheng, ~ -t, n., war, L. 2I, p. 239
zhiing, !R, AN., AN. for flat things, L. 1, p. 2
zhang,
v., grow, grow up, L. 2, p. 20; L. I6, p. I94
zhangdiin, m<Jti, n., bill, L. I8, p. 2I3
zhilng.fii, :1::
n., husband, L. 33, p. 343
zhaoditi, .m#, v .. serve; entertain, L. I8, p. 2I3
zh~o, ~. v., look for, L. II, p. 135
zhoodao, ~J•J, v.-c., find; discover, L. I5, p. I79
zh~oxun, ~-it-. v., search for, L. 21, p. 241
zhito ... de shuo.fa, .l!ll.... ~iJL*. according to ... 's opinion,, L. 5
zhexue, -tr~. n., philosophy, L. 35, p. 366
zhe, 1!, det., this; these, L. 1, p. 2
Zhe.jiiing, i/ifii., n., a province in southeast China, L. 33, p. 346
zhen, ,A., adv., really, L. 3, p. 33
zhenshi, .A.~. adj., real; true, L. 30, p. 3I5
zhenzheng, ,A-.11., adj./adv., true; genuine/actually; truly, L. I5,
p. I79; L. I7, p. 204
zhenglun, -tit-, n./v., dispute; controversy, dispute, L. 26, p. 281;
L. 27, p. 287
zhengqil, -t .JfY-, v., strive for, seek, L. 20, p. 233; L. 33, p. 343
zhengzhi, -ttJt., v., disagree; stick to one's guns, L. 18, p. 213
zht\ngtiiin, ~ ~. time word, all day long; the whole day; always,
L. 6, p. 77
zheng, .11., adv., exactly; just, L. 20, p. 231
rn
*·
*·
*-·
389
*·
Pinyin Index
zhu, :tx., v., wish, L. 9, p. 118
zhuce, )i.1Jif, v ., register (at school), L. 4, p. 44
zhuming, ;f...t, adj., famous, L. 28, p. 297
zhuyi, ii. ;f;, v., pay attention to, L. 30, p. 314
zhuiinye, -t ±, n., major; speciality; discipline, L. 15, p. 178
zhuanqian, llt.~. v.-o., make money, L. 24, p. 265; L. 34, p. 353
zhengce, ;~.Ut, n., policy, L. 31, p. 323
zheng.fi\, U, n., government, L. 1, p. 6
zhengju, ifi/$J, n., political situation, L. 26, p. 281
zhengke, iii$-, n., politician, L. 27, p. 287
zhengming, i;f.t!Jl, n./v., proof/prove, L. 27, p. 287
zheng V .zhe, .iE V :t, v., be in the process ofV-ing, L. 21, p. 240
zheng.zhi, ifi)f;, n., politics, L. 20, p. 230
zhilnbei, ;'(i..ft., n./v., preparation/prepare, L. 10, p. 124
i:.#, v., support, L. 9, p. 118
zhichi,
zhuo.zi, ~ -f-, n., table, L. 7, p. 91
zhidao, ~i!. v., know, L. 2, p. 19
zhijiiin, :;t. fa], n., between; among, L. 12, p. 144
... zhinei, ... :;t.jl;j, n., within ... , L. 32, p. 333
zhi.shi,
~iR,
zige, ~~. n., qualification, L. 34, p. 353
zizhil, ~Jlh. v., aid financially; subsidize, L. 32, p. 334
zrno, 1--k, n., children (of parents), L. 33, p. 343
n., knowledge, L. 32, p. 331
zi,
zhide,
111Jf. v., be worthy of, L. 19, p. 225
zhimindi, 7Ji.~M!.. n., colony, L. 35, p. 365
zhiye, ~±. n., occupation; profession, L. 30, p. 313
ziwei,
~
.J!., v./n., defend oneself/ self-defense, L. 35, p. 363
zixingche, ~ .ft .f., n., bicycle, L. 31, p. 324
ziyiwei, ~ I'A71J, v., consider oneself to be, L. 35, p. 363
zhi, .R, adv., only; just, L. 6, p. 78
zhichii, .ffl tl::, v.-c., point out, L. 34, p. 355
ziy6u, ~ dl, n./adj., freedom/free, L. 22, p. 249; L. 24, p. 265
zong, .it, adv., always, anyway; after all, L. 2, p. 20; L. 13, p. 156
zhi.shi, .R ;It, conj., only; just, L. 4, p. 45
zhiyao, .R ~. conj., as long as; provided that, L. 3, p. 35
zongtong, .it.~ n., president, L. 21, p. 240
zou.biltong, Jt:.:f-ii., v.-c., be blocked; cannot get through, L. 31,
p.324
zu, ~. n., race; nationality, L. 20, p. 231
zuqun, ~Uf, n., ethnic group; clan, L. 20, p. 233
zhiding, .ffl ft., v., assign; decide, L. 18, p. 214
zhiyl\u, .R ;ff, there's only, L. 1, p. 6
zhiyl\u ... (cai), .R ;(f ... (~). only if... (then), L. 9, p. 117
zhidu, ~J JJt, n., system, L. 32, p. 331
zhisM.o, .f.~·. adv., at least, L. 8, p. 104
zurlio, F.H..fJL, v .. obstruct; stand in the way of, L. 35, p. 365
zilxiiin, ~ll.jj:., n., ancestor, L. 11, p. 134
zilzhi, i.ll.~, n./v., organizations; groups/organize,L. 33, p. 343;
L. 33, p. 346
zui, it,, adv., most, L. 8, p. 106
zhiyti, .f. f-. as for; as to, L. 14, p. 169
Zhong, 'f, n., abbreviation for China, L. 17, p. 205
'f ,J., n., Chinese food, L.
n., Chinese character; word, L. 5, p. 63
ziji, ~ C., pron., self, L. 4, p. 48
ziran, ~ i!\, adv., naturally, L. 11, p. 134
zhizheng, :tlr.ifi. v.-o., be in power, L. 26, p. 281
zhi, .ffl, v., point, L. 2, p. 18
Zhongciin,
~.
zic6ng ... , ~ J.A ... , ever since ... , L. 31, p. 324
zidong.de, .i.. #J(M!.), adv., automatically; self-initiated; of one's
own accord, L. 11, p. 135
zihao, ~ f:,, adj., proud, L. 31, p. 321
zhi.shifen.zr, ~iRfJ-1-, n., intellectual, L. 19, p. 223
zhisul\yi, :;t.!Jj" I'A, the reason that..., L. 11, p. 135
17, p. 205
zhongfan, 'f-1:&., n., lunch, L. 7, p. 89
ZhOng. guo, 'f J!J, n., China, L. 1, p. 3
zuihlio, it *'f. adv., had better, L. 7, p. 92
zuijin, it,i!t, time word, recently, L. 10, p. 126
ziinzhOng, .:f-1:, v., respect, L. 12, p. 147
zhong.guocheng, 'f J!J ~. n., Chinatown, L. 16, p. 193
ZhOng.guore, 'f J!J 1/!:, n., China craze, L. 21, p. 241
ZhOnghu{!, 'f jf<., n., China, L. 1, p. 3
Zhongri zhanzheng, 'f El ~1'-. n., Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895),
L. 35, p. 364
Zhongwen, 'f 5\:.., n., the Chinese language, L. 2, p. 20
zhongwenzhuo.zi, 'f i:. ~ -f-, n., Chinese table, L. 9, p. 117
zuo, 1!:t, v., do; make, be; act as, L. 4, p. 47; L. 12, p. 144; L. 34,
p.353
zuo'ai, 1!:t:f:, v.-o., make love, L. 24, p. 265
zuochii,1!:ttll, v., produce, make, L. 25.,p. 275
zuochuan, 1ltAG-, v.-o., ride on a boat, L. 32, p. 331
zuojiii, 1t ~. n., writer, L. 33, p. 343
zuopin, 1t J'a, n., works (of literature and art), L. 28, p. 297
zuoren, 1!:tA, v.-o., be a (proper) person, L. 8, p. 106
zhongxin, 'f ·~. n., center, L. 19, p. 223
zhongyti, ~f-. adv., finally, L. 31, p. 323
zhongzu qishi, #~Jli:iYL, n., racial discrimination, L. 23, p. 258
zhong, 'f, v., earn (a degree) in competition, L. 34, p. 353
zhong, 1:, adj., heavy, L. 9, p. 116
zhongda, 1: :k.., adj., significant, L. 34, p. 355
zhongshi, 1::i91., v., take seriously; value, L. 12, p. 147
zuoshi, -!tit, v.-o., write poems, L. 33, p. 343
zuowei, 1t 711, v., be; act as, L. 15, p. 178
zuo.wei, Ji{i, n., seat, L. 18, p. 214
zuowen, 1t i:., v.-o., write essays, L. 33, p. 343
zuoyong, 1t rn, n., effect, L. 22, p. 248
zhongyao, 1:~. adj., critical; important, L. 15, p. 182; L. 32,
p.333
zhoumo, foJ
n., weekend, L. 11, p. 134
zhUjilio/zhiljue, ..t. ~, n., leading role in a story, L. 8, p. 104
zhilren, .i..A, n., host, owner of a house, L. 30, p. 313; L. 18,
p.213
zhilyao, ..t.~. adv., mainly, L. 12, p. 144
*-·
zhilzhiing, .i..*. v., propose; advocate, L. 22, p. 247; L. 33, p. 345
zhU, {1, v., stay; live, L. 6, p. 78
390
English Index
~x•sr
The entries are in English and arranged in alphabetical
order. The number following each entry indicates the
page on which it appears.
*~51 ~~JtiPJ1[~~' **-BJ:JI[9!~t4PJUo ~iPJ~f§
8{]% 11'~ ~ ~ i~ i~ ~ tB f_ffi 8{] Yi ~
0
English Index
(l811-1872) statesman, military leader, writer and poet, tt 1!1 ~.
Zeng Gu6fiin, n., L. 32, p. 333
(1868-1940) educator; thinker, ~;iLJt', Cai Yminpei, n., L. 34,
p.352
(1875-1907) female writer and democratic revolutionary, :f*.Il,
Qiii Jin, n., L. 33, p. 342
all around, '!5I p.j, sizhou, n., L. 35, p. 363
all day long; the whole day; always, !f ~. zh~ngtian, time word,
L. 6, p. 77
all right; no problem, or¥;(, k~yl,, L. 7, p. 90
allot; assign, j} i!G, renpei, v ., L. 31' p. 323
1, kuru ... .le, adv., L. 2, p. 19
allow; permit, ft.-it, yllnxu, v., L. 24, p. 267
almost, about to,
A
already,
i*Ji'l. Shenzhen, n., L. 25, p. 274
-t~ ...
e. tf, yijing, adv., L. 8, p. 104
a Christian, ~ir-t>t, Jidiiru, n., L. 32, p. 334
also, :i3!, hai, adv., L. 2, p. 21
a city in Guangdong province,
also; too, -11!.,
*·
a floor; the same floor, -
lk'*, yicengl6u, n., L.
adv., L. I, p. 3
always, .it,, ziJng, adv., L. 2, p. 20
although, however much,
7, p. 92
a hundred million, 1t., yi, no., L. 14, p. 167
a group of,
y~,
although, ii il\, suiran, conj., L. 2, p. 19
Shao.xing, n., L. 33, p. 346
a city in Zhejiang province, ~
a common surname, -'t, Ll, n., L. 14, p. 166
If, q(m, AN, L. 24, p. 265
ameliorate; reform,
~It,
America (the continent),
~f".jin'guan,
conj., L. 34, p. 355
gruliang, v., L. 32, p. 333
-kill!, M~izhou, n., L. 25, p. 273
a little, - ,.'1, JL, yidianr, L. I, p. 4
among; between, ;\1 'f, dangzhong,, L. 11, p. 133
a little; a bit; slightly, ;;fj!j.f.tt shiiowei, adv., L. 8, p. 106
amusing, ;fj ,it, yiJuqu, adj., L. 26, p. 281
a province in southeast China, i#'i.I-, Zhe.jiang, n., L. 33, p. 346
AN for a current trend, !It, gil, L. 21, p. 241
a province in southwest China, '!5I Jlj, Sichuan, n., L. 2, p. 20
AN for a period of time, $.t, duan, L. 21, p. 241
.fi *-· xiaozhang, n.,
a revolutionary, .:f4jl-~, gemingjiii, n., L. 25, p. 273
a study,
'IS&. shiifang, n., L. 2, p.
18
a university president or school principal,
L. 34, p. 353
ability, fit f.7, nengli, n., L. 29, p. 307
able to;
can,~~.
AN for counting hours on the clock,
AN for road and street,
AN for school courses,
t~,jue,
academic degree,
AN. for flat things, fit, zhang, AN., L. 1, p. 2
analogy, tl::.'lf:t, biyu, n., L. 24, p. 267
adv., L. 29, p. 305
~{?L,
analysis/analyze, j}*lf, ren.xi, n./v., L. 35, p. 366
xuewei, n., L. 34, p. 353
ancestor, ;f.Jl;t, zilxian, n., L. 11, p. 134
academic research, ~ ;!:.., xueshil, n., L. 34, p. 353
ancient books, 'i;'fS, gilshii, n., L. 14, p. 167
accelerate; speed up, nolt,jiiisu, v., L. 32, p. 331
and, ;fu, he, conj., L. 1, p. 6
accept, #.JC,jieshOu, v., L. 29, p. 307
and,
according to ... , .tff; ... i.it.,ju ... shuo, L. 14, p. 166
and; yet,
answer; respond, Ul1 $, huida, v., L. 5, p. 63
no J:., jiiishang, v., L. 32, p. 333
anti-Manchu, &..l'i/j, filn Man, n., L. 33, p. 343
any, 1£1-r, renhe, adj., L. 26, p. 281; L. 31, p. 321
anyway; after all, .it,, ziJng, adv., L. 13, p. !56
added; extra, .ijj 1>r' ewai, adj., L. 11, p. 133
adjacent countries, 4}1 00, lin'gu6, n., L. 35, p. 363
apartment,~',!;,
gongyil, n., L. 7, p. 88
apparatus; structure,
advanced, ;I:. .it, xianj in, adj., L. 31, p. 323
~~.jigou,
n., L. 34, p. 353
appellation; form of address, :f;l;i)lf, chengwei, n., L. 26, p. 281
apply to ... , fo] ... 'fit, xiang ... shenqing, v., L. 10, p. 126
tichang, v., L. 22, p. 247; L. 33, p. 345
affect; influence, §} .f.J, ylngxiang, v., L. 22, p. 24 7
argue; quarrel, •j·, chilo, v., L. 8, p. 107
appoint; hire, ~it. pinqing, v., L. 34, p. 355
African American, .W.. A, heiren, n., L. 3, p. 34
Africa, ~Fill!, Feizhou, n., L. 3, p. 34
arrange,
Jtl $.., daodi, adv., L. 2, p. 21
arrest,
again, .ll, you, adv., L. 5, p. 62
article,
again, .jlj., zai, adv., L. 5, p. 64
lf!Rt. nianling, n., L.
er, conj., L. 1, p. 6
answer phone calls,# t.l6,jie dianhua, v.-o., L. 6, p. 76
act as; serve as; take (a position), 1!t, zuo, v., L. 34, p. 353
age,
iff~,
angle; point of view; perspective,
actually (not), -#-.bing, adv., L. 4, p. 45
adapt to, i!./1l., shiying, v., L. II, p. 132
after all (emphatic use),
mlt,jillodu, n., L. 28, p. 295
and (used to connect sentences), -#-,bing, conj., L. 33, p. 346
achievement; result, A~. chengji, n., L. 27, p. 287
~1~,
gen, conj., L. 3, p. 33
and (used to connect nouns), .!§, yll, conj., L. 24, p. 265
according to ... 's opinion,.'!'- ... ~itit., zhao ... de shuo.fa, L. 5,
p.63
accurate, ilk .tA, jingque, adj., L. 28, p. 297
advocate, promote,
~.
and (literary), ¥;(J.l., yiji, conj., L. 35, p. 363
accept (advice, concepts, etc.), #AA,jiena, v., L. 35, p. 367
add; adding,
*-'· tiao, L. 31, p. 324
n. men, L. 4, p. 44
AN for school or building, ?if, suiJ, L. 32, p. 331
neng, aux., L. 9, p. 118
absolutely, t~Jtt.juedui, adv., L. 26, p. 281
absolutely,
A, dian, L. 6, p. 77
AN for matters or things, 1'f,jian, L. 15
-4;-.tl~,
anpai, v., L. 33, p. 343
l!.ffi, daibil, v., L. 33, p. 346
ct. 'f, wenzhang, n., L. 33, p. 344
as long as; provided that, .?- ~. zhiyao, conj., L. 3, p. 35
as for; as to, .f. f", zhiyli, L. 14, p. 169
12, p. 144
agree; approve, J"l".t, t6ngyi, v., L. 12, p. 147
as scheduled; on schedule, -itr.J!JJ, ruqi, adv., L. 29, p. 307
aid financially; subsidize, 1(j}J, zizhu, v., L. 32, p. 334
Asia, .lEiitl, Yazhou, n., L. 3, p. 35
airplane, ~~. reiji, n., L. 10, p. 126
Asian American,
all, ?if;ff~. su1Jy1Ju.de, adj., L. 11, p. 132
392
if# A, huangzMngren, n .. L. 3, p. 34
English Index
be under ... , ..(f. ... :Z. r. zai. .. zhixill, v., L. 34, p. 355
be under ... ; with ... ,..(£. ... r. zai...xia, v., L. 32, p. 333
be unoccupied, ?i: -t, kong.zhe, v., L. 31, p. 323
be V-ed by ... , dl ... V, y6u ... V, v., L. 32, p. 334
be victimized, ~ \t, shOuhai, v.-o., L. 23, p. 257
be; act as, 1&. zuo, v., L. 12, p. 144
be; act as, fF 7-J, zuowei, v., L. 15, p. 178
because, since, I1SI 7-J, yin. wei, conj., L. 1, p. 3
become, ~A.. biancheng, v.-c., L. 32, p. 334
bed, Jl<,, chuang, n., L. 7, p. 91
before, ~;.{lit, ylqian, n./ time word, L. 1, p. 4
behave crazily (Exclamation) ridiculous!, ~Jl f.lil, hunao, v., L. 8,
p. 106
behavior, -fT 7-J, xingwei, n., L. 33, p. 345
Beijing, ~I:. ;t., B~ijing, n., L. 9, p. 117
Beijing (Peking) University, ~1:. :k.<!/!, B~ijingdaxue, n., L. 34,
p.352
believe, oft, xin, v., L. 6, p. 78
believe, {!loft, xiangxin, v., L. 25, p. 275
bell, #, ling, n., L. 6, p. 76
between; among, :Z.fBJ, zhijian, n., L. 12, p. 144
bicycle, ~ ~tlf., zixingche, n., L. 31, p. 324
big, :k., dll, adj., L. 1, p. 4
birth certificate, tJj 1. i;f.. RJl, chiishengzhengming, n., L. 10, p. 127
black; dark, ;w_, hei, adj., L. 2, p. 19
blame, -ti-, guai, v., L. 15, p. 178
blue, ,Ui, hin, adj., L. 3, p. 33
book,~. shii, n., L. 2, p. 18
bookshelf, ~!.!C. shiijill, n., L. 7, p. 91
boring, k-'r, williao, adj., L. 8, p. 106
borrow, 1{1-,jie, v., L. 29, p. 304
both ... and ... , .Jt ... x.., you ... you,, L. 8, p. 105
box, ~.he.~. L. 8,p. 104
boyfriend, 1$ JJJl g_, nanpeng.yl\u, n., L. 6, p. 77
brand-name; famous brand, ~X*-, mingpai, n., L. 31, p. 321
breakfast, Jf~. zliofan, n., L. 7, p. 89
bring inevitably along with, *" ;{f, dai.yl\u, v., L. 35, p. 367
bring; take,*"· dai, v., L. 7, p. 90
broad; wide, l:liiJ, kuankuo, adj., L. 30, p. 315
Buddhism, 111\$:., F6jiao, n., L. 35, p. 367
build up, establish, Jt.li:.,jianli, v., L. 29, p. 307; L. 32, p. 333
burden, ~ .t!, rudan, n., L. 11, p. 133
bureaucratic, 't'*, guanliao, adj., L. 34, p. 353
business, 1. t:, shengyi, n., L. 4, p. 47
businessperson, i!l] A, shangren, n., L. 24, p. 265
busy, ·h'=. mang, adj., L. 6, p. 77
but, {!!. ,'l, dan.shi, conj., L. 3, p. 34
but, -!p, que, adv., L. 3, p. 34
but; however, ;r-; it, bUguo, conj., L. 5, p. 64
buy,~. mlii, v., L. 7, p. 89
buying and selling; business, ~ "#;., mliimai, n., L. 4, p. 47
ask, 1'"1, wen, v., L. 5, p. 62
aspiration; wishes, t:Jt, yiyuan, n., L. 27, p. 287
assume (a responsibility, an office, etc.), .t!-1£, danren, v., L. 34,
p.353
at least, .f.~-. zhishlio, adv., L. 8, p. 104
at that time, ;li at, dangshi, time word, L. 32, p. 333
audiotape, :iit-t'l!t-. luyindai, n., L. 13, p. 156
autocratic monarchy, -tili1), dizhi, n., L. 35, p. 365
automatically; self-initiated; of one's own accord, Lilli(~).
zidong.de, adv., L. 11, p. 135
automobile, i'tlf.. qiche, n., L. 29, p. 305
avoid, i@.)t, bimii!n, v., L. 26, p. 281
avoid pregnancy; practice birth control, i@.lf, biyun, v.-o., L. 6,
p. 79
B
:r.
background, -,.J--;f.-, bei.jlng, n., L. ll, p. 135
backward; underdeveloped, it.R;, luohOu, adj., L. 27, p. 287
basic, ,l....f..,jib~n. adj., L. 31, p. 321
basis; foundation, .lJ:l;,ji.chtl, n., L. 26, p. 282
bathroom, ~1::. yu.shi, n., L. 7, p. 92
be a (proper) person, 1&A., zuoren, v.-0., L. 8, p. 106
be a government official, ;li 't, dangguan, v., L. 34, p. 353
be afraid of foreign countries, ·mYr,juwai, v., L. 35, p. 367
be appreciated by ... ; be looked upon highly by ... , ~l ... i"iR,
de ... shi!ngshi, v.-o., L. 32, p. 333
be beheaded, ;Jr.-'};, ki!nt6u, v.-o., L. 33, p. 346
be blocked; cannot get through, ;;t;r-;:i!,, zl\u.butong, v.-c., L. 31,
p.324
be born, 1., sheng, v., L. 2, p. 20
be born, tJj 1., chiisheng, v., L. 5, p. 63
be broken, if- 7, hm\ile, v., L. 7, p. 91
be compared with, tl::.~. blqi, v., L. 30, p. 313
be considered, X-UU. suan(.shi), v., L. 5, p. 64
be defeated, a. bai, v., L. 35, p. 365
be defeated by ... , mt..(f. ... £, baizai. .. shl\u!I, L. 35, p. 365
be defeated in war, 6ltmt, zhanbai, v.-c., L. 35, p. 363
be disadvantageous for ... ,~ ... :-r-:1'1), dui. .. bull, v., L. 22, p. 247
be exactly, :fk.>'l, jiu.shi, v., L. 1, p. 5
be fastidious about/fastidious, ·l#·1t.,jii!ngjiii, v./adj., L. 31, p. 321
be formed, if} A.. xingcheng, v., L. 21, p. 241
be full of(usually used abstractly), it.~. chongmi!n, v.-c., L. 24,
p.265
be fully ... years of age, ;ilj ... j1, mi!n ... sui, v ., L. 32, p. 331
be in general use, :ii-ft. tongxing, v., L. 28, p. 295
be in power, -tit.lt. zhizheng, v.-o., L. 26, p. 281
be in the process ofV-ing, .U:. V -t, zheng V .zhe, v., L. 21, p. 240
be interested, $?f,it, gi!nxing.qu, v., L. 15, p. 179
be located in; at; on,..(£., zai, v., L. 2, p. 18
be nearby, be close to, 4~ ilL, linjin, v., L. 25, p. 274
be on holiday or vacation, m:1rl, fangjill, v.-o., L. 11, p. 134
be pregnant, •t:r-lf, hmiiy{Jn, v.-o., L. 6, p. 79
be remarried (for women); -Pi-~ (for men), .fi.j~. zaijill,, L. 33,
p. 345
be startled awake, •l:f.IW.,jingxlng, v.-c., L. 35, p. 363
be tired of; trouble, :t9i, fan, v., L. 8, p. 105
+
c
cafeteria; canteen, -i:-:t, shitang, n., L. 7, p. 89
call back, IE11\!.w, hui.dillnhua, v.-o., L. 6, p. 77
393
English Index
call; be called; tell, ·~,jiao, v., L. 5, p. 63
can; be able to, ~~ 4$, nenggou, aux., L. 22, p. 247
can; may, Pf V.A, kl!yi, aux., L. 3, p. 34
can; may; could, ~~. neng, aux., L. 5, p. 64
come in, ili'*'-,jinlai, v., L. 5, p. 64
come into contact with, .fl.~*. jiechU, v., L. 25, p. 273
common, 't Ji!.,, changjian, adj., L. 30, p. 313
common people, :;t-1! ii, 1!\ob!lixing, n., L. 26, p. 281
communicate; get through to, it} li, giiutiing, v.-c., L. 12, p. 145
can't figure out by looking; can't tell, :t ;r- ::ll '*'-· kan.bu chiih1i,
v.-c., L. 3, p. 33
can't stand; intolerable, -:t;r- 7, shou .buli!lo, v.-c., L. 7, p. 89
communism, ~ !'- .i. :ll, gongch!lnzhuyi, n., L. 34, p. 355
Communist Party,~/'- :t, gongch!lnd!lng, n., L. 14, p. 166
cannon; artillery, :k.:tl!,, dapao, n., L. 35, p. 363
company, /.}- ,3], giingsi, n., L. 10, p. 126
r
Cantonese people, If. A, gu!lngdiingren, n., L. 5, p. 63
capital, -t:if!, sh6udii, n., L. 28, p. 297
capital city of Jiangsu province, rfJ ;f., Nanjing, n., L. 34, p. 353
compare,
~t.,
hi, v., L. 1, p. 4
casually; freely, Iii 1t., suibian, adv., L. 9, p. 117
competition/compete, :.t1">-,jingzheng, n./v., L. 22, p. 247; L. 26,
p.281
complete Westernization, 1::t!t ~1-t, quanpanxihu!l, n., L. 35,
p.367
completely, entirely, X-1:, wanquan, adv., L. 1, p. 5
complex traditional characters, "f-#.!f, fantizi, n., L. 14, p. 166
cede (land), .f•J il:, gerang, v., L. 35, p. 365
centralize; concentrate, ~ 'f, jizhiing, v., L. 32, p. 334
complicated & difficult; troublesome, "f-*-, fannan, adj., L. 14,
p. 167
comprador, ~ ;JJ., m!liban, n., L. 32, p. 331
carry; wear (arms; ornaments), if, dai, v., L. 33, p. 345
cash, J.t~, xianjin, n., L. 29, p. 305
category of; kind of, ~. lei, AN, L. 35, p. 363
Caucasian American, ~A, bairen, n., L. 3, p. 34
comprehend; know very well,
centralized power, ~~. jiquan, n., L. 23, p. 257
century, i!t~, shiji, n., L. 25, p. 273
condition, *"14-, tiaojian, n., L. 23, p. 257
confer, .ft:t, shOuyu, v., L. 34, p. 353
confidence, ft•-:.;, xinxin, n., L. 35, p. 363
certain,- Jt~, yiding.de,, L. 29, p. 307
certainly, ~ ~. diingran, adv., L. 10, p. 125
chair, oM--t, yLzi, n., L. 7, p. 91
change, 't, bian, v., L. 13, p. 155
conflict; contradiction, ;f lti, maodim, n., L. 11, p. 132
Confucian Analects, ie"ili-, Lun.yu, n., L. 14, p. 169
change, fk't, g!libian, v., L. 14, p. 168
chaotic, itt~, hUnluan, adj., L. 34, p. 355
characteristic,#.?.., tedi!ln, n., L. 25, p. 274
Confucius (551-479 B.C.), .:JL-t, kilngzr, n., L. 14, p. 168
confuse; mix up, ~itt, g!lohim, v.-c., L. 14, p. 169
cheap, 1tli:, pian.yi, adj., L. 30, p. 314
conscientious; earnest; serious (in attitude), iA../{., renzhen, adj.,
L. 8, p. 106
consequently, f" >t, yii.shi, conj., L. 28, p. 297
Connecticut, ;.fti·li, Kiingzhiiu, n., L. 32, p. 334
child, iK-t, hai.zi, n., L. 5, p. 63
children, JL:i", ert6ng, n., L. 32, p. 333
children (of parents), -tx, zinli, n., L. 33, p. 343
China,
'f f!J, ZhOng. guo, n., L.
7 {¥f, li!lojil!, v., L. 9, p. 118
comprehensive; all-round, 1:ii, quanmian, adj./adv., L. 35, p. 365
conclusion, ttie-,jielim, n., L. 35, p. 366
conservative, 1*-'1', b!loshOu, adj., L. 25, p. 274
consider, ::If .It, k!lolU, v., L. 7, p. 92
1, p. 3
China, 'f ij'., Zhiinghu!l, n., L. 1, p. 3
China craze, 'f f!J !A, Zhiing.guore, n., L. 21, p. 241
Chinese born overseas, iJ'.i'r, huayi, n., L. 11, p. 135
Chinese character; word, !f, zi, n., L. 5, p. 63
consideroneselfto be, my;{_;IJ, ziyiwei, v., L. 35, p. 363
considerable, ;ffl ~ ~. xiiingdiing.de, adj., L. 26, p. 281
conspire against (the government),*-&.., m6ufiln, v., L. 33, p. 346
constantly; continually, ;f-!f.JT, bUduan, adv., L. 14, p. 168
construction, Jiit, jianshe, n., L. 31, p. 323
consume, i)!j t, xiaotei, v., L. 29, p. 305
contact, ~i.*-, w!lnglai, n., L. 23, p. 258
contents, J!;j ~. neir6ng, n., L. 33, p. 345
continue, jJ! it, ji.xu, v., L. 33, p. 343
control, ftili•J, kong.zhi, n./v., L. 23, p. 257
Chinese characters, i~!f, hanzi, n., L. 14, p. 167
Chinese language, ilti!i-, Han.yii, n., L. 28, p. 295
Chinese table, 'f X.,l-t, zhiingwenzhuii.zi, n., L. 9, p. 117
choose, i!t., xu!ln, v., L. 4, p. 44
choose, i!t.#-, xu!lnze, v., L. 22, p. 249
Christianity, £ir4t, Jidiijiao, n., L. 32, p. 331
church, 4t~,jiaotang, n., L. 8, p. 107
city and country, .!A~, chengxiiing, n., L. 30, p. 315
civil war, Jf;J !;lt, neizhan, n., L. 34, p. 355
classical equivalent of il.:ff, ~. wtl, v., L. 29, p. 304
classmates; schoolmates, ~ >Jj!, t6ngxue, n., L. 2, p. 21
convenient, ii1t., fiingbian, adj., L. 7, p. 88
corrupt and incompetent, ~tit, filbai, adj., L. 32, p. 333
cost (usually in terms of suffering, loss of life, etc.), +'i. Hr, daijili, n.,
L. 24, p. 267
could; would; can, 4:-, hui, aux., L. 2, p. 19
Coca Cola, Pf o Pf If-, kl!koukl!le, n., L. 29, p. 307
country, f!J
colleges and universities, ,¥j ;ft, giioxiao, n., L. 31, p. 323
country folk, ~
colony, Jilo\.1<!!., zhimindi, n., L. 35, p. 365
countryside,
clothing, .Rill, yi.ru, n., L. 31, p. 321
NT'*'-· huilai, v., L. 6, p. 77
l:, gu6jia, n., L. 1, p. 6
r
A, xiiingxiaren, n., L. 28, p. 297
-it#, n6ngciin, n., L. 30, p. 313
come, '*'-· lai, v., L. 2, p. 19; L. 3, p. 32
course (at school), if., ke, n., L. 4, p. 44
come back; return,
cowboy, -'fit, niuz!li, n., L. 29, p. 307
come from, J.A. ... '*'-· c6ng .. .Iai, v., L. 3, p. 32
create,
i'lit. chuangzao, v., L. 27, p. 287
credit card, 1t rn -t' xinyongk!l, n., L. 29, p. 305
come from, '*'- ~L laizi, v., L. 11, p. 132
394
English Index
don't, j'J, bie, adv., L. 6, p. 76
don't worry; lit.: put down the heart, ~t·~. fangxin, v.-o., L. 6,
p. 79
donkey-drawn cart, -W' 4-. Iuche, n., L. 30, p. 315
door, n .i'' menhu, n., L. 25, p. 273
dormitory, ,m1;-, sushe, n., L. 7, p. 88
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925) founder of the Republic of China,
-l•J• 'f ,!., , Siin ZhOngshiin, n., L. 35, p. 365
drink, 4), he, v ., L. 29, p. 307
driving distance, .!f'.;f.l, checheng, n., L. 30, p. 315
due to; since, rlJ f", y6uyll, conj., L. 21, p. 241
dynamic; active, ;'f;Jk., hu6yue, adj., L. 34, p. 355
(dynastic) government officials, 't ,4:, guiinli, n., L. 35, p. 365
critical; important, -.t"~. zhongyao, adj., L. 32, p. 333
cry, ;)(., kii, v., L. 8, p. I 04
culture, j;:,1-t, wenhua, n., L. 11, p. 133
curl the tongue; pronounce retroflex initials, ,t..~,jul!nshe, v.-o.,
L. 13, p. !56
custom; convention, >} ~. xisu, n., L. II, p. 133
D
dark, murky, nefarious, .W.Ilt, hei'an, adj., L. 21, p. 240
daughter, JL, ni'l'er, n., L. 9, p. 118
day, 7<..., tiiin, n. or AN, L. 6, p. 78
day, E!, ri, n., L. 9, p. 118
day by day, - 7<... tt- R.., yitian br yitiiin, L. 4, p. 47
debate, #i:t, bianlun, v., L. 34, p. 355
debate; dispute, 4>-i:t, zhenglun, v., L. 27, p. 287
debt, ft. zhai, n., L. 29, p. 304
decide, ik:;t,jueding, v.. L. 7, p. 90
decrease; reduce, ~:J-·,jil!nshoo, v., L. 22, p. 247
deep, i.U1J. shenke, adj., L. 29, p. 307
deep love, ;t, guan'ai, n., L. 12, p. 145
defend oneself/ self-defense, t).Jl, ziwei, v./n., L. 35, p. 363
demand; ask for,~*-· yaoqiu, v., L. 24, p. 265
democratic/democracy, 1'\..i., minzhU, adj./n., L. 22, p. 247
depart from, ~. li, v., L. 14, p. 169
department store, 1f '1t /~a), bllihuo gongsI, n., L. 29, p. 305
depend on, it, kao, v., L. 29, p. 305
desk lamp, f; ;tr, t<iideng, n., L. 7, p. 91
detailed; concrete, J!.~, jutr, adj., L. 32, p. 333
determination, ik:·~.juexin, n., L. 32, p. 333
develop; build up; raise, !~'*'· peiyl!ng, v., L. 33, p. 346
developed, advanced, .t.Us., radii, adj., L. 4, p. 4 7
developing, .t.Jf<. 'f, Iazhl!nzhOng, . L. 23, p. 257
development/develop, ,t.Jf,.., f'azhl!n, n./v., L. 12, p. 147
dial or call (on phone), .tr. da, v., L. 5, p. 64
dialect, ~'t', fiingyan, n., L. 13, p. 156
die, JE., sr, v., L. 33, p. 345
difference, .£j'J. chabie, n., L. 30, p. 315
difficult, l;fJ ~. kUnnan, adj., L. 31, p. 323
diligently/diligent, }']- fJ, niili, adv./adj., L. 32, p. 331
dinner, B~fn., wl!nfan, n., L. 7, p. 89
diploma, j;:_~, wenping, n., L. 34, p. 353
direction, ~fa]. fiingxiang, n., L. 34, p. 355
disappointed, ~1!.. shiwang, adj., L. 32, p. 333
discipline; subject,~#, xueke, n., L. 15, p. 178
discover, £.£, fiixian, v., L. 25, p. 275
dispatch, send (a person), i~ pai, v., L. 32, p. 333
display, performance, manifestation, *-£, billoxian, n., L. 33,
p. 343
dispute; controversy, 4>-i:t, zhenglun, n., L. 26, p. 281
distance, ~~.juli, n., L. 12, p. 144
district; region; area, .J\1!, !K, diqii, n., L. 25, p. 274
"divide periods"- do in stages, ~J!JJ. renqi, v.-0., L. 29, p. 305
do earlier than planned, ~-f. tizllo, v., L. 31, p. 323
do you mean to say that. .. ?, ~:it, nandao,, L. 6, p. 79
do; make, #1:, zuo, v., L. 4, p. 47
*
E
each and every, tr., ge, pron., L. 4, p. 46
each other; mutually, .!.;ffi, huxiiing, adv., L. 13, p. !56
earn (a degree) in competition, 'f, zhong, v., L. 34, p. 353
earthquake, .J\1!.£, dizhen, n.. L. 23, p. 257
East Asian Studies, lt..>EZJJ-~. Dongya yanjiii, n., L. 21, p. 239
easy, %:Jb, r6ngyi, adj., L. 7, p. 90
eat, •t, chi, v., L. 2, p. 20
eat, •tfn., chifan, v.-o., L. 7, p. 88
economy, ~~.jing.ji, n., L. 4, p. 47
education, :4t1f,jiao.yll, n., L. 12, p. 146
educator, :4t1f*,jiao.ylljiii., n., L. 34, p. 353
effect, 11' rn' zuoyong, n., L. 22, p. 248
embarrassing, ;r:;trt;.~., bUhlloyi.si, adj., L. 5, p. 63
emphasize; stress, ~li!!l, qiangdiao, v., L. 34, p. 353
emphasizing contrast, ;;f, cai, adv ., L. 2, p. 20
encourage, !1-Wl, giili, v., L. 29, p. 306
England, ~ [!], Ying.gu6, n., L. 4, p. 46
enjoy the use of, .f.~. xil!ngshou, v., L. 29, p. 305
enlarge, .tt :k., kuoda, v ., L. 30, p. 313
enlightened; open-minded, 7f'BJl, kaiming, adj., L. 32, p. 333
enter, :ilt,jin, v., L. 11, p. 135
enthusiastically; actively, ;fP. #., jfji, adv., L. 33, p. 346
entity, :k~. shitr, n., L. 26, p. 281
environment, -'1-~ huanjing, n., L. 12, p. 147
equal, fair, unbiased, /~-f-. gongping, adj., L. 22, p. 247
equality, 4'-~. pingdl!ng, n., L. 33, p. 343
especially, #j 1], tebie, adv., L. 15, p. 178
especially, Jl::.~, y6uqi, adv., L. 21, p. 241
essential; basic, £.'*-,ji.ben, adj., L. 23, p. 257
establish, Jt:;t,jianli, v., L. 35, p. 365
estrangement; barrier, 1% lil, ge.he, n., L. 26, p. 281
ethics, 1{:-J.!, Iunli, n., L. 35, p. 363
Europe, !!it;~, Ouzhou, n., L. 3, p. 34
Europe, !!it, Ou, n., L. 32, p. 331
even, it, !ian, conj., L. 5, p. 64
even more, ~. geng, adv., L. 4, p. 48
evening; night, ~..!:.. wl!n.shang, time word, L. 9, p. 117
ever since ... , ro ;.)..... , zic6ng ... ,. L. 31, p. 324
every day, .ftR.., meitiiin, time word, L. 7, p. 89
every; all, JL>'t, fan.shi, adv., L. 33, p. 345
*
395
English Index
food; edibles, 1<-!lh, shiwu, n., L. 25, p. 273
food; vegetables, ~. cai, n., L. 2, p. 20
foot-binding, $tlt., chanzu, n., L. 33, p. 345
for a long time, *fA., hliojiii, time word, L. 7, p. 91
for a long time; permanently, i(:A., changjiii, adv., L. 25, p. 274
exactly, ·~·~. qiaqia, adv .. L. 24, p. 265
examination; test, ,lfiR,, kiioshi, n., L. 7, p. 92
example, fJol 7-. li.zi, n., L. II, p. 135
exceed, surpass, ~.tl!. chiioyue, v., L. 25, p. 275
exceed; surpass, ~i:t. chiioguo, v.-c., L. 35, p. 363
excessive, excessively,
exchange; interchange,
i:t~.
for emphasis, "[, .kl!, adv., L. 7, p. 90
for example, df--*", piru, conj., L. 14, p. 169
guofen, adj./adv., L. 30, p. 314
n., L. 35, p. 367
~il.i.,jiiioliu,
exclude foreign countries, .tift!-, paiwai, v., L. 35, p. 367
excuse, 1-lf o, jiekou, n., L. 24, p. 265
expenses,
for instance,
1£ t, huiifei, n., L. 30, p. 315
expensive, 11. gui, adj., L. 7, p. 89
experience, go through, 1f.Pi ,jingli, v., L. II, p. 132; L. 21, p. 240
*'·
for things with a handle, ;fe., bli, AN, L. 7, p. 91
for; to/give,~. gl!i, prep./v., L. 5, p. 63
force,~~!!. qiangpO/qiiingpo, v., L. 22, p. 247; L. 24, p. 266
explain; interpret, ~,ft,jil!shi, v., L. 23, p. 258
explain; make clear, iit.BJl, shuoming, v., L. 29, p. 307
force upon others, ~~hu. qiangjiii, v .. L. 12, p. 147
force; power, :/] '!-, li.liang, n., L. 33, p. 346
export, ~1:1:. shiichii, v., L. 25, p. 273
express (viewpoint), ;(t-;f;, billoshi, v., L. 31, p. 321
extensive and wide; most, } , guiD!g, adj., L. 28, p. 297
force; push hard, I!, bi, v., L. 4, p. 45
foreign affairs; diplomatic relations, t!- ~. waijiiio, n., L. 27, p. 287
foreigner, t!- /!1 A., wai.guoren, n., L. 6, p. 79
forerunner; pioneer, 31:..!JI!, xiiinqii, n., L. 33, p. 343
extraordinary; unusual, ;:r--t't. bupingchang, adj., L. 33, p. 343
extremely, ~1'-t. reichang, adv., L. 9, p. 116
extremely, ;f».71J,jiwei, adv., L. 34, p. 355
foresight, i&.Ji!., yuiinjian, n., L. 32, p. 333
extremely (follows the adj. it modifies), ;:r-;t, bUkiin, adv., L. 31,
p. 324
eyes, D!l Dk, yiD!jing, n., L. 3, p. 33
wang, v .. L. 32, p. 331
form, if? ii,, xingshi, n., L. 29, p. 305
forget,.~.
form into; become, A. cheng, v., L. 11, p. 133
found; establish, A±, chengli, v., L. 34, p. 353
*
F
France, /!1, Fli.gu6, n., L. 4, p. 46
freedom, ~ d/, ziy6u, n., L. 24, p. 265
freedom of speech, ~-it~ di, yanlun ziy6u, n., L. 24, p. 265
freedom/free, ~ di, ziy6u, n./adj.. L. 22, p. 249
from one's childhood, M..J-, c6ngxillo, L. 2, p. 20
facial tissue; toilet paper, .:E.±.~. weishengzhl, n., L. 8, p. 104
facilities, it-1}, she.bei, n., L. 9, p. 116
facilities; tool, .I..J!., gongju, n .. L. 31, p. 323
fact, :f ~.shish!, n., L. 30, p. 315
factory, .x.r, gongchiD!g, n., L. 35, p. 363
full (with food, not hungry), ~. blio, adj., L. 23, p. 257
full name, .;t_.t, xingming, n., L. 6, p. 77
failure, defeat/fail, ~wt. shibai, n./v., L. 35, p. 365
fair, /~f. gongping, adj., L. 28, p. 297
fun, *f.JitJL, hllowar, adj., L. 8, p. 105
furniture, *.J!.,jiiiju, n .. L. 7, p. 91
further, .i!-~,jinyibu, adv., L. 11, p. 135
family, *Dt,jiiiting, n., L. 12, p. 144; L. 30, p. 313
famous, ;f-..t, zhuming, adj., L. 28, p. 297
famous and expensive; precious, _.t-jt, minggui, adj., L. 31, p. 321
G
far, i&, yuiDI, adj., L. 14, p. 169
far; considerably, i&i&, yuiD!yuiDI, adv., L. 30, p. 315
fashion; trend; fad, Jjlf.\i, rengshang, n., L. 29, p. 307
father, ~~. ba.ba, n., L. 4, p. 45
father, X. .q;, fil.qin, n., L. 2, p. 18
game, m-l!ll., y6uxi, n .. L. 11, p. 134
gap; difference, L~a. chiiju, n .. L. 30, p. 313
general AN. used for nouns, 1-. ge, AN., L. I, p. 6
generation gap, +\it], daigou, n., L. 12, p. 145
feel; realize; sense, $.f'), giD!dao, v., L. 35, p. 362
fencing, .,t.§lj,jijian, n., L. 33, p. 343
fetters; bondage; restraint, '*-~· shufil, n., L. 33, p. 343
fight; strive, .fii--'1-. fendou, v., L. 12, p. 147
geography, 11!!.£, dill, n., L. 25, p. 273
Germany, .ft. /!1, De.gu6, n., L. 34, p. 353
get (injection), ;fr, dli, v., L. 10, p. 127
get into debt, 1-!f1t,jiezhai, v.-o., L. 29, p. 305
get married, M'-il},jiehiin, v.-o., L. 31, p. 323
get or obtain (by manipulative or shady means),
p.353
get; obtain, ~AJ?. huode, v., L. 32, p. 333
finally, ~f-. zhOngyu, adv., L. 31, p. 323
financial aid, 1f.~:.fl-.l!h,jing.ji biizhu, n., L. 10, p. 126
find disgusting, it JK., tlioyan, v., L. 4, p. 44
find out; discover, .t.J.Il., faxian, v., L. 15, p. 178
find; discover,
tt 7iiii., bl.fiingshuo, int., L. 22, p. 247
for many years, J Jfduonianlai, L. I 0, p. 125
for sure; definitely,-~. yiding, adv., L. 4, p. 45
~.ftl,
fixed; scheduled, [fl
~.
give up,
v .. L. 34,
:&Ji-, fangqi, v., L. 22, p. 249
give a name; pick a name,
zhllodao, v.-c., L. 15, p. 179
fishing village, i.i#, yilciin, n., L. 25, p. 274
;·~.hun,
~_.t ~.
ql ming.zi, v.-o., L. 5, p. 63
give way; yield, il:., rang, v .. L. 31, p. 323
gilding, adj., L. 30, p. 313
flood, 1)<. :,t, shulziii, n., L. 23, p. 257
given the fact that; since, llliit ... (tt),jiran ... (jiu), conj., L. 13,
p. 156
glorious, 7\:.;l.'f., guiinghui, adj., L. 32, p. 334
food and drink, -tk-t<, ylnshi, n., L. 25, p. 273
"food, clothing, shelter, transportation"- basic necessities of life,
:fl-t<'1iAt, yishizhuxing, L. 31, p. 321
go, .t., qil, v., L. 2, p. 21
396
English Index
horse-back riding/ride a horse, # 1!,, qimll, n./v., L. 33, p. 343
horse-drawn cart, 1!, 4'-, mllche, n., L. 30, p. 315
hot; spicy, Jt,., 13, adj., L. 24, p. 267
hotel; restaurant, U, fandian, n., L. 30, p. 315
house, &-f, fang.zi, n., L. 29, p. 305
housework, ~j}-tljr,jiawt!/shi, n., L. 30, p. 313
how, :l!P1")', ruhe, adv., L. 31, p. 323; L. 33, p. 343
how; how come, .~ ~, z~m.me, QW, L. 2, p. 19
however; but, Of >t, k~.shi, conj., L. 1, p. 5
Hui, 1§1, Hui, adj., L. 28, p. 295
Human beings take eating as most important; man cannot live
without food., 1.\.Jo-;{~j/] ~.min yi shi wei tiiin,. L. 31, p. 321
human rights, A.~, renquan, n., L. 23, p. 257
humane/humanitarianism, A.:it, rendao, adj./n., L. 23, p. 257
hurt; harm, 11i 1i, shanghai, v., L. 27, p. 288
husband, :I:..*, zhang.fii, n .. L. 33, p. 343
husband or wife; spouse, f:: A., airen, n., L. 31, p. 323
go abroad, ~ ~. chiigu6, v.-o., L. 10, p. 124
go and study in America, W ¥;:, lium~i. v.-o., L. 32, p. 331
go home; return home, 1§1 ~. huijiii, v.-o., L. 6, p. 78
go to and from work, J:. J)I, shangxiabiin, v., L. 30, p. 313
go to ... , .f~ ... 1., dao ... qu, v., L. 1, p. 5
good-looking, '*t;;t, hl'lokan, adj., L. 14, p. 169
goods; merchandise, illi J'", shiingpln, n., L. 25, p. 273
government, .Ji.llt, zheng.fil, n., L. 1, p. 6
graduate, -¥-~. biye, v., L. 11, p. 135
r
**·
grammar,
yii.ta, n., L. 9, p. 116
great, 1~ :k., w~ida, adj., L. 34, p. 353
groceries; vegetables, ;;Jt, cai, n., L. 7, p. 89
group; faction; school, iff-,, pai, n., L. 33, p. 345
grow up, *·zhAng, v., L. 2, p. 20
grow up, ~lf-, chengnian, v.-o., L. 12, p. 145
grow; mature,~*· chengzhAng, v., L. 21, p. 241
gunfighting, #;-~, qiiingzhan, n., L. 24, p. 265
H
I; me, 4\, wil, pron., L. 1, p. 5
idea; concept, J-t .$-, guannian, n., L. 29, p. 305
ideal, Jf.i!!!., IIxiling, adj., L. 21, p. 241
if, ~>t. yao.shi, conj., L. 6, p. 79
immigrant, ~ !.\., yimin, n., L. 11, p. !32
import, lli o ,jinkilu, v., L. 31, p. 321
important, ~~t.. yaojln, adj., L. 7, p. 91
improvement/make better, Ft~, gllishan, n./v., L. 23, p. 257
in, among; in which, $,. 'f, qizhong, , L. 30, p. 3!3
in advance; ahead of time, ;fJt f.r, tiqian, adv., L. 29, p. 306
in all cases, :ill, dou, adv., L. 1, p. 6
in common; the same, -# fOJ, gongt6ng, adj., L. 22, p. 248
in fact, ~1\FJ:., shiji.shang, adv., L. 22, p. 247
in large numbers or amount, :k. i:, daliang, adv ., L. 21, p. 241;
L. 30, p. 313
in my opinion, .tl.f\:>t
zai wil kanlai, L. 12, p. 146
in order to, jl] 7' wei.le, prep., L. 4, p. 47
in short supply, ~, jln, adj., L. 10, p. 126
in; on, J:., .shang, localizer, L. 1, p. 5
include, ~*· baokuo, v., L. 1, p. 4; L. 28, p. 295
incompetent, JL~. wuneng, adj., L. 33, p. 345
indeed, ~~. dique, adv., L. 14, p. 169
indemnity; reparations, ~$1:., peikuAn, n., L. 35, p. 365
independence/independent, .J! :ft., dull, n./adj ., L. 12, p. 147
India, ~r J.t, Yin.du, n., L. 35, p. 367
indicating contrast, >t, cai, adv., L. 3, p. 33
individual, 1-A., geren, n., L. 12, p. 147
individualism, 1- A..i.. '}}_, gerenzhuyi, n., L. 34, p. 355
industry; industrial, ..:r:.~. gongye, n./adj., L. 35, p. 363
inland; the interior of a country, Vi .It, neidi, n., L. 25, p. 273
inoculation; injection, ~~ #, fangyizhen, n., L. 10, p. 127
inseparable, ::.r-"f~.f!J, buk~ren'ge, adj., L. 27, p. 287
inside, £,II, localizer, L. 2, p. 18
insist, ~#.jianchl, v., L. 22, p. 249; L. 26, p. 281
interest, ~,it. xing.qu, n., L. 9, p. ll6
interfere with, -t ij, ganshe, v., L. 12, p. 145
*
had better, it'*t, zuihllo, adv., L. 7, p. 92
hair (on the human head), ~. t6u.ta, n., L. 3, p. 33
Han nationality, i5l~, Hanzu, n., L. 28, p. 295
handle; manage, iJJ.., ban, v., L. 10, p. 127
hang, .fi, gua, v., L. 2, p. 18
happy, ·We if., kuaile, adj., L. 23, p. 257
harmful, ;;ff1i, yiluhai, adj., L. 24, p. 267
Hartford, *-#~.ft. Hiiterude, n., L. 32, p. 334
hate bitterly, ~ •tit, tonghen, v., L. 33, p. 346
have a true appreciation,#-~. tlhui, v., L. 12, p. 145
have an official visit, it 1"1, flingwen, v., L. 21, p. 240
have no alternative (but to), ::.r-~-¥-e.., budeyi,, L. 29, p. 305
have not; there is not, i~(;;ff), mei(.you), L. 4, p. 45
have or not? are there?, ;;ffi~;;ff, yilu meiyilu, L. 5, p. 62
have priority, iU\:., youxiiin, v., L. 31, p. 323
have to, ~-¥-. d~i, aux., L. 3, p. 35
have; there be, ;;ff, yilu, v., L. 3, p. 34
he, -Iii!., tii, pron., L. 2, p. 18
health, healthy, flt].t,jiankiing, adj., L. 9, p. 118
hear, •./fft ting.dao, v., L. 4, p. 45
heavy, 1:, zhong, adj., L. 9, p. 116
heavy; strenuous, ~1:. fanzhong, adj., L. 30, p. 313
help, ",bang, v., L. 10, p. 126
hero; heroine, ~Pit. yingxi6ng, n., L. 33, p. 343
highjump, JIJt~, tiaogao, n., L. 33, p. 343
high school, ~ 'f, gaozhOng, n., L. 32, p. 331
highway; road, /~M-. gonglu, n., L. 30, p. 315
hinder; impede, ~!ft. fang'ai, v., L. 27, p. 288
hire; appoint, it, qlng, v., L. 22, p. 247
history, JfJ 't,, li.shi, n., L. 1, p. 5
history of studying abroad, W'f 't, liuxueshi, n., L. 32, p. 334
hold class; go to class, J:. fJ!t, shangke, v., L. 5, p. 62
home, ~.jiii, n., L. 2, p. 18
hometown,~~. Hlojiii, n., L. 2, p. 19
Hong Kong, 41}-~, XianggAng, n., L. 25, p. 273
hope, ;if;1!., xiwang, n./v., L. 9, p. ll8; L. 10, p. 124
*·
397
English Index
interfere with, f", guiiD, v., L. 23, p. 257
internal affairs, 1*1 .Ji, neizheng, n., L. 23, p. 258
international police, 1¥) f.f. .If~. gu6ji jrngcha, n., L. 23, p. 257
interpret; explain, "'*f:,jit\shi, v., L. 26, p. 281
intimate; warm (in manner), ;t-m, qinqie, adj., L. 27, p. 288
introduce, 1t-U,jie.shao, v., L. 32, p. 331
invasion/invade,*~' qinlue, n./v., L. 35, p. 363
invent, £_a)!, fiiming, v., L. 14, p. 167
Is it correct?,~ ;r:;~, dui.bu.dui,, L. I, p. 6
Is that so?, ,t•~, shi.ma, L. 4, p. 47
is; am; are; fall into the category of, ,t, shi, v., L. I, p. 2
island, ~. doo, n., L. 27, p. 287
island country, ~ 1¥), dliogu6, n., L. 35, p. 365
isolate, .JJ6-.ii:., giili, v., L. 27, p. 288
it, 't:, tli, pron., L. I 0, p. 127
it turns out that, ~
yuanlai, conj., L. 35, p. 363
It's hard to say., ~~~iit, htnnanshuo, L. I, p. 6
it's just like, *f ~t., hliobr, , L. 24, p. 267
-ize, ify, ... 1t, ... hua, suffix, L. 11, p. 133
law, it-,ff:, flilO, n., L. 32, p. 331
lead to; cause, ~it, dliozhi, v., L. 30, p. 314
leadership, 4Ji ~. Irngdlio, n., L. 34, p. 355
leading role in a story, .i. ~, zhtljillo /zhtljue, n., L. 8, p. I 04
learn, "f.~. xuehui, v.-c., L. 14, p. 169
learn from ... , foJ ... "f., xiang ... xue, v., L. 8, p. 106
learn from ... , foJ ... "f. >J, xiang ... xuexi, v., L. 32, p. 334
learning, "f. if-, xueshi, n., L. 33, p. 345
learning; knowledge, "f. IOJ, xuewen, n., L. 34, p. 353
least; at least,~~. qrma, adj./adv., L. 24, p. 267
leave (message, etc.); stay (behind), fiT T, liuxia, v., L. 6, p. 76
lesson, ill!., ke, n., L. I, p. 2
lesson, <tiilll,jiaoxun, n., L. 35, p. 365
Life is carefree without debt., ;{.ff-!l' .$£, w(Jzhaiyishenqing,
L. 29, p. 304
life/live, 1.;'-5, shenghu6, n./v., L. 9, p. 118
lifestyle, 1. iii if A,, sheng.hu6fiingshi, n., L. 22, p. 249
light (and by extension, "carefree"), .$£, qing, adj., L. 29, p. 304
like, 4~, xrhuiin, v., L. 4, p. 45
limited, ;fff!l, yiluxian, adj., L. 30, p. 313
literally "drink tea", also means "eat dim sum", -tJ:..;f, yrncha, v.-o.,
L. 25, p. 273
literature, 51: "f., wenxue, n., L. 4, p. 47
live together, 1"!1i., t6ngzhu, v., L. 7, p. 88
loan/ to loan, ~,tl;., daikuiiD, n./v., L. 31, p. 323
local dialect, .±..if;, ttlhua, n., L. 28, p. 297
long jump, ll!t:i&, tiaoyulin, n., L. 33, p. 343
look after, be responsible for, f", gulin, v., L. 30, p. 313
look after children, .:rK -t, kiin Mi.zi, v.-o., L. 30, p. 313
look for, .tlt, zhlio, v., L. II, p. 135
look like, seem, i"~*-· kan.qr.Iai, L. 3, p. 32
loosen; slacken, itt~, fangsong, v., L. 23, p. 257
lose, ;Jdf., shidiao, v., L. 32, p. 334
lose, ;Jt.J;;, shi.qu, v., L. 35, p. 367
loss, .fM ;It, stlnshi, n., L. 24, p. 265
lovable; cute, 'f i:, kt\'ai, adj., L. 22, p. 249
love, i:, Ai, v., L. 8, p. 105
low, {~, di, adj., L. 13, p. !56
lump together; mix, iff., hun, v., L. 23, p. 257
lunch, 'f ~. zhOngfan, n., L. 7, p. 89
*-·
J
Japanese language, El 51:, Riwen, n., L. 33, p. 343
Japanese people, El ;f..A, Ri.btnren, n., L. 3, p. 34
jeans, 4-1t;jlf, nillzllikU, n., L. 29, p. 307
join; participate in, lj..:/JP, canjili, v., L. 9, p. 117
joke; play tricks, 7f"J;t1(, kiiiwanxiao, v.-o., L. 3 I, p. 323
joke; ridicule, J(if;, xiao.hua, n., L. 24, p. 267
just now, ;f, cai, adv., L. 4, p. 48
i"
K
keep expenditure within the limits of income, i: A. JJ til,
liang ru wei chii,. L. 29, p. 305
keep on V-ing, V :i, V.zhe, V.zhi, particle, L. 2, p. 18
keep warm, 1-llllt, boonuiiD, v., L. 31, p. 321
keep; maintain, 1-ll#, biiochi, v., L. 11, p. 133
keep; maintain, -!*#{i, boochizhu, v.-c., L. 22, p. 247
keep; maintain, ~#, weichi, v., L. 25, p. 274
kind; sort, ti-, yang, n., L. 3, p. 33
kitchen, ,lit~, chUfang, n., L. 7, p. 88
know, *"it, zhidao, v., L. 2, p. 19
know (a person); recognize, iA. if-, ren.shi, v., L. 7, p. 91
know how to; can, ~. hui, aux., L. 5, p. 64
know; understand, ·t~, dilng, v., L. 6, p. 79
knowledge, *"if-, zhi.shi, n., L. 32, p. 331
M
Macao, it f1, aomen, n., L. 32, p. 331
machine, ;f1L~,ji.qi, n., L. 32, p. 333
machinery factory, ;fJLt((.I..T ,jixiegongchling, n., L. 32, p. 333
magazine,
zazhi, n., L. 24, p. 265; L. 33, p. 345
mail, .;f,ji, v., L. 10, p. 127
Mainland China, k.M, Dalu, n., L. 27, p. 287
mainly, .i-~, zhtlyao, adv., L. 12, p. 144
maintain or hold (an opinion); advocate, .i- zhtlzhiing, v., L. 33,
p.345
major; speciality; discipline, -t ~. zhuiinye, n., L. 15, p. 178
make a living, it-1., m6usheng, v., L. 30, p. 313
make love, fti:, zuo'ai, v.-o., L. 24, p. 265
make money, lit~, zhuanqian, v.-o., L. 24, p. 265; L. 34, p. 353
*-·t,
L
laboratory, ~~:r, shiyanshi, n., L. 9, p. 116
land, .±..~, tildi, n., L. 27, p. 287
landowner; landlord, ~.i-, dizhtl, n., L. 33, p. 343
language, it-t, ytlyan, n., L. 9, p. 116
last time, J:.;J:., shangci, time word, L. 6, p. 78
later, J€; hOulai, n./time word, L. 2, p. I9
later than expected, ;f, cai, adv., L. 2, p. 19
laugh, 1(, xiao, v., L. 13, p. !54
*·
*-·
398
English Index
make no sense; be illogical, ;r-;a, butong, v .. L. 28, p. 295
must,- ;t, yiding, adv., L. 7, p. 89
must, ~-J~. bixu, aux., L. 33, p. 345
my, ~fl], wil.de, pron., L. 2, p. 18
make progress, iJi "!V, j inbu, v., L. 9, p. 117
make up one's mind/resolution, determination, ;Jc •.:;,juexrn, v./n.,
L. 35, p. 363
make use of; take advantage of, f•J m' liyong, v .. L. 9, p. 117
make; cause, 1t, shi, v .. L. 10, p. 125
male; man, !1! fl], nlm.de, n., L. 6, p. 78
manage money matters, £Jilt, llcai, v.-o., L. 29, p. 305
Manchurian, iifl, MW1, adj., L. 28, p. 295
manpower, A iJ, renli, n., L. 30, p. 314
N
name, .£ ~. ming.zi, n., L. 5, p. 63
name of a city, A:il!, Chengdu, n., L. 2, p. 19
nanny; housekeeper, *-!tit, bi!.omu, n., L. 30, p. 313
narrow,~~. xiazMi, adj., L. 30, p. 315
national language (Mandarin), I!] ii-, gu6yll, n., L. 27, p. 287; L. 28,
p.295
naturally, mfl.;, zirlm, adv., L. II, p. 134
many, much, it~. xllduo, n.; adj., L. 8, p. 105
map, Jt!!,i!j, ditu, n .. L. I, p. 2
market, ;fl JJ,, shich&lg, n., L. 31, p. 321
marriage,
:k~l!l.
navy, i.it.+, Mijiin, n., L. 35, p. 365
nearby; vicinity, f!lt ill, filjin, n.; place word, L. 2, p. 21
hiinyfn, n., L. 33, p. 345
marry (a man), ~.jia, v .. L. 6, p. 79
Massachusetts, Jffc-*', Mash~ng, n., L. 32, p. 331
McDonald's, ;t ;\19}, Maidiinglao, n .. L. 29, p. 307
necessary, •.0-,l-, biyao, adj., L. 27, p. 287
need; want, .,l-, yao, v., L. 4, p. 46
new, the latest, ..tlf, xrn, adj., L. 25, p. 272
New Culture Movement, ..tJf X.1t ~ -#J, xrnwenhua yilndong, n.,
L. 34, p. 355
New England, ..tJf ~~it, XInyrnggellm, n., L. 32, p. 333
New York, bl.t9, Niuyue, n., L. 2, p. 19
meaning, ;f; .\!-, yi.si, n., L. 2, p. 21
meaningful; interesting, ;t;t:~-. youyi.si, adj., L. 4, p. 48
melt, :l:t1t, r6nghua, v., L. 22, p. 248
memoirs, wH~:iit. huiyilu, n., L. 32, p. 331
men's clothing (in man's attire), !1! *-. nlmzhuiing, n., L. 33, p. 345
news,
news, -$ifiifl, xrnwen, n., L. 30, p. 314
newspaper, ~~H~. bao.zhi, n., L. 33, p. 345
next time, ik, xiaci, time word, L. 6, p. 77
Miao, #i, Miao, adj., L. 28, p. 295
-ttUt:Jt, weibolu, n., L. 7, p. 90
military operations, + •.tt-#J, jiinshi xingdong, n., L. 33, p. 346
microwave oven,
jilio.yil zilngzh&lg, n .. L. 34,
minister of education, ~ 1f .t.
p.353
minority people, j-· ttl\.~. sha.oshumlnzu, n., L. 22, p. 247
nitpicky; fastidious, .M:.~•J. tiaoti, adj., L. 7, p. 89
Nixon, Jt.Jttk, Nlkesong, n., L. 21, p. 240
*·
no matter, it.~. wuliln,. L. 14, p. 169
no way; can't, )3t,ii;;, meifli, L. 6, p. 76
no; not , ;r-, bu, adv ., L. I, p. 3
missionary school, ~1?-'*.k,jiaohui xuexiao, n., L. 32, p. 331
Northerner, ~~71 A, bl!ifiingren, n., L. 13, p. !56
not necessarily, ;r-- ;t, bilyiding, adv .. L. 3, p. 33
misunderstand; misunderstanding, ~WI-. wiljil!, v./n., L. 12, p. 145
misunderstanding, ~1?-. wil.hui, n., L. 28, p. 297
modem history, ill1-\ t.., jindaishi, n., L. 32, p. 331; L. 35, p. 367
modern times, ill1-\, jindai, n., L. 25, p. 272
not necessarily; not plausible, ;f-Ji!A.lf, bujian.de, adv .. L. 4, p. 47
not only, ;[-{!:!., bUdan, conj., L. 4, p. 46
not only; not merely, ;f-Vt, bujin, adv., L. 35, p. 365
not very, ;r- ;k., bUtai, adv., L. 7, p. 92
modernization, Jl!.1-\1t, xiandaihua, n., L. 25, p. 273
mom, mother, ii!J, rna, n .. L. 4, p. 44
money,~. qilm, n., L. 10, p. 126
Mongolia, ;t -J; 1!1, Ml!nggllgu6, n .. L. I, p. 4
Mongolian, ;t, Ml!ng, adj., L. 28, p. 295
month, }j, yue, n., L. 9, p. 118
noun, .£i"J, mingci, n., L. 26, p. 281
now, Jl!,..(f., xianzai, n./time word, L. I, p. 4; L. I, p. 5
number,~~.
obey, JIR.M., ruc6ng, v .. L. 12, p. 146
obey, obedient, •Jh'f;, trnghua, v.-o./adj., L. 12, p. 147
object to, ,&.J!;f, fllndui, v., L. 33, p. 345
obstruct; stand in the way of, Fi!.-M:., zurlio, v., L. 35, p. 365
obvious, HJl Jt, mingxiW1, adj., L. II, p. 133
Jft, zui, adv., L. 8, p. 106
obvious, Jt;f, xi&lzhu, adj., L. 30, p. 315
occasionally; once in a while, 1.'1; ;f., ou'l!r, adv., L. 30, p. 315
mostly, k.~. daduo, adv., L. 12, p. 145
mother tongue, -ii}:ii-, muyll, n., L. 12, p. 145
motive; intention,
haomA, n., L. 6, p. 77
0
morals, .i!-tt, daode, n .. L. 35, p. 363
more and more, ~At:.~. yue lai yue, L. 4, p. 47
more or less, ;!X.~ ;!X.j-· , huo duo huo sMo, adv., L. II, p. 132
more; relatively; comparatively, ~~. bijiao, adv., L. ll, p. 135
moreover, .JI- 1!., bingqil!, conj., L. 10, p. 124
most,
iJ!i .t, xiao.xi, n., L. 4, p. 45
r
mention, ~.f•J. tidao, v .. L. 35, p. 363
method, -}fiJi;, fiingfli, n., L. 22, p. 247
-#J oVL, dongjr, n .. L. 21, p. 241
occupation; profession, V-~. zhiye, n .. L. 30, p. 313
office clerk; secretary, X.-#, wenshu, n., L. 32, p. 331
move, .J/a, biin, v., L. I, p. 5
i' M, guiinyulm, n., L. 32, p. 334
't, chang, adv., L. 2, p. 18
tl 'f, jfngchlmg, adv., L. 12, p. 145
move out, .J/a~-1;-. biinchiiqil, v.-c., L. 7, p. 88
official,
much; many,~. duo, adj., L. 4, p. 47
often,
multi-national, ~ !\.~~. duominzli, . L. 28, p. 295
murder, kill people,
sharen, v.-o., L. 24, p. 265
oh?!, •.J!,, 6, int., L. 4, p. 47
movie, 4!.1), dian.ying, n., L. 8, p. 104
often,
oh; I see, •.J!,, o, int., L. I, p. 4
-*A.
399
English Index
patriotic, :i: 1!1, aigu6, adj., L. 33, p. 343
pay attention to, ii. -;t,, zhuyi, v., L. 30, p. 314
pay money, .ft$1;., rukuan, v.-o., L. 29, p. 305
payment by installment, ~J!JJ.ft$1:., renqirukuan,. L. 29, p. 305
peasant worker; migrant worker, ;Rf.\,.:r.., n6ngmingong, n., L. 30,
p.313
peculiar, ~#. qite, adj., L. 26, p. 281
old saying, ::t"it, lltohua, n., L. 29, p. 306
old saying, -;!;it, gilhua, n., L. 31, p. 321
old-fashioned and conservative, ::t"!EI, lltojiu, adj., L. 34, p. 353
on (someone's) body or self,~ J:, shen.shang,, L. 12, p. 147
on the contrary, J§..iffi, tan'er, adv., L. 14, p. 169
on the one hand, -~Iii. yirangmian,, L. 11, p. 132
on the surface; outwardly, ~Iii J:, biltomian.shang, adv., L. 22,
p.247
one kind, -:f.f, yiyang, n., L. 7, p. 90
one's whole life, -1., yisheng, n., L. 33, p. 343
perhaps; maybe, -I!!. it, yl!xu, adv., L. 10, p. 124
period of time, atJ!JJ, shiqi, n., L. 21, p. 241
period of time, J!}JJi;J, qijiiin, n., L. 33, p. 344
persecute, :it 1i, pohai, v., L. 34, p. 355
person A; also the first of the ten Heavenly Stems, 'f', jill, pron.,
L. 1, p. 2
person B; also the second of the ten Heavenly Stems, c.,, yi, pron.,
L. I, p. 3
personal, -1-A.~. geren.de,, L. 14, p. 169
personal name, $:.1~. R6ng H6ng, n., L. 32, p. 331
only for the reason of, ;f, cai, adv., L. 4, p. 47
only if... (then), .R;tf ... (;f), zhiyilu ... (cai), L. 9, p. 117
only; just, Y, >'t, zhi.shi, conj., L. 4, p. 45
only; just ,.R, zhi, adv., L. 6, p. 78
only; just, Je..>t., guiing.shi, adv., L. 32, p. 333
opportunity; chance, :UL~. ji.hui, n., L. 9, p. 117
opposite, :fll J§.., xiiingtan, adj., L. 24, p. 265
zhexue, n., L. 35, p. 366
phone call; telephone, t.if, dianhua, n., L. 5, p. 64
pitiful; pitiable, Pf·tt. killian, adj., L. 8, p. 105
places, M!., di, n., L. 4, p. 46
philosophy,~~.
oppress, JJd!, yap<'>, v., L. 27, p. 287
optimistic, If- J-t, h!guiin, adj., L. 26, p. 282
or, ~>'t. Mi.shi, conj., L. 2, p. 21
or, ~. huo, conj., L. 21, p. 239
ordinary; common, -At, yibiin, adj., L. 11, p. 134
plan, it!A,'l,ji.hua, n., L. 9, p. 118
plan; scheme, ~:ll•J, cehua, v .. L. 32, p. 333
play (the part of), :Yritf, banyan, v., L. 25, p. 273
please; request, it. qing, aux., L. 6, p. 76
ordinary; common; usual, 4'-1". pingchang, adj., L. 9, p. 116
organizations; groups/organize, til~. zlizhi, n./v., L. 33, p. 343;
L. 33, p. 346
original, !f. ;ift, yuanlai, adj., L. 11, p. 133
*·
pleased; happy; glad, ~
other (things), JJ•J ~. bie.de, n .. L. 6, p. 79
other people, Jl•J A., bieren, n., L. 13, p. 156
otherwise, (~):f-ii>, (yao)buran, conj., L. 13, p. 155
overlook; neglect, .~~. hii!Oe, v .. L. 30, p. 315
overseas, i4-;r, hltiwai, adv./n./place word, L. 14, p. 167; L. 21,
p.241
overthrow, .:ff!-ill, tuifiin, v., L. 33, p. 343
owe a debt, JUt. qianzhai, v.-o., L. 29, p. 306
politician, iE.t$-, zhengke, n., L. 27, p. 287
ponder over, reflect on/consideration, ,og.;Jf, siklto, v./n., L. 35,
p.364
popularize; promulgate, {t-Jt, puji, v., L. 27, p. 287
population, A. 0' renkilu, n., L. 4, p. 47
owner of a house, .i.A., zhuren, n., L. 30, p. 313
pornography; sexual desire, ~·~. seqing, n., L. 24, p. 265
power, 1Q- 7J, shill, n., L. 35, p. 365
practice, fff. >'J, lianxi, v., L. 9, p. 116
practice or carry out (a policy), .:ff!-H. tuixing, v., L. 27, p. 287
p
part, -ill~. bu.fen, n .. L. 1, p. 6
part; respect, M!.~. di.fiing, n., L. 22, p. 249
particle for completed action, 7, .Ie, L. 4, p. 44
practice the open-door policy, if'~. kaifang, v., L. 23, p. 257
preparation/prepare, ;-(t.fr., zhunbei, n./v., L. 10, p. 124
particle for emphasis/particle for follow-up questions, '}t, .ne, L. 1,
p. 3; L. 4, p. 48
particle for modification, ~, .de, L. 1, p. 3
particle for new situation, 7 , .le, L. 1, p. 5
president, .~.i:if.. zilngtilng, n., L. 21, p. 240
prestige; reputation, j>7j-, shengyil, n., L. 21, p. 241
pretransitive verb, .ie., bii, L. 8, p. I 04
price,
particle for simple questions, •.!!,, .rna, L. 3, p. 33
n .. L. 31, p. 321
siren, n., L. 31, p. 324
J'oiJ M,
wenti, n., L. 7, p. 88
process, .i:t;f!, guocheng, n., L. 11, p. 132
particle to introduce an predicative complement, 1Jf, .de, L. 4, p. 45
~.i:l:.jingguo,
~A.,
problem; question,
L. 4, p. 47
produce, make, fit tll, zuochii, v., L. 25, p. 275
pass the days, live a life, .i:t El-f-, guori.zi, v.-o., L. 29, p. 305
pass through; via,
ffr~.jia.qian,
private,
particle showing obviousness, "M', .a, L. 3, p. 33
~• .lo,
L. 4, p. 45
point out, .t~ tll, zhichii, v.-c., L. 34, p. 355
policy, iE.tJit, zhengce, n., L. 31, p. 323
political situation, J./;.fo}, zhengju, n., L. 26, p. 281
our; ours, ~ffl~. wil.men.de, pron., L. 2, p. 19
out of date; old-fashioned, lEI, jiu, adj., L. 33, p. 343
particle showing obviousness,
*· gaoxing, adj.,
"plural" AN,
xie,, L. 6, p. 77
poem, it" j:, shiwen, n., L. 33, p. 345
poems, it"-j.ij, shici, n., L. 33, p. 344
point, .t~, zhi, v., L. 2, p. 18
other, li, ling, det., L. 11, p. 133
produce; effect, emerge, /'-1.., chansheng, v .. L. 32, p. 331; L. 11,
p. 134
products, !'- J',, chanpin, n., L. 29, p. 305
v., L. 25, p. 273
pass to; spread to, #.ftl, chuandao, v., L. 25, p. 273
passport, .tt .!ffl., hilzhao, n., L. 10, p. 126
pastry, "dim sum", .?!-·~. dianxin, n., L. 25, p. 273
professor, 4\t.Jt, jiao.shou, n .. L. 34, p. 355
400
English Index
v
republic, -*>FI!l. gonghegu6, n., L. I, p. 3
research, $Jf ~. yanjiii, n./v., L. 34, p. 353
resemble,{~. xiang, v .. L. 3, p. 33
resist, .tt.te, kangju, v., L. II, p. 134
resolve, Mlfik:,ji~jue, v., L. 23, p. 258
respect, .f-1:, ziinzhOng, v., L. I2, p. I47
profound; deep, jilj i*, gaoshen, adj., L. 34, p. 353
1§1 ,jiemu, n., L. 2, p. 20
pr~gram,
progressive; adavanced, l! "!V, jin.bu, adj., L. 33, p. 345
prohibit, ~Jl:.,jinzhl, v., L. 24, p. 265
promote sales, .ff!-tlf. tuixiao, v., L. 29, p. 305
promote; enhance; further, Jihl!, zengjin, v., L. 28, p. 295
pronounce; read; study, .t-, nian, v., L. 13, p. 154
pronunciation/ pronounce,
~ i},
respect and obey parents, # Jl@i, xiao.shiln, v., L. I2, p. 146
respectful phrase used to close letters, ;lfk.J:.,jingshang, L. 9, p. 118
fiiyin, n./v., L. 13, p. 155
result in; cause (undesirable results), itJill.., zaocheng, v., L. 12,
p. 146
result; consequence, Hi Jft,jieguo, n., L. 22, p. 247
proof/prove, iiE.B.Jl, zhengming, n./v., L. 27, p. 287
propose; advocate, .i3it, zhilzhang, v., L. 22, p. 247
*·
protect, {>1t.v', b!lohil, v., L. 24, p. 267
revolution/revolutionary, ~~. geming, n./adj., L. 25, p. 272;
L. 33, p. 343
ride on a boat, ~-.4~. zuochuan, v.-o., L. 32, p. 331
proud, ~
zihao, adj., L. 31, p. 321
province, .:tJ", sh~ng, n., L. 25, p. 272
psychologically, •'-> .ij!_J:., xinllshang,, L. II, p. 132
right away; immediately, .ft.J:!J. like, adv., L. 30, p. 3I5
rights, ~:f'l, quanli, n., L. 24, p. 265
public bus, /~-*i"l.f.. gonggongqiche, n., L. 3I, p. 323
publish, ~;j., fiibillo, v., L. 33, p. 345
punishment,
purchase,
~
fo!, chilfa, n., L.
Jni:J~.
road; route, it~. daolu, n., L. 27, p. 288
rock "n" roll, ~ ~ If., yaogilnyue, n., L. 29, p. 307
II, p. I34
goumlli, v., L. 3I, p. 324
role, part, ft)
purpose, "'~. mudi, n., L. 13, p. I 56
pursuits; activities, ;"f;#J, hu6dong, n., L. 33, p. 346
put forward; bring up, .f,'tll::, tichii, v., L. 32, p. 333
qualification, Yf-#1-, zige, n., L. 34, p. 353
quickly; at high-speed,
·tJcit., kuaisu, adv., L. 29, p. 305
quite a few, 11t JL, h!lojl, L. 6, p. 78
rural areas,
radical; advanced,
#~.ali:fJil.,
zhongzu qishi, n., L. 23, p. 258
satisfy; be satisfied,
scholar, ~;;f. xuezh~. n., L. 2I, p. 24I; L. 34, p. 355
school, ~.fit. xuexiao, n., L. 2, p. 21
school courses, ~:fi., kecheng, n., L. 22, p. 247
school grade; year, lf-iit, nianji, n., L. 7, p. 91
school oflibera1 arts, .Jt~ f.t, wenxueyuan, n., L. 15, p. I78
really, .Ji... zhen, adv., L. 3, p. 33
reason, J!j.. 1!J, yuanyin, n., L. I2, p. I46
receive, #,1;:,jiesh0u, v., L. I2, p. I46
recently, .ftilt, zuijin, time word, L. I 0, p. I26
record, iC. jjt, jilu, n., L. 29, p. 307; L. 32, p. 334
reform, ?X.~. g!lige, n., L. 23, p. 257
reformists, ?f. tl ~ gll.iliangpai, n., L. 33, p. 345
regard with hostility, ft:fJil., dishi, v., L. 27, p. 288
regenerate/rebirth, >tif 1.., xinsheng, v./n., L. 35, p. 366
register (at school), ii.:IIJt, zhuce, v., L. 4, p. 44
regret, .lf>·tAt. hOuhul, v., L. IO, p. I25
school of science, £~ft. llxueyuan, n., L. I5, p. 178
schoolwork, -'h~ gongke, n., L. 7, p. 89
schoolwork, ~.:II!.. xueye, n., L. IO, p. I27
science and technology, #R, keji, n., L. 35, p. 363
search for, .f.lt~. zhlloxun, v., L. 2I, p. 24I
see; look, ~, kan, v., L. 2, p. 20
self, me.., zijl, pron., L. 4, p. 48
sell; peddle, JIM..#;, fanmai, v., L. 24, p. 265
;;(if*· youguan,, L. 21, p. 241
semester, ~.Jill. xueqi, n., L. 7, p. 88
sense; reason; argument, it£, dao.II, n., L. 13, p. I 56
relatively speaking,~~ *.:iJL, xiangduilaishuo,. L. 12, p. 147
relax; easy; relaxing, ~;fk, qingsong, adj., L. 8, p. 107
rely on; depend on,
~,
guan.xi, n., L. I 0, p. 125
sense; significance, ;t :it, yiyi, n., L. 29, p. 307
serious, ? 1:, yanzhong, adj., L. 31, p. 321
sensitive,~~.
W.. !". yikao, v., L. 33, p. 345
report,
iH~.
mln'glln, adj., L. 26, p. 281
;q ... nll4l-, wei... ruwil, v., L. 34, p. 353
serious (in nature); solemn,? pt, yansu, adj., L. 8, p. I06
remember, ic..fl,ji.de, v., L. 14, p. 169
repay money,
iltJ ;t, mllnyi, v., L. 32, p. 332
Saturday, £.Jiil:i>, xingqTiiu, n., L. 2, p. 20
real; true, .Ji..~. zhenshi, adj., L. 30, p. 3I5
realization/realize, ~JN.. shixian, n./v., L. 26, p. 28I; L. 32, p. 333
*
#. xiangciin, n., L. 30, p. 313
same, -:.+f. yiyang, adj., L. I, p. 3
sandwich, .E.B}j if;, sanmingzhi, n., L. 7, p. 89
rare; uncommon, #-4'-. xiqi, adj., L. 31, p. 323
rationality, ~Ai, llxing, n., L. 34, p. 355
reader; textbook, #; .t., dub~n. n., L. 28, p. 295
relation; connection,
~
s
ittl!, jijin, adj., L. 33, p. 345
railway, i*-~. ti~lu, n., L. 35, p. 363
rapidly, ·tHt. kuaisu, adv., L. 2I, p. 24I
related to,
n., L. 25, p. 273
rule; governance, iA,if;, tongzhi, n., L. 33, p. 345
run, manage (a school, a company), flJ., ban, v., L. 33, p. 346
R
racial discrimination,
~. jillose/juese,
(romantic) love,~~~. lian'ai, v., L. 34, p. 355
room, J1. -f-. wii.zi, n., L. 6, p. 76
round trip (airplane ticket), *!!il(~~). laihui(jipiao), n., L. IO,
p. I26
rug; carpet, ;It!!..{!, ditlln, n., L. 7, p. 9I
serve ... '
huanqian, v.-o., L. 29, p. 307
settle down, ;t)!, dingjii, v., L. 12, p. I45
.til .:f-. bao.dllo, n., L. 30, p. 3I4
several; a few, JL, jl, det., L. 6, p. 77
republic, R.I!J, mingu6, n., L. 1, p. 3
401
English Index
severe criticism, 4*.-f•J, plpan, n., L. 35, p. 366
shame; humiliation, jfll:. ,.,, chlrii, n., L. 35, p. 363
stable, ;f.~Jt, w~nding, adj., L. 31, p. 321
stage (said of a period of time), 1'!1-.&,jieduan, n .. L. 35, p. 367
standard, ~;J;;fi, biiio.zhiln, n./adj., L. 12, p. 146; L. 13, p. 154
standard Mandarin Chinese, *:iiw, piltonghua, n., L. 13, p. 154
standard; norm, ~i1.., gulfan, n., L. 35, p. 365
share, ~Jfl, heyong, v., L. 7, p. 92
share living space, ~{i., hezhil, v., L. 7, p. 91
shopping center, ~ 1/h 4' •'->, gouwilzhongxln, n., L. 29, p. 305
short for-k Jl.. (daughter), female, ±,nil, n., L. 4, p. 44
start to V ... , V ~ ...
V.qr.tai, v., L. 4, p. 45
starting from,;,!.. ... ~, c6ng ... qr,. L. 7, p. 88
short term, ~JIJJ, duanql, n., L. 9, p. 117
short-term training class,~ iJIJ Jjl, duanxunbiin, n., L. 10, p. 124
should, ;!Lit, ylnggiii, aux., L. 8, p. 106
stay; live, 1i., zhu, v., L. 6, p. 78
stem from; proceed from, til -f, chiiyu, v., L. 35, p. 363
still, ~,t, hai.shi, adv., L. 2, p. 20
show, display, £-Ft!l,xianshichii, v., L. 30, p. 315
show; manifest, ~1.1!., bilioxian, v., L. 25, p. 274
still; also, ~. hai, adv ., L. 1, p. 4
stimulate, promote, 1>U!, cujin, v., L. 27, p. 287
side, i!L,L, biiinr, n., L. 2, p. 19
significant, ~I; 5I.., youyi.yi, adj., L. 10, p. 124
significant, y k., zhongda, adj., L. 34, p. 355
stimulate, ~·J i.tt, cljl, v .. L. 29, p. 305
story, tt '!!'. gil.shi, n., L. 8, p. 105
strange, ~·tl:, qiguai, adj., L. 2, p. 19
she; her, -M!., ta, pron., L. 6, p. 77
*-·
short for -It ;1< (mother), -tt, mil, n., L. 4, p. 44
state; appearance, tf-f, yang.zi, n., L. 8, p. 104
silk, !!, si, n., L. 25, p. 273
similar, ill{.;(, xiiingsi, adj., L. 26, p. 281
strengthen,
similar; about the same, .£::f.~. cha.buduo, adj., L. 14, p. 169
simple, ;;,~ J'f,jiandiin, adj., L. 7, p. 89
simplified characters, [.fj #>.~,jiantlzi, n., L. 14, p. 166
simplify, 1'i1t,jianhu8., n., L. 14, p. 167
strong; powerful, 5!, qiang, adj., L. 35, p. 363
structure, tt #], jiegou, n., L. 9, p. 116
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), t El/lll.tf>-, Zhongri zhanzheng, n.,
L. 35, p. 364
situation, A'Jii,jumian, n .. L. 26, p. 281
skill; technique, .tt~,jineng, n., L. 30, p. 313
students studying abroad, fli ~ 1., liuxuesheng, n., L. 32, p. 331
study, $-'IS, nianshii, v.-o., L. 6, p. 79
study; learn, ~. xue, v., L. 2, p. 21
study; read,~. du, v., L. 10, p. 124
style, i(.Af, shiyang, n., L. 31, p. 321
slow, ·If, man, adj .. L. 9, p. 117
smoke; smoking, .#1~, chouyiin, v.-o., L. 24, p. 267
so; this, i!.Z., zem.me, adv .. L. 7, p. 89
socialism, ;fl:. ~ .i. 5I.., she.huizhilyi, n., L. 21, p. 241
;fl:.~,
:n-
style; way, ii.,, rangshi, n .. L. 29, p. 305
subway, lll!A;k., diti~, n., L. 31, p. 323
suffer, 1:W., shouzui, v., L. 8, p. 105
sufficient, if./t.., chongzu, adj., L. 31, p. 321
summer, ".f..J':..., xia.tiiin, n., L. 10, p. 124
she.hui, n., L. 9, p. 118
summer vacation, :!-1R, shllji8., n., L. 9, p. 117
superior, ;$i a)j, giioming, adj., L. 35, p. 365
some,~~. you.de, pron., L. 3, p. 34
something on one's mind, •'->'!!', xlnshi, n., L. 12, p. 145
sometimes, ~at, youshi, n./time word, L. 2, p. 20
sooner than expected; as early as, t,t, jiu, adv .. L. 2, p. 20
sound, j;( ~), sheng(yln), n., L. 6, p. 76
source; place of origin, ~i/.f..ltl!., fiiyuandi, n., L. 25, p. 273
south, ,fJ
nanfiing, n., L. 13, p. 155
Southeast Asia, $ ,fJ 311., Dongnanya, n., L. 25, p. 273
southern tune and northern intonation-mixed accent, !fJ H!l ~1:. if.),
nanqiiing b~idiao, n., L. 13, p. 155
southwest, J!, ,fJ, xi' nan, n., L. 2, p. 18
speak, say, talk, ij(,, shuo, v., L. 1, p. 6
speak with ... accent, of a~. dai ... kouyln, v.-o., L. 13, p. 155
special, #ft.. teshii, adj., L. 25, p. 273; L. 30, p. 313
supply,
special local products,
#
T
table, ,t. -f, zhuo.zi, n., L. 7, p. 91
Taipei, ~ ~!:.. taib~i. n., L. 25, p. 275
Taiwan,~ i·~,
@., tese, n., L. 35, p. 367
spice,
'if:#, xiiingliao, n., L. 25, p. 273
>tt#, jingshen, n., L. 25, p. 274
take the opportunity to,
spot; dot, ,,11, Jl.., dianr, n., L. 2, p. 19
square meter, -']'-st, -nd, -rd, -th,
~#,
take turns,
xuiinchuan, v .• L. 33, p. 346
~ilL,
hliixi{t, n., L. 26, p. 281
,tt;fR.~,
:t, n{t, v., L. 8, p. 104
take ... as a standard principle,
1, p. 2
402
chtnjThui, v., L. 9, p. 118
lunliu, v., L. 7, p. 89
take with hand; bring; carry,
:n- ;fl. pingfiingml, n., L. 31, p. 323
;p;, di, ordinal prefix, L.
~~>t.
take or regard ... as ... , ;!e. ... ~11 ... , bli... dangzuo ... , v .. L. 21,
p.241
take seriously; value, y;fYI., zhongshi, v., L. 12, p. 147
spoken language, a-ffl-, kou.yil, n .. L. 9, p. 117
spread; publicize; propagate,
Taiwan, n., L. 1, p. 5
(Taiwan) strait; channel,
# /'", techan, n., L. 25, p. 273
spirit,
1*/!l, gongying, n .• L. 31, p. 321
support, i..#, zhlchi, v., L. 9, p. 118
sweep or clean up (a place), tr {3, dlislio, v .. L. 30, p. 313
sword, ~J.jian, n., L. 33, p. 345
synonym, JaJ :$1..-j.l], t6ngyici, n., L. 26, p. 281
system, *'l Jt, zhidu, n., L. 32, p. 331
:n-,
special characteristics,
v .. L. 32, p. 333
stroll around, ~~ guang.guang, v., L. 29, p. 305
strong, 5!, qiang, adj .. L. 27, p. 287
strong; intense, ~H!t, qianglie, adj., L. 25, p. 274
Singapore, i!f/itr.!Jt, Xinjiiipo, n .• L. 25, p. 275
single, .if,jf, diinshen, adj., L. 31, p. 323
society,
/itr~!,jiiiqiang,
strict; tight, ~~. jln, adj., L. 4, p. 45
strive for, .tp.~ zhengqil, v .. L. 33, p. 343
¥;( ...
ln1t, yl...weizhiln, v .. L. 28,
English Index
p.297
take ... as ... , :t ... -ft !:7, na ... zuowei, v., L. 21, p. 239
talk; chat, iti~. tan.tan, v., L. 9, p. 117
tasty; delicious, -!!t•t, Mochi, adj., L. 7, p. 89
taxi, tl1 :f.ll.i'\.4'-, chiiziiqiche, n., L. 31, p. 323
tea leaves, ;f.., chi\, n., L. 25, p. 273
teach, fi,jiao, v., L. 8, p. 106
teach, fi~.jiaoshii, v.-o., L. 31, p. 323; L. 34, p. 355
teacher, :;t g~, U1oshi, n., L. 5, p. 62
(telephone) recording; record (sound), :!it~. hiyin, n./v., L. 6, p. 76
television, ~;j)t, dianshi, n., L. 2, p. 20; L. 24, p. 265
tell, %iiF, gao.su, v., L. 4, p. 45
temp, work part time, .tr .:r., dli.gong, v., L. 30, p. 313
temporary; transient, -atMJ, yishi.de,, L. 29, p. 307
tendency,~ fo], qingxiang, n., L. 25, p. 274
tendency, ,!! 1Q-, qiishi, n., L. 25, p. 275
tense; strained, ~l;t!l.t,jinzhang, adj., L. 10, p. 125
terrible, outrageous, :f-1~ it, bUxianghu3, adj., L. 24, p. 265
territory, 4Ji .±.., IIngtil, n., L. 26, p. 281
test; trial, :if i!ft, klloyan, n., L. 35, p. 365
Texas, it ~li, Dezhou, n./place word, L. 3, p. 32
that time, J!fl at. nashi, n., L. 1, p. 4
that which is called; the so-called, foJj"i'li, suowei, L. 12, p. 144
that; those, J!fl, na, det., L. 1, p. 3
that's right, ~ 1, dui.le, L. 1, p. 5
the beginning years, >in-+, chiinian, time word, L. 28, p. 295
the Chinese language, 'f :t., Zhongwen, n., L. 2, p. 20
the Chinese phonetic alphabet, i~-ffl-.#1-~. hanyii pinyin, n., L. 14,
p. 166
the early period, >in.J!JJ, chiiqi, time word, L. 21, p. 240
The Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), :t.it. k.$- ~.
Wenhua dageming, n., L. 21, p. 240
the highest degree in imperial examinations, lit±, jinshi, n., L. 34,
p.353
the Manchu nationality government (Qing Dynasty), ;~it,
Mllnqing, n., L. 33, p. 343
the National Party (KMT), 1!1 ~:it. Gu6mindllng, n., L. 26, p. 281
the Opium War (1840-1842), .f~Jt ~+. Yapian zhanzheng, n.,
L. 35, p. 362
the people, A.~, renmin, n., L. I, p. 3
the poor and the rich, j\1;, pinfil, n., L. 30, p. 313
the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), 7k .tll, Qingchao, n., L. 32, p. 333;
L. 35, p. 365
the reason that. .. , d(..foJj" ¥;.{, zhisuoyi, , L. 11, p. 135
the Taiwanese language, f; -ffl-, Taiyil, n., L. 27, p. 287
The two parties or sides, ~;;t. shuangfiing, n., L. 26, p. 281
The United States of America, *:1!1, Ml!igu6, n., L. 2, p. 19
the Western world, i1!J ;;t, xif"ang, n., L. 25, p. 273
the world, i!!:" .)}, shi.jie, n., L. 4, p. 46
there you go again, -f.t
1, ni you lai.le, L. 4, p. 46
there's only, .f.. ;;ff, zhiyou, L. 1, p. 6
therefore, foJj" ¥;.{, suo.yi, conj., L. 3, p. 34
therefore, i1il ~. yinci, conj., L. 12, p. 145
they, #..111, ta.men, pron., L. 1, p. 5
things and objects, :;: 411, shiwti, n., L. 35, p. 363
things; matters; business, :;: , shi, n., L. 6, p. 79
think, ~. xillng, v., L. 3, p. 33
think mistakenly, J.o;.{ !:7, yiwei, v., L. II, p. 135
think; feel, :J\f:1~,jue.de, v., L. 2, p. 19
thinker; philosopher, .W;m~. sixillngjiii, n., L. 25, p. 273
this year, -<}}f-,jinnian, time word, L. 9, p. 117
this; these, i!., zhe, det., L. 1, p. 2
thorough/thoroughly,~;!.. chedi, adj./adv., L. 23, p. 257; L. 32,
p.333
thought, idea, .~-~. sixillng, n., L. 25, p. 273
Tibetan, iii., Zang, adj., L. 28, p. 295
ticket, #.-, piao, n., L. 10, p. 126
time, at~. shi.hou, n., L. 2, p. 18
time, at f"l, shijian, n., L. 7, p. 89
time and again,-*· yizai, adv., L. 33, p. 345
time for going and leaving work; rush hour, J: T Jj1. at f"l,
shangxiaban shi.jian, L. 31, p. 324
time; instance, ;J:.., ci, AN for verbs, L. 6, p. 77
times; age, sH.;., shidai, n., L. 14, p. 168
today, 4' Ji:..., jintian, n./time word, L. 4, p. 44
together,-~. yiqi, adv., L. 7, p. 91
toilet, )Jilii foJj", ce.suo, n., L. 7, p. 92
Tokyo,
Dongjing, n., L. 33, p. 343
tolerant; lenient, }): $:, kuanr6ng, adj., L. 34, p. 355
·tomorrow, I!R Ji:..., mingtian, n./time word, L. 5, p. 64
too; excessively, ;k, tai, adv., L. 4, p. 45
trade, 1l ,lb, mao.yi, n., L. 4, p. 47
tradition, #lift., chuantong, n., L. 29, p. 305
(traffic) jam,~~. diise, n./v., L. 31, p. 324
training class, 1JII jf.JJ1, xun.Iianban, n., L. 9, p. 117
translator; interpreter, ~it. fiinyi, n., L. 32, p. 331
transportation, communication, 3ti!.,jiaotong, n., L. 27, p. 287
transportation facilities, 3ti!..LJ!..,jiaotong gongju, n., L. 31,
p.323
true; genuine, .,A..iE, zhenzheng, adj., L. 15, p. 179
try to gain, 1t~ m6uqii, v., L. 34, p. 353
try; attempt, iR,If], shitU, v., L. 27, p. 287
two (used with AN), i!Ii, liang, no., L. 1, p. 2
two languages (as a modifier, "bilingual"), ~-ffl-. shuangyil, n.,
L. 22, p. 247
two-party political system, i!Ii 1t ib:..if;, lillngdllng zhengzhi, n.,
L. 26, p. 281
;f."*·
u
uncivilized; barbaric, YfWl, yl!man, adj., L. 35, p. 363
unconsciously, :f-*" ;r- :J\f:(.ll!!.), buzhibujue.de, adv., L. 11, p. 134
under the charge or accusation of, ¥;.{ ••• ,W.£, yi. .. zuim!ng,, L. 33,
p.346
undergo; go through, ~ii.jingguo, v., L. 35, p. 363
understand, ·tf, dong, v., L. 1, p. 5
understand; comprehend, J.!./1!1-, IIjil!, v., L. 35, p. 365
understand; knOW clear, R}i f;J, ming.bai, v./adj., L. 30, p. 315
unfortunate, ;r- -t, bUxing, adj., L. 11, p. 134
unique; the only, "ft-. weiyi, L. 12, p. 146
unite/united, Yc.-, tongyi, v./adj., L. 26, p. 282
unless, J't ~f.. chUrei, conj.. L. 23, p. 258; L. 33, p. 345
unruly; disorderly; chaotic,~. Juan, adj,. L. 13, p. 155
use, rn, yong, v., L. 7, p. 91
.5l*-
403
English Index
wish with respect, ;lfhJL,jingzhu, v., L. 9, p. liS
wish; desire, .It :I, yuan. wang, n., L. II, p. 133
with; to, ~ gen, prep., L. 2, p. 20
within ... , ... zP-J, ... zhinei, n., L. 32, p. 333
use commonly, i!ffl, tongyong, v .. L. 14, p. 167
use; apply, ~rn, shlyong, v .• L. 2S, p. 297
usually; ordinarily; often, 1:£1:£, wmgwmg, adv., L. 12, p. 144
utensil; appliance, rn .J!., yongju, n .. L. 7, p. 90
Utopia, ~#..JJI, Wiituobiing, n., L. 21, p. 241
women, ±1-k, fUnli, n., L. 33, p. 342
women's emancipation, ±1-kMm:., fUnlijiejiang, n., L. 33, p. 345
wonderful, *f;f§.. 7, hltoji.le, L. 4, p. 45
word, i'J, ci, n., L. 27, p. 2S7
v
*-
V by (some method), !?{ ... V, yJ...IaiV, L. 29, p. 305
V in vain; V for nothing, f=J V, bai V, L. 31, p. 323
work; job,
value, 1fr{t, jiazhi, n., L. 35, p. 365
varied; diverse; manifold, ~iff~ {f-, duozhi'lngduoyang, adj.,
L. 30, p. 313
verbal suffix for past experience, it, guo, L. 5, p. 64
very, ~!l, hijn, adv., L. 2, p. 19
~iiE.,
would rather 8 than A, ~ -1t- A ::fcka 8, yii qi A bUrn 8, L. II,
p. 135
write,~. xie, v., L. 5, p. 63
write essays, 11 j:_, zuowen, v.-o., L. 33, p. 343
write poems, 11it, zuoshi, v.-o., L. 33, p. 343
writer, 11 ~. zuojiii, n .. L. 33, p. 343
written language, j:_!f, wenzi, n., L. 14, p. 167
wrong, iiHk, cuo.wil, adj.. L. 26, p. 2S2
qiiinzheng, n., L. I 0, p. 126
w
want; would like to, ;t!!., ximg, v., L. 4, p. 45
warlord,
~Jljj,jiinfa,
X
X percent, 1i 51-z X, MirenzhiX, L. 2S, p. 295
n., L. 34, p. 355
warm, Jfi, num, adj., L. 31, p. 321
*a.
warship,
bingjian, n., L. 35, p. 363
way of saying; opinion, 1-Vi<-, shuo.f'A, n., L. 5, p. 63
y
wealthy, 1;, til, adj., L. 35, p. 363
Yale University, .11~-t- :k..-:if., Yeliidaxue, n .. L. 32, p. 331
year, 1f-, nian, n., L. I, p. 4
wear; put on, :f, chuiin, v., L. 29, p. 307
week, !l..J!Jl, xingqi, n., L. 2, p. 20
yellow; brown, }It, huang, adj., L. 3, p. 33
you, it, ni, pron., L. 3, p. 32
you (a respectful form), 1$, nin, pron., L. 5, p. 64
weekend, p.j *-. zhOumo, n., L. II, p. 134
well then; then, 1lJI Z., na.me/ne.me, conj.. L. I, p. 3
well; by the way, $<f 7, dui.le, int., L. 7, p. 91
young,
well-behaved, :ijo, guiii, adj., L. 12, p. 147
Westernization Movement of the 19th century (to introduce foreign
technology to China), ifj}-lfii;IJ, yangwil yilndong, n .. L. 35,
p.365
Westernize, ~1-t, xlhu{t, v., L. 32, p. 331
what, ftZ., shem.me, qw .. L. l, p. 2
What a pity!, :k. Pf·l{ 7 ! , taikijxne, L. 22, p. 249
"what is received"- income, earnings, Jifr1~, suMe, n .. L. 30,
p.3l5
what to do? what can be done?,.~ Z. Jl·, zljm.meban, L. 6, p. 79
why, :h 1t z.' weishem.me, qw .. L. l' p. 3
why must? why bother?, 1"f;t.•, hebi, QW. L. 6, p. 79
-i--f, qLzi, n.. L. 33, p. 345
will,~.
-+~.
nianqing, adj.. L. 34, p. 355
young people, lf-~A., nianqingren, n., L. 30, p. 313
young; small, •J•, xilto, adj., L. 2, p. IS
What's the matter?,.~ Z. W"f, zljn.me hui shi,. L. S, p. 107
where, ~~JL, nltr, QW, L. 2, p. IS; L. 5, p. 63
who, i(t, shui, QW, L. 6, p. 79
wife,
II, p. 135
worry for, :h ... ft•-:>, wei...ciioxln, v., L. 6, p. 79
would rather, 'TPf, ningke, aux., L. 23, p. 257
very unusual or strange, ~~·tldk, qiqigwiiguai, adj., L. 13, p. 155
village path; country road, f; f•1 •H!, xiiingjiiinxiltodao, n .. L. 30,
p.3l5
violate; infringe, 1HI?.., qinfan, v .. L. 24, p. 265
violence, 1/;./], baoli, n., L. 24, p. 265
visa,
x..11, gongzuo, n., L.
working staff, 1}-.I..A.~, wilgongrenyuan, n., L. 30, p. 313
works (of literature and art), 11 J',, zuopln, n., L. 2S, p. 297
worry, $•-:>, diinxln, v., L. 6, p. 76
hui, aux., L. 10, p. 127
will, ;t.t, yizhi, n., L. 12, p. 147
will do; all right, {t 7, xing.le, , L. 13, p. 156
willing, .It ;t, yuan.yi, aux., L. S, p. 106
wish, ~JL, zhu, v., L. 9, p. liS
wish, •-:>.it, xinyuan, n., L. 10, p. 125
404