2022
BIBLIOGRAPHY
& REFERENCING GUIDE
HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE 2022
Bibliography and
Referencing Guide
This guide has been developed in order to set out clear guidelines
for the teaching and learning, as well as assessment practices, for all
academic programmes offered by The Red & Yellow Creative School
of Business (Pty) Ltd.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
3.
4.
6.
Why is referencing important?...................................................................................................................................
Compiling a bibliography...............................................................................................................................................
Examples of Harvard Referencing.............................................................................................................................
Guide to referencing specific tyes of sources.......................................................................................................
PG6.
Book entry
Anthology/Edited collection or book
Book with one editor
Book with two or more editors
Article or chapter in collection/book
Translated books
Introductions and prefaces
Dictionary or encyclopaedia (print)
Journal articles
Interviews
Print magazines
Print newspapers
4.2. ONLINE
PG11.
Internet sources
Dictionary or encyclopaedia (online)
Online magazine
Online newspaper
PDF/Ebook
Google Form
Blogs
Article with DOI
YouTube videos
Podcasts
4.3. OTHER SOURCES
4.4. FILM AND APP
4.5. IMAGES
5.
4.1. PRINT
PG17
Television broadcasts - programmes
and series
Television commercials
Films and videos
Application (app)
Social media applications and sites
Computer Game
PG20
Printed sources
- Print artwork
- Print advertisement
- Print magazine image
Online sources
- Online artwork
- Online advertisement
- Other online image
Works of art
- Painting
- Photograph
- Sculpture
- Performance
- Video installation
- Design
Film/media stills
Screenshot from social media
application or site
PG14.
Unpublished theses and dissertations
Conference paper
Government publications
Press kit/press release
Dataset
Exhibition or art catalogues
Acts/Laws/Statutes
Any other unpublished papers
6.
Example of a completed bibliography
Important to remember
32.
33.
NOTE:
Hover over & click the section
names to jump straight to the
start of the section.
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1. WHY IS REFERENCING IMPORTANT?
In academic writing, ANY source material that you use in your writing – newspapers, magazines, journal articles, books,
reference material such as dictionaries - and any online resources – websites, online journals, articles in online newspaper
– MUST be PROPERLY acknowledged, by means of in-text citations AND a reference list at the end of your work. Failure
to do so constitutes PLAGIARISM. This is considered a very serious offense against academic honesty, is unlawful, and
may result in disciplinary measures.
You are to complete an official plagiarism quiz on Moodle upon the start of the academic year, and are required to fill out
and submit a plagiarism declaration document (available on Moodle) with every written assignment submitted over the
course of your studies.
2. COMPILING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
What is the difference between a
reference list and a bibliography?
A reference list includes only the sources you include in in-text citations, i.e. make reference to, in your work, while a
bibliography typically includes all sources you read and consult in your research process. It is common for shorter essays
(first and second year work) to have reference lists, where all sources in this list are actually referred to in the writing –
remember, an essay can only be considered academic if sources are reflected in both locations. All details in both locations
have to perfectly correspond to each other.
In longer assignments (some third year research work), there may be a need for a bibliography to indicate all sources that
informed your argument beyond those cited in the writing. The relation between the bibliography entries and sources
actually cited has to be credible – a bibliography of 20 sources cannot result in only 2 of these being cited and actively
used in writing. This is poor academic practice and may result in a loss of marks.
The term ‘bibliography’ will be used throughout the rest of this document.
3. HARVARD REFERENCING
All sources that you use in the writing of any material (such as
essays, articles, papers, presentations, etc.) must be fully
acknowledged by means of the Harvard referencing method.
The referencing style that Red & Yellow uses and requires you to use to acknowledge the source of the quotes that you
may use is called The Harvard Method (also known as the Author-Date Method). When using Harvard, the source of
information is acknowledged in the text. This in-text reference (also called a citation) includes the author or creator (only
the surname, no initials), the date (only the year) of the publication, and the page/s where the information was found
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(where applicable), for example:
“Good referencing skills are vital to academic writing” (Kirsten 2020: 111).
OR
“Good referencing skills are vital to academic writing” (Kirsten 2020: Online).
OR
Kirsten shows that a key component of academic writing is solid referencing (2020: Online).
To ensure effective cross-referencing (enabling you to easily find bibliography entries based on in-text referencing, and
vice versa), it is crucial that there is a consistent relationship between the in-text reference and the information in the
corresponding source reference in the bibliography.
E.g.
Source reference in the text:
(Stafford 1984: 427)
Source reference in the bibliography:
Stafford, BM. 1984. Voyage into substance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Due to correct in-text referencing, the reader now knows exactly where and how to find the corresponding entry in the
bibliography.
There are various required elements for successfully documenting a bibliography. For example, for a book you need the
following information:
•
the surname and initial/s of the author/s (e.g. Smith, J.) or editor/s, or the full name of any other entity that acts as
author, such as a corporate author
•
the year of publication
•
the full title of the work (including a subtitle if applicable)
•
place of publication (the city in which the text was published)
•
publisher’s name.
Each of these elements of the source entry is concluded with a full stop:
Stafford, BM. 1984. Voyage into substance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Please note that no bullets, numbers, or indentations are used in the bibliography –
entries are only separated by a line space.
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The bibliographic information for a book is found on the title page
and the back of the title page. Do not use the cover page to find
the bibliographic details of the publication. In some instances, this
information is at the back of the book. Any published book should
contain this information - ask for help if you cannot locate it on your
first attempt. Even online or ebooks have these details, and you will be
required to look for them and include them in your referencing.
It is a good idea to keep track of ALL the sources you consult in your
research process. This way you build your bibliography from the very
start, instead of scrambling to remember sources when finishing up
your paper/assignment. Keep a ‘research diary’ and make notes on
paper, tablet, or laptop to include in your final bibliography.
A complete and thorough bibliography does not only indicate your
adherence to academic standards, but it also shows the reader/
assessor that you have done sufficient reading and research in order to produce a well-rounded and nuanced piece of
work. For all written assignments, your bibliography will always count towards your final mark (along with your in-text
referencing), so make sure that you are well informed and equipped to use the Harvard method correctly. What will
be assessed is first, the correct use of the Harvard method, second,
the quality of sources used and the variety (you cannot just use
online or video sources), and third, your actual use of these sources
to build a strong argument, i.e., an alignment of the bibliography and
the content of your work.
NOTE: While there are online referencing generators, it is imperative to
remember that there are multiple varieties of Harvard referencing, and
you will be assessed on your use of the version explained in this guide,
NOT any online sources or generators. Failure to comply with this guide’s
guidelines will result in a loss of marks, and may even result in some of your
sources appearing uncredited and thus plagiarised.
PLEASE NOTE: Throughout this guide there will be examples of how to
reference in your bibliography AND how to reference in your text (in-text).
The in-text examples are NOT to be included in your bibliography.
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4. GUIDE TO REFERENCING SPECIFIC TYPES OF SOURCES
BOOK ENTRY
Bibliography:
Kern, GN. 1972. Winston Churchill: an intimate biography. New York: New York University Press.
In text:
(Kern 1972: 456)
4.1 PRINT
HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE 2022
ANTHOLOGY/EDITED COLLECTION OR BOOK
A source like this needs TWO ENTRIES – one with the surname of the author of the article/chapter, another with
the editor’s surname. The entries must be in alphabetical order as part of the bibliography.
Bibliography:
Crow, K. 1953. ‘Trends in sociology’, in New directions in sociology, edited by AC Liu. Melbourne: Action. 67-78.
Liu, AC. (ed.) 1953. New directions in sociology. Melbourne: Action.
In-text:
(Crow 1953: 72)
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
BOOK WITH ONE EDITOR
A source like this needs TWO ENTRIES – one with the surname of the author of the article/chapter, another with
the editor’s surname. The entries must be in alphabetical order as part of the bibliography.
Bibliography:
Wells, L (ed.). 2003. The Photography Reader. London: Routledge.
Crane, M. 2003. ‘In focus’, in The Photography Reader, edited by L Wells. London: Routledge. 45-60.
In-text:
(Crane 2003: 50).
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
BOOK WITH TWO OR MORE EDITORS
A source like this needs TWO ENTRIES – one with the surname of the author of the article/chapter, another
with the editor’s surname. The entries must be in alphabetical order as part of the bibliography.
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Bibliography:
Wells, L. & Crane, M (eds). 2003. The Photography Reader. London: Routledge.
Crane, M. 2003. ‘In focus’, in The Photography Reader, edited by L Wells & M Crane. London: Routledge. 45-60.
In-text:
(Crane 2003: 50).
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN COLLECTION/BOOK
A source like this needs TWO ENTRIES – one with the surname of the author of the article/chapter, another
with the editor’s surname. The entries must be in alphabetical order as part of the bibliography.
Bibliography:
Crow, K. 1953. ‘Trends in sociology’, in New directions in sociology, edited by AC Liu. Melbourne: Action. 67-78.
Liu, AC. (ed.) 1953. New directions in sociology. Melbourne: Action.
In-text:
(Crow 1953: 72)
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
TRANSLATED BOOKS
Bibliography:
Bavuma, L (trans. Makeba, M). 2010. The power of music. Cape Town: Juta
Kristeva, J (trans. Herman, J). 2000. The Sense and Non- Sense of Revolt. New York: Columbia University Press.
In-text:
(Bavuma 2010: 34)
Silly excuse to not
reference properly #1:
(Kristeva 2000:58)
“The Internet broke.”
INTRODUCTION & PREFACES
Introductions and prefaces can be found at the beginning of a text, and are usually indicated by page numbers
using small type Roman numerals. For any source entry from an introduction or preface, indicate that you have
sourced from the introduction by writing the word ‘Introduction’ after the author of the introduction’s name
and the date of publication, but do not underline or use italics. Follow this by the title of the text in which the
introduction is found (in italics), the author of the full text, the place of publication, and the publisher’s name. At
the end of the entry, write the inclusive page numbers in the Roman numeral format.
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Bibliography:
Wright, AD. 1963. Introduction, in Chemical bonding, by C Dasai. Los Angeles: Drury, v-xvi.
Dasai, C. 1963. Chemical bonding. Los Angeles: Drury
In-text:
(Wright 1963: x)
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
DICTIONARY OR ENCYLOPEDIA (PRINT)
Sv is the abbreviation of the Latin phrase sub verso, meaning “under the word”. If you are using a physical dictionary,
you do not need to indicate the page number of the entry because the ‘Sv’ indicates where the reader can find the entry
(use the word/concepts you looked up), but you must include the dictionary in your bibliography as you would a book.
Details required for this kind of entry: Dictionary publisher. Year. Full Title of Dictionary. Edition (only include this if not
the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Bibliography:
Chambers. 2010. Chambers Paperback Dictionary Thesaurus. London: Chambers Harpers Publishers Ltd.
In-text:
(Chambers 2010: Sv. “referencing”)
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Write the name of the author of the article, the date of the journal’s publication, the title of the article (no italics
or quotation marks), the title of the journal in which it appears (in italics), the volume number of the journal, the
issue number of the journal, and on which pages of the journal the article can be found.
Bibliography:
Ndebele, R. 1971. Images of culture and mental illness: New psychiatric approaches. Journal of Mental Health,
21(2): 313-322.
In-text:
(Ndebele 1971: 319)
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
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INTERVIEWS
When an interview appears in a journal or in a book/anthology/collection, treat it exactly like either a journal article, or
an essay/chapter in a book/anthology/collection. These examples have already been explained.
A different method is followed when it is an interview/personal communication that you have conducted, since personal
communications/interviews do not provide recoverable data, i.e. information that the reader may be able to look up
and access themselves. Give initials as well as the surname of the communicator (interviewee) and provide the
place (when appropriate) and date of communication. Transcripts of personal communications may be included in an
appendix, but this is not compulsory.
Bibliography:
De Waal, L, Personal interview, Cape Town, 15 July 2001.
In-text:
“Many architects do not understand the needs of disabled people” (L De Waal, Personal interview, Cape Town, 15 July
2001).
OR IT CAN BE:
According to Louis de Waal, many architects do not understand the needs of disabled people (Personal interview, Cape
Town, 15 July 2001).
PRINT MAGAZINE
Magazines, like journals, have volume and issue numbers. If there is no author of the article, use the title of the article.
Bibliography:
James, J. 2014. Syria: Crisis State. Sarie, 40(3): 65-66.
OR IT CAN BE:
10 Ways to get Rock Hard Abs. 2010. FHM, 21(5): 33.
In-text:
(James 2014: 66)
(FHM 2010: 33)
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
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PRINT NEWSPAPERS
Use the following referencing for hard copy newspapers. If there is an edition number, generally occurring when
the newspaper has been reprinted, include it in brackets as shown below.
Bibliography:
Smith, M. 2014. The Guptas and Zuma: Is South Africa in trouble? The Sunday Times, (2). 30 August, 3-4.
In-text:
(Smith 2014: 3)
NOTE: The bibliography entry includes the page numbers of all pages that the article spans, but the in-text
citation, notes where the exact information you are referring to may be located.
Silly excuse to not reference properly, #2:
“I was going to reference, but the book is
in a different language.”
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INTERNET SOURCES
Write the name of the author of the text, the title of the text, the format (‘Online’ in square brackets), the
internet address (HYPERLINK REMOVED), and the date on which you accessed the information (in square
brackets).
Author known:
Bibliography:
Hazlitt, W. 2007. Julius Caesar characters analysis [Online].
Available: http://absoluteshakespeare.com/guides/caesar/characters/caesar_characters_essay.htm [Accessed 4
April 2007].
In-text:
(Hazlitt 2007: Online)
No author:
Bibliography:
Educating America for the 21st century: Developing a strategic plan for educational leadership for Columbia University,
1993-2000 (Initial workshop draft). 1994 [Online].
Available: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/CONF/ EdPlan.html [Accessed 16 May 2001].
In-text:
(Educating America for the 21st century 1994: Online)
No publication date:
Bibliography:
Prizker, TJ. [s.a.]. An early fragment from central Nepal [Online].
Available: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritker/ pritzker.html [Accessed 12 December 2000].
In-text:
(Prizker s.a.: Online).
DICTIONARY (ONLINE)
‘Sv.’ is the abbreviation of the Latin phrase sub verso, meaning “under the word”. You do not need to indicate
‘Online’ in your citation, since ‘Sv’ indicates where the reader can find the entry (use the word/concepts you
looked up), but you must include the dictionary in your bibliography as you would a website, so the reader will be
able to locate this exact source.
Details required for this kind of entry: Dictionary publisher or host. Last year of updating the site. Sv. “...”
[Online].
Available: … [Accessed].
Bibliography:
The Free Dictionary. 2020. Sv. “referencing” [Online].
Available: http:// https://www.thefreedictionary.com/referencing [Accessed 5 June 2020].
In-text:
(The Free Dictionary 2020: Sv. “referencing”).
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ONLINE (MAGAZINES)
Details required: Author, Initials. Year. Title of Article. Full Title of Magazine. Volume number (Issue number):
Page numbers (if available).
Available: <URL> [Date accessed].
Bibliography:
Thorne, S. 2017. The Making of a Museum. Frieze.com. Jan- Feb (Issue 184).
Available: <https://frieze.com/article/making- museum> [Accessed 17/01/2017].
In-text:
(Thorne 2017: Online).
ONLINE NEWSPAPERS
Bibliography:
Hardcastle, G, 2015. The White Rose of Yorkshire is still Flying High in Cricket. The Press York. 18 June. Available
at: http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/13339665.Gale_gears_up_for_pivotal_spell_for_Yorkshire/ (Accessed: 19
June 2015)
In text:
(Hardcastle 2015: Online)
PDF/EBOOK
Details required for this kind of entry: Author, Initials. Year. Title of Book. [E-book/pdf ]. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Available: <URL.> [Date accessed].
Bibliography:
Heller, S. 2014. DesignFile: Design Cult [E-book]. Smithsonian Design Museum: Cooper-Hewitt.
Available: <http://artbook. com/ebook-design-cult.html> [Accessed 21 March 2020].
In-text:
(Heller 2014: 6).
Silly excuse to not
reference properly #3:
“The online referencing
generator was offline, so
I couldn’t reference.”
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GOOGLE FORMS
Bibliography:
Kirsten, M. 2021. Your thoughts matter [Online] Google Forms survey.
Available: Add the link [Created: Date you created the survey].
In-text:
(Kirsten 2021)
If you are referencing specific participant responses from the information you have gathered:
Bibliography:
Participant A, in M Kirsten. 2021. Your thoughts matter [Online] Google Forms survey.
Available: Add the link [Submitted: The date they submitted a response].
AND:
Kirsten, M. 2021. Your thoughts matter [Online] Google Forms survey.
Available: Add the link [Created: Date you created the survey].
In-text:
(Participant A 2021)
If you refer to more than one participant’s direct views you include them all, ALONG with the original Google Forms
reference (Kirsten) in your bibliography or reference list.
BLOGS
Details required of this kind of entry: Author, Initials. Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog Title. [online]. Blog
posting date.
Available: <URL.> [Date accessed].
Bibliography:
Reissmann, H. 2014. The fascinating evolution of type design. TED Blog [Online]. 18/03/2014.
Available: <http://blog.ted.com/ the-fascinating-evolution-of-type-design-matthew-carter- at-ted2014/>
[Accessed 31/07/2015].
In-text:
(Reissmann 2014: online).
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ARTICLE WITH DOI
Bibliography:
Kirsten, M. 2020. The march continues: A critique of The Long March to Freedom statue collection exhibited at
Century City, Image & Text, 34(2020), doi:10.17159/2617-3255/2020/n34a8
– ONLY the doi numbers and no full-stop after - DOI replaces page number IF there are either no page numbers or
the page numbers are just covering the length of the article, for example, 1-16, and not 84-104.
In-text:
(Kirsten 2020).
YOUTUBE VIDEOS
Referencing YouTube videos is very much a blend between referencing films/videos and referencing an internet source
(also applicable to Vimeo, Netflix, and other like sources). You should be careful when deciding to use a YouTube video
as an academic source – remember that even these sources have to be credible and verifiable. Also, do not be lazy – if
you are using a documentary from BBC, or another major broadcasting company, or production house, first see if this
source is not available on any other platform.
Bibliography:
Žižek, S. 2012. Don’t Act. Just Think. [Video lecture]. [Online].
Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgR6uaVqWsQ [Accessed 25 January 2016].
In-text:
(Žižek 2012: Online)
PODCASTS
Podcasts may be used as sources, but exercise the same caution as with YouTube videos – make sure that the source is
academic and verifiable. The format of reference is derived from that of other internet sources.
You will need the following information for a bibliography entry:
Author’s surname, Author’s initials. Year Published. Title. [Podcast] Publication Title.
Available: http://Website URL [Accessed Date Accessed].
Bibliography:
Baggini, D. 2014. Understanding sacred texts. [Podcast] Authority and belief.
Available: http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/sacred/understanding/ [Accessed 11 Aug. 2014].
In-text:
“Every text is a product of its time” (Baggini 2014: Podcast).
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UNPUBLISHED THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
Write the name of the author of the work, the year in which it was completed, the title of the work (without
italics or underlined), the degree for which the work was submitted (e.g. PhD, MA), and the University for which
it was written.
Bibliography:
Saunders, JM. 1978. Early settlement in Western Australia. (MA) Thesis. Murdoch University.
OR
Makeba, JM. 2018. Colonial legacy in the Eastern Cape. (PhD ) Dissertation. University of Fort Hare.
In-text:
(Saunders 1978: 56).
(Makeba 2018: 56).
When you find this source online, as you most likely will, list and cite exactly like a print version - you should
have all the necessary information to be able to do so, as institutions make all of this available in their databases.
CONFERENCE PAPER
The details to be included are: Author, Initials. Year. Title of paper. Title of conference, Official name of
university or hosting institution, Date of conference.
When using a hard copy:
Bibliography:
Carman, J. 1995. Seventeenth century Dutch and Flemish painting in South Africa. Paper presented at the Tenth
Annual Conference of the South African Associated of Art Historians, Stellenbosch University, 14-16 July 1995.
In-text:
(Carman 1995:158).
When found online:
Bibliography:
Carman, J. 1995. Seventeenth century Dutch and Flemish painting in South Africa. Paper presented at the Tenth
Annual Conference of the South African Associated of Art Historians, Stellenbosch University, 14-16 July 1995
[Online].
Available: xyz.com [Accessed 5 June 2020].
In-text:
(Carman 1995: Online).
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GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Publications such as Gazettes, Green and White Papers, Acts, and Laws fall under government publications. Often
there are no authors given for these papers, and only the specific department is mentioned. These documents
sometimes do not have page numbers so you must refer to the specific section of the Act or Paper. Note that this
section forms part of the official title, so also belongs in italics.
When found online:
Biography:
Film and Publication Board. 2009. Films and Publications Amendment Act, no.3, 2009 [Online].
Available: https://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/a3_2009.pdf [Accessed 9 September 2003].
In-text:
(Film and Publication Board 2009: Online).
When using a hard copy:
Biography:
South Africa. 1999. Broadcasting Act, no. 4, 1999. Pretoria: Government Printer.
In-text:
According to the South African Film and Publication Board, distribution, in terms of films or publications, means “to
sell, hire out or offer to keep for sale or hire…or exhibit a film, game or publication to a person” (Film and Publication
Board 2009: 4).
OR IT CAN BE:
Under the Broadcasting Act (South Africa 1999: sec36.10), the South African National Broadcasting Corporation, as
the national broadcaster, must offer unbiased news programmes.
PRESS KIT/PRESS RELEASE
The details required are: Author/organisation. Year issued. Title of communication. [Press release]. Day/month.
When using a hard copy:
Biography:
Apple. 2019. Apple adds Earth Day donations to the trade-in and recycling program. [Press Release]. 19 April.
In-text:
(Apple 2019: 2)
When found online:
Biography:
Apple. 2019. Apple adds Earth Day donations to the trade-in and recycling program. [Press Release]. 19 April
[Online].
Available: xyz.com [Accessed 5 June 2020].
In-text:
(Apple 2019: Online)
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DATASET
Bibliography:
Statistics South Africa. 2012. Census 2011: Statistical release [Online].
Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf [Accessed 28 January 2022].
In-text:
(Statistics South Africa 2012).
EXHIBITION OR ART CATALOGUES
In the case of a catalogue the curator or artist involved is the author of the catalogue and the gallery or
distributor is typically the publisher of the catalogue, unless indicated otherwise.
When using a hard copy:
Bibliography:
Di Trocchio, P. 2011. Manstyle: men + fashion. Exhibition catalogue, 11 March – 27 November, National Gallery
of Victoria: Melbourne.
In text:
(Di Trocchio 2011: 4)
When found online:
Bibliography:
Di Trocchio, P. 2011. Manstyle: men + fashion. Exhibition catalogue, 11 March – 27 November, National Gallery
of Victoria: Melbourne [Online].
Available: xyz.com [Accessed 5 June 2020].
In text:
(Di Trocchio 2011: Online)
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ACTS/LAWS/STATUTES
In the case of a catalogue the curator or artist involved is the author of the catalogue and the gallery or
distributor is typically the publisher of the catalogue, unless indicated otherwise.
When using a hard copy:
Bibliography:
Republic of South Africa. 2000. National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000. Pretoria: Government
Printer.
In-text:
(Republic of South Africa 2000: 2).
When found online:
Bibliography:
Republic of South Africa. 2000. National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000. [Online].
Available: www.nationalyouthcommission.org [Accessed 22 January 2022].
In-text:
(Republic of South Africa 2000).
LECTURE SLIDES
Students may not reference lecture slides. Again, imagine yourself as a detective. Your lecturers find that
lecture slide information in original sources that they will indicate on the slides most of the time. Use these
indications to track the original source and rather reference that in your own work.
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ANY OTHER UNPUBLISHED PAPERS
It is very common to come across an unpublished piece of writing in an online platform that you think would
be very useful to your essay, but you struggle to find the original source and the information you would need
to credibly reference this writing. This writing could be from a credible author, a professor, or someone whose
authority you can verify online, but you just struggle to trace the piece of writing.
This kind of source is not ideal, even if you think it could be relevant to your writing. The first step would always be
to try and find the information in another source that can more readily be referenced. The inability to determine
referencing details is not a good excuse to not reference properly, and this process of finding, testing, and
negotiating sources does form a big part of the academic process. Think of yourself as a detective following clues
to track down proper and credible sources, and have fun with it while learning some patience with the process!
A second step would be an elimination game: What kind of source is this? Is this published just on a website, or is
this a word doc that was just uploaded to the web? Is it a PDF that you can trace to a journal? Follow the clues and
try to determine these answers.
You are strongly encouraged to use ONLY traceable academic sources.
Silly excuse to not reference properly, #4:
“It was a really old book and had no cover,
so I could not reference it.”
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TELEVISION BROADCASTS - PROGRAMMES AND SERIES
The number and title of the episode should normally be given, as well as the series title, the transmitting
organisation and channel, the full date and time of transmission.
Bibliography:
News at Ten, 1986. Jan 27. 22:00.
OR IT CAN BE:
Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. TV, BBC2. 1986 Jan 16.
In-text:
(News at Ten 1996: 27 Jan7)
OR IT CAN BE:
(Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1 1986: 16 Jan)
TELEVISION COMMERCIALS
Details required for this kind of entry: Title of commercial. Year of release. [Television commercial]. Producer/s.
Broadcast: Date of broadcast, TV Channel.
Bibliography:
Liberty Life Venda. 2000. [Television commercial]. Produced by Burnett, L. Broadcast: 10 March 2000, SABC 3.
OR IT CAN BE:
Nando’s Diversity. 2012. [Television commercial]. Created by Black River FC. Available: <https://www.youtube.
com/ watch?v=_R7vu9SuxaQ > [Accessed 03/08/2015].
In-text:
(Burnett 2000).
OR IT CAN BE:
(Black River FC 2012).
FILM AND VIDEOS
There might be times when you need to reference a series, say Rotten on Netflix. The episodes are all standalone and can be seen as separate units, and you might want to make specific reference to one season and
episode only that your argument draws on. This is totally acceptable and, remember, the more specific your
referencing is, the easier it is to cross-check your research and to verify your argument.
The way that you would go about this, is almost a blend between an article in an edited book and the way you
would reference a film. See below for an example.
Bibliography:
Rotten, “Troubled Water” (season 2, episode 3), 2019. Directed by Daniel Ruetenik. Video. USA: Netflix.
In text:
(Rotten, “Troubled Water” 2019)
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For Youtube, Vimeo or anything other media sharing platform use the following reference format:
Bibliography:
See the Quiet Beauty of Farm Life on the Scottish Isles: Short Film Showcase, 2018 (2:23). [Online] Uploaded by
National Geographic, 6 Feb.
Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUPbJq9TRiQ [Accessed 12 May 2018].
In text:
(See the Quiet Beauty of Farm Life on the Scottish Isles: Short Film Showcase 2018).
APPLICATION (APP)
Details required of this kind of entry: Authorship. Year. Link to article (if applicable). Name of App [Mobile app].
Day/month of transmission (if applicable).
Available: <URL> [Date accessed].
Bibliography:
Flipboard Inc. 2014. On the red couch with Quartz publisher Jay Lauf. Flipboard [Mobile app]. 17 April.
Available: <http:// inside.flipboard.com/2014/06/11/on-the-couch-with/> [Accessed 3 July 2014].
In-text:
(Flipboard 2014: Online).
SOCIAL MEDIA APPLICATIONS AND SITES
If you are using a post from social media, use the user’s handle in the place of the author’s name, and use the caption
as the title of the image. If there is no caption, insert your own caption in brackets (this must match the caption of the
figure in your assignment). Social media posts are rarely used as valid academic sources of information, but rather
employed to illustrate or substantiate the writer’s mention of such posts. Copy the post’s URL and use that as the
website provided in the bibliography entry.
If caption is provided:
Bibliography:
Scout_Willis. 2014. What @instagram won’t let you see #FreeTheNipple. [Online]. Twitter.
Available: https://twitter.com/Scout_Willis/status/471420788872982528?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_
url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxim.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmiley-cyrus-nipples-on-instagram-2016-5
[Accessed 12 May 2017].
In-text:
(Scout_Willis 2014: Online).
No caption provided:
Bibliography:
ladygaga. 2016. [Lady Gaga on the beach]. [Online]. Instagram.
Available: https://www.instagram.com/p/BdlhIfwe8g7z0/?hl=en&taken-by=ladygaga [Accessed 27 December 2016].
In-text:
(ladygaga 2016: Online).
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COMPUTER GAME
Bibliography:
Core Design. 1996. Tomb Raider (PC Game). Wimbledon: Eidos Interactive.
In-text:
(Core Design 1996).
Silly excuse to not reference properly, #5:
“My friend at a different institution said this is fine I don’t see a problem with my referencing?”
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It is not only essential to reference written work from external sources, but also to acknowledge the sources of
images cited in your work – both via in-text referencing, and in the bibliography. Most
of the following information regarding how to reference images is taken from the
University of the Arts London’s Library and Learning Resources (2011).
Even though you list the sources to the images used in your bibliography, the images
themselves NEED to have captions accompanying them. This serves as a means of
immediate identification of the images used, and an acknowledgment of the source/s.
In effect, images are referenced in THREE ways – in the bibliography, by means of intext citation (if and where necessary), and by means of the captions.
Make sure your caption numbering follow on each other, i.e. Fig 1., Fig 2., Fig 3., etc. Make sure that you
properly refer to the images in your writing:
Sibande’s use of blue material in Sophie’s dress simultaneously alludes to blue workers’ overalls and serves as a signifier of royalty (see figure 1) (Iziko 2020: Online).
This example refers the reader to the visual AND acknowledges the source that this statement is from.
This is another way to go about such an integration:
Figure 1 shows Sibande’s use of blue material in Sophie’s dress - this use of colour and fabric simultaneously alludes to blue workers’ overalls and serves as a signifier of royalty (Iziko 2020: Online).
Or, here is another final possibility of integration:
Iziko National Gallery states that Sibande’s use of blue material in Sophie’s dress simultaneously alludes
to blue workers’ overalls and serves as a signifier of royalty (see figure 1) (2020: Online).
Images are never placed in the text/body of your essay, but are always placed on a separate page/s after your
conclusion, before your bibliography. Images are aligned left, and so are the captions. DO NOT randomly and
haphazardly place images on a page – contrary to popular belief, it is not aesthetically pleasing, and just looks
untidy. Your captions should match the font of your writing in both kind and size. Do not use different fonts, and do
not just copy and paste captions from wherever you’ve found the image/s online.
For online images, the pixel size replaces the image size in centimetres in your caption. This is determined by right
clicking on the image open in Google Images, and going to ‘Open image in new tab’. Right click on the newly opened
image in the new tab, and select ‘Inspect’. The information populated will include pixel size.
The website can be determined by
just clicking on the image open in
Google Images. After it opens in
more detail on the right side of the
screen, just click on it again to be
redirected to the source webpage.
Use the link of this page to
determine the author of the site
published, and the date.
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PRINT SOURCE
This instance is for images found in books, or magazines, or other hard copy printed sources. Although the in-text
citation includes the page/figure/plate where the image can be found, the bibliography entry refers to the book as a
whole, as the entire book serves as your source.
PRINT ARTWORK
This example is for an artwork found in a text book, a library book, or any other hard copy source you consult. When
found in a magazine, the entry will be a hybrid between this example and the one for ‘Print magazine image’, getting the
source detail from the latter (already explained in this guide), and the image detail from this example.
Bibliography:
Brookner, A. 1967. Watteau. London: Hamlyn.
In-text:
For an example of this expressive use of colour, refer to Watteau’s Les deux cousines in figure 25
(Brookner 1967: 509).
Caption:
Silly excuse to not
reference properly #6:
“The article had no author,
and the journal had no title.”
Fig 25. Watteau, J., Les deux cousines. 1716. Oil on canvas, 128 x 96.5cm.
(Brookner 1967: 509).
Elements required:
Artist surname and initials, Title of the artwork. Date of the artwork’s production. Medium, size.
(Source author surname Date of source publication: page number).
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PRINT ADVERTISEMENTS
Bibliography:
Jockey underwear, ‘Jockey Roundup; Let ‘em know you’re Jockey’. 1998. Elle, Dec: 165-166.
In-text:
(Elle 1998: 165-166).
Caption:
Fig 5. Jockey underwear, Jockey Roundup; Let ‘em know you’re Jockey. [s.a]. Colour magazine advertisement, 210
x 285cm.
(Elle 1998: 165-166).
Elements required:
Name of the brand, Title of the advertisement. Date of campaign. Medium, size.
(Magazine title Date of issue: page number/s).
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PRINT MAGAZINE IMAGE
This entry is for any image found in a magazine that is not an advertisement, and accompanies some other form of
written content.
Bibliography:
10 Ways to get Rock Hard Abs. 2010. FHM, 21(5): 33.
In-text:
(FHM 2010: 33)
Caption:
Fig 2. FHM, 10 Ways to get Rock Hard Abs. 2010. Colour magazine image, 210 x 285cm.
(FHM 2010: 33).
Elements required:
Magazine title, Title of the image or the article it accompanies. Date of issue. Medium, size.
(Magazine title Date of issue: page number).
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ONLINE SOURCES
This instance is for images found in books, or magazines, or other hard copy printed sources. Although the in-text
citation includes the page/figure/plate where the image can be found, the bibliography entry refers to the book as a
whole, as the entire book serves as your source.
ONLINE ARTWORK
An image like this needs TWO ENTRIES – one with the surname of the artist or the original creator of the image, and
one with the surname of the author or creator of the hard copy or online content where this image is found. The may be
a person or an institution. These two entries must be in alphabetical order as part of the bibliography.
Bibliography:
Constable, J. 1821. The hay wain [Online image] The National Gallery.
Available: www.nationalgallery.com/haywain [Accessed 5 June 2020].
AND
The National Gallery. 2020. The art of Constable [Online].
Available: www.nationalgallery.com/haywain [Accessed 5 June 2020].
In-text:
(Constable 1821: Online image)
Caption:
Silly excuse to not
reference properly #7:
“I didn’t keep a record of my
sources, so forgot the books
I used for research.”
Fig 1. Constable, J, The hay wain. 1821. Oil on canvas [Online image], 459 x 576 pixels.
(The National Gallery 2020: Online).
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Elements required:
Artist surname and initials, Title of the artwork. Date of the artwork’s production. Online image, size in pixels.
(Source Date of source last updated or of publication: Online).
REMEMBER: The date in brackets in the caption is the date that either the website (source) was last updated,
or the date of the publication, if the image is found as a visual to an online article published by the site. The
other date refers to the date the work was originally created. The bibliography requires TWO entries - one
indicating the artist, one indicating the source.
ONLINE ADVERTISEMENTS
An image like this needs TWO ENTRIES – one with the surname of the artist or the original creator of the image, and
one with the surname of the author or creator of the hard copy or online content where this image is found. The may be
a person or an institution. These two entries must be in alphabetical order as part of the bibliography.
Bibliography:
Jockey underwear. 1998. Jockey Roundup; Let ‘em know you’re Jockey [Online image]. Elle.
Available: www. elle.com/advertisements [Accessed 5 June 2020].
OR IT CAN BE:
Thorne, S. 2017. Famous advertisements. Elle Jan- Feb (Issue 184).
Available: www. elle.com/advertisements [Accessed 5 June 2020].
In-text:
(Jockey underwear 1998: Online Image).
Caption:
Fig 5. Jockey underwear, Jockey Roundup; Let ‘em know you’re Jockey. 1998. Online image, 210 x 285pixels.
(Elle 2017: Online).
Elements required:
Name of the brand, Title of the advertisement. Date of campaign. Online image, size in pixels.
(Source Date of source last updated or of publication: Online).
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ONLINE IMAGE
An image like this needs TWO ENTRIES – one with the surname of the artist or the original creator of the image, and
one with the surname of the author or creator of the hard copy or online content where this image is found. The may be
a person or an institution. These two entries must be in alphabetical order as part of the bibliography.
Bibliography:
Nigeria Property Centre. [s.a]. Exclusive 7 Bedroom Mansion in Asokoro, Abuja – N450 Million [Online image].
Available: https://africa.com/heres-n700-million-gets-nigeria-today/ [5 June 2020].
OR IT CAN BE:
Unknown author. 2020. Here’s What N700 Million Gets You in Nigeria Today [Online].
Available: https://africa.com/heres-n700-million-gets-nigeria-today/ [Accessed 5 June 2020].
In-text:
(Nigeria Property Centre [s.a.]: Online Image).
Caption:
Fig 1. Nigeria Property Centre, Exclusive 7 Bedroom Mansion in Asokoro, Abuja – N450 Million. [s.a]. Online
image, 714 x 476 pixels.
(Author unknown 2020: Online)
Elements required:
Name of the ‘author’ or producer or creator, Title of the image or captionof provided. Date of creation if
available. Online image, size in pixels.
(Source’s author Date of source last updated or of publication: Online).
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WORKS OF ART
These examples will provide only caption details, as both online and print artwork bibliography and in-text
referencing have been explained. To find the bibliography or in-text details of hard copy artworks, please consult
the relevant section of this guide - use the contents page to determine where to find this information. To find the
bibliography or in-text details of online artworks, regardless of the medium, please consult the relevant section
of this guide - use the contents page to determine where to find this information. The examples below will outline
details of both hard copy and online locations. This is by no means an exhaustive list of possible mediums of
artworks, and captions may and can be adapted as needed. No ‘Elements required’ are provided, as the standard
remains the same as these explained above, and specific details are all that change.
PAINTING
OR
Fig 25. Sekoto, G., Yellow houses - A street in
Fig 25. Sekoto, G., Yellow houses - A street in
Sophiatown. 1940. Oil on cardboard, 50,8 x
Sophiatown. 1940. Oil on cardboard [Online
74.5cm.
image], 401 x 600 pixels.
(Ngezi 2010: 509).
(The Gerard Sekoto Foundation 2020: Online).
Do you understand the
difference between the two?
Silly excuse to not
reference properly #8:
“The image did not have a
caption on the website, so I
thought it would be fine to use
the image without a caption in
my assignment.”
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PHOTOGRAPH
OR
Fig 5. Muholi, Z., Julile I, Parktown,
Fig 5. Muholi, Z., Julile I, Parktown,
Johannesburg. 2016. Silver gelatin print, 66 x
Johannesburg. 2016. Silver gelatin print
100 cm.
[Online image], 350 x 532 pixels.
(Stevenson 2018: 5).
(Stevenson 2020: Online).
SCULPTURE
OR
Fig 8. Louise Bourgeois, Cell. 1993. Glass,
Fig 8. Louise Bourgeois, Cell. 1993. Glass,
marble, wood, metal and fabric, 218 x 218 x
marble, wood, metal and fabric [Online image],
211cm.
218 x 218 x 211cm.
(Perry & Wood 2004: 236).
(Perry & Wood 2020: Online).
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PERFORMANCE
This referencing resembles a blend between artwork and a film/media still entry. For the bibliography and in-text
details of film/media stills, please consult the relevant section of this guide - use the contents page to determine
where to find this information.
OR
Fig 3. Steven Cohen, Golgotha [Still]. 2007-
Fig 3. Steven Cohen, Golgotha [Still]. 2007- 9.
9. Single channel HD film. 20 minutes 8
Single channel HD film [Online image].
seconds. Copyright Steven Cohen, courtesy of
(Stevenson 2020: Online).
Stevenson, Cape Town and Johannesburg.
(Golgotha 2007-9).
Silly excuse to not
reference properly #9:
“The website has
never been updated.”
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VIDEO INSTALLATION
OR
Fig 2. Candice Breitz, The Babel Series. 1999.
Fig 2. Candice Breitz, The Babel Series. 1999.
DVD Installation.
DVD Installation [Online image].
(Iziko 2012: 18).
(Iziko 2020: Online).
DESIGN
OR
Fig 4. M&C Saatchi Abel, It’s going to be wild.
Fig 4. M&C Saatchi Abel, It’s going to be wild.
2017. 2018 M&C Saatchi Abel calendar
2017. 2018 M&C Saatchi Abel calendar design
design.
[Online image].
(Design Times 2018: 34)
(AdForum 2018: Online).
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FILM/MEDIA STILLS
Any stills or screenshots captured from a film, television series or online video must be referenced. The caption for
the image is the in-text citation but must still be referenced in the bibliography. When possible, describe the still
relative to the scene it is capturing as a title. You need to also include the timestamp of the screenshot or film.
FOR FILM, VIDEO AND TELEVISION SERIES STILLS USE THE FOLLOWING REFERENCE FORMAT:
Bibliography:
Still ‘Coco and Igor meet’ from Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky, 2010. Directed by Jan Kounen. Video. Australia: Madman
Entertainment.
OR
Peeping Tom, 1960. Film. Directed by Michael Powell. United Kingdom: Anglo-Amalgamated Films.
In text:
(Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010)
OR
(Peeping Tom 1960).
FOR YOUTUBE, VIMEO OR ANYTHING OTHER MEDIA SHARING PLATFORM USE THE FOLLOWING
REFERENCE FORMAT:
Bibliography:
Still ‘Sheep in the meadow’ from See the Quiet Beauty of Farm Life on the Scottish Isles: Short Film Showcase, 2018
(2:23). [Online] Uploaded by National Geographic, 6 Feb. Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUPbJq9TRiQ
[Accessed 12 May 2018].
In text:
(See the Quiet Beauty of Farm Life on the Scottish Isles: Short Film Showcase 2018).
Caption:
Silly excuse to not
reference properly #10:
“But, the online referencing
generator said my referencing
was 100% right?!”
Fig 1. Still, Mark loves watching (Peeping Tom 1960: 12:36).
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Elements required:
Still, Title that preferably doubles as a description of the scene (Title of the film/video Date of release: Exact time in
the film/video that the still is taken).
SCREENSHOT FROM SOCIAL MEDIA APPLICATION OR SITE
Bibliography:
Scout_Willis. 2014. What @instagram won’t let you see #FreeTheNipple. [Online]. Twitter.
Available: https://twitter.com/Scout_Willis/status/471420788872982528?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_
url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxim.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmiley-cyrus-nipples-on-instagram-2016-5 [Accessed
12 May 2017].
In-text: (Scout_Willis 2014: Online).
Caption:
Fig 34. @Scout_Willis, What @instagram won’t let you see #FreeTheNipple. 2014. Online image, 714 x 476 pixels.
(Scout_Willis 2014: Online).
Elements required:
Name of the ‘author’ or producer or creator, Title of the image or caption if provided. Date of creation if available.
Online image, size in pixels.
(Source’s author Date of source last updated or of publication: Online).
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EXAMPLE OF A COMPLETED BIBLIOGRAPY
Ensure that your bibliography is started on a new page and attached to the end of your essay/assignment, after
your conclusion. Write the heading ‘Bibliography’ at the top of the page. Very important: Remember that all your
entries HAVE to be listed in ALPHABETICAL ORDER! NO bullets or numbering of sources.
Bibliography
Abu-Lughod, L, Larkin, B & Ginsburg, FD. 2002. Media worlds: anthropology on a new terrain. London: University of
California Press.
Adams, C & Laurikietis, R. 1976. The gender trap: A closer look at sex roles. Book 3: Messages and images. London:
Virago Ltd.
Author unknown. [s.a.]. The media in South Africa [Online]
Available: w.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/index.php?option=com_
content&view=article&id=110%3AThe+media+in+South+Africa&catid=36%3Amedia_bg&ltemid=54 [Accessed
15 August 2011].
Bateson, MC, Hayes, AS & Sebeok, TA (eds). 1964. Approaches to semiotics. London: Mouton& Co.
Cassam, Q. 1997. Self and word. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Carey, J. 1989. Communication as culture: Essays on media and society. Boston: Unwin Hyman, Inc.
Catalano, C. 2002. Shaping the American woman: Feminism and advertising in the 1950’s. Constructing the past
3(1): 45-55.
Chicago, J & Schapiro, M. 2003. ‘Female imagery’, in The feminism and visual culture reader, edited by A Jones. New
York: Routledge. 40-43.
Jones, A (ed). 2003. The feminism and visual culture reader. New York: Routledge.
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IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
•
If you use a quotation that stretches over more than one page, then, in listing the page numbers in the in-text
citation, you would include all the pages from which you have quoted.
For example:
“To enable the world to better preserve its natural resources, care must be taken to better manage our day-to-day
activities” (Jones 2007: 56-57).
•
If you want to paraphrase (a rewording of something written or spoken by someone else, especially to clarify
the excerpt) or quote indirectly from a source, note that the author must still be acknowledged as it is still their
idea and not yours. Plagiarism is not just copying direct words without acknowledgment, but also copying the
premise of someone else’s ideas. You should, therefore, also provide a reference for this material.
For example:
Jonathan Jones states that in order to preserve natural resources there has to be a daily management system in
place (2007: 56).
•
If there are two authors of the work from which you are quoting, you should reference both authors, using an
“and” or “&” between the names in both your in-text referencing and the bibliography entry. Whichever opinion
you choose (‘and’ or ‘&’) use it consistently throughout and do not fluctuate - this is unprofessional and sloppy.
For example:
(Jones and James 2007: 56)
Jones, H & James, M. 2007. Natural resource management. Cape Town: Struik.
•
If there are more than two authors of the work from which you are quoting, only include the first author,
followed by the words “et al.” (et al. is a Latin phrase meaning “and others”).
For example:
(Jones et.al. 2007: 56).
Note that ALL authors are however credited in the bibliography entry:
Jones, H, James, M, Johnson, I, Jackson, L. 2007. Natural resource management. Cape Town: Struik.
•
If you want to omit certain sections of a quote, you should indicate this with the use of ellipsis (…). The omitted
section may be a clause or a phrase from the passage but, when included within a sentence of your own work,
should be grammatically correct.
For example:
“In Heart of Darkness, blame is particularly directed at the Belgian trading company that takes Marlow into its
employ … regardless of the physical and psychological cost of the local inhabitants” (Anderson et al. 1999: xiii).
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...AND REMEMBER,
YOU CAN DO THIS!
All images from:
Freepik Company. 2021. Free icon collection [Online].
Available: https://www.flaticon.com/ [Accessed 28 January 2020].
Icons8 LLC. 2021. Pablo [Online].
Available: https://icons8.com/illustrations/style--pablo-1 [Accessed 28 January 2021].
unDraw. 2021. Illustrations [Online].
Available: https://undraw.co/illustrations [Accessed 28 January 2021].
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