KRASHEN'S
THEORY
Today
's Ag
e
n
d
a
The A
c
Hypot quisition
h
e
Learn
s
Natur is
i
n
g
a
l
Monit Order H
o
r
Input Hypoth ypothesis
e
H
y
Affect pothes sis
ive Fi is
lter H
ypoth
esis
THE ACQUISITION/LEARNING HYPOTHESIS
distinction between acquisition & learning
acquisition is a painless process, subconscious in
an informal situation
a child learns a language because it is equipped
with LAD
learning is a conscious process in a formal
situation
we might learn the rules that govern the
language but that does not guarantee the TRUE
acquisition of the language (native-like)
NATURAL ORDER HYPOTHESIS
There is a natural order in which learners pick up
a language
Learners will make mistakes while learning the
language but these mistakes are not random similar to the errors that was made while
learning their first language
Mistakes will be made in the same order whether
the learners have been taught the grammar or
not (teaching grammar will NOT help them
change the order)
MONITOR HYPOTHESIS
Formal grammar teaching isn't entirely
pointless.
The formal rule feeds into the
MONITOR (a small grammar teacher
that sits in your brain and yells out
when we make a mistake)
Overusing it - speech becomes slow &
hesitant
THE INPUT HYPOTHESIS
There should be comprehensible input
There really is no point if the input is too
low for the learners (no meaningful
learning) or if the input is too high (no
understanding)
Teachers should use realia & authentic
teaching aids to make sure the input is
understandable.
AFFECTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS
Barrier to language learning - negative feelings
about the language, method, institution & teacher
These feelings may constitute a filter - keeps the
input out
A mental block that prevents the input from
reaching the LAD
A part of the teacher's job - make learning as
free of stress and as enjoyable an experience as
possible
WRAP UP
This is the basis of what Krashen refers
to as the NATURAL APPROACH
It is an INPUT MODEL - learn language
through exposure to large amounts of
authentic language
The input should be contextualized in
order for students to understand
Teaching & learning should be done in a
relaxing & friendly environment
REFERENCES
1.Krashen, Stephen D. Principles
and Practice in Second Language
Acquisition. Prentice-Hall
International, 1987.
2.Krashen, Stephen D. Second
Language Acquisition and Second
Language Learning. PrenticeHall International, 1988
THANK YOU