ET8-Vol1-Cover.pdf 1 3/13/2015 4:04:38 PM techfactors Inc. The EnglishTek K-12 Series offers a holistic and fun approach to learning English. EnglishTek is founded on the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach to develop language competencies. EnglishTek offers a blended learning program through the best practices in language education inside the classroom combined with e-learning technologies in order to make learning engaging and relevant for students. With EnglishTek, students become effective communicators who can understand and produce meaningful discourse, all the while enjoying rich and vibrant learning experiences. 2 1 KS E R I E S 8 VOLUME 1 African and Asian Literature VOLUME 1 Series Coordinators EnglishTek 8 ISBN 978-971-0550-91-3 B.EG8.1.14.1 9 789710 550913 Frances Paula L, Ibanez, M.A. Alexander C. Maximo, M.A. Authors John Paolo V. Sandicho Leovigilda M. Tumaneng Cristina G. Saulo 8 African and Asian Literature Vol. 1 John Paolo V. Sandicho Leovigilda M. Tumaneng Filipina R. Santos Cristina G. Saulo Series Coordinators Alexander C. Maximo, M.A. Frances Paula L. Ibañez, M.A. First Edition ET8-Vol. 1-Front Matter.indd 1 4/2/2014 10:26:11 AM TechFactors Inc. Trademark of TechFactors Inc. Philippine Copyright 2014 by TechFactors Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this courseware may be reproduced or copied in any form, in whole, or in part, without written consent of the copyright owner. First edition, 2014 ISBN 978-971-0550-91-3 Published by TechFactors Inc. Printed in the Philippines Authors John Paolo V. Sandicho, Leovigilda M. Tumaneng, Filipina R. Santos, and Cristina G. Saulo Series Coordinators Alexander C. Maximo, M.A. and Frances Paula L. Ibañez, M.A. Creative Writer Ma. Jendell Valin Kirong, Leovigilda Tumaneng, and Zenia P. Lazaro Content and Editorial Cristina G. Saulo, Ma. Regina B. Peñarroyo, Eris Heidi L. Ramos, and Jean Marie M. Romualdez Creatives Julius Caesar G. Barredo, Darylle R. Cajucom, Regina M. Zapata, and Samboy M. Dela Torre Illustration Julius Caesar G. Barredo, Nadine Bartolome, and Darylle R. Cajucom Systems Kim A. Benebese, Mark B. Abliter, Allan Nicole C. Celestino, Kenneth T. Salazar, Robie Marc R. Peralta, Kadmiel D.G. Ramos, and Raymond P. Baguio Exclusively distributed by TechFactors Inc. 101 V. Luna Road Extension Sikatuna Village, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Telephone number: (632) 929 8094 Email address: info@techfactorsinc.com Website: www.techfactorsinc.com The materials reprinted in this book, both literary materials and images, are obtained from open domain sources. The copyrights of the literary materials have already expired, and thus are free from copyright in their respective countries and in the Philippines. Any lapse or oversight is unintentional and will be corrected in the next editions. ET8-Vol. 1-Front Matter.indd 2 4/2/2014 10:26:11 AM FOREWORD Filipino students face challenges in learning the English language. More than ever, changes in learning environment now affect how we approach language education. Teaching approaches and methods have to fit 21st century learners. The EnglishTek K to 12 series is TechFactors’ innovation in English learning. Based on the principles of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and Blended Learning, EnglishTek incorporates current practices in language learning and educational technology. Aside from developing communicative competence in students, EnglishTek meets the competency standards of the Department of Education K-12 curricula and also focuses on honing vital 21st century skills, giving graduates a competitive advantage. Lessons in the EnglishTek 7 to 10 volumes are literature-based. They follow the Directed Reading Approach (DRA) which provides students with various activities before, during, and after reading. These activities include schema activation, vocabulary enrichment, comprehension exercises, and real-life application of values. Graphic organizers are also provided in the book to help learners map their ideas and improve their learning strategies and information processing. These engaging activities are all designed to target communication skills. They also create occasions for the students to hear and use the target language. Moreover, EnglishTek provides holistic learning by highlighting the Reading-Writing connection. Each reading selection is followed by a literary analysis, as well as a discussion of a related grammatical point. The grammar lessons are then connected to a writing lesson. This ensures that the learning of the students is applied. In these writing lessons, EnglishTek provides students with support through model paragraphs and guided practice. Most of all, learning is made relevant by situating learners in context and by using situations, examples, and texts that can be found in the real world. Through authentic materials that reflect Filipino values, learners can develop connections between their classroom learning and their life experiences. We hope that, with this series, students become effective communicators in English and simultaneously enjoy the learning process. By building these critical foundations of communication, we hope to produce effective communicators that think critically and can create meaningful discourse. TechFactors Inc. iii Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Front Matter.indd 3 Techfactors, Inc. 4/2/2014 10:26:11 AM ABOUT THE AUTHORS John Paolo Sandicho Paolo graduated cum laude from the University of the Philippines Diliman with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Studies, major in Language. He has taught Developmental Reading and Public Speaking at the JIL Colleges Foundation. He is currently a full-time writer in the Education and Discipleship Department of the Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide where he is part of the team that develops and produces educational materials. Leovigilda Tumaneng Leovigilda Tumaneng is a graduate of the University of the Philippines, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Studies: Language. She currently serves as editor in the Legal Affairs division of the Department of Agrarian Reform central office, after working for a few years in the business process outsourcing industry. Filipina R. Santos Phnas is a reading specialist for an international school in the Philippines. She also worked as an assistant teacher at International School Manila and Wordlab School Inc. She has undergone training for teaching students with special needs and teaching in the content areas. She is currently finishing her Master’s degree in Reading Education at the University of the Philippines Diliman. Cristina Gonzales-Saulo Cristina is a former lecturer of Literature and College English classes at De La Salle-College of St. Benilde and Mapua Institute of Technology. She also worked as an English instructor and materials developer for several language centers for foreign students.She graduated from the University of the Philippines Diliman with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Studies, major in Language. She is currently finishing her Master’s degree in Reading Education at UP College of Education. ABOUT THE SERIES COORDINATORS Alexander C. Maximo, M.A. Alex holds a Master of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Arts degree, magna cum laude in English Studies: Language, from the University of the Philippines Diliman. He teaches with the Department of English and Comparative Literature of UP Diliman where he has handled English courses in the undergraduate and graduate level. His research interests include critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, organizational communication, and computer-mediated communication. With technology as another passion, he is currently exploring the use of e-learning to develop language skills. He has co-authored books on office productivity, multimedia, and business writing. He also currently serves as project manager for TechFactors. Frances Paula L. Ibañez, M.A. Frances graduated from the University of the Philippines Diliman with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communication, major in Journalism. She also earned her Master’s degree in Education, major in Language Education, from the same institution. She worked as a technical writer in several computer firms for eight years, developing user guides and tutorials on different software. She taught part-time in a preschool, where she handled the Nursery class, and in an English language center, where she taught language teaching methodology. She heads the Content Group in TechFactors. iv Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Front Matter.indd 4 Techfactors, Inc. 4/2/2014 10:26:11 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit 1: Remembering the Past Lesson 1: Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Old Soldier’s Return (An Ancient Poem) Making Inferences Noun Phrase Definition Essay Lesson 2: Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Story of the Man ... by Yei Theodora Ozaki Sequencing Events Indefinite Articles with Count and Mass Nouns How to Organize a Definition Essay Lesson 3: Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Teaching Begins by Sir Rabindranath Tagore Relating to Your Own Experiences Simple Present Tense Transitional Devices Lesson 4: Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Rama’s Promise (Excerpts from The Rámáyan of Válmíki) Questioning the Character’s Motives The Verbs “Be” and “Have” Strategies in Writing Effective Sentences for Definition Lesson 5: Tribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 A Farewell to America by Phillis Wheatley Reading in Sentences Dependent and Independent Clauses Denotation and Connotation Lesson 6: Adventures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The Story of Sinbad the Voyager from The Arabian Nights Picturing the Action Adjective Clauses Avoiding Clichés Lesson 7: Veracities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 The Sorrows of Han Acts I and II Breaking Down Sentences Restrictive and Non-restrictive Adjective Clauses Foreign and Borrowed Words Lesson 8: Tragedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 The Sorrows of Han Acts III and IV Evaluating a Character’s Decision Reduction of Definitions Coined Terms and Words with New Meanings Lesson 9: Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Dream of Lizards by Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., PhD Clarifying Sequence of Events Uses of Comma Freewriting v Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Table of Contents.indd 5 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:11:52 PM Unit 2: Comparing Histories Lesson 1: Aphorisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 On Learning from the Analects of Confucius, Book I Paraphrasing Parallel Structure Illustration as a Pattern of Development Lesson 2: Adages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 The Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu, translated by D.C. Lau Questioning Causes and Effects Magnitude Statements When to Use Illustration Lesson 3: Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Crime and Punishment by Kahlil Gibran Challenging the Text Functions of Prepositions in Sentences Thesis Statement in an Illustrative Essay Lesson 4: Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Haiku by Matsuō Basho, translated by Harold G. Henderson Identifying Imagery in Poems Common Collocations (Verb + Prepositions) Three Ways to Illustrate a Point Lesson 5: Legends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 The Legend of the Maha Naghkon Drawing Inferences Phrasal Verbs Sources of Examples Lesson 6: Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Language and Literature of Karens by Harry I. Marshall Recognizing Patterns of Organization Articles with Classified and Identified Nouns Transitional Devices in an Illustration Essay Lesson 7: Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Korean Poems, translated by Brother Anthony of Taize Interpreting Symbols Active and Passive Voice Analyzing Paragraphs that Use Examples Lesson 8: Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 The Interesting Narrative ... by Olaudah Equiano Summarizing Dashes and Hyphens Strategies in Writing Paragraphs that Use Illustration Lesson 9: Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 As Long as the Grass Shall Grow by Carlos Bulosan Analyzing Word Choice Parentheses and Brackets Integrating Images in an Essay that Uses Illustration vi Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Table of Contents.indd 6 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:11:52 PM UNIT 1: Remembering the Past Lesson 1: Memories Lesson 2: Values Lesson 3: Influences Lesson 4: Sacrifices Lesson 5: Tribute Lesson 6: Adventures Lesson 7: Veracities Lesson 8: Tragedies Lesson 9: Legacy ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 1 3/11/2014 3:10:50 PM Lesson 1: Memories Before Reading Lesson Objectives Important Words • To reflect on one’s esteemed or treasured moments with loved ones • To complete a Frayer’s chart model as a pre-listening activity • To distinguish the different types of rhyme used in writing verses • To determine the various tone maps used in reading poetry aloud • To identify a noun phrase, its parts, and its function in sentences We are planning to invite all of our kith and kin who are in the country for Christmas dinner. • a. b. c. To understand the basic nature of a definition essay • To identify various techniques in writing definitions • To write definitions of selected concepts and apply the techniques in defining Activity: Study the underlined word in each sentence, and then encircle the letter that contains the correct meaning of the word. 1. My family travels to Baguio every summer to experience a cooler clime. a. b. c. 2. climate sound made by bells to go up Follow the map I gave you and surely you will never go astray in that mountainous forest. a. a small dish used for throwing away ashes b. off the right path or route c. lose something while traveling 3. We saw a lot of children running down yonder to the foot of the mountain. a. b. c. 4. 5. to make believe a staff used to shepherd flocks over there friends and relatives friends and foes friends and classmates Several fields have been lying fallow for almost two years because of drought. a. b. c. to surrender not active or productive unskillful 6. A group of teenagers traveled along a desolate stretch of muddy road. 7. a. lacking people, plants, animals b. to feel warm and welcomed c. far from other roads We commemorate the veterans of Bataan every 9th day of April. a. owners of bank accounts in certain places b. commoners who lead a victory c. someone who fought in a war as a soldier or sailor 2 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 2 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:50 PM 8. Some farmers furrow the fields before rain comes during the hot season. a. b. c. plant seeds using a machinery make long and narrow cuts in the ground develop skills needed in farming Knowledge Activation China is a country molded by wars. In fact, China’s most famous tourist attraction, the Great Wall, is a testament to its tumultuous history. During the 7th century B.C., the emperor ordered the construction of a high wall along the borders of the empire in order to protect it from the constant invasion of nomads from the north. These invasions were not the first, however. As early as 8th century B.C., ancient China has been the setting of rampant wars. This period, now referred to as the Era of Warring Forces, is characterized by alliances and betrayals of seven warring factions. In more recent times, China has also engaged in war. From the 1920s onwards, China has witnessed civil war between the Nationalist and Communist forces. This internal conflict has been halted during the 1930s to the 1940s, as the Chinese repeatedly fought against the Japanese during the Second World War. When Japan withdrew its forces from the country in 1945, China’s war became internal again. In 1949, the Chinese Nationalist Party (also known as the Kuomintang) left China and established its base in Taiwan. To this day, China lives under the leadership of the Communist Party. Activity 1 Complete the Frayer’s chart below to write down what you know about soldiers. Definition Facts/Characteristics Examples Non-examples Activity 2 What emotions and moral issues do soldiers face upon signing up for battle? Do you think they really want to fight other people? Why or why not? Would you consider fighting for your country if necessary? Justify your answer. 3 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 3 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:50 PM Oral Interaction Have you ever been away from home for a span of time? How did you feel upon coming back home? Read the poem below and find out how this soldier felt upon returning home after a long time. Literary Selection The Old Soldier’s Return An Ancient Poem I was but fifteen when I left my friends For distant climes to fight our Country’s foe, And now I’m eighty—back for the first time To see the home I left so long ago. Where is the house? I should be near it now, Yet possibly I may have gone astray; Long years abroad have blurred the youthful brain, I’ll ask this countryman to point the way. ‘The house is yonder—midst those grassy mounds, Beneath the shade of fir and cypress1 trees, And there lie buried all the kith and kin Of former tillers of these fallow leas.’ 1. cypress - may refer to Chinese Swamp Cypress which is native to subtropical southeastern China 4 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 4 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:51 PM The veteran sighed and wandered to the house, And found it overgrown and desolate; A startled hare fled through the kennel’s hole, And pheasants2 flew from ceiling beams ornate. 2. pheasants - any of numerous large often long-tailed and brightly colored Old World gallinaceous birds, including many raised as ornamental or game birds Exhausted by the journey and his grief, The old man plucked some grain from patches wild, And mallows from around the courtyard well, As in the days when but a little child. But when the homely fare3 was cooked and spread, And not a friend to cheer the lonely place, He rose, and going out to eastward gazed, While tears flowed down his worn and furrowed face. 3. fare - material provided for use, consumption, or enjoyment Understanding Literature Comprehension Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Who is speaking in the poem? Write three things about him or her. Does the soldier feel victorious after coming home from the war? Explain your answer. Why is the word “country” in the first stanza capitalized? What does this signify? Notice the shift in point of view used by the writer. What do you think is the significance of shifting from the first person to the third person? Who is the veteran? Is the veteran also a speaker in the poem? Have you ever felt exhausted and lonely? Share this experience with a partner and tell how you coped with fatigue. What is the theme of the poem? How do you relate this to your own life as a teenager? Do you know anyone who is working as a police or a soldier? What are your first impressions about him or her? What are your opinions about nations fighting other nations? What can you do to help in maintaining peace? In your opinion, how does literature help people understand the importance of maintaining peace? Literary Analysis Rhymes are similar sounds that repeatedly occur among a group of words. In poetry, rhymes are often used to facilitate rhythm. Contrary to popular belief, rhymes are found not only at the end of lines. Rhymes can be positioned at the beginning or middle of a line, and can occur within the line, or between two lines. 5 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 5 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:51 PM The tables below shows some of the common types of rhymes. The first set shows the types of rhyme according to position. Type of Rhyme 1. 2. Explanation Example Beginning rhyme (also called alliteration) This refers to the use of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words in a line or verse. The nursery rhyme “Peter Piper” illustrates beginning rhyme. Internal rhyme Internal rhyme occurs between a word in a line and another word either in the same line or the next. A good example of internal rhyme is “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping 3. End rhyme This is a rhyme that occurs at the last words of the lines of a poem. “Stopping By Woods On a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost is a popular example of end rhyme. The woods are lovely, dark and deep. But I have promises to keep, The second set shows the types of rhyme according to the nature of their similarity to each other. 1. 2. 3. Type of Rhyme Explanation Perfect rhyme (also called full rhyme or true rhyme) This kind of rhyme is exact, meaning the two words contain the exact same sound. Usually, a perfect rhyme is immediately recognizable because of spelling of the rhyming words. Imperfect rhyme (also half rhyme, or near rhyme) This term refers to rhymes that are close but not exact. Eye rhyme (also called visual rhyme or sight rhyme) Eye rhyme is a rhyme where two words look alike but do not sound alike. Some of these words reflect historical changes in pronunciation because at one point, they may have been pronounced similarly. Rest when you reach the top of the mountain, take off your hat and drink from the fountain. Emily Dickinson’s “Hope is the thing with feathers” uses imperfect rhyme. Hope is the thing with feathers That perches in the soul, And sings the tune without the words, And never stops at all. And the town after the flood buried in mud, steel, and wood 6 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 6 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:51 PM 4. 5. Identical rhyme (from French rime riche) When the same word is used twice to complete a rhyme, it is called an identical rhyme. The example below is taken from “Bells” by Edgar Allan Poe. Rich rhyme In a rich rhyme, a word rhymes with its homonym. In a clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire, In a mad expostulation with the deaf and frantic fire “A First Attempt in Rhyme” by Thomas Hood uses rich rhyme. Partake the fire divine that burns, In Milton, Pope, and Scottish Burns, Who sang his native braes and burns. Activity 3 A. Re-read “The Old Soldier’s Return” with a special attention to rhyme. Below, list down three kinds of rhymes used in the poem. Give an example of the specific lines that use the particular kind of rhyme. Kind of rhyme Lines showing the kind of rhyme B. Try your hand at composing rhymes about memory. If you want, you can focus on specific memories of your childhood. You may also want to write about the memories of another person. Be prepared to share your rhymes with the rest of the class. Kind of rhyme 1. Identical rhyme 2. Eye rhyme 3. Imperfect rhyme 4. Perfect rhyme 5. Rich rhyme Your own rhyme 7 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 7 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:51 PM Responding to Literature Oral Communication Research about tone maps when reading poetry. On your own, try to label the different tones you recognize in the poem “The Old Soldier’s Return.” Afterward, form a group with five members and read the poem aloud using the tone maps. To evaluate how well you did on recognizing tone and mood in poetry, distribute a set of criteria that will grade your performance among the audience. Invite the audience to comment on your performance. Research and Writing Find a video that presents interesting facts about Chinese soldiers during the ancient war. Show this video to the class and prepare five questions that you would want your classmates to answer about what they have watched. The questions should be geared towards understanding the advantages and disadvantages of getting involved in the military. Skills Development: Making Inferences When reading, we often take note of important details to make sure we understand what we are reading. Usually, these details are directly mentioned in the text, but there are instances when we have to read between the lines or infer from the text to grasp the real message. Inferences are the judgment and conclusions we draw after reading a text and connecting its details to our own experiences. A. Reread the poem “The Old Soldier’s Return Home” and take note of three important statements. Write these statements in the chart below and complete the statements with your knowledge and inferences. Details or Statements from Poem What I Know from Reading or Experience Inference 8 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 8 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:52 PM B. Study the following excerpts from the poem “Distaste for Official Life” by Tao Tsien written during the T’sin Dynasty. Make inferences about the italicized lines in each stanza. Create a chart similar to the one used in the first activity. 1. Far from the busy mart and huckstering crowd, Striving for gold or place with brawlings loud— From youth to middle age I’ve passed my days Midst flowers and fields hearing what Nature says. 2. And now, alas! I’m on this boat and bound For far King-chow, with rank and office crowned; To village home and friends I’ve bid farewell, And of life’s peace, I fear, I’ve tolled the knell. 3. I cannot sleep, the future weights my mind, The calls of office—cares of every kind Oppress me with a sense of coming woes— A forlorn hope against unnumbered foes! 4. How can I leave my former happy life To mingle in ambition’s worldly strife! What care I for the spoils of rank and power, The petty triumphs of the passing hour! 5. My office I’ll resign and homeward turn To till my farm beside the rippling burn, Where I in happy freedom may once more The Muses and the Book of Nature pore. Grammar Review: Noun Phrase (NP) One of the fundamental concepts in language, whether in written or spoken form, is the noun phrase or NP. A noun phrase is a group of words which include a noun and the modifier(s) that describe(s) it. It is important to learn to distinguish noun phrases in sentences since the subjects of sentences are usually found in the noun phrase. Below are the various formations of noun phrases. Formation Samples article + noun the family, a cousin possessive pronoun + noun their vacation, my gift demonstrative pronoun + noun that house, this picture adjective + noun exciting adventure, memorable week 9 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 9 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:52 PM The basic forms given on the previous page can also be combined in order to form more complex noun phrases. Formation Samples the artistic family article + adjective + noun a generous cousin their long vacation possessive pronoun + adjective + noun my personal gift that well-designed house demonstrative pronoun + adjective + noun this colorful picture Noun phrases also take the form of noun + modifiers, but this will be discussed in later chapters of the book. Grammar Workout A. Underline the noun phrase in each sentence below. Write the underlined words on the second column. Afterwards, identify the parts of each noun phrase by writing the formation in the last column. Sentence 1. The Santos family decided to have a reunion one Saturday. 2. Mrs. Lina Santos called the children to tell them about the plan. 3. Efren, who was a reputable doctor, promised to arrive at the house early. 4. Ann, a passionate teacher, became very excited upon hearing the plan from her students’ parents. 5. On the appointed day, they all went out for lunch at their favorite restaurant. 6. After the sumptuous lunch, they visited the amusement park, which was a memorable part of their childhood. NP Parts 10 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 10 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:52 PM 7. After enjoying the rides, they sat down on one of the benches and talked about their funny experiences in the past. 8. Their father, Mr. Fred Santos, surprised them with old pictures from their photo albums at home. 9. After looking at the pictures, Ann took out her camera and requested a passerby to take a picture of them. 10. All of them assured one another that they would have a reunion again and treasure the moments they spent together. B. Give examples of noun phrases with the specified formations. Use your given noun phrases in meaningful sentences. 1. adjective + noun ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. demonstrative pronoun + adjective + noun ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. pronoun + noun ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. article + noun ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. possessive pronoun + adjective + noun ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Collaborative Task Form a group with five members. As a group, take a photograph of people which shows the importance of relationships among loved ones. You may also choose to think of a scene which you can draw or paint. Be prepared to present your work before the class and to explain the message that your work conveys. 11 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 11 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:52 PM Writing Topic: Definition Essay In the collaborative activity, you used the basic principles of defining something. As a group, you thought about how to explain the background and message of the output of your group in order for the audience to understand it. As a basic preparation for writing a definition essay, you must first learn how to define terms. Of course, there are words that can be easily defined, especially those that are concrete nouns such as desktop computer, suspension bridge, and national parks. However, when it comes to defining abstract terms such as love and justice, you must go through a lot of steps in order to help your reader understand the words. To help you define terms effectively, here are some reminders: • • • Choose a specific term—broad topics are hard to define; Look for reliable sources that can help you define the term; Think of illustrations and examples that can help readers comprehend the definition. You can also employ different strategies in defining a specific term. You can: • • • Define the term by explaining what it does Define the term by comparing it with other related terms or concepts Define the term by showing its opposite Guided Reading To further help you define terms, the sample paragraphs below will demonstrate the different strategies you could use when you write your definition essay. Paragraph 1 - Defining the term by explaining what it does A war is a formally declared battle between two opposing forces. It uproots men from their otherwise peaceful lives and hurls them into the field of battle to kill other men. A war injures people physically and mentally. It instills fear. It breaks families. It destroys homes. Paragraph 2 - Defining the term by comparing it with other related terms or concepts Although the terms ‘house’ and ‘home’ are sometimes used interchangeably, the latter term carries a sense of fondness that is somewhat lacking in the first term. To say an architectural structure is a house is to merely describe it as a shelter. However, to refer to it as a ‘home’ implies that people live in that shelter and that these people consider each other family. 12 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 12 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:53 PM Paragraph 3 - Defining the term by showing its opposite During a time of war, soldiers are responsible for protecting their country. They are deployed into the battlefield and are expected to engage in combat whether on air, on land, or at sea. Members of the armed forces who don’t engage in these activities but are instead responsible for tending the wounded and the sick are called non-combatants. Individual Activity A. Read each paragraph below and determine what kind of strategy the writer used in defining each concept. 1 A society under the state of dystopia does not exhibit any of the paradisiacal qualities which characterize a utopia. The word utopia was first used in 1516 by Sir Thomas More in his novel of the same title. In a utopian society, everyone lives in perpetual harmony. There are neither catastrophic natural disasters nor wars. There is also no moral, intellectual, or financial poverty. 2 Nostalgia is an intense feeling of longing for the past. Nostalgia renders the past beautiful and perfect, and a person experiencing nostalgia yearns to return to those blissful moments that are long gone. Nostalgia turns a person melancholic as well as sentimental. 3 Some families have a treasured object that gets passed down from generation to generation. This object is called an heirloom. Usually, an heirloom is an antique that plays a significant role in the family’s history. It may also be of considerable monetary value, like jewelry or furniture. More than an inheritance, however, an heirloom is a gift. B. Define any of the following terms using one strategy discussed in this lesson. • • • • • Memory Longing Grief Loss Reunion 13 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 1-Compiled.indb 13 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 3:10:53 PM ET8-Vol2-Cover.pdf 1 3/13/2015 4:05:06 PM techfactors Inc. The EnglishTek K-12 Series offers a holistic and fun approach to learning English. EnglishTek is founded on the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach to develop language competencies. EnglishTek offers a blended learning program through the best practices in language education inside the classroom combined with e-learning technologies in order to make learning engaging and relevant for students. With EnglishTek, students become effective communicators who can understand and produce meaningful discourse, all the while enjoying rich and vibrant learning experiences. 2 1 KS E R I E S 8 VOLUME 2 African and Asian Literature VOLUME 2 Series Coordinators EnglishTek 8 ISBN 978-621-8000-02-5 B.EG8.1.14.1 9 786218 000025 Frances Paula L, Ibanez, M.A. Alexander C. Maximo, M.A. Authors John Paolo V. Sandicho Leovigilda M. Tumaneng Cristina G. Saulo 8 African and Asian Literature Vol. 2 John Paolo V. Sandicho Leovigilda M. Tumaneng Filipina R. Santos Cristina G. Saulo Series Coordinators Alexander C. Maximo, M.A. Frances Paula L. Ibañez, M.A. First Edition ET8-Vol. 2-Front Matter.indd 1 4/2/2014 10:34:57 AM TechFactors Inc. Trademark of TechFactors Inc. Philippine Copyright 2014 by TechFactors Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this courseware may be reproduced or copied in any form, in whole, or in part, without written consent of the copyright owner. First edition, 2014 ISBN 978-621-8000-02-5 Published by TechFactors Inc. Printed in the Philippines Authors John Paolo V. Sandicho, Leovigilda M. Tumaneng, Filipina R. Santos, and Cristina G. Saulo Series Coordinators Alexander C. Maximo, M.A. and Frances Paula L. Ibañez, M.A. Creative Writer Ma. Jendell Valin Kirong, Leovigilda Tumaneng, and Zenia P. Lazaro Content and Editorial Cristina G. Saulo, Ma. Regina B. Peñarroyo, Eris Heidi L. Ramos, and Jean Marie M. Romualdez Creatives Julius Caesar G. Barredo, Darylle R. Cajucom, Regina M. Zapata, and Samboy M. Dela Torre Illustration Julius Caesar G. Barredo, Nadine Bartolome, and Darylle R. Cajucom Systems Kim A. Benebese, Mark B. Abliter, Allan Nicole C. Celestino, Kenneth T. Salazar, Robie Marc R. Peralta, Kadmiel D.G. Ramos, and Raymond P. Baguio Exclusively distributed by TechFactors Inc. 101 V. Luna Road Extension Sikatuna Village, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Telephone number: (632) 929 8094 Email address: info@techfactorsinc.com Website: www.techfactorsinc.com The materials reprinted in this book, both literary materials and images, are obtained from open domain sources. The copyrights of the literary materials have already expired, and thus are free from copyright in their respective countries and in the Philippines. Any lapse or oversight is unintentional and will be corrected in the next editions. ET8-Vol. 2-Front Matter.indd 2 4/2/2014 10:34:57 AM FOREWORD Filipino students face challenges in learning the English language. More than ever, changes in learning environment now affect how we approach language education. Teaching approaches and methods have to fit 21st century learners. The EnglishTek K to 12 series is TechFactors’ innovation in English learning. Based on the principles of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and Blended Learning, EnglishTek incorporates current practices in language learning and educational technology. Aside from developing communicative competence in students, EnglishTek meets the competency standards of the Department of Education K-12 curricula and also focuses on honing vital 21st century skills, giving graduates a competitive advantage. Lessons in the EnglishTek 7 to 10 volumes are literature-based. They follow the Directed Reading Approach (DRA) which provides students with various activities before, during, and after reading. These activities include schema activation, vocabulary enrichment, comprehension exercises, and real-life application of values. Graphic organizers are also provided in the book to help learners map their ideas and improve their learning strategies and information processing. These engaging activities are all designed to target communication skills. They also create occasions for the students to hear and use the target language. Moreover, EnglishTek provides holistic learning by highlighting the Reading-Writing connection. Each reading selection is followed by a literary analysis, as well as a discussion of a related grammatical point. The grammar lessons are then connected to a writing lesson. This ensures that the learning of the students is applied. In these writing lessons, EnglishTek provides students with support through model paragraphs and guided practice. Most of all, learning is made relevant by situating learners in context and by using situations, examples, and texts that can be found in the real world. Through authentic materials that reflect Filipino values, learners can develop connections between their classroom learning and their life experiences. We hope that, with this series, students become effective communicators in English and simultaneously enjoy the learning process. By building these critical foundations of communication, we hope to produce effective communicators that think critically and can create meaningful discourse. TechFactors Inc. iii Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 2-Front Matter.indd 3 Techfactors, Inc. 4/2/2014 10:34:57 AM ABOUT THE AUTHORS John Paolo Sandicho Paolo graduated cum laude from the University of the Philippines Diliman with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Studies, major in Language. He has taught Developmental Reading and Public Speaking at the JIL Colleges Foundation. He is currently a full-time writer in the Education and Discipleship Department of the Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide where he is part of the team that develops and produces educational materials. Leovigilda Tumaneng Leovigilda Tumaneng is a graduate of the University of the Philippines, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Studies: Language. She currently serves as editor in the Legal Affairs division of the Department of Agrarian Reform central office, after working for a few years in the business process outsourcing industry. Filipina R. Santos Phnas is a reading specialist for an international school in the Philippines. She also worked as an assistant teacher at International School Manila and Wordlab School Inc. She has undergone training for teaching students with special needs and teaching in the content areas. She is currently finishing her Master’s degree in Reading Education at the University of the Philippines Diliman. Cristina Gonzales-Saulo Cristina is a former lecturer of Literature and College English classes at De La Salle-College of St. Benilde and Mapua Institute of Technology. She also worked as an English instructor and materials developer for several language centers for foreign students.She graduated from the University of the Philippines Diliman with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Studies, major in Language. She is currently finishing her Master’s degree in Reading Education at UP College of Education. ABOUT THE SERIES COORDINATORS Alexander C. Maximo, M.A. Alex holds a Master of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Arts degree, magna cum laude in English Studies: Language, from the University of the Philippines Diliman. He teaches with the Department of English and Comparative Literature of UP Diliman where he has handled English courses in the undergraduate and graduate level. His research interests include critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, organizational communication, and computer-mediated communication. With technology as another passion, he is currently exploring the use of e-learning to develop language skills. He has co-authored books on office productivity, multimedia, and business writing. He also currently serves as project manager for TechFactors. Frances Paula L. Ibañez, M.A. Frances graduated from the University of the Philippines Diliman with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communication, major in Journalism. She also earned her Master’s degree in Education, major in Language Education, from the same institution. She worked as a technical writer in several computer firms for eight years, developing user guides and tutorials on different software. She taught part-time in a preschool, where she handled the Nursery class, and in an English language center, where she taught language teaching methodology. She heads the Content Group in TechFactors. iv Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 2-Front Matter.indd 4 Techfactors, Inc. 4/2/2014 10:34:57 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit 3: Analyzing Perspective Lesson 1: Love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Gift by Li Young Lee Connotations Noun Compounds Classification Essay Lesson 2: Honor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Muh-Lan Analyzing Poetic Effects Other and Its Relatives Finding a Basis and Purpose for Classifying Items Lesson 3: Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 In A Grove by Ryunosuke Akutagawa Characterization Coordination Creating Distinct Categories Lesson 4: Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 The Watch by William Alfred Wood Responding to the Story Subordination Using Graphic Organizers to Visualize Classification Lesson 5: Casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 The Diameter of the Bomb by Yehuda Amichai Explaining Understatements Conditional Sentences Organizing a Classification Essay Lesson 6: Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri Judging the Character’s Actions Most and Its Relative Achieving Coherence in a Classification Essay Lesson 7: Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Cut by Ma. Celeste Flores-Coscolluela Evaluating Advertisements Articles with Generic Noun Phrases Writing the Introductory Paragraph for Classification Essay Lesson 8: Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Excerpt from Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Explaining Proverbs Uses of Semicolon Developing Supports in a Classification Essay Lesson 9: Beauty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Beauty: The Korean Way by Julia Yoo Using the Thesaurus Uses of Colon Writing the Concluding Paragraph for a Classification Essay v Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 3-Table of Contents.indd 5 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:49:10 PM Unit 4: Challenging Generalizations Lesson 1: Fortitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 The Swamp Dwellers by Wole Soyinka Analyzing Editorials Verb Structure Parallelism The Process Analysis Essay Lesson 2: Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 The God Stealer by F. Sionil Jose Reading Comic Strips Verbals Directional and the Informational Process Analysis Essays Lesson 3: Equiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 The Taj Mahal by Sahir Ludhianvi Analyzing a Feature Article Prepositions of Time Writing a Complete Process Analysis Essay Lesson 4: Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Poem by Taufiq Rafat Analyzing a Music Video Nondefining Adjective Clause in Simple Past Writing a Coherent Process Analysis Essay Lesson 5: Dichotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Piano and Drums by Gabriel Okara Analyzing a Documentary Nondefining Adjective Clauses in Past Continuous Writing a Process Paragraph Lesson 6: Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 The Pillow Book: Women in High Office by Sei Shōnagon Analyzing a Stage Play Nondefining Adjective Clauses in Perfect Tenses Practicing Process Analysis in Small Groups Lesson 7: Prejudice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 By Any Other Name by Santha Rama Rau Analyzing a Political Speech Capitalization Practicing Writing a Process Analysis Essay Lesson 8: Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Sing to the Dawn: Chapter 1 by Minfong Ho Reviewing a Panel Discussion Contractions Analyzing Writer’s Strategies Lesson 9: Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 All This Weight by An Na Reviewing a Public Service Announcement Abbreviations Compiling a Portfolio vi Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Vol. 3-Table of Contents.indd 6 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:49:10 PM UNIT 3: Analyzing Perspectives Lesson 1: Love Lesson 2: Honor Lesson 3: Truth Lesson 4: Death Lesson 5: Casualties Lesson 6: Identity Lesson 7: Gender Lesson 8: Strength Lesson 9: Beauty ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 1 3/11/2014 4:19:55 PM Lesson 1: Love Before Reading Lesson Objectives Important Words • To use antonyms and synonyms as context clues in finding the meaning of unfamiliar word • To enumerate related and synonymous words for a concept by creating a word map • To analyze how a poet’s choice of words affect the mood and meaning in poetry • To determine points for emphasis in a piece for oration • To create a collection of poem in an eBook format • To evaluate a word’s connotative meaning and how it affects the overall meaning of a sentence or passage • To use different noun compounds in sentences effectively • To review ways of classifying ideas • To evaluate how an author uses classification to forward an argument about a topic Read each sentence and take note of the underlined word. Then choose another sentence that uses the word similarly. 1. 2. 3. 4. Witnesses said that after the explosion, everything in the store just exploded into splinters. a. When she heard that her husband is very sick, Amy’s heart seemed to break into splinters. b. After the accident, I felt a sudden pain in my right ring finger. I checked it and saw a splinter of wood that penetrated my skin. The blast site was in shambles as shards and slivers of glass and debris scattered the affected area. a. After the typhoon, a lot of the evacuees returned to their homes with a sliver of hope even as they faced their future with uncertainty. b. The sliver of wood that you found in your things came from the neighbor’s old house that is being demolished when you left your window open. Mila looks at her newborn child with so much tenderness that it is almost heart-wrenching. a. Nurse Celia is very popular in that hospital because her patients always experienced her dedication and tenderness when they need her the most. In honor of her, they prepared a little party to express their gratitude and the hospital authorities to commend her for Nurse Celia’s exemplary performance. b. I think you should let the doctor see your right backside. The tenderness you felt and the pain that you mentioned earlier on that part is very alarming. The lead guitarist was really in high spirits during the concert that when he suddenly smashed his guitar sending shards of wood flying through the air, the crowd just went wild and got even more aggressive. a. You are too young to get your heart broken into shards so you must focus on your studies first. b. Milo was so nervous that his father will punish him that he accidentally stepped into the shards of broken glass lying on the floor. 2 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 2 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:56 PM Knowledge Activation Among Filipinos, the adage “Kung anong puno, siya ang bunga” represents their belief that whatever the parents teach their sons or daughters in childhood would definitely affect their attitude and perspective in life. However, based on sociological studies, this view about the influence of parents on children is shared among Asian countries. Listen as your teacher reads an article entitled “Impacts of Korean Fathers’ Attachment and Parenting Behavior on Their Children’s Social Competence,” a study by Jin-Young Chae and Kang Yi Lee published in an international journal. In this article you will learn the similarities between Korean and Filipino culture regarding parenthood. Activity 1 Before listening, define the following terms as a class: attachment, parenting, and social competence. How are these terms defined when studying about society and culture? Write down the definition that the whole class will come up with for these terms and write them on the spaces provided below. attachment: parenting: social competence: 3 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 3 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:56 PM Activity 2 A. Complete the chart below with details about the research article you listened to. The chart presents the important parts of a research: Parts of a Research Guide Questions Statement of the Research Problem What did the study aim to find out? Significance of the Research How does the study contribute to Korean culture in academic and social aspects? Definition of Terms How did the researchers define the terms: attachment parenting social competence Review of Literature What did the researchers mention about the following topics: child-mother relationships role of fathers in a family Korean fathers and their parenting behavior B. Reflect on the study and list down new and important details you learned about Korean parenting or father-son relationship in Korea. How do you think this information will help you understand the poem you were assigned for this lesson? Oral Interaction If you see a child crying in front of his or her father, what reasons would you initially think of ? How did you come up with such notions? Read the poem “The Gift” by a Li-Young Lee and find out why the speaker in the poem cried in front of his father. 4 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 4 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:56 PM Literary Selection The Gift by Li-Young Lee About the Author. Li-Young Lee was born to Chinese parents in 1957 in Jakarta, Indonesia. His father served under Mao Zedong as physician in China. Later on, he moved the family to Indonesia and helped found Gamaliel University. In 1959, the Lee family fled the country and after settling for quite some time in Hong Kong, Macau, and Japan, they finally settled in the United States in 1964. Lee went to college at the Universities of Pittsburgh, where he developed his love for writing. His poems’ recurring themes are those of simplicity, strength, and silence. Lee’s works include The Winged Seed: A Remembrance (BOA Editions, 2013), Behind My Eyes (Norton, 2008), Book of My Nights (2001), The City in Which I Love You (1991), and Rose (1986). He has been a recipient of several awards and fellowship grants like the Lannan Literary Award and Fellowship from the Academy of American Poets among others. He also received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from State University of New York at Brockport in 1998. Critical Viewing. Create a narrative about the illustration. What do you think is happening in the picture? What are the two characters talking about? Why do you say so? 5 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 5 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:57 PM During Reading. As you read each stanza of the poem, write down the words that you think are related to one another. Write these words down on each of the boxes and try to show how closely related these words are through word mapping. How did these words help you in telling the theme, mood, and message of the poem? Understanding Literature Comprehension Questions 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What are the two stories that the persona narrated in the poem? How are these stories different? How is the theme of love explored by the writer? What kind of love was depicted in the poem? Describe the persona’s father based on the details from the poem. Why do you say so? Describe the persona as a husband. What kind of husband and father do you think he grew up to be? Notice how the persona describe the metal splinter that hurt him when he was a child. What names did he call it? What are the significances of mentioning these names? 8. What was the gift given to the persona? Why do you think he considers it a gift? 9. Do you agree that gifts may come in various forms and they are not limited to material things? Why? 10. In Asian cultures, how important do you think is the influence of a father in a family? Is a father’s influence similar to a mother’s influence? Explain your answer. 6 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 6 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:58 PM Literary Analysis Mood and meaning in poetry are established by the poet through his or her choice of words, figurative language, sentence structure, length of poetic line, and punctuation marks. Mood refers to the feeling conveyed in the whole poem and meaning refers to the message that the poet wants to communicate. Read the first two lines of the poem “The Gift” by Li-Young Lee: To pull the metal splinter from my palm my father recited a story in a low voice. From these two lines, how do you think the poet established the initial mood of the poem? In the first line, the letters m and l set an initial quiet mood for the poem and this quietness is confirmed as the poet used the phrase low voice. Imagine if the poet used the word pluck instead of pull and hand instead of palm. Do you think he will be able to establish the same mood? This is one way of looking at how the author’s choice of words affect the mood and meaning in poetry. Imagine, too, if the poet used another word for recited. Some synonyms for these words are narrate, recount, rehearse, and say. Do you think one of these words will create the same effect as the word recite in the phrase recite a story? Definitely not. Although these words are synonymous, the meaning of each word actually gives the writer a hint as to what can be appropriately used to maintain the established mood. To recite means to give an oral or written account of in detail. The persona in the story is not narrating or simply recounting a story but reciting it which connotes seriousness and sincerity. Read the lines again and ask yourself, what did the father used “to pull the metal splinter?” Was an instrument mentioned? If you carefully analyze the structure of the sentence, you would find out that instead of mentioning a real medical instrument, the poet referred to the “story” recited by the father as the instrument used for pulling the splinter. Notice how the poet created a metaphor in these lines. Additionally, why do you think the poet chose to place a prepositional phrase first before the independent clause? The subject or doer of the action is not emphasized by doing this and thus, the poet was able to maintain, once again, the quietness of the narration. Notice, too, the poet’s choice of not using a comma after the word palm. In writing, we usually use a comma when we write a prepositional phrase first before the main clause as in: To pull the metal splinter from my palm, my father recited a story in a low voice. Compare this if we simply write the whole sentence without the comma. To pull the metal splinter from my palm my father recited a story in a low voice. Did you notice how dramatic the phrases “my palm my father” becomes? With these analyses for the first two lines of the poem, what conclusion can you draw about the message the poet wants to communicate? 7 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 7 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:58 PM Activity A. Read the whole poem again and analyze if the poet was able to maintain the initial quiet mood throughout the piece. If there has been a change of mood, explain below how the writer established a new mood through his choice of words, figurative language, and sentence structure. B. What do you think is the message of poem? What does the author want to tell its readers not only about his father but also about the concept of “fatherhood” in Korea? Explain your answers below. Responding to Literature Oral Communication Obtain a copy of US President Barrack Obama’s speech for Father’s Day last June 2013. Read it carefully and prepare to present an oratorical speech using this piece. Submit an annotated copy of the speech to your teacher before you speak in front of your classmates. Your copy should show which sentences you will emphasize in your oration and the reasons for it. Research and Writing Read more about poetry in Korean literature. Come up with a eBook collection of poems. Your collection should have a short introduction that informs your readers about your rationale for putting together the poems you have chosen in a collection. 8 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 8 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:58 PM Skills Development: Connotations Connotations refer to the associations and emotional suggestions connected to a word used in a certain context. It is contrasted with denotation which refers to a word’s literal or dictionary meaning. When reading, being able to understand the meaning of words as used in context helps the reader “read between the lines” and thus learn about implied ideas in a text. Analyzing connotations in a text can also help the reader understand the author’s attitude or biases toward a topic. The connotative meaning of a word can either be positive or negative. A positive connotation conveys a favorable impression while a negative connotation conveys an unflattering impression. Study the following examples: (2) Noella loves to talk in class. She always shares personal stories in class. (1) Noella is a talkative student. She always tells personal stories in class. Activity A. Differentiate the following pairs of words by listing their connotative meanings. WORDS splinter - sliver job - career immigrant - alien home - house love - passion 9 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 9 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:59 PM B. In this lesson, you read the poem entitled “The Gift.” How did the author define the concept of gift or giving in the poem? If you were to write the poem using the point of view of the father, what title would you use? Are you still going to use the same title? If yes, what connotations of the concept would you emphasize? If no, what new title would you use? Explain your answer in the space below. Grammar Review: Noun Compounds Noun compounds are two or more nouns that function as one to represent a new concept. These are common in scientific writing. For example: The scientist studied a cold virus. Noun compounds are different from compound nouns. Noun compounds are composed of two nouns: the first noun acts as a modifier for the second noun. Compound Nouns Noun Compounds • greenhouse gases • fossil fuel • placebo effect • • • • • bedroom haircut software sunrise breakfast 10 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 10 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:59 PM Noun compounds can be classified according to their functions: Functions Examples 1. Properties What are its characteristics? tablet computer (a type of mobile computer) 2. Material What is it composed of? carbon deposit (the deposit is made of carbon) 3. Mode of Operation How does it work? air brake (a type of brake that uses compressed air) 4. Purpose What does it do? water filter (a filter for cleaning water) 5. Location Where is it used/ found? internal combustion (the burning of fuel happens inside the engine) 6. Time When is it used? winter gear (clothes used protection during winter) 7. Shape / form What does it look like? cylinder pump (a pump shaped like a cylinder) 8. Inventor / user Who discovered/ uses it? Erlenmeyer flask (a flask created by Emil Erlenmeyer) Grammar Workout A. Encricle the letter of the correct definition of the noun compounds. long term survival techniques blood sample copper wire a. Techniques for survival over a long period of time b. Techniques for survival that takes a long period of time to learn a. a small amount of blood taken as a sample b. an example of what blood is a. Wire made of copper b. Copper made out of wire 11 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 11 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:59 PM network applications air filter summer cottage Doppler effect disc brakes laptop computer horse doctor a. Applications that operate in a network b. A network that operates applications a. Filters out air b. Filter that cleans the air a. Cottage used during the summer b. Cottage built during the summer a. Effect proposed by Christian Doppler b. Effect of Christian Doppler on the frequency of a wave a. Brakes shaped like round discs b. Brakes that stop discs a. Computer that can be used on a person’s lap b. Computer used by your lap a. A doctor for horses b. A doctor who is a horse B. Write the noun compound of the underlined words. Sentence 1. The truck used in construction uses an engine powered by diesel. 2. She enrolled in two major subjects for the semester in the winter Your answer season. 3. The economic growth experienced by the Philippines this year was due to new businesses started with capital from foreign countries. 4. Teenagers from our neighborhood spend their weekends cooking in a big pot for soup to distribute to homeless people. 5. Various items can be found in the holiday bazaar such as ornaments, cakes, and gingerbread that is shaped like a house. 6. In the next town lives an old man who specializes in repairing the engines of sports cars. 12 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 12 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:19:59 PM 7. In Math class this year, the students will be learning about a theorem proven by Pythagoras. 8. He makes it a point to incorporate exercise in his daily habit. 9. Living in the desert means that you will encounter storms that are composed of sand. 10. Some trains operate by levitating it using a magnet rather than using wheels. Collaborative Task Study the image. Pretend that your group is part of the Room Make-Over Teams. Your task is to suggest steps on what your team will do first to make the room look better. Keep in mind that the client still wants to use all of the things you can see inside the room; nothing should be throwned out. The client just wants the room to look organized. What steps do you think you can suggest? Present your plan on a whole sheet of cartolina. Writing Topic: Classification Essay Classifying is an important writing strategy for organizing ideas. When you classify, either you group related ideas or you divide them. For instance, a writer working on the topic of love may start with grouping related ideas (agape, phileo, storge, and eros) and then label this group with a general term (love). phileo storge agape eros love Or the writer may start with the general definition of love and then divide this topic into its different types. love agape phileo storge eros You can use classification in developing your essay, especially when you plan to talk about a lot of information. Your reader will look for a logical organization of your thoughts. 13 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 13 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:20:00 PM Guided Reading Read the essay below and notice how the writer used classification in developing the essay. How did the writer introduce the topic and how were each category discussed? Also, do you think the conclusion is appropriate? Four Facets of Love Modern day definitions of love are closely-related to relationships. There is love between a man and a woman, between a parent and a child, between friends, and love for oneself. Interestingly, there are actually four types of love and it has existed from the time of the Ancient Greeks and they are the following: agape, phileo, storge, and eros. Agape means deep and unconditional love that exists between parent and child or a married couple. It is a selfless love that does not expect anything in return. It was also the Bible’s reference to God’s unwavering love for humanity that requires sacrifice. Phileo, on the other hand, refers to love between friends and family and requires trust and loyalty. Love with acceptance and familiarity is what the Greeks labeled as Storge. It is also unconditional and based on acceptance. This can also be seen between friends and family. Lastly, Eros is passionate love that exists between lovers. It is a deep and strong attraction between a man and a woman. And this could be more familiar to most because of the Greek god Eros, or Cupid, as he is known in Roman mythology. Given these four types of love, one can deduce that man indeed, is a social being. He cannot live alone and needs human interaction and affection that will be part of his life from the day he was born until his death. Individual Activity A. Tell whether or not the grouping of ideas makes sense. Explain in brief your argument for each. B. Write down all ideas you can relate to each topic. Compare your list with that of you seatmate. Are there similar ideas you have written? What does this say about your knowledge or experience about each topic? types of people you meet types of moviegoers types of readers 14 Philippine Copyright 2014 ET8-Unit 3-Compiled.indb 14 Techfactors, Inc. 3/11/2014 4:20:00 PM THIS IS A SAMPLE COPY To purchase the full version of this book, go to www.techfactorsinc.com/store www.techfactorsinc.com