PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
Parts of
Research
Chapter 1
Research
Writing
Parts of CHAPTER I
• Introduction / Background of the study
• Statement of the problem
• Objective of the study
• Hypothesis
• Scope and delimitation
• Significance of the study
• Definition of terms used
“Introduction”
The introduction to
a research paper
is where you set up
your topic and
approach for the
reader.
Introduction
Introduction / Background
of the study
The background of a study is the
first section of the paper and
establishes the context underlying
the research.
EXAMPLE:
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
In globalization, language discourse has tended to emphasize the growing
importance of English as the lingua franca for global communication. What goes
unnoticed is that the growth of English is increasing bilingual and multilingual
people. We may even claim that a growing proportion of the world's population is
now bilingual or multilingual, which is a true mark of globalization in the language
environment. In today's changing world, bilingualism is becoming increasingly
common.
EXAMPLE:
With the Deped order no. 52, s. 1987, it is mentioned that the policy of bilingual
education aims to develop national proficiency in Filipino and English through the
teaching of both languages and their usage as instructional media at all levels.
However, despite being bilingual in Filipino and English, not all Filipino learners
successfully learn English, their second language (Gaerlan, 2016). One study
found that code-switching was a leading factor in declining language proficiency
(Di, 2014). For instance, Yevudey (2013) stated that this linguistic phenomenon of
alternating languages as a code choice in the classroom has been debatable among
scholars interested in the language of education.
Introduction
Statement of the problem
The problem statement is your opportunity
to explain why you care and what you
propose to do in the way of researching the
problem. A problem statement is an
explanation in research that describes the
issue that is in need of study. What problem
is the research attempting to address?
EXAMPLE:
Statement of the Problem
The researchers had a chief concern regarding the types of
code-switching teachers utilize in a secondary English Language
classroom and its pedagogical functions. To obtain all the
essential knowledge, data, and information, the researchers
sought to answer the critical questions as follow:
EXAMPLE:
1. What is the profile of the teachers in terms of the following?
A. Age (must be within 25 to 35 years old)
B. Gender (Male / Female)
C. Years in Language Teaching (must have 5 to 15 years of
experience)
D. Grade Level Assigned (Junior High School – Grades 7 to 10)
EXAMPLE:
2. How frequently do teachers tend to code-switch in the
same conversational context in a
classroom setting?
3. What are the different types of code-switching and
their pedagogical functions commonly
utilized by teachers in an English language classroom?
4. What are the teachers' reasons and attitudes for using
code-switching in an ESL
classroom?
5. What is the implication of teachers' code-switching to
language teaching?
Introduction
Objective of the study
Research objectives describe what you intend your
research project to accomplish. They summarize
the approach and purpose of the project and help to
focus your research. Your objectives should appear
in the introduction of your research paper, at the
end of your problem statement.
EXAMPLE:
The researchers seek to determine
the types of Code-Switching teachers
utilize in an English as a Second
Language (ESL) Classroom and the
pedagogical functions in teaching the
students' target language.
Introduction
Hypothesis
A hypothesis states your predictions about what
your research will find. It is a tentative answer to
your research question that has not yet been tested.
For some research projects, you might have to write
several hypotheses that address different aspects of
your research question.
Introduction
Scope and delimitation
The scope of the study is the limits
within which the research will be
conducted. The delimitations of the
study are those factors that will be
excluded from the research.
EXAMPLE:
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The researchers aim to focus on teachers' utilization of CodeSwitching in their actual classroom setup. The research
instrument involved interviews and intensive classroom
observations. The selection of participants is only limited since it
has a set of criteria that the teacher must be a teacher of English
subjects in Junior High, with age 25-35 years old, and with
years of language teaching for 5-15 years. This research could
also help them determine a solution depending on the outcome
of using code-switching as a pedagogic tool commonly used by
teachers in teaching the target language.
Introduction
Significance of the study
The significance of a study is its
importance. It refers to the contribution(s)
to and impact of the study on a research
field. The significance also signals who
benefits from the research findings and how.
EXAMPLE:
Significance of the Study
The researchers aimed to provide new insights into the
English Language classroom. The outcome of this
research would help the teachers and the students
assess whether utilizing pedagogic code-switching may
or may not be a helpful tool in learning and teaching
English. This study aimed to determine the pedagogical
functions of the different types of code-switching utilized
by teachers in English as a Second Language (ESL)
Classrooms.
EXAMPLE:
Significance of the Study
The results of the study gave knowledge and a great
benefit to the following:
Students. The result of this study was to help the
students to become aware of how codeswitching utilized
by their teachers affects their second language learning.
They can apply the knowledge and communication skills
they have gained throughout the class for their future.
EXAMPLE:
Significance of the Study
Teachers. The benefit of this research was for the
teachers to spot and highlight those shared features of
code-switching that affect the students' target language
learning. They determined that code-switching helps to
improve the ESL teaching in an actual classroom setup
and if it is an effective teaching strategy, specifically to
the secondary grade levels.
EXAMPLE:
Significance of the Study
The Academic Institutions and Administrators. The
research benefit for academic institutions and
administrations was to promote the programs and
learning strategies involving code-switching as an
educational tool in English as a Second Language
Classrooms.
EXAMPLE:
Significance of the Study
The Future Researchers. To give additional information
for other researchers, this could be a reference material
for future studies related to code-switching. It may serve
as a tool for further discussions to innovate the current
teaching strategies. The researchers hope that this study
will help other research as a reliable reference through
knowing the outcome.
Introduction
Definition of terms used
The “Definitions of Terms” ensures that your
readers will understand the components of your
study in the way that you will be presenting them,
because often your readers may have their own
understanding of the terms, or not be familiar with
them at all.
EXAMPLE:
Definition of Terms
For a comprehensive view, the data points listed below
are defined:
Bilingualism. ____________________________________
Code-Switching. _________________________________
ESL (English as a Second Language). _____________