How guardians and societal toxicity affect children in the new Purple Hibiscus and Small
Country.
CHAIPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
"Research has made it clear that parents can influence children," Maccoby (2000). Toxicity,
according to this research, is beat defined after being broken two. Social toxicity refers to the
area in the social environment in which families thrive and function is toxic. In this feeling, it
represents a serious threat to the development of identity", Dr. Garbarino (2015)
Dr. Childs (2021) defines the toxicity of the guardian because "the moment when the guardian
passes on his learned needs those of the child who He is bound to be responsible". The forces
that influence and the moment that children change during the crossing This causas are of most
of the work carried out developmental psychology since the creation of this field.
Examines retrospective life history in the literal representation of toxicity on children. In postEnglish and French-speaking countries. In modern societies, there are at least three contexts in
which the socialization of childhood takes place. Families, bread groups and extra-family contexts
such as society. [Maccoby 2000}
1.2 THE PROBLEM
Garbarino (1995) describes the contemporary social world of infants or "the social context in
which they grew up," which he said "has become poison for their development. Society, the
environment and the guardians with which and where the child grows up have a great influence
on how the child becomes The problem is the level of toxicity administered to a child in an
environment by a guardian . How is it administered what are the effects of toxicity?
The social toxicity that Garbarino refers to consists of a socially toxic environment, all the "forced
of the territory who pollute the environment of children and young people".
In addition, as environmental toxicity increases, the adaptability of young people to toxicity has
weakened; their vulnerability predisposes them to greater risks. Developmental problem,
adverse "67 6000 abused in the houses of guards who are deemed safe" Compilation by Center
for Control and Prevention of patients
The African Partnership to End Violence against Children is based on the reality that the tariffs of
sexual and physiological violence against children are a reality. From the quotes above, it is clear
to note that the problem of guardian and societal toxicity against children is a reality. So the
fundamental need for this study to retroactively examine the extent to which combinations of
risk factors produce socially toxic family environments and serve as distallowances affecting
children (Murray, et al., 2010).
There is clear evidence that parents can and influence children. { MacCoby 2000}. The future is
the youth, not protecting her, teaching her and preserving her is losing her identity. {Robert G
Mugabe Presidential speech}. The consequences of not seeking, addressing and solving this
problem will lead to a loss of identity, humanism, extreme crime rate, brain damage and
irresponsible behavior.
In the case of family society conditions, is politics of consideration for the emotional and mental
health of children? . Are they damaged, what are the effects of the damage inflicted on them, do
the parties involved care about children or are they considered collateral damage? My selection
of English and French African novels becomes relevant because it provides a female and male
perspective, both from post-colonial Africa.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.What is toxicity.
2.De how it can be given to a child
3.What are the effects of toxicity on children?
4.De from English and French literary texts, what are the similarities and differences in the
representation of the effects of toxicity by guardians and society on children.
1.3 OBJECTIVE.
1.Educate on the definition of toxicity
2.Explain and explain how guardians and society can be toxic to children.
3.Find out how it can be given to a child
4. Clarify the diffusing effects when the author is a trusted guardian.
5. From English and French literal texts what are the similarities and differences in the toxicity
pump
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter focuses on the literature review. Documentaries have already been compiled on the
toxicity of curatorship and society on children. Since the beginning of the pre-industrial era,
children's feelings have not been taken into account, but the beginning of the modern era has
revealed studies on the toxicity of society and the babysitter on children. The how, the why, the
when and the where.
Toxicity is defined after dividing into two parts: social toxicity refers to the extent in which the
social environment in which families develop and function is toxic, in the sense that it contains
serious threats to the development of identity, said Dr. J Gabarino. Dr. Childs (2021)defined
curatorship toxicity as the time when a caregiver puts his or her needs ahead of those of the child
for whom he or she is responsible, for example by showing self-centered behaviors.
It is important to give an overview of what other academics and researchers have compiled."
Various studies highlight "antisocial tendencies" such as physical aggression, oppositional
behavior (e.g., disobedience), and impulsivity as being directly correlated with early delinquency"
(Moffitt, 1993; Staff et al... 2015 ; Tremblay, 2013), Although some antisocial behavioural
tendencies have an organic or neuropsychological component, the environmental context in
which young children are raised – which is clearly beyond their control – has a particularly
profound impact on healthy child development (Farrington and Welsh, 2007; Maggi et al., 2010;
Moffitt et al., 2011; Sullivan and Newsome, 2015.
From a sociological perspective, difficult family environments, child abuse and suboptimal
parenting practices arguably help set the stage for negative outcomes in adolescence and
increase the likelihood of problems in adulthood. The effects of negative childhood experiences
include the Immediacy of psychological issues and mental health problems (Vogel and Messner,
2012), a greater likelihood of engaging in juvenile delinquency (Wolff, Baglivio and Piquero,
2017), The Centers for Teller Control and Prevention (2015) identifies the most affected children
related to disease and accident mortality include:
emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual
abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, maternal abuse, substance abuse in the household,
mental illness in the household, separation or divorce of parents, and having an incarcerated
household member. More importantly for the present study, the evidence indicates that the
combined effects of toxicity increase the chances of a series of negative experiences from child
to adult.
Children are not entirely responsible for what they become. The levels of toxicity imposed on
them by their guardians and society affect them at different levels. They are forcibly transmitted
from childhood to adulthood. Current studies generally show the side effects of toxicity on
children. But they do not take into account the mental and psychological effects, in the way that
a character is formed up to the multiple personality disorder.
This study will show how children are victimized during a change of power, whether at home or
in the country in general. My research is unique in that it provides a complementary comparison
on how guardians and society can be toxic. She will examine the forms of toxicity and how they
are administered to a child the results in which a child chooses a mode of fight or flight By
representations.
1.5 METHODOLOGY
Dаwsоn (2009) states that research methodology is the philosophy or general principle that
guides research. Kоmbо and Tromp (2009) coincide with Zikmund еt аl.
2010) than methodology. The research methodology concerns the description of the methods
deployed to conduct the research study.
1.6 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
This study will use qualitative research to address the issue of guardian and societal toxicity. The
information will be obtained from two sources of the new ones: Purple hibiscus by Chimamanda
Adichie Nangozi. and Petit pays by Gaël Faye. Perform an analysis on the literal representation. I
chose this method because it is the most appropriate for the subject at hand and it allows me to
collect data from two different perspectives: male and female. Anglophone and Francophone.
The post-colonial era
1.7 DIVISION OF THE STUDY
The first chapter presents the introduction, the problematic, research questions, the objectives,
literature review, methodology, qualitative research, the theoretical framework, division of the
study and the conclusion. The two chapter presents the Analysis of the toxicity of the guards and
the school relief society. The three chapter that is to say the summary of the new and
comparison, in the way the guardians and the toxicity of the society have effect of children.
Chapter Four will present the conclusion of the project and the recommendations.
1.8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The are theories developed by researchers to explain phonemes, draw conclusions and make
predictions. The objectives are to define the essential concepts, to evaluate and combine the
relevant theories and models, to explain the assumptions and expectations that guide. Currently,
there is no conclusive etiology' on the toxicity of child abuse, but there are two theories that are
considered, my study requires both in the process of conducting this research, both theories are
sociocultural and psychodynamic. They Analyze the toxicity of guardians and school society is
course what conditions make some people who beyond a physical level and violence culturally
sanctioned against children culture, lucky environment, environmental stressor Deviance in the
areas of physical, social and emotional violence against children Relationships of intra família
deranged Psychodynamic theory Stelle and Pollock . What distinguishes the abuser and the nonabuser, frequency and degree. The paradigm assumes that the author acts outside the context
of his environment. Each individual is the product of his early childhood. The main theorists are:.
Gil,( 1970),. Steele and B. Pollock(1974).
1.9 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is obvious that guardians can influence children. This holds a large place at the
level of guardians toxicity, guardians that has a negative impact on children. Social toxicity is the
extent to which the social environment' families develop and function as a poison. In this sense,
it constitutes a serious threat to the development of Identity. This research is unique in that
children are not entirely responsible for what they become. The levels of toxicity applied to them
by custodians and society affect them at different levels. They forcibly transmit them from
childhood to adulthood. Current studies generally show the side effects of toxicity on children.
Finally, using qualitative research as a form of methodology to tear down the literal
representation of how and the effects of toxicity.
Chaipter Two
2.0 INTRODUCTION: ANALYSIS OF THE TOXICITY OF THE GUARDS AND THE SECOURS SCHOOL
SOCIETY
This chapter provides an analysis of the topic: how caregivers and society can be toxic to children
and the effects of toxicity on children. It will provide substantial evidence drawn from the new,
toxic acts and their effects, with a school protect to reinforce the claim of toxicity. The forms of
toxicity and severity of effects on children.
2.1Definitions.
Toxicity is causing a lot of damage and damage over a long period of time. Toxic effects refer to
ideas that stated negative emotions can affect a person's health. Suls (2018). As the popular
saying goes, the poison is found in the fact of the drug, which is why a little too much of
something correct can be harmful and the amount can exceed cultural or normal levels .
Guardian toxicity is not a clearly defined term but rather a general description of parental
behaviors that cause guilt, fear or obligation in children. But is negative parenting behavior that
inflicts damage that affects a well-being Butler (2020). These are not isolated behaviors but rather
systematic and structured behaviors that negatively influence the child's life. These include, for
example, egocentric behaviors (lack of emotional availability, narcissism or lack of care), physical
or verbal abuse (blaming the other or lighting gas). Controlling behaviors (invasion of privacy,
manipulative behaviors using guilt or shame to play on emotions.
Societal toxicity refers to the extent to which social families develop and function is toxic Dr.
Childs (2015). In addition, a social epidemic that has replaced the scourges. This lends weight to
the claim that where you start has a lot to do with where you go, especially in children. Moreover,
for a society to be considered toxic, it generally lacks stability, security, affirmation (social
rejection is an evil), moments of socialization, sense of community and economic equality.
Gabarino (1996)
2 .2 FORMED OF TOXICITY
Physical, mental and emotional (psychological)
Physical toxicity – touch, sex, abuse.
There is no clear definition of child physical abuse, but WHO has stated that if someone harms a
child, treats them badly, makes them sick, shakes them, mutilates them, hits them and any other
contact that has the effect of hurting them. Physical damage related to what can be seen or
touched. Physical punishment of children by parents is a potential source of toxic stress in the
sense that it is linked to changes detrimental to their development. Butler (2020).
Mental and emotional (psychological) toxicity
: reject, isolate, terrorize, ignore, corrupt, overpress Gabarino (1986) and Al and Pearl
(1994.Emotional abuse is a treatment that causes serious damage to a child's emotional
development, such as constantly or unfairly punishing a child, failing to show a child that he is
responsible for any affection, telling a child that he is worthless, denying a child the opportunity
to express his opinions, prevent a child from taking part in normal social activities, let a child see
or hear the abuse of another person
2.3 GUARDIAN TOXICITY
Toxic parenting practices are destructive approaches they use in the education of Munyua and
Disiye children (2020)
Much research focused on the toxicity of children by caregivers and society has been conducted
with the aim of understanding how children suffer from preparers and how it affects their wellbeing. Children have been abused since the dawn of creation, Bakan, 1971; deMause, 1974, )
and the further back in childhood history we go, the less adequate child care was and the more
likely children were to be abused, abandoned, traumatized Hasselt (1988). In Purple Hibiscus pg
19. Jaja says, "We will take care of the baby and protect him." "Kambili admits that she knew her
brother wanted to protect her from her father. This conversation says a lot about father Dad
being a toxic parent. That his own children would have sworn to protect from. Her own children,
too young to protect themselves, seek to protect others from the unexpressed harm they have
not denounced.
The education of children does not always depend on what you teach them, but also on how you
treat them, because children learn by copying what they see. Erickson, (2018)Kambili's father,
Dad, poured hot water on his feet as punishment, as it seemed right to him, given that he had
been punished in the same way when he was young: "He would dip my hands in hot water so I
wouldn't sin." It is a childhood trauma that he was subjected to but on which he returned as an
adult.
There is substantial evidence that parents can and do influence their children. Children learn a
lot and through their daily experience by interacting with the physical and social world and what
is not encoded in their genes. Maccoby (2000). Errickson and Maccoby argue that children are
actually influenced by their caregivers, proving that caregivers play an important role in the life
of a growing child by reflecting what they have observed and what they do. In Small Country pg6.
The protagonist tells how the discussion with his father about the upper and lower ethnic groups
changed his view of things. The effect is visible when he declares: "From that day on, I began to
notice"
Physical violence amplifies attention to the threat and increases anxiety in children. The family
environment can be a key source of stress especially when parents inflict pain on children. When
the penalty rises to the level of physical abuse, stress is considered toxic Gershoff (2016). This
brings us to the psychodynamic theory of Stelle and Pollock, and the sociocultural theory of Gil
1970. (Sociocultural theory *Kambili, in Purple Hibiscus, tells how she got into a bathtub and had
hot water poured over her feet. Pouring hot water on a child's feet exceeds the level of culturally
sanctioned physical violence (sociocultural theory.
Toxic parenting encompasses beating children with leather belts, demeaning verbal criticism
slamming them with kitchen sticks and waist belts. These parents further rationalize these
cruelties as acts of moral punishment Munyua and Disiye (2020). The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (2015) states that emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional
neglect, physical neglect, violence against the mother, mental illness of the household,
separation or divorce of parents, and having an incarcerated household member. Parents and
caregivers play a critical role in a child's healthy development, which can be compromised if
children are repeatedly exposed to harmful stimuli. This has a negative impact on the
delinquency of the child and on his future in adulthood. Using psychodynamic theory, it seemed
natural for Dad to punish his children a lot, as he had suffered the same from his guardian, a
Church Father.
2.4 MENTAL.
Parents are primarily responsible for a child's education. (Unicef, 2022) When a child has no
parents, another adult is tasked with this task and is called (guardian).
All crates of physical violence contain a coexisting emotional component. When the impact may
persist long after physical injury or sexual attack, Harmaman and Ludwig (2000). Kambili I
stuttered *can I tell her*,She risks social expulsion because socially she has trouble
communicating, and this after being hit by her father for delaying their driver by less than 5
minutes. They affirmed the presence of mental, emotional and psychological toxicity on children,
from this the statement according to this some wounds stop bleeding and do not heal takes
everything on meaning. . (In Petit Pays, after Yvonne's collapse, she recounts the horrors she
experienced to her 8-year-old daughter, Ana, and later in the book, ana is seen drawing the
picture that her mother's words painted for her.
A study was conducted by Wenzlaff and Eisenberg (2018) on parental restriction of negative
emotions in children and how it affects them in the future. The study established that the
restriction of negative emotions was like the seed of thought suppression. The researchers
argued that parents plant mental and emotional seeds in children. Parents sowed seeds of fear,
obligation, guilt and restriction of the expression of negative emotions. The study concluded that
the restricted expression of negative emotions produced children with emotional problems and
deficits in social skills. Kambili is considered a backyard snob and faces social eviction. She can't
communicate with other children her age because she has a strictly timed schedule and her
father is furious, which affects her ability to communicate effectively.
A toxic relative has a wide range of weapons: deception, manipulation, intimidation, threat,
ignorance and judgment' Ahmed (2021-2022). When parents have an impact on children's lives,
they also have a psychological impact. Forward and Buck argue that toxic parenting practices
weaken to nurture the psychological needs and feelings that enable children to acquire the
survival skills essential to psychological modification and school to school." I remained a snob for
most of the girls in school, but I didn't mind, I had bigger problems...". Kambili is socially failing
at school to the point of being labeled and deemed expelling because her family demands
perfection to the point of going crazy during recess, she should read in a library.
Children are overwhelmed by fear, guilt and humiliation, resulting in low levels of motivation and
absurd performance for children throughout their lives. Gabarino and Al (1986) and Pearl (1948)
provided a useful operational definition of psychological abuse. Soft emotional abuse is not
characterized by malicious intent, moderate abuse is characterized by malicious intent. Severe
emotional abuse is characterized by actions that inflict pain and harm.
2.5 SOCIETAL TOXICITY
Refers to the constellation of difficult living conditions with a significant risk of developmental
problems. More than 50% of children will experience some level of physical and emotional abuse
at school. Foulades, verbal assaults, strip searches, massive drug testing and confinement. These
acts are perpetrated by principals, administrators, teachers, coaches and other forms of authority
Bass (1999). All this is the name of the discipline.
These incidents are not only emotionally and physically damaging, but they undermine the
institution they represent. Ahmed (2021-2022) therefore, the importance of a good childhood
cannot be exaggerated children in school are subjected to physical and sexual threats. Garbarino
(1995) used the term socially toxic environments to describe children's contemporary social
world or "the social context in which they grow up," which he said "has become poisonous to
their development." The social toxicity to this Garbarino refers consists of an amalgam of
sociocultural factors such as violence, poverty, disturbed relationships, depression, alienation
and despair. A socially toxic environment refers to all the "opposing forces that pollute the
environment of children and young people"In Petit Pays Yvonne, the mother of the protagonist,
suffered from school segregation because she was a refugee, she remembers the insults and
insinuations, "In the eyes of Burundians, they are clear with insults, insinuations..... "UNICEF has
written that education is a right for every child, yet in this context this right is violated by a society
that is supposed to protect.
In addition, as environmental toxicity increases, the adaptive capacities of young people are
weakened; vulnerabilities predispose them to risks arising from developmental problems,
adverse health effects and negative behavioural outcomes. The thesis presented here suggests
that the cumulative disadvantage. Michalski (2017).
From the earliest stages of life, children with developmental and family risk factors can be
expected to engage in antisocial and delinquent journeys in adolescence (Staff et al., 2015). This
patterns are usually reinforced by associations with the appear. As Hawdon (2004) has shown,
the influence of peers or the circle of friends can be particularly important. In Little Country, it is
Franklin who is the delinquent child, raised by an uncle who does not care about him and who
pushed him to delinquency, a tyrant. It is therefore not surprising that it is he who incites the rest
of Gabrielle and her friends to enter the life of a real gang led by Innocent, the former driver of
the protagonist's family.
2.6 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this chapter explored problems towards toxicity, its forms and its different effects
it has children, and assessed how institutions that are supposed to protect children become the
authors of toxicity. The main finding suggests that no single factor is responsible for guardian and
societal toxicity. For a stressor to be considered toxic, it must occur in the absence of support.
Shonkoff and Al (2009).
CHAIPTER THREE
3.0 INTRODUCTION; LITERAL REPRESENTATION OF TOXICITY.
This chapter will provide a small summary of the new, Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Adichie
Nangozi Small Country by Gaël Faye and It will also give information on the acts of toxicity, the
ways they are administered to the children of the guardians and society, the effects of the actions
on the development of the child. The information mentioned will be derived from the literal
representation of the new
3.1 SUMMARY OF THE NEW: PURPLE HIBISCUS BY CHIMAMANDA ADICHIE NANGOZI
Purple Hibiscus is Chimamanda Adichie Nangozi's first novel in post-colonial Nigeria, a series of
coups and policy of instability. Kambili, the protagonist of the story, is 15 years old, is the latest
born of a family of two children and idolizes her father. Eugine Achike (Papa), a devout Catholic
who speaks out against tyranny in his county. While ironically running his house in the most
dictatorial and tyrannical way possible. On the other hand, he is a Christ of the community, for
whom the money must be shared, he gives money to the people of his village and keeps his
community.
The story begins with a coup in the country that sets the stage for the dramatic effects seen on
the family. As a fan of Chinua Achebe, it is not surprising that Adichie followed his set of themes
including a post-colonial society, oppression, abuse, mental, physical, verbal and societal
punishments that prevent a child from growing properly. From the beginning of the book, it
seems that the Achike family has everything going for them, but reading little Kambili's story, one
can't help but notice that something is wrong, without her needing to say it vocally. Oppression!
So much so that freedom of expression in their homes is a taboo and expression is hindered "we
often made this communication with our eyes by asking ourselves questions that we already
knew".
The sadness and emotionality of the book seems to transform as Kambili's brother Jaja meets the
purple hibiscus in his aunt Ifeoma's garden. Ironically, Kambili is nothing special or particularly
strong, but it's easy to note how, although she doesn't fully understand the events of her life, she
portrays oppression, abuse, hypocrisy, hope, kindness, and resilience. At some point, the light
seems to filter into the oSebscurity. Kambili and Jaja learn to laugh, to take responsibility as the
purple hibiscus grows. However, it is surprising that the simple Jaja comes to the defense of her
mother Beatriz who murdered their father, her husband. One can't help but hate and understand
Eugine Achike, the same man who destroyed her home and cared about the community. He loved
his family in the only way he knew, that is, in the way the church taught him. Hence the quote
he said while hating himself: "Why do you make me do this"
3.2 SUMMARY OF THE NEW: SMALL COUNTRY BY GAËL FAYE
Small country was written by the Franco-Rwandan Gaël Faye. The book was published in August
2016 and won the High School Students' Competition Prize. It is set in a post-colonial
Francophone era. The protagonist Gaby a 10-year-old child highlights the causes and effects of
the Rwandan genocide that took place in Burundi. Through his narration, we learn about the
main causes of genocide, how it harmed children, childhood lost due to war and virility.
Imposed on boys who recognized the war but did not fully understand it. How the Tutsi and Hutu
ethnic groups have affected the country as a whole and, in a subtle way, we are trying to show
the political instability of this small country. Gaby sees workers he knew evolve or die, Innocent,
their trendy driver, becomes the leader of a gang, Prothe, their cook, is stoned to death in front
of his friend's house. And Donatien is missing. It's a world torn apart for him.
Gaby and her friends decide to protect their neighborhood but it is this movement that will later
lead them to become child soldiers or activists. "Chef, why not let the little Frenchman prove that
he is one of us? .... The children in my hand were jostling and pushing me... "It should be noted
that it was Gino and Francis' children like him, his own friends, his peers, who led to the
disappearance of his innocence: 'I threw away the Zippo and the car caught fire'. Subsequently,
Gaby notes, "I searched through the dust and ashes and found the identity card of the man who
had just died, the man I had killed."
While Gaby is a representative of the children who have suffered the social toxicity of this whole
ordeal of genocide, it goes without saying that, as Garbarimo said, peers are also responsible for
a child's outcome. It was Gino, his most reliable friend, who led him to the end of his innocence.
His sister Ana, a few years his junior, suffered the weight of parental toxicity. From her father's
absence on the night of the shooting until today, April 7, 1994, after Yvonne, the mother, asked
why the children were alone, it was Ana who exclaimed: "He wasn't there either on the night of
the coup."
Gradually, after their parents' divorce, the country also seems to be turned upside down and the
children are forced to grow up and recognize that their world no longer exists. The book ends
with the genocide and its consequences, their family is torn apart when Mom disappears and
Dad sends them to a host family in Paris.
3.3 HOW IS TOXICITY ADMINISTERED TO A CHILD?
3.3 Guardians: Controlling Behaviours
Dad, Kambili's father, is a control freak who sets a schedule for his home, noting how they will
spend every moment of their day "We wanted to spend every minute of the half hour Dad had
allocated to the uniform laundry" "I was wondering if Dad was going to set a schedule now or
wait for the baby to be a small child" Excessively control a child's time without giving him time to
grow, to experience the Independence of delegating one's own time, hinders one's natural
growth clock, except that it creates a system of dependence and an inability to think for oneself.
That is why the claim that the poison lies in the dose applies, allocating time is acceptable, but
over-allocating and programming all day is toxic. Aunt Ifeoma notices the toxicity of this act when
she takes Jaja and Kambili for the weekend. Upon their arrival, Kambili lets slip that Dad has set
up a program for them during their stay at their aunt's house. The infectious Ifeoma notices the
toxicity of Eugine's controlling behaviors and puts an end to it, letting children experience
freedom of decision and natural growth. Moreover, the disastrous effect of Eugine's controlling
behaviors is visible when Kambili is ousted by her cousin Amika who despises Kambili because
she was born into a wealthy family and mocks her disabilities. At school, Kambili is avoided by
the public because most girls consider her a snob because she doesn't walk with them after
school. But it's not Her father's fault that he didn't put it on his schedule and doing it alone would
have had disastrous consequences. "Once Kelvin told Dad that I had taken more than a few
minutes, Dad slapped my right and left cheeks at the same time as his big hands left footprints
and my ears whistled for days.
3.4 Abusing someone else while a child is watching or hearing
A very toxic way to educate a child that affects his emotional and psychological development.
"Dull and heavy noises on the door carved by my parents........ The door could be stuck, if I
imagined it strong enough, it would become true " Flight or fight, Kambili has taken the path of
flight The Center for Disease Control attributes more than 30 percent of multi-personality
disorders in children to an emotional escape mode, as they try to block the inconveniences that
happen to them. Kambili used her imagination to try to block out reality: she knew that her
mother was receiving physical punishment from her father. Kambili knew that his father was
beating his mother. Moreover, her father's toxic behavior was so normal that even after seeing
her father carry their mother Beatrice on his shoulder like a bag of potatoes, Jaja and Kambili got
on their knees to wipe their mother's blood, "we cleaned the net of blood on the doorstep." It is
very important for children to feel safe, safe to see their parents untitled, these acts of toxicity
are proven to hinder the development of a child when Kambili who has always been first in class,
comes second due to the emotional scars of seeing the pain of his mother, "Every time I tried to
read the black words turned into a trickle of red, fresh blood."
3.5 Excessive expectations, manipulation, guilt and obligation.
These toxic parenting practices hinder emotional and social development. "Kambili and Jaja are
victims of their father's excessive expectations, Eugine considers that being the first in the class
is the greatest perfection, even at the break or lunch, instead of Interacting with other children.
They are both forced to study. They are denied a moment to breathe and grow. Dad also uses
Christ to manipulate or make children feel guilty in order to maintain his high standard." When
you are the first in your class, you have fulfilled God's purpose. "
A surprising and painful encounter takes place when Beatrice, jaja and Kambili's mother, creates
a sense of obligation in Jaj'. She killed her husband, their father, by poisoning her tea. It is Jaja
who goes to prison and suffers the unspoken. Small, provocative, intelligent, Jaja, who was still
in school, is forced to become a man when he finds himself in prison, sacrificing himself for his
mother and sister. This act denies him the right to be a child. It is Kambili's internal questioning
that nails the coffin of Beatrice's toxic parenting strategy. Too weak and too self-centered to
leave her husband and the comfort he brought her, she opted for murder, poisoning her tea, the
same tea Dad offered his children. Beatrice thought only of herself and no one else.
Ana in Petit Pays is a victim of her mother's toxicity. On her return, Yvonne, their mother, is
traumatized but transfers the trauma to Ana." And, leaning over Ana, Mom continued to tell her
terrible story in a long, breathless whisper (infused with alcohol).... She shook her violently....".
The protagonist, a child, hears and watches his mother emotionally abuse her sister every night,
which overwhelms and exhausts a child to the point that Gaby decides, "I had to save Ana, I had
to save us." Yvonne's toxicity profoundly affected Ana. The child becomes morose and is later
seen drawing pictures that her mother painted for her. The innocent 8-year-old Ana is now a
broken spirit.
3.6 Disintegration of identity
Kambili and Jaja had no sense of belonging. Culturally and socially, because their minds noticed
the injustice of the situation and tried, in their own way, to right their father's wrongs. Their
grandfather Papa Nukwu is excluded from their lives and they are only allowed to see him once
a year, for 15 minutes. Kambili notices how negatively it impacts her life when she visits her
grandfather and sees him old and lonely "if he choked and I wanted to fetch water for him, I
wouldn't even know where to find it." Aunt Ifeoma mentioned that he liked to tell stories, but
Kambili says to himself "I didn't know
that he loved doing that." Jaja did not have the ceremony that introduced him to manhood, the
"ima mmu". He was denied the chance to know his culture and he knew it. Finally, speaking their
mother tongue, Igbo, and bowing to the king was considered pagan and deprived them of their
cultural identity. Ironically, they were expected to bow before the pastor, a foreign tradition?
3.7 Physical toxicity
Stelle and Pollock's psychodynamic theory asserts that each individual is a product of their early
childhood and that what distinguishes abusers from non-abusers is the frequency of punishments
and their degree of impact. Pg 145 Purple Hibiscus Dad (Kambili's father) comes to sit next to
Kambili on the bed and tries to justify his actions by pouring boiling water on his feet as
punishment, he declares: "I have committed a sin against my body...... the good Father told me
to boil water for tea.... He placed my hands in the hot water as punishment, he told me that this
is how I killed myself every time I sinned."
This incident explains how Dad's physical toxicity to Jaja and Kambili. Earlier in the book, Jaja and
Kambili are accused of committing the sin of omission because they had not called their father
to inform him that their pagan grandfather Papa Nukwu was staying with them in Nssuka. As
punishment, hot, boiling water is poured on their feet. Kambili says, "I was afraid to move, I knew
my skin was going to peel." Eugine himself cried for the pain he inflicted on his children.
The frequency of Dad's physical toxicity has made him an aggressor while in their rural home,
little Kambili wakes up with periodic pain; her brother and mother help her eat so that she can
take a Panadol 10 minutes before the Eucharist fast; unfortunately for them, they are surprised
by Eugine, a church fanatic. They were all hit with a heavy leather belt. "... like a Fulani nomad...
his belt on Jaja, mama and me". Later, in Nssuka, Chima asks Jaja what happened to her finger.
Aunt Ifeoma hides the truth but later we learn that Dad had a deformed left finger because at
the age of 10, Jaja had failed to be the first in his class in church, "... two of his catechism tests
.........". Jaja came out later supporting his left finger with his right finger and Dad took him to the
hospital crying too."
Papa's physical toxicity is illustrated when Jaja and Kambil are surprised with a portrait of Papa
Nukwu. When she rebels against the torn portrait. Kambili is beaten to the point of
Unconsciousness by her father. Blood and tears mix. Later, she wakes up in the hospital and, to
cover up this event, Eugine claims that Kambili had an accident. These incidents show how toxic
guardians can be, intentionally or unintentionally. In order to fix things, they have a negative
impact on a child's life. Kambili was hospitalized, traumatized and socially distorted, and yet she
loved her father as if she knew it wasn't her fault. Jaja was imprisoned while trying to protect
her mother.
3.8 HOW TOXICITY IS ADMINISTERED BY SOCIETY
3.8 An environment that is not safe
The social toxicity to which Garbarino refers consists of an amalgam of sociocultural factors such
as violence, poverty, disturbed relationships, depression, alienation and despair. A socially toxic
environment refers to all the "forces involved that pollute the environment of children and young
people". In Petit Pays Yvonne, the protagonist mother suffered from the antagonism of school
segregation because she was a refugee, she remembers the insults and insinuations she received.
A dangerous and disruptive environment. Yvonne, the protagonist's mother, was a refugee from
the first genocide in Rwanda. UNICEF has stated that a safe environment is a fundamental right
for every child. Yvonne, as a child, was not fortunate enough to enjoy a safe environment,
education and the right to life with basic necessities. Because she was a Tutsi, a minor ethnic
group. "The Hutus' insinuations and thinly veiled insults are revealing: 'We can only take in a
certain number of refugees in our school.' Rightly so, since Tutsis were considered cockroaches.
Sociocultural theory asserts that peers are responsible to some extent for the formation of an
individual. After the discussion about Hutus and Tutsis that Gaby had with her father. Gaby
became aware of the difference and how she was marked and provocative at school "when fights
broke out...". They isolated themselves from each other by calling each other offensive names
like Hutu or Tutsi." A child does not differentiate between race and ethnicity, but because of the
society in which these children grow up, ethnicity is inevitable.
Initially, the gang created by Gino was harmless, but Franklin's arrival changed everything. He
brought the boys into a life of criminality: "Franklin has contact with the real gangs that can
provide us with protection." Gino, his lifelong friend, convinces them to resort to violence: "Our
enemy has already been declared, the Hutus, you think they will consider us as children, look at
what they have done to your cousins in Rwanda, if they show up in our street, we must protect
ourselves. This is a statement made by a boy who was forced to become a man. He was denied
the right to be a child, and yet, although it was not his fault, he became a toxic peer to his friend.
Gaby seems aware of the gravity of the situation. "Franklin gave us a good deal with the grenade."
Gaby questions this scenario. It is society's responsibility to ensure that children are protected,
but if society provides weapons to children, it becomes a social and toxic danger to children;
society then abuses its role of providing a safe environment.
It is because of peer pressure that Gaby ends up killing a man and burning him to death because
of ethnic differences. The genocide was responsible for the displacement and death of children
"The children of Eusibie, your cousin, were killed in their house and I buried their remains."
Deprived of the basic human rights of life, security and education, all wounded in a struggle for
power.
3.9 A senseless environment of community and economic inequality in households.
Barriers and lack of sense of community were the main trigger for the spread of the Rwandan
genocide in Burundi and the community of Gaby. From the beginning of the new one, Gaby
described her community as being a little detached from the political upheavals taking place
elsewhere, but after the Rwandan genocide, her beloved home found herself among the rubble,
that is, the threats made against Prothé, his cook, in broad daylight, to leave the premises, were
the first act of societal toxicity that Gaby experienced in her community. From there, it is a series
of discriminatory events that lead to the death of his friend's father and the murder of a man.
The discriminatory community spread a purulent smell of ethnic inequality that should not have
affected Burundi, the French were now suffering. Moreover, in the sense of peer toxicity, one
might think that what must have driven Franklin to join a gang and commit crimes was the
economic situation is very different from their community. This mixing situation has increased
the drastic effect of a discriminatory and unequal community.
3.9 Conclusion
In conclusion of the substantial information provided on it, using the literal representation. This
chapter revealed that guardian toxicity of is administered by controlling behaviors, by abusing
someone in the presence of a child by sight or hearing, by excessive expectations, by
manipulation and guilt, by disintegration of Identity and physical toxicity. Finally, society is toxic
in the sense that it constitutes a hostile and dangerous environment, peer pressure, a society
without a sense of community, a society with too many economic inequalities and finally a
discriminatory environment.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is going to summarize all the research, conclusions have been drawn and
appropriate recommendations have been made. The research was guided by successive
objectives,1. Educate on the definition of toxicity. 2. Explain and explain how caregivers and
society can be toxic to children. 3. Find out in what ways it can be given to a child. 4.De English
and French literal texts what are the similarities in the manner of toxicity
4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS.
1.Communication: Guardians and society must be of interest to the child. Asks him for his
opinion, his preferences and offer them a measured level of Independence. Create a respectful
and unapprehensive relationship.
2. Their self-control: The poison of a drug lies in the dose. In the case of physical toxicity, let every
caregiver and member of society always remember that it is a child. To be a child is to make
mistakes and study.
3. Sensitize society and caregivers to the responsibility of caring for children:. It is a question of
engaging childminders to add the toxicity of guardians and society as a subject, both for the child
and the nanny. Keep the first prescription which consists of a child being a child and, as a
childminder, educating him without exhausting himself.
4. Reduce hate speech around children:. Allow children to be happy without racial or ethnic
discrimination. Children don't know anything unless they're pushed by older people
5. Form more societal engagement between residents
4.2 CONCLUSION
After conducting my literary research on whether guardians and society are toxic to children, I
concluded that there are three main types of toxicity: physical, mental/emotional, and
psychological. These toxicities will be suffered by children at the hands of their guardians. The
guards who suffered from a similar hand in their childhood are the perpetrators, that is, those
who were supposed to protect them. This conclusion is based on a theory borrowed from Stelle
and Pollock, the pychodynamic theory. The conclusion I have drawn is that a toxic caregiver is
distinguished by the frequency and level (degree) of harm it causes to a child, whether benign,
moderate or severe. In addition, society, namely peers and the contextual environment, is largely
responsible for how an individual develops. The greatest perception of toxicity is administered
by society it is the place where the child spends the most time.
Societal toxicity comes from rumors. Peer pressure, because they are the children, they are more
inclined to accept the advice of their friends. Environmental risk factors: they encompass a
society that lacks a sense of community, economic inequality and an unsafe environment. The
environmental luck factors mentioned above therefore contribute to the animosity and violence
that society transmits to children. Finally, the effects of guardian and societal toxicity range from
physical impairment to alienation, in passan' through depression, criminality and loss of Identity.