Respiratory System 1. OVERALL FUNCTIONS What are the overall jobs, roles, and responsibilities of this Bio-System? ● Taking in oxygen to give to blood. ● Removing carbon dioxide from the blood. ● Produces sound through vocalization, allowing speech and singing. 2. MAJOR PARTS & THEIR FUNCTIONS Structure: Describe the shape, design, location, and connections. Function: Describe the job, role, responsibility. Tip: Sort the Major Parts in a logical order, such as: Arteries to Capillaries to Veins, Mouth to Anus, by layers of the skin, Nose/Mouth to Alveoli, etc. Nostrils (Nose): ● Structure: narrow passageway between the eyes ● Function: Allows air to enter the lung through its passageway; also warms and cleans the air through the use of mucus and blood vessels. Cilia ● ● Structure: tiny hairlike stalks lining the trachea Function: Forces the mucus to flow out of the nostrils and into the throat. The swallowed mucus moves into the stomach where acids dissolve the germs. Through this, the air is filtered and cleaned. Pharynx (Throat) ● Structure: Spacious cylinder shape in the neck ● Function: A passageway allowing air, food, water to travel into the human body Epiglottis ● Structure: flap made of cartilage ● Function: shuts off the passageway for air during swallowing food ● Larynx ● Structure: 5 cm long, tough and flexible tube made of mostly cartilage ● Function: the voice box containing vocal chords which vibrate to create sounds Trachea (Windpipe) ● Structure: roomy, flexible tube; with hard semi-circle cartilage hoops ● Function: Carries air to and from the lungs; the hoops prevent it from giving in to pressure. Lungs ● ● Structure: the structure of the lungs is two big large areas in the upper chest with tiny little air sacs inside to store oxygen for breathing and for releasing carbon dioxide Function: exchange of gas (oxygen in and carbon dioxide out) Bronchi ● Structure: two-way fork ● Function: Divides air into two groups, each leading into a different lung. Bronchiole Tubes ● Structure: thinner than human hair, branching out of the bronchus ● Function: They connect the bronchi to the alveoli and help reduce the pressure. Alveoli ● ● ● Structure: Tiny sacs with space inside for holding oxygen inside of Function: provide an area for exchange of CO2 and oxygen The alveoli is the tiny sacs where oxygen will be transferred through blood cells and into the human body for it to use. Capillaries ● Structure: microscopic blood vessels ● Function: Carries blood to and from the lungs; dropping off carbon dioxide and taking on oxygen into/from the alveoli. Diaphragm ● Structure: The diaphragm is parachute shaped muscle also bowl like so that there is room for contracting and moving ● Function: This muscle contracts to take air in and relaxes to push waste gases out. 3. ANALOGIES What are useful analogies and similes to help explain terms, functions, or structures this Bio-System? · ● ● Lungs are like sponges ○ Lungs collect air, Sponges can collect water ○ lungs let out air and hold air, Sponges can be squeezed to let out water ○ lungs have a large surface area like sponges The Respiratory system is like a tree ○ Air instead of soil ○ roots are nose ○ mouth and throat are like glottis ○ alveoli are like leaves ○ blood stream is exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide 4. INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES & DEMONSTRATIONS What are purposeful interactive activities and demonstrations to help explain complex ideas, concepts, or processes of this Bio-System? The diaphragm is explained through the use of balloons and a pop bottle with no bottom. When properly set up, the bottle top has an inverted balloon in it and the bottom half has a large piece of balloon taped over it. When you pull the bottom balloon, it is just like the diaphragm moving the lungs, or the top balloon. 5. CRITICAL CONCEPTS Note other important terms such as processes that are not Overall Functions or Major Parts. ● Describe the path air takes as it is inhaled and exhaled. ■ The oxygen enters through the mouth and travels down the trachea, to the capillaries where the capillaries exchange oxygen to the lungs and receive CO2. Waste products include carbon dioxide and water, which the lungs give out when exhaling.Air is filtered and warmed by the nostrils, the air passes through the Pharynx and the Larynx. Then the trachea splits the Oxygen into one of the lungs where the air travels through the Bronchi to the Bronchioles. Eventually the Bronchioles lead to the Alveoli where gas exchange takes place with the capillaries. once the exchange takes place the Co2 takes the reverse path ○ Explain the function of the ribs and diaphragm in the breathing process ○ The function of the rib is to protect the lung while simultaneously being flexible to accommodate the lung. The function of the diaphragm is to pull downwards so that the lung can inhale and it also makes space for the lung to expand ○ ○ The Diaphragm is needed to cause Inhalation in the body ■ The Diaphragm is used to move down so that the lungs move up and expand while a space is being made so that there is low pressure in the space and air flows in The Diaphragm is also needed to exhale The Diaphragm move up back to its original spot where there is a higher pressure due to the fact that the space has become smaller so there is too much Co2 so the lungs contract back and move back down and the air rushes out of the body ● Describe what happens between the alveoli and the capillaries ○ Diffusion occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries. Carbon dioxide passes through the walls to be expelled from the body and oxygen passes through the walls to enter the bloodstream. ● What is Meant by Gas Exchange and how does diffusion enable this to happen? ○ What is meant? Its a process of swapping oxygen and carbon dioxide. The body intakes oxybgen and and when the oxygen is being transferred from the capillaries to the red blood cells the CO2 is given to the lungs and the lungs send the Co2 back up the body to be released out the nose or mouth ○ Where does it happen? It happens in the lungs where the capillaries are wrapped around the alveoli. ○ How does diffusion enable this to happen? Diffusion is the movement of gas as a consequence of a difference in pressure. ■ Oxygen diffuses into the blood because the oxygen pressure in the blood is less than in the air. ■ The carbon dioxide pressure in the blood is higher than in the air. Therefore, the carbon dioxide crosses from the blood into the alveoli. ● Distinguish between breathing and respiration (do not go into the details of ATP). Where does each happen? ○ Breathing is when you take in air and expel carbon dioxide and other waste gases. ○ Respiration is when cellular respiration occurs through the use of oxygen. Cellular respiration described the process wherein oxygen is used to break down glucose/sugar. Energy is released as is carbon dioxide and waste gases. 6. CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER SYSTEMS Describe the critical connection(s) between your and 3 other Bio-Systems using sufficient detail and appropriate technical vocabulary. How are the two Bio-Systems mutually dependent on each other structurally and functionally? For the Roots & Shoots systems, what structural and functional similarities do they have? Nervous system ● It commands the diaphragm to make space for the lungs to expand ● It tells the lungs to breathe faster if needed or slow down ● It keeps the lungs constantly breathing Musculoskeletal system ● The rib cage protects the lungs ● The diaphragm itself is a muscle ● The lungs provide oxygen for the muscle and bone to work Cardiovascular system ● Oxygen carried by cells will be distributed throughout the body through the Cardiovascular system; Waste products like Co2 and water is also transmitted to the lungs to be exhaled ● Gas exchange occurs between alveoli and capillaries so the body can get oxygen ● The lungs supplies oxygen through the red blood cell which is pumped from the heart to other parts of the body **************************************************************************************************** ****** The Engineering Design Process PHASE 1: Define the Problem – Do Background Research – Specify Requirements What questions do you still have about the relationship between structure and function within your bio-system? ● How is oxygen transferred to the bloodstream from the alveoli? Google ● How does the epiglottis open and close using the cartilage? Engineering ● Once inhaling takes place, how long does it take for respiration? Google ● How does the Trachea filter out oxygen to each lung and when does it decide each lung has enough air? Google ● ● ● ● ● How does larynx use oxygen to produce sounds? Scientific Experiment Since the bronchioles are used as a passageway for alveolar how long does it take for oxygen to travel down the bronchioles? Research + Engineering Since the nasal passageway is spacious and above the mouth, what happens when food accidentally ends up there, and what’s the body’s way of preventing/removing it? Google How does the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage, open and close the trachea when swallowing? How do the bronchial tubes assist with the movement of air? Google What more do you need to know? ● ● More about the lungs and how each specific part of each lung and how each part works and how it affects The epiglottis guards the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal folds. ● What part of the respiratory system actually causes movement of the epiglottis? ● It (epiglottis) is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx, but during swallowing, elevation of the hyoid bone draws the larynx upward; as a result, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position, with its superior side functioning as part of the pharynx. In this manner it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus, which is at the back. (wikipedia) ● ● What design constraints (limitations) must you consider? ● We might have trouble with finding ways to show oxygen because every part of our system revolves around oxygen and oxygen in very small so it might be hard to present. ● Also our system is very complex and everything revolves around oxygen so it might be hard to build each part of our system. ● Supply Consumption ○ Be respectful of others when using our supplies. ○ Communicate what you’ll be using a lot of ○ Some supplies will need to be brought from home ● Volume ○ Models and final prototype must fit on a half cabinet shelf.
