MAN 4143 Review
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Necessary Conditions for Social Learning (Bandura Theory)
a. Attention
i. What is observed and varies depending on the amount of attention
paid.
b. Retention
i. Retaining or remembering what you paid attention to. In order to
reproduce an observed behavior, it must be stored in memory and
be retrievable
c. Reproduction
i. Reproduction is the replication of the observed behavior. This
includes retrieving the stored information and then re-enacting it.
d. Motivation
i. We must be motivated enough in order to reproduce the behavior.
2. Situation vs. Disposition
a. A fine line between these two concepts
b. Situation refers to what happens to us
c. While disposition refers to the input we have on controlling the situations
that we have to live
d. An individual’s actions, social environment, and their personal
characteristics, all come together and influence each other (reciprocal
determinism).
3. Definitional Question for Sense-Making
a. Sense-making definition: “reciprocal interaction of information
seeking, meaning ascription, and associated responses.”
b. Four levels of subjectivity when sensemaking: intra-subjective,
inter-subjective, generic-subjective, and extra-subjective
4. 3 Selves
a. Physical Self
i. Literal physical being
b. Cognitive Self
i. How do you think about yourself
c. Presented Self
i. How you portray yourself to other people and the world
5. One of the Theories
a. Social Learning Theory
Social learning occurs as people observe and communicate with one
another. We realize certain rewards and sanctions based on our
behaviors. Relative to adults, children are more constantly seeking clues
on behavior.
b. Vroom's Expectancy Theory
A decision to reproduce an observed behavior is dependent on the
motivations and expectations of the observer. Once an individual is
motivated to reproduce a behavior, it is retrieved from storage, and
behavior reproduction occurs. Steps are expectancy (effort),
instrumentality (performance), and valence (outcome).
c. McGraw and Warner's Benign Violation Theory
Suggests what is funny and what is not, and why a function of the violation
(surprise) is being in the middle zone of not being too benign, but also not
too much of a violation.
6. Self-presentation
a. Our own acting is to project a desired image or to influence the perception
of other people
b. We are always acting to some degree, and always play a role in a drama
with other people
7. Big Picture Range of Topics (Intro of Book)
a. “The rest of this book is devoted to exploring various aspects of how we
influence others and how they influence us. As we explore these topics,
we should be ever-mindful of who we are, who others are, and the myriad
of forces and life experiences that come together to create the complex
social systems within which we exist and that define our social existence.
b. Being a bona fide leader requires that we own who we are, and that
includes our unique history. This is not to imply that we adopt a que sera
sera attitude, indeed we should always be learning, growing, and refining
our personas. Rather, we should examine our biases, recognize when and
where we take cognitive shortcuts, and what criteria we use for taking
those shortcuts. We should recognize that many forces have shaped who
we are, and serious introspection can reveal blind spots that we would
otherwise not even be cognizant of.
c. The following short story provides an example of the richness of those
early social experiences and what may be learned from them.
8. Humor
a. Highest form of communication due to the encoding that needs to happen
b. Inference making also needs to happen for it to work
c. Cognitive empathy can be seen as the most important type of empathy for
humor.
d. Book definition: A broad and multi-faceted construct that refers to multiple
forms of a stimulus (jokes, cartoons, comedy), various mental processes
involved in creating and understanding humor (getting the joke), and
various physical responses to humor (smiling, laughter).
e.
(add an element of
surprise in the middle)
9. Definition of sensemaking
a. Definitional Question for Sense-Making
i.
Sense-making definition: “reciprocal interaction of information
seeking, meaning ascription, and associated responses.”
ii. Four levels of subjectivity when sensemaking:
intra-subjective, inter-subjective, generic-subjective, and
extra-subjective
10. Humor Story (Eggs Story)
11. Empathy Story
12. Circumplex Model of Emotion
a. This model arranges emotions in a two-dimensional circular space,
utilizing valence (pleasant – unpleasant) and arousal (degree of intensity)
as the core dimensions of all emotions. In this model, emotional states can
be represented or plotted at varying levels of valence and arousal
depending on the degree of pleasantness and intensity of the emotion.
b.
13. Situation vs. Disposition
a. A fine line between these two concepts
b. Situation refers to what happens to us
c. While disposition refers to the input we have on controlling the situations
that we have to live
d. An individual’s actions, social environment, and personal characteristics,
all come together and influence each other (reciprocal determinism).
14. Empathy
a. Ability to interpret other´s peoples' emotions and their presentations, while
also relating and respectfully responding to those emotions.
15. Self-Presentation
a. Our own acting to project a desired image or seeking to influence the
perception of others.
b. We are always acting to some degree, and always play a role in a drama
with other people
16. Self-Presentation
a. Self-Presentation
i. Our own acting to project a desired image or seeking to influence
the perception of others.
ii. We are always acting to some degree, and always play a role in a
drama with other people
17. Had-to-be-there
18. Definition of Sense-making
a. Sense-making definition: “reciprocal interaction of information seeking,
meaning ascription, and associated responses.”
19. Personality had to be there story
20. Personality-state Continuum
a. I think what this question is asking is to what extent are our own
personalities a state in which we naturally live in, or can we access in and
out of it?
b. Personality: trait vs. state discussion from the book
21. Had-to-be-there sensemaking
a. BIG FOOT: Professor´s dog story. He got afraid when taking his dog for a
walk near a wildlife territory when they both sensed a weird noise that had
a weird shape
b. The professor does not believe in any supernatural creatures but at the
same time, he does not think that the creature he saw was real. Hence,
the professor had a case of cognitive dissonance
22. Types of Empathy
a. Cognitive Empathy
i. Perspective taking on an intellectual level
b. Emotional Empathy
i. Physically feeling what someone else is feeling
c. Compassionate Empathy
i. Feeling someone and taking supportive action (if needed)
23. Emotion Discussion
24. Quiet Rage
a. Stanford Prison Experiment
i. To study the psychological consequences of being either a prisoner
or guard
ii. The experiment had to finish earlier because of the intensity
iii. After the experiment was over some of the participants could not
think that their reactions were possible in them.
iv.
It is called quiet rage as this unknown and savage feeling was
discovered as the experiment went, quietly, as the events
developed.
25. Had-to-be-there symbolism
26. Dark Triad
a. According to the book, these are the three ways of negative empathy. In
the sense that people can use these concepts to empathize with people in
a negative way, as you are using people´s emotions and thoughts against
them in a way that psychologically affects them.
i. Machiavellianism
1. Manipulative
2. Lower levels of morality
3. Focus on personal gain
ii. Psychopathy
1. Manipulative
2. Impulsive
3. Lack of remorse and empathy
iii. Narcissism
1. The idealized image of self
2. A lower level of empathy
3. Attention-seeker
4. Self-centered
27. Discussion on Self Presentation & Three Selves
28. Bounded Rationality
a. We are limited by our ability to cognitively process all of the requisite
information to achieve a truly rational decision.
29. Layers of Personality
a. Biogenic
i. Our genetics and biology
b. Idogenic
i. Aspects of our personality that are really important to us, and
therefore represent personal desires that inform our behavior.
c. Sociogenic
i. The way we portray ourselves to the world
30. Conversation about Context
a. The conversation about Context & Humor from the book
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Humor and Communications Model
a. Answer the question by relating how humor needs to constantly be
encoded and decoded in a higher way as it tends to be different according
to people and context
2. Sensemaking & Layers of Personality
a. Layers of Personality
i. Biogenic
1. Our genetics and biology
ii. Idogenic
1. Aspects of our personality that are really important to us, and
therefore represent personal desires that inform our
behavior.
iii.
Sociogenic
1. The way we portray ourselves to the world
b. Levels of Sensemaking
i.
External levels pressure down on lower levels and influence a
person´s way of thinking.
3.
4.
5.
6.
c.
Satisficing
a. Basically shortcuts we take in order to come to decisions quickly, and how
can these decisions be influenced by our own biases or other ways of
making decisions that we have seen throughout our lives.
Empathy & Personality
a. How do these two tie together according to the book
Emotion
a. Natural mental and human reactions towards different circumstances
throughout life
Personality
a. Our overall self
1. Regarding self-presentation, what is the word used to describe a mismatch between what we
are communicating vs. what we really feel. Asymmetry
2. A state is a temporary emotional condition, whereas a(n) trait is a relatively static and
enduring individual characteristic.
3. The presented self suggests an amalgam of conjured emotions, attitudes, opinions,
perspectives, actions, verbal communications, and non-verbal communications, all dialed up for
effect.
4. Bandura stated that four necessary conditions must be present for effective social learning to
occur: attention, retention, reproduction , and motivation.
5. In the video documentary "Quiet Rage," Philip Zimbardo made heavy use of symbolism
thereby demonstrating the power of: the situation
6. None
7. In the reading on Sensemaking, which level of sensemaking is compared to national culture:
extra-subjective.
8. Albert Bandura's social learning theory, attempts to explain how people learn to develop
complex social behaviors.
9. Brian Little suggested that our personality has three layers, the second layer, the idogenic
consists of those aspects of your personality that are really important to you, and therefore
represent personal desires that inform your behavior.
10. Irving Goffman used the term dramaturgy to suggest that the self is not some pure entity
cloaked in a performance, or even the cause of the scene; rather, the self is the product of the
scene that is acted out.
11. Russell's circumplex model of emotion is model that arranges emotions in a two-dimensional
circular space, utilizing valence and arousal as the core dimensions of all emotions
12. Emotional intelligence is a term used to describe our ability to understand and manage our
own emotions, as well as the ability to understand and influence the emotions of others.
13. In the Introduction class, we discussed a continuum of influences on our behavior and I
explained that this class would explore a range of topics between the logical and emotional
ends of that continuum
14. In class I shared that I was military officer before FSU
15. At the simplest level of distinction we can say that sympathy is something we show and
empathy something we feel
16. During class I shared that I was an ambivert, which means I tend to be an introvert but in my
job i have to perform as extrovert
17. When we are introspective and consider our existence as human beings, we can view
ourselves as three distinct selves, the physical, the cognitive and the presented.
18. In our class discussion on situation versus disposition, I used identical twins separated at
birth to make a case for situation
19. During a class discussion, I jokingly said that a medical doctors degree on the wall/
stetoscope was merely a symbol of being a doctor
20. In the class discussion on sensemaking I told a story about walking my dog, I suggested |
was experiencing cognitive disonace after being surprised by what i witnessed
21. In the reading on sensemaking, which level of sensemaking allows for individuals to be
interchanged without a loss of the collective sense? Generic sense
22. Humor is a combination of a shared inference (context) and some degree of surprise.
23. Epigenetics may be the bridge that connects disposition and situation, as it has been used
to explain the mutual interchange between the heredity and the environment.
24. Why is it when a joke when is told the second time, it is not as funny as it was originally? Not
surprised anymore
25. Kenneth Gergen in his 1991 book, The Saturated Self, argued that we experience
multiphrenia when we split the individual (or self) into a multiplicity of selves.
26. In the class discussion on humor, I told a story about a joke I used to break the ice" before
my dissertation defense. What was in the "secret" box? Eggs and money
27. In the class discussion on humor, I suggested that shared context (groups/teams) can shape
the nature and style of what is funny
28. In the reading and in class, the term "Dark Triad" was used to describe narcissist,
machiavellism & sociopaths.
29. Cognitive empathy, is an understanding of what another person is feeling and what their
thoughts might be.