Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
and instrumental techniques
• Fundamental components which compose the
world
• Chemical analysis
• Undertake, monitor and control activities in
the laboratories
Definition
• What do we get from analytical chemistry
• Analytical chemistry is the art of separating
and recognizing different substances and
determining the constituents of the sample.
• It is the way to realize the fundamental
components of which the world is composed
of.
Application of analytical chemistry in
different disciplines of science
• Biology: botany, microbiology, molecular biology,
zoology etc…
• Chemistry
• Environmental science: Ecology, ocenography
• Materials Science (polymers, ceramic materials,
metallic materials etc…..) Ores, minerals composition
• Medicine: Clinical chemistry (blood test etc.. COVID19), pharmacology, e.g., to determine the composition
of a drug to treat a given disease. etc….
• Astronomy: What is the composition of a given
heavenly body. Europa and other moons where water
really exists. e.g……
• Environmental analytical chemistry: E.g.,
smog control system attached to motor
vehicles. This helps us to monitor the
composition of exhaust gasses. Nitrogen
oxides, carbon based oxides, sulfur oxides, 
pollution monitoring and control.
• ozone (a usual source of smog during
summers)
• Clinical analytical chemistry: Blood glucose
level. Diagnose possible disease.
• Food analytical chemistry: what is the
protein level in food, N level
Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis
Qualitative Analysis
• Qualitative analysis: is to know, identify the
chemical species, it tells use what is present?
What is it?
• Qualative results are expressed in symbols or
words e.g. Na, K, Ca etc…
• Qualitative data can also be expressed as YES or
NO.
• Many times such observations can be merely
based on visual appearance of chemicals or
exhaust gases etc…
Quantitative analysis
• Quantitive analysis tells us about how much
different chemical species are present in a
given sample. Quantative results are
expressed in numbers and units
Qualitative analysis precede the
quantitative analysis
• Sample: is the representative portion of the bulk
material. E.g., water sample from a stream, soil
sample, food sample, blood sample etc…….
• Analyte: is the substance under investigation is
called the analyte. E.g., hemoglobin in the blood.
• Matrix: All other constituents present in a
sample other than the analyte is called the
matrix. E.g., in case of blood, other than
hemoglobin, water, proteins and salts etc….
• Technique: In technique, we are using a chemical
or physical principle that can be used to analyze a
sample e.g., spectrophotometer, or polarimeter,
flame photometer
• Method: is the mean or tool for analyzing a
sample or a specific analyte in a specific method
e.g., gravimetric method.
• Procedure (or steps): its is a written guidelines on
how to analyze a sample
Classification of analytical techniques
• Analytical chemistry deals with methods for
determining the chemical compositions of
samples of matter
• A qualitative method yields information about
the identity of atomic or molecular species or
the F.G. (functional group) in the samples
• A quantitative method provides numerical
information about the amount of one or more
components present in a given sample
Classification of analytical technique
• Classical method
• Instrumental method:
Classical method
• Non-sophisticated method
• No sophisticated materials are used
• A group of analytical method that requires
chemicals, use of calibrated glassware, test
tube, beakers funnels etc.
• Identification by colors, odours, boiling point,
indicators, mass or volume
• E.g. gravimetric analysis, a constituent sought
is converted into a substance (of known
composition) that can be separated from the
sample and weighed.
• In volumetric or titrametric analysis, the
analyte react with the measured volume of
reagent of known concentration in a process
called titration. The change in color signals the
completion of reaction.
Instrumental method
• In case of instrumental method, we require
sophisticated instruments. In addition to the
apparatus required for classical analysis, they
are based on the measurements of a physical
property of sample such as absorption of
radiation (as in spectrophotometry),
conductivity
• E.g., spectrophotometry: Intensity of
electromagnetic radiation emitted or
absorbed by analyte.
• Conductometric method and potentiometric
method ( it is one of the methods of
electroanalytical chemistry). It is usually used
to find the concentration of solute in solution
• Chromotographic method (For the separation
of components of mixture)
Steps of typical chemical analysis
1. Formulating the questions (defining the
problem, what do we really need to know). The
way an analysis is performed depends on the
information needed
• Know what you want to find out (identity,
quantity or both)
• Know why you need to obtain the data you
want
Steps of typical chemical analysis
2. Selecting analytical procedures (analytical
methods)
• This depends on the analyte and sample type (
gross sample, laboratory sample, analysis
sample)
• Should consider factors such as accuracy and
precision, required sample type and size of
sample, analysis time, analysis cost, analyst
expertise level etc….
Steps of typical chemical analysis
3. Sampling: Sample is representative portion of bulk material.
• Process of selecting representative material to analyze.
• Sample must have properties that are representative of the
bulk.
• Sampling is frequently the most difficult steps in an analysis
and the source of greatest error.
• Proper sampling plan should be implemented depending on
the type and source of sample. By type means, solid, liquid or
gaseous sample
Steps of typical chemical analysis
3. Sampling:
• Gross sample consists of several portion of the material to be
tested
• Laboratory sample the gross sample is usually reduced in size
and made homogeneous. This is called the laboratory sample.
“The laboratory sample is the small portion of gross sample”
• Analysis sample: is that actually analyzed
SAMPLE & SAMPLING
• The sample is the representative portion of
the bulk material.
• The sample can either be solid, liquid or
gaseous.
• In case of solid sample, generally the first step
is to decrease its particle size, then mix it to
ensure its homogenity
• Proper storage, because the absorption and
adsorption change the concentration
• In case of liquid sample: the liquid sample should
be in one phase liquid
• Proper storage because the problems like
evaporation can occur and this may result in
change in the concentration of the sample.
• In case of gaseous sample: the gasses are
generally more homogeneous than liquid and
solid. In case of gaseous sample, the sample
container, might be kept inside the second sealed
container.
• The gross sample: consists of several portions
of the material to be tested. The sample
corresponds to several small parts taken from
different parts of the bulk material. Chemist
call the collection of sampling units the “gross
samples”.
• Laboratory sample: For analysis in the
laboratory the gross sample is usually reduced
in size and made homogenous to become the
“laboratory sample”.
• Laboratory sample is the small portion of
gross samples.
• Analysis sample is that actually analyzed