• The study of the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another
• Where it is and what it is made of!
• The study of the function of the body’s structural
machinery
• How it works!
• The Highest Level
• Made up of organ systems
Consists of different __________ that work
closely together
•
•
•
•
•
•
_______________
Skeletal
_______________
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
•
•
•
•
•
Lymphatic/Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
– male and female
Principal organs:
Skin, hair, nails,
cutaneous glands
Principal organs:
Bones, cartilages,
ligaments
Principal functions:
Protection, water retention,
thermoregulation, vitamin
D synthesis, cutaneous
sensation, nonverbal
communication
Principal functions:
Support, movement,
protective enclosure of
viscera, blood formation,
mineral storage,
electrolyte and acid–base
balance
Integumentary system Skeletal system
Principal organs:
Lymph nodes,
lymphatic vessels,
thymus, spleen, tonsils
Principal functions:
Recovery of excess
tissue fluid, detection of
pathogens, production
of immune cells, defense
against disease
Lymphatic system
Principal organs:
Skeletal muscles
Principal functions:
Movement, stability,
communication, control
of body openings, heat
production
Muscular system
Principal organs:
Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs
Principal organs:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
Principal functions:
Absorption of oxygen,
discharge of carbon
dioxide, acid–base
balance, speech
Principal functions:
Elimination of wastes;
regulation of blood
volume and pressure;
stimulation of red blood
cell formation; control
of fluid, electrolyte,
and acid-base balance;
detoxification
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Principal organs:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
ganglia
Principal functions:
Rapid internal
communication,
coordination,
motor control
and sensation
Principal functions:
Hormone production;
internal chemical
communication and
coordination
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Principal organs:
Teeth, tongue, salivary
glands, esophagus,
stomach, small and large
intestines, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
Principal functions:
Nutrient break down and
absorption. Liver functions
include metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, vitamins, and
minerals; synthesis of
plasma proteins; disposal
of drugs, toxins, and
hormones; and cleansing
of blood.
Digestive system
Principal organs:
Pituitary gland,
pineal gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, thymus,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
testes, ovaries
Principal organs:
Testes, epididymides,
spermatic ducts, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands,
penis
Principal functions:
Production and delivery
of sperm; secretion of
sex hormones
Principal organs:
Heart, blood vessels
Principal functions:
Distribution of nutrients,
oxygen, wastes,
hormones, electrolytes,
heat, immune cells,
and antibodies;
fluid, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance
Circulatory system
Principal organs:
Ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, mammary
glands
Principal functions:
Production of eggs; site
of fertilization and fetal
development; fetal
nourishment; birth;
lactation; secretion of
sex hormones
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
• Made up of different types of __________
• Consists of similar types of _________
• Made up of __________
• Made up of ___________
Organism
Organ system
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Macromolecule
Organelle
Atom
Molecule
• No two humans are exactly alike
– 70% most common structure
– 30% anatomically variant
– Variable number of ___________
• Missing muscles, extra vertebrae,
blood vessels
– Variation in organ ___________
Normal
Pelvic kidney
Horseshoe kidney
Normal
Variations in branches of the aorta
• __________________
– differentiation and growth
• __________________
– producing copies of themselves; pass genes to offspring
• __________________
– mutations: changes in genetic structure
• __________________ composition
– living matter is always compartmentalized into one or
more cells
• __________________ and movement
– sense and react to stimuli
• All the chemical reactions that occur in
the body
– Building reactions
• ____________
– Breaking reactions
• ____________
• The ability to maintain a relatively stable
internal environment in an ever-changing
outside world
– Example: body temperature
– State of the body fluctuates within limited range
around a set point
– ____________ feedback keeps variable
close to the set point
• Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it
– dynamic equilibrium
• Because feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that
triggered them (temperature, for example), they are called
feedback loops
1 Room temperature
fallsto66°F(19°C)
C10°
15°20°25°
6 Room cools down
F50°
60°70°80°
2
C10°
15°20°25°
F50°
60°70°80°
5 Thermostat shuts
off furnace
4 Room temperature
rises to 70°F (21°C)
3 Heat output
Thermost atactivates
furnace
Room temperature (oF)
75
Furnace turned
off at 70 oF
70
Set point 68 oF
65
Furnace turned
on at 66 oF
60
Time
• Example: Room temperature does not stay at set point
of 68°F, it only averages 68°F
Core body temperature
Sweating
37.5 oC
(99.5
oF)
Vasodilation
37.0 oC
(98.6
oF)
36.5 oC
(97.7
oF)
Set point
Vasoconstriction
Time
Shivering
• Example: Brain senses change in blood temperature
– If too warm, vessels dilate (vasodilation) in the skin and
sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)
– If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict (vasoconstriction)
and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)
Person rises
from bed
Blood pressure rises
to normal; homeostasis
is restored
Cardiac center
accelerates heartbeat
Blood drains from
upper body, creating
homeostatic imbalance
Baroreceptors above
heart respond to drop
in blood pressure
Baroreceptors send signals
to cardiac center of brainstem
• Self-amplifying cycle
– Leads to _____________________ in the same
direction
– Feedback loop is repeated—change produces
more change
• Normal way of producing rapid changes
– Occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein
digestion, fever, and generation of nerve signals
3 Brain stimulates
pituitary gland to
secrete oxytocin
4
Oxytocin stimulates uterine
contractions and pushes
fetus toward cervix
2 Nerve impulses
from cervix
transmitted
to brain
1 Head of fetus
pushes against cervix
•
•
•
•
•
Anatomical position
Planes of section
Directional terms
Regions of the body
Body cavities and membranes
•
•
•
•
•
Person stands erect
Feet flat on floor
Arms at ________
Palms, eyes & face facing ______
Standard frame of reference for
anatomical descriptions &
dissection
• Planes are imaginary flat surfaces
passing through the body
– sections are anatomical views if body is
cut on a plane
• ____________
– divides body into right and left halves
• ________
– divides body into front & back portions
• ___________
– divides the body into upper & lower
portions
• Sagittal plane divides
body into right and left
_________
– divides body into equal
right and left halves
– divides the body into right
and left portions
• __________
– an infinite number
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
above; (toward the head) - __________
below - Inferior
toward the midline - __________
away from the midline - Lateral
closer to the origin of a body part - ________
farther from the origin of a body part - Distal
toward the body surface - __________
away from the body surface - Deep
– more internal
• Different meanings for humans and animals
– Anterior surface of human is surface of chest & belly
• anterior in a four-legged animal is the head end
– __________ surface of human is back side
• posterior in a four-legged animal is the tail end
•
•
•
•
belly-side - __________
backside - __________
In humans Anterior is the same as Ventral
In humans Posterior is the same as Dorsal
Cephalic r. (head)
Facial r. (face)
Cervical r. (neck)
Upper limb:
Acromial r.
(shoulder)
Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Pectoral r.
Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm)
Cubital r. (elbow)
Umbilical r.
Antebrachial r.
(forearm)
Abdominal r.
Inguinal r. (groin)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Pubic r.:
Mons pubis
Palmar r. (palm)
External genitalia:
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Lower limb:
Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)
Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)
Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral)
(b) Anterior (ventral)
(a) Anterior (ventral)
(b) Anterior (ventral)
Cranial r.
Nuchal r.
(back of neck)
Interscapular r.
Scapular r.
Vertebral r.
Lumbar r.
Sacral r.
Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand
Perineal r.
Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.
Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)
(d) Posterior (dorsal)
Quadrants
Stomach
Right
upper
quadrant
Left
upper
quadrant
Right
lower
quadrant
10th rib
Left
lower
quadrant
(a)
Anterior
superior
spine
(b)
Regions
Hypochondriac
region
Liver
Epigastric
region
Gallbladder
10th rib
Subcostal line
Lumbar
region
Large
intestine
Umbilical
region
Small
intestine
Intertubercular
line
Hypogastric
region
Inguinal region
Urinary
bladder
Midclavicular
line
Urethra
(c)
(d)
• Major body cavities
– Dorsal body cavity
• __________ cavity
• __________ canal
– Ventral body cavity
• thoracic cavity
• diaphragm separates them
• abdominopelvic cavity
– __________ cavity
– __________ cavity
• Lined by membranes
• Filled with __________
• The area between the lungs - ______________
– contains heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea &
thymus
• __________ cavities hold the lungs
• Membranes
– visceral and parietal pleura cover lungs & line rib cage
– visceral and parietal pericardium cover heart & line
pericardial sac
• Brim of the pelvis separates abdominal from pelvic cavity
contains GI tract, kidneys & ureters
contains rectum, bladder, urethra &
reproductive organs
• Membranes = visceral & parietal __________