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Electronic Warfare (EW)
for New Officers
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United States Army Combined Arms Center
1
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Course Overview
• The purpose of the Electronic Warfare (EW) for New Officers
is to enhance the newly-commissioned officer’s knowledge of
the basics of Electronic Warfare (EW) in Full Spectrum
Operations.
• The following areas will be addressed:
•
•
•
•
EW Guidance and Definitions
EW Fundamentals
Integrating EW on the Staff
EW Systems and Capabilities
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Terminal Learning Objective
Action:
Explain the definitions, fundamentals,
divisions, systems, and capabilities of
Electronic Warfare (EW).
Conditions:
In a classroom environment, given an
overview of the definitions, fundamentals,
divisions, systems and capabilities of EW.
Standards:
Explained the definitions, fundamentals,
divisions, systems, and capabilities of EW.
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United States Army Combined Arms Center
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EW Topics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Guidance from Senior Army Leadership
Why Do We Need to Understand EW?
What is the Purpose of Electronic Warfare?
Definitions of Electronic Warfare
Electronic Warfare Fundamentals
Integrating Electronic Warfare on the Staff
Electronic Warfare Systems and Capabilities
Putting Together the EW Picture
Assessment
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Initial Guidance
“(U) I concur that EW becomes an Army core competency as
soon as possible. We must execute now. Soldiers must be
trained at all ranks and at different tiers in EW skills.”
“Therefore, effective immediately, Army Commanders at all
echelons will assume responsibility for Army EW missions and
personnel.”
6 Sep 2007
GEN Cody, (former) VCSA
Memo to CDR, MNC-I
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VCSA Assessment of Army EW
“Viewed by its sister services as the less brainy branch of the
armed forces, the Army over recent years had neglected to
maintain its own ability to fight electronic warfare, relying
instead on the expertise of the Air Force and the Navy. But the
ground wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have introduced deadly
new threats and proved how that lack of attention to electronic
warfare has put soldiers directly at risk.”
8 March 2009
NY Times
GEN Peter J. Chiarelli
VCSA
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Why Do We Need
to Understand EW?
Military operations are executed in an information environment
increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic (EMS)
spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the
information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic
environment (EME). The recognized need for military forces to
have unimpeded access to and use of the EME creates
vulnerabilities and opportunities for electronic warfare (EW) in
support of military operations.
JP 3-13.1, Electronic Warfare, January 2007
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What is the Purpose of EW?
The purpose of EW is to deny the opponent an advantage in the
EM spectrum and ensure friendly unimpeded access to the EM
spectrum portion of the information environment. EW can be
applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and
unmanned systems. EW is employed to support military
operations involving various levels of detection, denial,
deception, disruption, degradation, protection, and destruction.
JP 3-13.1, Electronic Warfare, January 2007
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What is the Purpose of EW?
The electromagnetic spectrum has been used for commercial
and military applications for over a century. However, the full
potential for its use as the primary enabler of military operations
is not yet fully appreciated. New technologies are expanding
beyond the traditional radio frequency spectrum. They include
high-power microwaves and directed-energy weapons. These
new technologies are part of an electronic warfare (EW)
revolution by military forces. Just as friendly forces leverage the
electromagnetic spectrum to their advantage, so do capable
enemies use the electromagnetic spectrum to threaten friendly
force operations. The threat is compounded by the growth of a
wireless world and the increasingly sophisticated use of
commercial off-the-shelf technologies.
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Definition of EW
Military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed
energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the
enemy.
Electronic warfare consists of three divisions: electronic attack,
electronic protection, and electronic warfare support.
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Divisions of EW
Electronic Warfare (EW)
Electronic
Attack
(EA)
Electronic
Protection
(EP)
– Direction Finding
– Threat Warning
– Collection Supporting EW
– Destructive
– Directed Energy
– Non-Destructive
– EW Jamming
– EM Deception
– Comms Herding
Electronic
Warfare
Support
(ES)
– Protect From Friendly EW
– Protect From Enemy EW
– Frequency Deconfliction
– Spectrum Control
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EW Divisions
Electronic Attack
• Electronic Attack (EA) is that division of electronic warfare
involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy,
or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or
equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or
destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form
of fires.
• EA includes—
•
•
•
Actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the
electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic
deception
Employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed
energy as their primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio frequency
weapons, particle beams)
Offensive and defensive activities including countermeasures
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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EW Divisions
Electronic Attack
• Electronic Attack (EA) can be offensive or defensive (self
protection EA).
• Examples of Offensive EA:
•
•
•
•
Jamming Early Warning Radars
False Targets on Enemy Radars
Directed Energy Weapons (Laser/ADS)
HARM Missiles
• Examples of Defensive EA:
•
•
•
•
•
Radar Reflectors
Decoys
Chaff
Stealth
CREW
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EW Divisions
Electronic Protection
• Electronic Protection (EP) is that division of electronic
warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities,
and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of
the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize, or
destroy friendly combat capability.
• To protect friendly combat capabilities, units:
•
•
•
•
Ensure that electronic system capabilities are safeguarded during
exercises, and predeployment training. (“War reserve” mode not used)
Coordinate and deconflict electromagnetic spectrum usage
Provide training during routine home station planning and training
activities on appropriate electronic protection active and passive
measures
Take appropriate actions to minimize the vulnerability of friendly
receivers to enemy jamming
•
Use frequency hopping radios to negate enemy comms jamming
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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EW Divisions
Electronic Protection
• Electronic Protection is important to protect and maintain
our use of EM spectrum against:
•
•
•
•
•
Collection operations
Direction Finding (DF) operations
Jamming operations
Deception operations
Viruses, Worms, Phishing, Denial of Service
• The goal of EP is to make enemy EA activities less
successful and to degrade the enemy’s intelligence gathering
capabilities.
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EW Divisions
Electronic Warfare Support
• Electronic Warfare Support (ES) is that division of electronic
warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of,
an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify,
and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional
radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate
threat recognition, targeting, planning and conduct of future
operations.
• Electronic Warfare Support provides information required
for immediate decisions (<72 hrs) involving electronic warfare
operations and other tactical actions such as threat
avoidance, targeting, and homing.
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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EW Divisions
Electronic Warfare Support
• Electronic Warfare Support: Involves electronic
reconnaissance and uses many of the same resources the
intelligence community utilized for SIGINT(signals
intelligence). The two differ in the detected information’s
intended use, the degree of analytical effort expended, the
detail of information provided, and timeframe.
• Electronic Warfare Support has two categories:
•
•
Combat Direction Finding is a procedure
for obtaining bearings of radio frequency
emitters by using a highly directional
antenna and a display unit on an intercept
receiver or ancillary equipment.
Combat Threat Warning is the urgent
communication and acknowledgement
of time-critical spectrum information for the
preservation of life and/or vital resources.
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EW Fundamentals
Frequency
Power
EW
Antenna
Line of Sight
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EW Fundamentals
Frequency
• A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave propagated by an
antenna. Radio waves have different frequencies, and by tuning
a radio receiver to a specific frequency you can pick up a
specific signal.
• A frequency range or frequency band is a range of wave
frequencies. It most often refers to either a range of frequencies
in sound or a range of frequencies in electromagnetic radiation,
which includes light and radio waves.
• Every wireless technology you can imagine has its own little
frequency band. There are hundreds of them!
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EW Fundamentals
Frequency
• The higher the frequency, the more cycles per second
• Reminder: In order for EW to be effective, you must be able to
operate on the same frequencies as your enemy
4 cycles / 1 sec
F = 4 Hz
1 second
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Friendly and Enemy Use of the Same Spectrum
•SINCGARS
•FM C2
•Pointer GCS
HF
•AIR/GND/AIR
•Handheld
30MHz
•AIR/GND/AIR •Handheld Radios
•FRS/GRMS
•UHF TACSAT
•Intra team C2
•Army LOS
•EPLRS
•Dragon Eye,
•RFID
Raven, Pointer
•Mako, Pioneer
•FPASS
VHF
300 MHz
•ATC
•NAVAIDS
•JTIDS
•Scan Eagle
•C2 & telemetry
UHF
2 MHZ
• RC Toy Control
• Pagers
• Cordless Phones
•Wireless LAN
•Security Cameras
•RFID
•EOD Robots
•Shadow C2
•Scan Eagle Video
•Army/USMC LOS
•WPNS CTRL
•Blue Force Tracking
•Anti Mortar Radars
•UAV Video Links
SHF
3 GHz
• Car Alarms
• Pagers
• Handheld Radios
• Long Range
Cordless Phones
• Car Alarms
• Pagers
• Long Range
Cordless Phones
• Garage Door Openers
• PMR
•Cordless Phones
•Cell Phones
• Satellite Telephones
• Cell Phone
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EW Fundamentals
Power
• In order to overcome a transmitter, you need enough power
applied through the antenna to the receiver in order to JAM
the transmitter.
• Friendly Measures:
•
•
•
•
Increase power
Get closer to the device
Force the enemy further away
Bottom line: seek to achieve a
3:1 signal strength advantage
Jammer
• Enemy Measures:
•
•
•
Rx
Increase power
Get closer to the device
Shield receiver antenna;
directional focus
IED
Tx
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EW Fundamentals
Antenna
• The antenna is the physical component of the transmitter
that broadcasts the radio frequency.
• The antenna enables the receiver
to collect broadcasted signals.
• Note: Do not obstruct the
antenna in any way!
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EW Fundamentals
Line of Sight
• Line of Sight depends on the antenna’s ability to “see” the
receiver
• Radio LOS does not necessarily refer to physical sight
• Objects that may obstruct and degrade signals:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trees (heavy foliage)
Weather (storms, lightning)
Mountains or hills (rough terrain)
Buildings and other structures
Power lines (electromagnetic fields)
Metallic surfaces
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EW Fundamentals
• You need to have all four components in order to affect the
electromagnetic spectrum:
• Frequency
• Power
• Antenna
• Line of Sight
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EWWG
Integrating EW
S3
-Trends &
Initiatives
-Optimize EW
assets
- CREW Training
-Interoperability
- CREW SOPs
S3
EWWG
CEXC
TTP’s
- Situational
- Awareness
- Post Blast Analysis
S4
CEXC
- Fielding
- Load Sets
- Operational
S4
WIT
WIT
S6
S6
FSR
FSR
-Friendly Signal
Deconfliction
(Compatibility)
S2
S2
EOD
-Intel Reports
-Collection
-Deconfliction
- Install
- Updates
- Proper
Functioning
EOD
- Threat TTP’s
- RCIED Data
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Integrating EW
Army EW provides the land force commander capabilities to
support full spectrum operations (offensive, defensive, and stability
or civil support operations). EW supports full spectrum operations
by applying EW capabilities to detect, deny, deceive, disrupt, or
degrade and destroy enemy combat capability and by controlling
and protecting friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. These
capabilities—when applied across the warfighting functions—
enable commanders to address a broad set of electromagneticspectrum-related targets to gain and maintain an advantage within
the electromagnetic spectrum.
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Integrating EW
• To meet current and future requirements, command and control
of EW is built around the concept of EW working groups
(EWWG).
• A working group is a temporary grouping of predetermined staff
representatives who meet to coordinate and provide
recommendations for a particular purpose or function
•
Note: Normally, EW working groups do not add additional structure to an
existing organization.
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Integrating EW
Division
Electronic
Warfare
Working
Group
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Integrating EW
The Mission of the EWO
• The EW Officer (EWO) is the principal EW planner and
integrator on the staff.
• The EWO develops the EW portion of operation plans
(OPLANs), concept plans, and operation orders; monitors EW
operations and activities; and coordinates EW training and
exercises.
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Integrating EW
The Mission of the EWO
• EWO Responsibilities:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Serves as the Commander’s advisor on all EW matters
Leads the EWWG / Participates in higher level EWWGs
Plans, coordinates, synchronizes, and assesses EW offensive, defensive
and support requirements
Integrates EW OB into IPB and MDMP
Plans, coordinates, synchronizes, assesses, and implements friendly
Electronic Security measures
Recommends Priorities for EW effects and targets
Plans, coordinates, synchronizes, and de-conflicts EW tasks in support of
Full Spectrum Operations
Maintains current assessment of EW resources available
Participates in Targeting and IO related cells
Serves as EW SME and monitors current operations
When designated, serves as the Jamming Control Authority (JCA)
Provides input to FRAGOs for EW tasks in support of Full Spectrum
Operations
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Integrating EW
The EWO at Brigade-Level
• The brigade EW officer works as part of the brigade combat
team staff. In this position, the EW officer synchronizes, integrates,
and deconflicts brigade combat team EW actions with the EW
working group at division level. Although EW falls under the control
of the S-3, EW officers are fully immersed in fires targeting and
planning to ensure proper use and coordination of EW.
• At the brigade level, the EW officer heads the EW working group
and is accountable to the S-3 for integrating EW requirements.
•
•
Additional staff representation within EW working groups at the brigade
combat team level may include the fire support coordinator, EW targeting
technician, S-2, S-6, spectrum manager, S-7, and liaison officers as
required.
Although EW falls under the control of the S-3, EW officers are fully
immersed in fires targeting and planning to ensure proper use and
coordination of EW.
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Integrating EW
The EWO at Battalion-Level
• At the battalion level, the EW noncommissioned officer leads the
EW working group and is accountable to the S-3 for integrating EW
requirements.
• The battalion EW working group coordinates battalion EW
operations with the brigade combat team EW working group.
•
Additional staff representation within EW working groups at the battalion
level may include the S-2, S-6, fire support officer, and a joint terminal
attack controller when assigned.
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Integrating EW
The CREW Master Gunner at Company-Level
• There is a requirement for two CREW Master Gunners at the
company level. The CREW Master Gunner’s responsibilities
are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Advise Company Commander on the employment of EW equipment
Coordinate with higher headquarters EW working groups
Track EW equipment status
Advise Company Commander on CREW system employment
Track CREW equipment status
Assist operators in the use and maintenance of CREW equipment
Operate CREW systems
Assess the effectiveness of CREW for Company operations
Identify Improvised Explosive Devices
Conduct Convoy for RC-IED Survivability
FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
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Electronic Warfare
Systems and Capabilities
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Ground Systems
US Army: Prophet
• Advanced SIGNALS Intelligence
(SIGINT)
• Collection and Direction Finding (DF)
System.
• SIGINT system also found at Division
level.
• Two (2) per HBCT, three (3) per
SBCT and ACR
• System consists of:
• Environmentally controlled
armored M1165A1 B(3) HMMWV
• AN/PRD-13 V(2) Manpack
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Ground Systems
US Marine Corps: MEWSS
• Two way communications
• Data collection
• Locating and positioning of enemy forces
• Jamming and intercepting enemy
communications
• Automated DF and EA
• MEWSS – Mobile EW Support System
• Similar to Army PROPHET
• Found in Radio Battalions (RadBn)
• Used for Tactical SIGINT/EW collection
• Note: New, less cumbersome
antenna
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Warlock Systems
CREW Systems
Jukebox
CVRJ
MMBJ 2.1
Active / Reactive
System / High &
Low Power Threats
Active System /
High Power
Threats
Active / Reactive
System / High & Low
Power Threats
Active System / Some
High & Most Low
Power Threats
D-CREW
THOR III
Chameleon
Symphony
Active System /
Some High / Some
Low
Active / Reactive
System / High &
Low Power Threats
Active System /
High & Low Power
Threats
Active System /
High & Low Power
Threats
Duke
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Aerial Systems
Hunter
US Army UAS
Shadow
Raven
Yellow Jacket
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Aerial Systems
US Army: Guardrail Common Sensor
•
Corps level airborne asset
•
SIGINT, COMINT & ELINT collection
•
Targets: Emitters and jammers
•
Collects and locates threat
communications and noncommunication emitters
throughout Corps AO
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Aerial Systems
US Army: AH-64D Apache
Aircraft Survivability Equipment
• AN/ALQ-136(v) 5
• AN/ALQ-144A(v)3
• AN/APR-39(v)4
• AAR-57 CMWS
• AN/AVR-2A
• AIRCM
• AN/APG-78 Fire Control Radar
(Target Acquisition/Tracking)
• AN/APR-48 Radio Frequency
Interferometer
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Aerial Systems
US Air Force: EC-130H Compass Call
• Provides disruptive communications
jamming
• Primarily supports tactical air operations
• Can provide jamming support to ground
force operations
• Offensive counterinformation platform
• EA
• Signal/acquisition/jamming
• Integrates into tactical air operations at
any level
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Aerial Systems
US Navy: E/A-6B Prowler
• Provides disruptive communications
jamming
• Integrated Air Defense Systems (IADS)
capability
• Can provide jamming support to ground
force operations
Used to blind and/or disrupt:
• Early Warning radar
• Target Tracking radar
• Target Acquisition Radar
• IADS C2/data links
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Putting Together the EW Picture
UAS
Fixed Site
Dismounted CREW
(DCREW) & COMMS
Chameleon
Symphony
Duke
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EW Planning Considerations
URBAN TERRAIN CONSTANTLY CHANGES –
BE ALERT FOR HOW IT MAY AFFECT YOUR
CREW SYSTEM!
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Questions?
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Assessment Exercise
• The following slides contain ten (10) questions.
• You must correctly answer eight (8) questions to
successfully complete the lesson (80%).
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1. Military operations are executed in an information
environment increasingly complicated by the
electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. The electromagnetic
spectrum portion of the information environment is referred
to as the electromagnetic environment (EME).
A. True
B. False
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2. The purpose of EW is to deny the opponent an advantage in
the EM spectrum and ensure friendly unimpeded access to
the EM spectrum portion of the information environment.
EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by
manned and unmanned systems.
A. True
B. False
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3. Which of the answer best describes the following
statement: Military action involving the use of
electromagnetic and directed energy to control the
electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy.
A. Electronic Reconnaissance
B. Electronic Warfare
C. Electronic Deception
D. Electronic Reprogramming
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4. Which of the following is correct?
A. EA = DF & Warning
EP = Jam & Deceive
ES = Deconflict & Control
B. EA = Jam & Deceive
EP = DF & Warning
ES = Deconflict & Control
C. EA = Jam & Deceive
EP = Deconflict & Control
ES = DF & Warning
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5. The US Military owns exclusively which of the following
portions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum?
A. HF
B. VHF
C. UHF
D. None of the above
E. All of the above
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6. Line of Sight (LOS) depends on the antenna’s ability to
“see” the receiver and does not necessarily refer to
physical sight. Which of the following can cause LOS
degradation”
A. Weather (storms, lightning)
B. Buildings and other structures
C. Power lines (electromagnetic fields)
D. Metallic surfaces
E. All of the above
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7. Army EW operations provide the land force commander
capabilities to support full spectrum operations (offensive,
defensive, and stability or civil support operations). EW
supports full spectrum operations by applying EW
capabilities to detect, deny, deceive, disrupt, or degrade
and destroy enemy combat capability and by controlling
and protecting friendly use of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
A. True
B. False
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8. The EW Officer (EWO) is the principal EW planner and
integrator on the staff.
A. True
B. False
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9. Which of the following is a Defensive EA System??
A. Chaff
B. Decoys
C. Radar Reflectors
D. CREW
E. All of the above
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10. Which of the following ground systems indicates the
presence of US Marine Corps forces?
A.LX
B.MMBJ
C.MEWSS
D. Prophet
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Back up Slides
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Resident Courses
CREW Master Gunner Course, Fort Huachuca, AZ
Two-week resident course (ASI 1K)
Company level
Operational Electronic Warfare Operations Course, Fort Sill, OK
Six-week resident course (ASI 1J)
Battalion level and above
Electronic Warfare Officer (FA29) Qualification Course, Fort Sill, OK
Electronic Warfare Warrant Officer (290A) Course, Fort Sill, OK
Electronic Warfare NCO (29E) Course, Fort Sill, OK
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Mobile Training Team (MTT) Courses

EW Leaders Course Unclassified - 3 Hours
 EW Senior Leaders Course Unclassified - 3 Hours
 CREW Company Specialist Course Secret – 3 Days **
 CREW Leader Training Secret – 4 Hours
 CREW Operator Training Unclassified – 4 Hours
** = By request
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Unclassified/FOUO
EW Points of Contact for Training
 EW for Leaders and EW for Senior Leaders, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- MAJ Aimee DeJarnette
- 913-684-9460
 CREW MTT, Fort Huachuca, AZ
- Ms. Margaret Baldez
- 520-515-2652
 Operational EW (ASI 1J) Course, Fort Sill, OK
- SFC Bill Funk
- 580-442-2832
 RF Spectrum Management / Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations
(EMSO), Fort Gordon, GA
- Mr. Stan Oliver
- 706-791-7385
 CREW Master Gunner (ASI 1K) Course, Fort Huachuca, AZ
- Mr. Will Wells, Site Lead,
- 520-538-7962
Unclassified/FOUO
United States Army Combined Arms Center
61
Unclassified/FOUO
Additional Terms and Definitions
• Electromagnetic Deception: EM deception is the deliberate
radiation, reradiation, alteration, suppression, absorption, denial,
enhancement, or reflection of EM energy in a manner intended
to convey misleading information to an enemy or to enemy EMdependent weapons, thereby degrading or neutralizing the
enemy’s combat capability. (FM 101-5-1/JP 1-02)
• EM Interference: EMI is any EM disturbance that interrupts,
obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective
performance of electronics and electrical equipment. It can be
induced intentionally, as in some forms of EW, or unintentionally,
as a result of spurious emissions and responses,
intermodulation products, etc. (FM 101-5-1/JP 1-02)
• EM Intrusion: EM intrusion is the intentional insertion of EM
energy into transmission paths in any manner, with the objective
of deceiving operators or of causing confusion. (FM 24-33)
Unclassified/FOUO
United States Army Combined Arms Center
Unclassified/FOUO
Additional Terms and Definitions
• Electronic Reconnaissance: Electronic reconnaissance is the
detection, identification, evaluation, and location of foreign EM
radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or
radioactive sources. Related to ES. (FM 3-36)
• EW Reprogramming: EW reprogramming is the deliberate
alteration or modification of EW or target sensing systems or the
TTP that employ them. In response to validated changes in
equipment, tactics, or the EME. These changes may be the
result of deliberate actions on the part of friendly, adversary, or
third parties; or they may be brought about by EMI or other
inadvertent phenomena. The purpose of EW reprogramming is
to maintain or enhance the effectiveness of EW and target
sensing systems equipment. EW reprogramming includes
changes to self-defense systems, offensive weapons systems,
and intelligence collection systems. (JP 3-13.1)
Unclassified/FOUO
United States Army Combined Arms Center
Unclassified/FOUO
Planning for an Adaptive Threat
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Unclassified/FOUO
United States Army Combined Arms Center