KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
THRISSUR
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM
STABILITY OF SOAPS
SUBMITTED BY: NARENDRAN P
XII – C
REGISTRATION NO. :
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT NARENDRAN P OF CLASS XII C HAS
SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED THE CHEMISTRY PROJECT ENTITLED
‘STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS’
PRESCRIBED BY THE CENTRAL BOARD OF SECOND0ARY EDUCATION
FOR THE AISSCE DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2017-18.
SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL
:
SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER IN CHARGE :
SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER :
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the annual project report entitled STUDY OF
FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS
submitted to Kendriya Vidyalaya Thrissur is a record of annual project
work done by me during the period of study in the school under the
supervision of Mrs. Nissy Sebastian.
Signature of the candidate :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I place my record, my profound gratitude to the principal of Kendriya
Vidyalaya, Thrissur for granting me all the facilities for completion of
my project.
It gives me a great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our
chemistry teacher Mrs. Nissy Sebastian for guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the project. Without her
motivation and help, successful completion of this project would not
have been possible. I also thank my fellow teammates Neeraja V,
Roshini Rajesh and V Shriraag for their support and cooperation.
Above all, I express my thankfulness and praise the almighty for his
blessings throughout his work.
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AIM
3. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
4. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
5. THEORY
6. PROCEDURE
7. OBSERVATION
8.CALCULATIONS
8. RESULT
9. CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
TO STUDY THE FOAMING CAPACITY AND
FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS
Objective of project
The objective of this project is to compare the foaming capacities and
foam stability of different samples of soaps and hence to determine the
best brand among them.
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. The higher
fatty acids may be such as stearic acid (C17H35COOH), palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH). A soap molecule has a lipophilic (oil soluble) part and a
hydrophilic (water soluble) part. Soaps are used for washing purposes.
When soap is shaken with water, it produces foam which is responsible
for removal of dirt. A soap which produces more foam is more effective
in cleaning.
The cleaning action of soap can be explained by keeping in mind that a
soap molecule contains a non-polar lipophilic group and a polar
hydrophilic group. The dirt is held on the surface of clothes by the oil or
grease which is present there. When soap is applied, the non-polar alkyl
group dissolves in oil droplets while the polar –COO-Na+ group remains
dissolved in water. In this way, each oil droplet is surrounded by
negative charge. These negatively charged oil droplets cannot coalesce
and a stable emulsion is formed. These oil droplets containing dirt
particles can be washed away with water.
Long Hydrocarbon Chain (Hydrophobic end)
Hydrophilic end
MATERIALS AND REQUIREMENTS
To do this experiment we will need the following materials and
equipments:
 200 ml beaker
 Watch glass
 Weighing machine
 250 ml measuring cylinder
 Stop-watch
 Different samples of soaps
 Distilled water
 Glass rod
THEORY
There is no quantitative method for the determination of foaming
capacity of soap. However, the foaming capacity of different soaps can
be compared qualitatively by the following way.
Solutions of different soapsare prepared by dissolving their equal
weights in equal volumes of distilled water. These solutions are shaken
vigorously to produce foam and then they are allowed to stand. The
volume of the foam produced initially is noted and compared as well as
volume of foam remaining after a specific amount of time for each
solution is also noted.The greater the quantity of foam produced in a
given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity and longer the
time taken for disappearance of foam, greater is its foam stability.
Foaming capacity = (Foam volume/initial sample volume)*100%
Foam stability = (Foam volume after 30min/initial foam volume)*100%
PROCEDURE
1. Weigh 1g of each of the different samples of soapsprovided to you
in a watch glass.
2. Dissolve each of these weighed samples in distilled water
separately, in different beakers to form a total of 200ml solution.
Label the solutions as 1,2,3,4 etc.
3. Stir the sample thoroughly with a glass rod to produce foam.
4. Pour the solution into a 250 ml measuring cylinder.
5. Measure the amount of foam present in the measuring cylinder and
note down the readings.
6. After 30 minutes, note down the final readings in a tabular form.
7. Repeat the above steps for all the samples provided to you.
Observation
Weight of the each soap sample taken = 1g
Volume of the solution after mixing the soap sample to the water = 200mL,
for each sample taken
Observation Table:
S.
No.
Brand of
soap
Initial reading Initial volume of Final reading Final volume of
Decrease in
foam
foam
volume of foam
Lower Upper
Lower Upper
(after 30 min)
after 30 min
Liquid dishwasher
1.
Vim
200
2.
Pril
200
3.
Bizz
200
Hand wash soap
1. Wonderspa 200
2.
Dettol
200
3. Lifebuoy 200
Shampoo
1. Himalaya 200
2.
Sunsilk
200
3. Dheedhi
200
232
240
270
32ml
40ml
70ml
200
200
200
224
232
240
24ml
32ml
40ml
8ml
8ml
30ml
222.5
262.5
230
22.5ml
62.5ml
30ml
200
200
200
207.5
215
212.5
7.5ml
15ml
12.5ml
15ml
47.5ml
17.5ml
250
242.5
232.5
50ml
42.5ml
32.5ml
200
200
200
242.5
235
227.5
42.5ml
35ml
27.5ml
7.5ml
7.5ml
5ml
CALCULATIONS
Foaming capacity =
(initial volume of foam/ initial volume of sample solution)*100
Foam stability =
(final volume of foam/ initial volume of foam)*100
Foaming capacity of –
1. Vim = 16
6. Lifebuoy = 15
2. Pril = 20
7. Himalaya = 25
3. Bizz = 35
8. Sunsilk = 21.25
4. Wonderspa = 11.25
9. Dheedhi = 16.25
5. Dettol = 31.25
Foam stability of –
1. Vim = 75
6. Lifebuoy = 41.67
2. Pril = 80
7. Himalaya = 85
3. Bizz = 57.14
8. Sunsilk = 82.35
4. Wonderspa = 33.33
9. Dheedhi = 84.61
5. Dettol = 24
Result
Among liquid dishwashers, Pril has maximum foaming capacity and
Pril has maximum foam stability.
Best liquid dishwasher brand among these is Pril.
Among hand wash soaps, Dettol has maximum foaming capacity and
Lifebuoy has maximum foam stability.
Best hand wash soap brand among these is Dettol.
Among shampoos, Himalaya has maximum foaming capacity and
Himalaya has maximum foam stability.
Best shampoo brand among these is Himalaya.
Conclusion
The soap that makes more volume of foam has the highest
foaming capacity and that which takes more time to disappear, has
maximum foam stability.
The soap with maximum foaming capacity and maximum foam
stability is the best quality soap or detergent among the samples
tested.
If foaming capacity is high and foam stability is low or foam
stability is high and foaming capacity is low, we draw the
conclusion that soap with higher foaming capacity is the better
soap.
BIBLOGRAPHY
INTERNET
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.icbse.com
3. www.youtube.com
BOOKS
1. Comprehensive practical chemistry