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book review
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INTRODUCTION
The birth of technology has
given rise to a sea of
communication
- Online
- Face-to-face
- Computer-mediated
- Work place
- Academe setting
This chapter is devoted to
assist students in
formulating various
academic papers that are
written for numerous fields
of discipline.
:
1
N
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S
E
L
W
E
I
V
E
R
K
O
BO
As you read the book you have
chosen, remember that you will be
writing about it later.
Keep nearby a sheet of paper or small
notebook divided into three sections.
Label the columns plot, setting, and
main character.
Fill in the sections with notes about the
three labels.
Include page numbers next to
important notes.
The page number will help you if you
need to go back and re-read some
sections of the book.
E
H
T
G
N
I
T
I
R
W
E
R
P
S
S
E
C
O
R
P
STEPS IN PREVIEWING THE BOOKS
LOOK AT THE COVER
READ THE BOOK JACKET
SUMMARY
SKIM SOME PAGES
CONSIDER WHAT YOU HAVE
FOUND
G
N
I
N
N
A
L
P
K
O
O
B
A
R
O
T
R
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RE
W
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I
V
RE
TAKE BRIEF NOTES AS YOU READ THE
MATERIAL YOU WILL RESPOND TO.
YOU MIGHT NOTE YOUR FAVORITE
PARTS, PARTS THAT PUZZLE YOU,
AND PARTS THAT YOU DEGREE WITH.
QUESTIONS THAT HELPS YOU TO
ANALYZE AND EVALUATE THE
MATERIAL
Whose point of view does
the work present?
Which parts reveal the point
of view?
What might the work's
purpose be?
Which parts reveal the
purpose?
What is the author's
thesis?
What are the most and
least effective aspects
of the work?
What might readers
and reviews learn
from the work?
THINK ABOUT THE
PURPOSE AND
AUDIENCE
the purpose of your book
review
the purpose who will be
reading it (your audience)
Your purpose for writing
a book review will be
closely linked to your
audience and to their
purpose for reading the
review.
Here are
some
questions and
possible
responses to
help you think
about your
audience and
their purpose.
Who is the audience
for my book review?
Why might these
people read my book
review?
What types of
information might
interest my audience
Classmates
To decide whether to
read a book
What is the book
about?
Community Librarian
To decide whether to
get a book for the
library
What type of book is
it?
Parents
To decide if a book is
right for young readers
How easy (or difficult)
is it to read?
Gift Shoppers
To decide whether to
buy a book as a gift
How much does it
cost?
GATHER AND
ORGANIZE
DETAILS
You get the idea
There is more to the story
YOU GET IDEA
If you want people to read the book you
have chosen, you need to say more
about it than simply, "It's good"
You need to give them a summary of
the book.
A summary of a piece of writing
includes only the key ideas of the piece.
When you summarize a novel, you will
briefly retell the important events.
The notes that you took while you read
your novel will help you write your
summary.
THERE IS MORE TO THE
STORY
If a story were plot alone, it would not be
much fun to read.
Readers will be more interested in plot
events if they know something about
the people and places involved.
When you write a summary, include a
description of the characters and the
setting.
WRITING A BOOK
REVIEW
WRITING A BOOK REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
BODY
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
In your first paragraph, identify the
material that you are responding
to.
Name the author and date of
publication.
To help your readers, provide a
summary or brief description of
the work
You might also state your thesis in
your opening paragraph.
BODY
Devote at least a paragraph to
each main point.
Support each point with details
from your planning notes
(including your own responses)
and with examples from the work
itself.
CONCLUSION
If you haven't stated your thesis in
the first paragraph, do so in the
conclusion.
Sum up your judgement of the
work's main ideas and the way
they are presented.
A review of out of
the storm
by: patricia willis
Diana degarmano
When single mother Vera
lost her job in Garnet Creek,
the family had to move to a new
town. Patricia Willis, author
of Out of the Storm, wrote this
story from the viewpoint of
Mandy, Vera's twelve-year-old
daughter.
Mom and nine-year-old Ira
adjusted to the new setting
quickly, but Mandy resented
everything about their new
location. She held on to a
dream that she and her deceased
father had, and that dream
prevented her from accepting
her new life. She resented
living with grumpy Aunt Bess
and detested having to tend the
sheep.
Many lived with her
unhappiness and pitied herself
until several incidents
happened that made her realize
that she was not the only kid
who did not have a perfect
life. She also found out that
others had their dreams and
perhaps by forgetting herself
and helping someone else, she
might find real happiness.
I think if a reader is
looking for a book that tells
of a family's struggle to live,
Out of the Storm by Patricia
Willis would be a good choice.
I really liked this book
because it showed characters
learning to tough out bad
situations. I also like the
book's motto, "Sometimes it
takes something Bad to make you
see the Good"
2
N
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S
LE
E
R
TU
A
R
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T
LI
W
E
I
V
E
R
WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW?
-Focuses on a specific topic of your interest and
includes a critical analysis of the relationship
among different works, and relating this research
to your work. It may be written as a stand-alone
paper or to provide a theoretical framework and
rationale for a research study such as a thesis or
dissertation
(Helen Mongan-Rallis, 2014)
- is a piece of academic writing demonstrating
knowledge and understanding of the academic
literature on a specific topic placed in context. A
literature review also includes a critical evaluation
of the material; this is why it is called a literature
review rather than a literature report.
LITERATURE
REVIEW SHOULD
-describe
-summarise
-evaluate
-analysed
-identify and articulate the relation of the
literature to your field of study/research
note: it is more than just a search for
information and goes beyond being a
descriptive annotated bibliography.
PURPOSE
-is to convey to the reader what
knowledge and ideas have been
established on a topic, and what their
strength and weaknesses are.
BENEFITS
Literature reviews prevent you from duplicating
the same information as others writing in your
field, allowing you to find your own, unique
approach to your topic.
Literature reviews give you familiarity with the
knowledge in your field, giving you the chance to
analyze the significance of your additional
research.
(https://www.uis.edu/learning-hub/writingresources/handouts/learning-hub/literaturereview)
STEPS IN WRITING A
LITERATURE REVIEW
WRITING THE
INTRODUCTION
the introduction should give an outline of:
defined general topic, issue, or area of
concern
the pointed out overall trends about
-the topic
-conflicts in theory
-methodology
-evidence
-and conclusion
the writer's established reason (point of view)
for reviewing the literature. Always pay
attention to the sequence and the scope.
NOTE:
always remember that the introduction should
clearly establish the focus and purpose of the
literature review.
WRITING THE BODY
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might
want to divide the body into subsections. Each body
paragraph should deal with a different theme that is
relevant to your topic. You can use a subheading for each
theme, time period, or methodological approach.
WRITING THE BODY
THE BODY SHOULD:
SUMMARIZE AND
SYNTHESIZE
ANALYZE AND
INTERPRET
CRITICALLY EVALUATE
WRITE IN WELLSTRUCTURED
PARAGRAPHS
WRITING THE
BODY
The body could include paragraphs on:
historical background
methodologies
previous studies on the topic
mainstream versus alternative
viewpoints
principal questions being asked
general conclusions that are being
drawn.
WRITING THE
CONCLUSION
In the conclusion, you should summarize the
key findings you have taken from the
literature and emphasize their significance
the major contributions of significant studies
and articles to the body of knowledge under
review
the main agreements and disagreements in
the literature
any gaps or areas for further research
your overall perspective on the topic.
3
N
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G
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E
D
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R
RESEARCH REPORT
It is a written report that present the
results of a focused, in-depth study
of a specific topic.
Its writer chooses topic, gathers
information about the topic from
several sources, and the presents
that information in an organized
way.
STEPS TO MAKE A RESEARCH
REPORT
CHOOSING YOUR SUBJECT
DOING PRELIMINARY
RESEARCH
LIMITING YOUR SUBJECT TO
A SPECIFIC TOPIC
FINDING AN ANGLE AND
WRITING A STATEMENT OF
CONTROLLING PURPOSES
STEPS TO MAKE A RESEARCH
REPORT
PREPARING A LIST OF POSSIBLE
SOURCES ( A WORKING
BIBLIOGRAPHY )
TAKING NOTES AND DEVELOPING
A ROUGH, OR WORKING OUTLINE
ORGANIZING YOUR NOTES AND
MAKING A FINAL OUTLINE
WRITING YOUR FIRST DRAFT
STEPS TO MAKE A RESEARCH
REPORT
REVISING YOUR DRAFT
WRITING THE FINAL DRAFT, WITH
COMPLETE LIST OF WORKS CITED
CHOOSING A SUBJECT
THAT YOU CARE ABOUT
One of the most important parts of
doing a research is choosing a topic.
By choosing wisely, you can ensure
that your research will go smoothly
and you will enjoy doing it.
1. What subject do I enjoy reading
about?
2. What topics that I have recently
read about magazines or seen
on television would I like to know
more about?
3. What books have I enjoyed
reading in the past?
4. What subjects have captured
my attention and interest in my
classes?
5. What issues do I feel strongly
about?
6. What kind of topic do I want to
write- an event, a person, or an
idea?
7. What interesting careers or
hobbies do my friends and relatives
have? What interesting experiences
have they had?
8. What do I wonder about? What
aspects of my word would I like to
know the origins or the history?
USE FREEWRITING TECHNIQUES
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clustering
Brainstorming
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Q u es
Discussi
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Write what ever comes to
your mind about the
subject for five minutes, or
draw a cluster diagram in
which you use lines to
connect your subject with
related ideas
USE FREEWRITING TECHNIQUES
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Brainstorming
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Discussi
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USE FREEWRITING TECHNIQUES
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Brainstorming
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Q u es
Discussi
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Working with a group of
friends or classmates,
write down a list of topics
that come to mind as
people think about the
subject.
USE FREEWRITING TECHNIQUES
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Brainstorming
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Discussi
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USE FREEWRITING TECHNIQUES
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Brainstorming
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Q u es
Discussi
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Write a list of questions
about the subject. Begin
each question with the
word who, what, when,
where, why or how, or
start your question with
what if
USE FREEWRITING TECHNIQUES
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Brainstorming
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Discussi
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USE FREEWRITING TECHNIQUES
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Brainstorming
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Q u es
Discussi
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Listen to what other
students know about your
subject,
what
interest
them about it, and what
problems they think might
have in researching it.
USE FREEWRITING TECHNIQUES
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Brainstorming
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LIMITING YOUR SUBJECT
TO SPECIFIC TOPIC
Once you have come up with a list of
ideas for possible topics, you need to
evaluate and limit them.
The evaluation and limit are base on
the certain criteria
CRITERIA FOR JUDGING A
RESEARCH TOPIC
THE TOPIC SHOULD BE INTERESTING
THE TOPIC SHOULD BE COVERED IN
READILY AVAILABLE SOURCES
THE TOPIC SHOULD BE SIGNIFICANT
CRITERIA FOR JUDGING A
RESEARCH TOPIC
THE TOPIC SHOULD BE OBJECTIVE
YOU SHOULD NOT SIMPLY REPEAT
MATERIAL AVAILABLE IN OTHER
RESOURCES
THE TOPIC SHOULD BE NARROW
ENOUGH TO BE TREATED FULLY
WRITING A STATEMENT OF
CONTROLLING PURPOSE
Once you have decided on a
specific topic, your next step is
to
write
a
statement
of
controlling purpose.
This is a sentence or pair of
sentences that tells you what
you want to accomplish in your
report
It is contains one or more key
words that tell what the report is
going to accomplish.
The key words are
analyze,
classify,
compare,
contrast,
define,
describe,
determine,
establish, explain, identify, prove
and support.
WRITING A STATEMENT OF
CONTROLLING PURPOSE
EXAMPLE
The purpose of this report is
to analyze the impact of the
use of solar energy on
pollution.
EXAMPLE
The purpose of this report is
to contrast the performance
of the upper House and the
lower House in Congress
from 2000-2006.
A STATEMENT OF CONTROLLING
PURPOSE CAN INVOLVE:
EXAMPLES
SUPPORTING ( ARGUING
AGAINST ) A POLICY
The purpose of this report is to support the policy
PROVING ( DISPROVING ) ONE
OR MORE STATEMENTS OF
FACTS
The purpose of this report is to prove that by failing
DETERMINING THE RELATIVE
VALUES OF TWO OR MORE
THINGS
The purpose of this report is to compare land-war
of limiting the nuclear weapons.
to take action against Italy, the League of Nations
was partly responsible for the country's take over
of Ethiopia in 1936
and air-war tactics to determine which type of
warfare is more effective in a jungle war.
The purpose of this report is to define the phrase "
DEFINING SOMETHING
ANALYZING SOMETHING INTO ITS
PARTS AND SHOWING HOW THE
PARTS RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER
freedom of press " by describing the laws that limit
it.
The purpose of this report is to describe the roles of
various citizen groups and government agencies
in making policies that affect support for the
homeless.
A STATEMENT OF CONTROLLING
PURPOSE CAN INVOLVE:
EXPLAIN CAUSES OR
EFFECTS
EXAMPLES
The purpose of this report is to explain the causes
of the destruction of Brazil's rain forest.
The purpose of this report is to show the increasing
ESTABLISHING A CAUSEEFFECT RELATIONSHIP
state and federal spending on education leads to
DESCRIBING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
SOMETHING OVER TIME
The purpose of this report is to describe how rock
IDENTIFYING AND DESCRIBING
A GENERAL TREND
CLASSIFYING ITEMS INTO
GROUPS OR CATEGORIES
improved test scores.
'n' roll developed from blues.
The purpose of this report is to describe the
extinction of South American plants and animal
species that is now occurring.
The purpose of this report is to classify African
myths into categories such as creation stories and
ancestor stories.
A STATEMENT OF CONTROLLING
PURPOSE CAN INVOLVE:
RELATING A PART TO A
WHOLE
COMPARING OR CONTRASTING
TWO THINGS TO SHOW HOW THEY
ARE SIMILAR OR DIFFERENT
EXAMPLES
The purpose of this report is to examine the Food
Stamp
Program
as
part
of
the
federal
governments welfare system in the 1970's.
The purpose of this report is to compare actions of
the guerrillas in the pacific theater during WWII
with the actions of Vietcong in the Vietnam war.
The purpose of this report is to look at persuasive
techniques used in televisions ads.
EXAMINING A TECHNIQUE
EXPLAINING GENERAL
CONCEPT BY MEANS OF
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
EXPLAINING THE MAIN IDEA
OR MESSAGE OF SOMETHING
The purpose of this report is to explain the idea of
balance power by giving examples of it in actions.
The purpose of this report is to explain the political
message of George Orwell's 1984.
PREPARING A LIST OF POSSIBLE
SOURCES ( A WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY )
Once you have written a statement of
controlling purpose, you are ready to put
together a list of potential sources.
The list of sources that might be useful to
you in writing your paper is called working
bibliography.
Both print and nonprint sources will be
available to you, and you will want to take
advantage of both.
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in
EVALUATING POSSIBLE SOURCES
After you locate a potential source, you need to decide whether it will
be useful to you.
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WILL HELP YOU EVALUATE YOUR SOURCE:
Is the source
authoritative?
Is the source
unbiased?
An authoritative source is
one that can be relied upon
to provide accurate
information.
EVALUATING POSSIBLE SOURCES
After you locate a potential source, you need to decide whether it will
be useful to you.
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WILL HELP YOU EVALUATE YOUR SOURCE:
Is the source
authoritative?
Is the source
unbiased?
An unbiased source is one whose
author lacks any prejudices that
might make his or her work
unreliable.
EXAMPLE
The newsletter claiming that there
is no relationship between
smoking and disease.
EVALUATING POSSIBLE SOURCES
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WILL HELP YOU EVALUATE YOUR SOURCE:
Is the source
up-to-date?
For some topics such as ones associated with
current events or with new technology, up-todate sources are essential, so check the date on
the copyright page of your source for other topics,
Is the work written
at an appropriate
level?
the copyright date may be less important or not
important at all.
EXAMPLE
You were writing about the 19th century world
literature tenets, the old library forms and
conventions of the time would be excellent
sources
Is the source highly
recommended?
EVALUATING POSSIBLE SOURCES
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WILL HELP YOU EVALUATE YOUR SOURCE:
Is the source
up-to-date?
Is the work written
at an appropriate
level?
Is the source highly
recommended?
Materials that are written for children are
usually
simplified
and
may
be
misleading. Other materials are so
technical that they can be understood
only after years of study.
EVALUATING POSSIBLE SOURCES
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WILL HELP YOU EVALUATE YOUR SOURCE:
Is the source
up-to-date?
Is the work written
at an appropriate
level?
Is the source highly
recommended?
One way to evaluate a source is to ask an
expert or authority whether the source is
reliable. You can also check the
bibliography in a respected source.
TAKING NOTES AND
DEVELOPING A ROUGH, OR
WORKING OUTLINE
After you have written a statement of
controlling details and have prepared
a working bibliography, you are ready
to begin gathering information for
your report.
Begin with the most promising
sources recorded on your
bibliography cards.
Do not read, view, or listen to every
part of every source. Concentrate on
the parts that relate to your topic and
purpose.
THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES WILL HELP YOU
IMPROVE YOUR NOTE-TAKING SKILLS
Keep
your
topic,
controlling purpose, and
audience in mind at all
times.
Do not record material
unrelated to your topic.
Make
sure
that
the
summaries
and
paraphrases accurately
express the ideas in your
sources.
Be accurate. Make sure to copy
the direct questions word for
word.
Make sure that every direct
quotation begins and ends
with quotation marks.
Double-check statistics and
facts to make sure that you
have them right.
THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES WILL HELP YOU
IMPROVE YOUR NOTE-TAKING SKILLS
Distinguish
facts and
labeling.
between
opinion by
EXAMPLE
" Dr. Graves thinks that . . . "
"
According
to
Maria
Catacutan . . . "
Quote only the important parts of
the passage.
Indicate words that you have left out
by using points of ellipsis. It is a
series of three space dots ( . . . )
( . . . ) use when cutting materials
within the sentence.
( [ ] ) use to enclose any explanatory
information that you would add
within a quotation.
Always
double-check
page references.
Its so easy to copy these
incorrectly.
WRITING YOUR FIRST DRAFT
The comporting thing about
rough draft is that it does not
have to be perfect.
You can rework your draft as
often as you like and watch it
take shape gradually.
In other words, you do not have
to hit home run your first time
at bat.
You can have as many chances
in the plate as you want.
APPROACHES TO DRAFTING
With regards to drafting,
writers fall into two major
camps.
Some prefer to get everything
down on paper quickly, but in
every rough form, and then do
one or more detailed revisions.
Others like to complete each
section as they go, writing and
polishing one section, then
moving on the next.
THE STYLE OF THE DRAFT
A research report is a type of
objective, formal writing.
Do not use such words as I, me,
my, mine, we, and our.
Do not state opinions without
supporting them with facts.
Do not use slang, informal
language, or contractions.
ASSEMBLING THE DRAFT
A rough draft is just a rough or
unfinished.
As you draft, do not worry
about matters that you can take
care of later, such as details of
spelling, grammar, usage, and
mechanics.
Concentrate on getting your
ideas down in an order that
makes sense.
THE DRAFT AS A WORK IN
PROGRESS
As you write, you may occasionally
discover gaps in the information
that you have gathered.
You may find that you do not have
in your notes all the information
you need to make some point.
The need to fill gaps is one proof
that drafting is still discovery
time.
Remain open to the discoveries
that occur as your draft.
USING GRAPHIC AIDS
As you draft, think about using
tables, maps, charts, diagrams,
and other graphic aids to
present a lot of information in a
little space.
If you use a graphic aid from a
source you must credit the
source.
WRITING THE
INTRODUCTION
WRITING THE
CONCLUSION
The introduction of a research
report should accomplish two
purposes:
Like an introduction, a conclusion
is usually one or two paragraphs
long.
The
most
common
way
to
reader's
conclude a research report is to
2. It should present the report's
main arguments in support of the
1. It
should
grab
attention.
restate the main idea and your
main idea or thesis statement.
idea.
Introduction may define key
the body of your paper.
terms,
supply
background
necessary
information,
or
both.
The introduction can be of any
length,
although
most
introductions are one or two
paragraphs long.
It is use to tie up loose ends left in
The conclusion is an opportunity
to be imaginative.
:
4
N
O
S
S
LE
T
C
E
J
O
PR
L
A
S
O
P
O
PR
INTRODUCTION
Proposal
a written report that seeks to
persuade the reader to accept
a suggested plan of action.
may either be solicited or
unsolicited
INTRODUCTION
The unsolicited proposal differs from
the solicited proposal in that the former
typically requires more background
information and more persuasion
because the reader may not be familiar
with the project, the writer must present
more evidence to convince the readers
of the merits of the proposal.
INTRODUCTION
The proposal reader is typicall outside the
organization. The format for these external
documents may be a letter report, a
manuscript report, or even a form report,
with the form supplied by the soliciting
organization. If the soliciting organization
does not supply a form, it will likely specify
in detailed language the format required
for the proposal.
INTRODUCTION
When writing a proposal, the writer must
keep in mind that the proposal may
become legally binding on the writer and
the organization.
PROJECT
PROPOSAL
SAMPLES
IMPORTANT DO'S & DON'TS
GIVE AMPLE, CREDIBLE
EVIDENCE FOR ALL STATEMENTS
DO NOT EXAGGERATE
PROVIDE EXAMPLES TO
SUPPORT YOUR STATEMENTS
BE STRAIGHTFORWARD
IMPORTANT DO'S & DON'TS
BE SIMPLE
LET THE READER KNOW WHAT
HE OR SHE WILL GET IN RETURN
O
T
W
O
H
A
E
K
A
M
T
C
E
J
O
PR
?
L
A
S
O
P
O
PR
1
BACKGROUND
Introduce the problem you are
addressing and discuss why it
merits the reader's consideration.
Provide
enough
information
to
background
show
that
a
problem exists and that you have
a viable solution
OBJECTIVES
2
Provide specific
information about what
the outcomes of the
project will be. Be detailed
and honest in discussing
what the reader will get in
return for a commitment
of resources.
3
PROCEDURES
Discuss in detail exactly how
you wil achieve these
objectives include step by
step discussion of what will
be done, when, and exactly
how much each component
or phase will cost.
QUALIFICATION
Show how you, your
organization, and any others
who would be involved in
conducting this project are
qualified to do so. If appropriate,
include testimonials or other
external evidence to support
your claims.
4
5
REQUEST FOR APPROVAL
Directly ask for approval of
your proposal. Depending on
the reader's needs, this
request could come either at
the beginning or at the end
of the proposal.
SUPPORTING DATA
Include as an appendix to
your proposal any relevant
but supplementary
information that might
bolster your arguments.
6
:
5
N
O
S
S
LE
N
O
I
T
I
S
PO
R
E
P
A
P
POSITION PAPER
There may have been instances
when you were required to explain a
variety of positions on an issue,
possibly including those in favor of
it, those against it, and those with
various views in between.
The patterns used for expository
papers
(narration,
description,
exemplification,
etc.)
can
be
expanded for position paper.
POSITION PAPER
The objective of a position paper is
to take stand on the issue, organize
the materials and notes, and write a
paper that is convincing to your
reading audience.
STEPS IN DECIDING ON A
FRAMEWORK OF IDEAS
FOR YOUR PAPER
NEED TO THINK ABOUT:
HOW THE MATERIAL CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO PARTS
HOW THESE PARTS CAN BE
REPLACED IN AN ORDER, AND
WHAT THE LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
ARE AMONG THE IDEAS AND PARTS.
f
o
t
n
e
n
o
m
i
e
s
i
t
v
a
i
t
d
S
d
n
a
n
o
i
t
i
s
o
p
o
r
p
S
T
R
A
P
OF
L
A
C
I
S
S
A
CL
N
O
I
T
A
Z
I
N
A
G
R
O
OF
S
T
N
E
M
U
G
R
A
Pr
oo
f
ion
Conclus
n
tio
uc
od
tr
In
Refutation
n
o
i
t
a
r
Nar
Introduction
Statement of
proposition and division
n
o
i
t
a
r
Nar
Proof
Refutation
n
o
i
s
u
l
c
Con
INTRODUCTION
Make the subject and purpose
clear at start.
Include information that will
interest the audience so that they
will want to, keep reading.
STATEMENT OF
PROPOSITION AND
DIVISION
State claim at or near the end of
the introduction.
Name the major sections of the
paper so they it is easier for
readers to follow along.
NARRATION
Provide background about the subject
and events that have led to controversy.
Indicate why the subject is important.
Offer reasons for an interest in the
subject and cite qualifications for writing
about it.
PROOF
Establish reasons and evidence that are
acceptable to the audience to prove the
proposition or claim.
REFUTATION
Refute opposing position.
It may be placed after the proof, before
the proof, or at various points among the
items of proof.
CONCLUSION
Emphasize the important point and
remind the audience of the other
important points.
USE
L
A
N
O
I
T
A
Z
I
N
A
G
R
O
S
N
R
E
T
T
PA
U
O
Y
P
L
E
H
TO
D
N
A
K
N
I
TH
E
Z
I
N
A
G
R
O
ORGANIZATIONAL
PATTERNS
represent distinct ways to think about
the parts of your reaction paper, the
order in which you place them, and
the relationships among the ideas
and parts.
M
I
A
L
C
H
T
I
W
S
N
O
S
A
E
R
THE PATTERN TAKES THE
FOLLOWING FORM:
STATEMENT OF CLAIM
REASON 1
REASON 2
REASON 3
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Pattern may be used to identity one or
more causes followed by one or more
effects or results.
Your may reverse the sequence and
describe effects first and then the
cause or causes.
CHRONOLOGY OR
NARRATIVE
Material arranged chronologically is
explained as it is occurs in time.
This pattern maybe used to establish
what happened for an argument of
fact.
DEDUCTION
Deductive reasoning involves
reasoning from a generalization,
applying it to cases or examples, and
drawing a conclusion.
INDUCTION
Involves citing one or more
examples and them making the
"inductive leap" to the conclusion.
COMPARE AND
CONTEXT
This pattern is particularly useful in
definition arguments and in other
arguments that show how a subject is
like or unlike similar subjects.
It is also often used to demonstrate a
variety of similarities or differences.