Q1. ___psychology addresses the full spectrum of human behavior, both
the commonplace and the
- Scientific
Q2. Emotion have evolutionary functions .
– True
Q3. People are slower at identifying emotions expressed by others in their
own ethnic , national or regional group than they are at recognizing
emotions of foreigners .
– False
Q4. People having greater than average activation of the left areas,
compared with the right, have ______
-
1. A quicker ability to recover from negative emotions , 2. More positive
feelings
Q5. Which is true about botox and emotion
recognition ?
- 1. Less accuracy in recognizing positive and negative emotions in
photographs of human eyes , 2. Botox hindered the ability to process the
sentence evoking sadness and anger
Q6. Case A is an example of classical conditioning
Case 1 :
The therapist wanted to modify Alir's behaviour. So every time repeated the
positive behaviour he was given a star on the merit sheet
Case 2:
The trainer wanted to modified the dog's behaviour to stop him from biting. So every time
the clicker was clicked (a loud click sound) the dog received a bearable electric shock
causing slight pain. With time, the dog would stop his attack once the clicker is clicked.
Case 3:
The trainer wanted to train the cat to roll over. Every time the cat rolled, a cat
biscuit treat was given to it
False
Q7. Which of the following is considered as a function of emotion ?
-
1.Bind people together , 2. Defense mechanism
Q8. Which is True on the research
conducted on the emotion of PRIDE :
1. Children as young as 4 years old , and people from isolated culture in
Africa can reliable identify facial expressions of pride . , 2. Blind athelites
-
will spontaneously throw their arms in the air in a victory stance , even
though they have never seen anyone do it .
Q9. while talking to a psychologist, Sama said that she has noticed a peculiar behaviour in her
son. whenever he is in the car with her he sits quietly, puts the seat belt on and behaves
however, his father always complains of Ali's behaviour when they go out alone. He says that
Ali throws a tantrum when he tries to buckle his seat belt, and keeps on jumping around the
seat.
according to this, and based on what was discussed in class. who is the
discriminitive stimulus for Ali to behave?
- Sama – the mother
Q10. Feeling of being loved is a primary punishment .
– False
Q11. Operant conditioning and shapping in
inborn tendencies .
specific be better if it is built on
– True
Q12. The difference between s reinforcer and a punisher is that _______ .
– reinforcers
strengthen behavior and punishers weaken behavior .
Q13. Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning ?
- A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell
has been followed by a puff of air to the eye .
Q14. Matt classically conditions his dog
. Wally, to salivate when he strums
the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played . He
notices that Wally does not salivate to a D chord . Wally s lack of a
response to the D chord illustrates the phenomenon of ________ “
- Stimulus discrimination
Q15. while talking to a psychologist, Sama said that she has noticed a peculiar behaviour in her
son. whenever he is in car with her he sits quietly, puts the seat belt on and behaves however,
his father always complains of Alii's behaviour when they go out alone. He says that Ali throws a
tantrum when he tries to buckle his seat belt, and keeps on jumping around the seat .
according to what have been discussed in class, who is the discriminative
stimulus for Ali to misbehave?
- the father
Q15. which is true about botox and emotion recognition
?
1. Less accuracy in recognizing positive and negative emotions in
photographs of human eyes 2. Botox hindered the ability to process the
sentence evoking sadness and anger
Q16. which of the following is considered as a function of emotion
-
?
1. Bind people together , 2. defense mechanism
Q17. In psychological testing a _____ tests produces the same results from
one time and place to the next .
– reliability
Q18. Which of the following emotions is a prototypical emotion ?
- happiness
Q19. Feeling of being loved is a primary punishment .
– False
Q20. People are slower at identifying emotions
expressed by others in
their own ethnic , national or regional group than they are at recognizing
emotions of foreigners .
– False
Which of the following statements is true about correlation ?
- Correlations close to +1.0 or 1.0 are strong, whereas correlations close to
0 are weak
Q21.
Q22. ____ psychology addresses the full spectrum of human behavior,
both the commonplace and the exceptional .
– Scientific
Q23. Ali was training his child to use the toilet . everytime he successfully goes
to the toilet ,he gave him a treat what kind of scheduling is Ali using ?
- continuous schedule
Q24. "individualistic cultures are those in which the self is regarded as
autonomous, and a person s goals are prized above duty to the group.”
- True
Q25. ______ occurs when people direct
their emotions toward objects ,
animals , or people that are not real object of their emotion .”
- Displacement
Q26. At the age of four months , Zach was excitable and fearful.
His dad
taped a colorful picture beside the changing table to entertain Zach during
diaper changes. Zach overreacted to the picture and became agitated and
nervous . Zach is most likely to be classified as a(n) _______ child “
- reactive
Q27. The fundamental attribution
error refers to _______
-the tendency to overestimate dispositional influences ( and underestimate
situational influences ) when explaining another person s behavior .
Q28. Members of individualist cultures value obligation and security .
– False
Q30. The ______ operates according to the pleasure
principle .
– ID
Q31. After waking up from a three years coma , Selia couldn t remember
anything about being attacked or assaulted . According to the
psychodynamic theory , what is the reason for this ?
- repression
Q32. The superego is very animalistic .
– False
Q33. In a study comparing Japanese and Americans , the Japanese
reported that their sense of selfchanges 20 percent to 30 percent , in
different situations .”
- False
Q34. John is a sheep rancher Montana who wants to discourage predators
from going after his sheep . he placed sheep meat with a nausea-inducing
chemical; after eating it just one or two times , coyotes and wolves still
ran up to lambs , but instead of attacking . they retreated hid , and
vomited . they had developed a ____ to sheep. “
- conditioned aversion
Q35. _____ is a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a
conditioned stimulus through association with an already established
conditioned stimulus .
– Higher-order conditioning
Q36. Ali was asked to smile in therapy
. According to the concept of facial
feedback , Ali is most likely to ____ “ .
– have an increase in the positive feelings .
Q37. "in classical conditioning, when the conditioned response is
extinguished, but reappears later, the reappearance of the response is
called ______”
- spontaneous recovery .
Q38. Which of the following is true about obedience?
- obedience is not always harmful or bad , and is necessary in many cases .
Q39. "During baseball games and soccer matches, the fans scream and
cheer from the stands. Sometimes even the most reserved person who is
watch joins in. This situation is an example of group think.”
- False
Q40. "Ali is very impulsive, he purchases things online without thinking
things through. He gets very upset and very stressed quiet easily.
According to the big five theory, Ali is exhibiting traits from the ____
dimension .”
- neuroticism versus emotional stability .
Q41. "Which of the following is one reason that punishments can fail as an
effective way to change behavior in families, schools, and workplaces?
- people often administer punishment inappropriately or mindlessly , lashing
out in rage .
Q42. In most people, the
____ appears to be specialized for the motivation
to approach others."
- left prefrontal cortex
Q43. Display rules involve ________ “
- social or cultural guidelines that regulate when , how , and where a person
may express emotion “
Q44.
“ According to Freud, the latency stage occurs during the grade
school years until puberty
- True
1.why is milligram interested in studying obedience study and what does
he gain from it?
To test how many people would obey an authority figure when directly ordered
to violate their ethical standards. He saw that all participants obeyed and that
obedience is a function of situation rather than participates' personalities
Ch 4 – 2021 – SBS136
Q1- ______ occurs when a person s own unacceptable or threatening
feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else.
– projection
Q2- A(n) _____ is a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
.
– trait
Q3- " Sarah sees an iPad sitting on a park bench. According to the
psychoanalytic view. if her superego had a voice, it would probably tell
her _________ “
that stealing is wrong and she should leave the iPad where it is .
Q4- Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain
ways that are present in infancy are called _____ .
– temperament
Q5- " in psychoanalysis , which component of personality is present at
birth ?
- ID
Q6- Freud's theory is called
____ because it emphasizes the movement of
psychological energy within the person.
– psychodynamic
Q7- According to Sigmund Freud
, which psychosexual stage is most crucial
for the formation of personality ?
- phallic
Q8- " For Gordon Allport , our personalities reflect __________________ “
- five to ten central traits and additional secondary traits
.
Q9- " Darween parents place a high value on academic achievement
, but
her peers do not . In this situation, Darween is most likely to ___________
“
- be more strongly
influenced by the values of her peers .
Q10- _______ is a fundamental personality dimension that describes the
extent to which people are outgoing or shy .
- Extroversion versus introversion .
Q11- when told that her husband was cheating on her, and that
he was
lying to her. Sarah got very angry , and told Bayan that she is the liar and
that she wants to destroy the beautiful relationship she and her husband
have . According to the psychodynamic theory , what defense mechanism
is being applied?
- projection
Q12- the Oedipus complex occurs in the
_____ stage
- phallic
Q13- "Mark is angry when the teacher blames him for misbehaving when it
actually was the child behind him who had been acting up . As he leaves
after school , he shoves another boy who gets in his way . Freud would
say that Mark is unconsciously using the defense mechanism of ______ “
- displacement
Q14- Theorists within the psychodynamic tradition would agree that
- adult personalities and ongoing problems
experiences in early childhood.
are formed primarily by
____ .
Q15. Fill in the blanks (1,3,5) with the three systems that constitutes
personality and (2,4,6) their operating principles .
Q16.when two psychologist surveyed 275 freshmen at cornell University ,
they found that ____”
- most of them had secret lives that they never revealed to their parents .
Qs17. ______ is defined as a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of
behaviors , thoughts , motives , and emptions that characterizes an
individual .
– Personality
Q18. In psychoanalysis , a _________
is a strategy that denies or distorts
reality , but protects us from conflict and anxiety .
– defense mechanism
Q19. "Developmental psychologists have attempted to identify the effects
of many specific childrearing practices on children s personality traits.
However, they found out that ________ “
- parents practices are inconsistent from day to day and over the years .
Q20. "As an infant, Melanie would lie in her crib without fussing and would
rarely cry . As a toddler , she was curious and fairly extroverted . Melanie
would most likely be classified _____child."
- non-reactive
Q21. "In Ana s culture, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of
the individual. It is most likely that Ana defines her self ______ “
- in the context of her relationships .
Q22. The two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and
aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits is called
________ “
- reciprocal determinism
Q23. "In a cross-cultural study of children s altruism, researchers found
that the least altruistic children were from ________ “
- USA
Q24. ______ includes the family background in which you grew up and the
experiences you shared with your siblings and parents .
– the shared environment
Q25. A person s personality can affect the way they perceive an
experience. Conversely, different experiences can change the way a
person s perceptions take place. This is an example of which concept?
- reciprocal determinism
Q26. Which trait among the big five typically decreases by age 30 ?
- Neuroticism
Q27. "According to Abraham Maslow, the most important aspects of
personality are _____ “
- the qualities of the self-actualized person
Q28. "Salma is very cooperative in her job. She helps her colleagues and is
well known for her team spirit. According to the big five theory, Salma is
exhibiting traits from the ______ dimension “
- Agreeableness versus antagonism
Q29. “ _______
is a fundamental personality dimension that describes
whether people are steadfast and persevering, or fickle and careless.
– Conscientiousness versus impulsiveness
Q30. Which of the following is true of an individualist culture
?
- The independence of the individual often takes precedence over the
needs of the group .
SBS136 Ch1
1. A ______________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the
individuals running the experiment know if a given participant is the experimental
or the control group until after the results are tallied
A. Single blind study
B. Double blind study
C. Correlational study
D. Observational study
2. A _______________ is measure of how strongly two variable are related to one
another.
A. Relationship coefficient
B. Correlation
C. Meta-analysis
D. Experimentation
3. Which of the following correlation coefficient values indicate the strongest
relationship between two variables?
A. -0.5
B. -0.8
C. 0.4
D. 0.2
4. Dr. Littman-smith is conducting research in a small village in Kenya to learn
about the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact as they go about their day.
It is most likely that she is engaged in _____________________
A. Laboratory observation
B. Naturalistic observation
C. Exploration research
D. Experimental research
5. Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states,
aptitudes, and values are called _____________
A. Laboratory observation
B. Psychological test
C. Observational study
D. Significance test
6. According to your textbook, the likelihood of lying about a sensitive topic on a
survey is reduced when respondents____________
A. Are paid for their participation in the survey
B. Are questioned by an interviewer of the same age
C. Receive explanations regarding the importance of the survey
D. Are guaranteed anonymity
7. An advantage of observational studies is that ______________
A. The presence of observers can alter the behavior being observed.
B. They can provide accurate descriptions of behavior.
C. They can answer questions about cause and effect.
D. They allow experimenters to manipulate variables.
8. In an experiment, the group who get the variations of the independent variable is
known as ___________ :
A. Independent group
B. Experimental group
C. Dependent group
D. Control group
9. A __________ is a measure of how strongly two variable are related to one
another.
A. Comparison
B. Correlation
C. Causality
D. Covert measures
10. An operational definition is ______________:
A. A statement that attempts to describe or explain a given behavior
B. A precise definition of a term, which specifies the processes required for
observing and measuring the phenomenon being investigated
C. An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a
specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships
D. A statement that is accepted without proof and regarded as fundamental to a
subject
11. Assessment instruments that are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives
are called _?
A. Objective test
B. Projective test
C. Unconscious test
D. Conscious test
12. Compared to pop psychology, psychology __________
A. Is less complex
B. Is based on research evidence
C. Addresses only human behavior
D. Is narrower in the issues it addresses
13. Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with __________
A. The study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions
B. Behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism
physical state, mental state, and external environment.
C. The study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the
diversity behavior
D. Maladaptive human behaviors and cognitions that are incorporated into a
person self-worth during childhood.
14. Psychologists sometimes prefer to make observations in a laboratory setting
rather than a naturalistic setting. The primary advantage of laboratory observation
over naturalistic observation is ______________
A. It costs less money
B. Researchers have more control over the research study
C. Participants take their participation more seriously in professional
environment
D. Laboratory observation is more natural
15. If a psychological test is standardized, ____________
A. It has been approved for use by the APA
B. Uniform procedures have been developed for giving and scoring the test
C. It is always administered to random sample of participants
D. It has been demonstrated to be valid
16. Which of the following statements about skepticism is correct?
A. Skepticism about a claim is generally unnecessary if the person making the
claim is an authority on the topic
B. Good scientists must balance skepticism and openness to new ideas
C. Skepticism in science is the willingness to accept an idea without empirical
evidence
D. Skepticism means refusing to believe the claims of authorities in the field
17. Which of the following pairs of variables would illustrate a negative
correlation?
A. Ocean temperature rise so doses the number of people at the beach
B. The price of a car decreases as the millage on the odometer increases
C. The taller you are, the better you are at sports
D. The less calcium intake, the weaker the bones become
18. The tendency to look for information that supports one own belief is called
__________
A. The principle of falsifiability
B. Confirmation bias
C. Attitudes
D. Information processing
19. Unintended change is subjects behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the
experimenter in an experimental study are called ___________
A. Confirmation bias
B. Experimental effects
C. Volunteer bias
D. Corruption
20. Which of the following would be considered a good example of a representative
sample of college in the United States?
A. All the students from a particular rural college
B. Every male student from three colleges in Texas
C. A diverse population in both urban and rural college classrooms in several
states
D. Self-identified student volunteers who found your survey on the internet
21. Which of the following statement is true about correlation?
A. Positive correlations are meaningful, but negative ones are not
B. Correlation near to -1.00 and 1.00 are strong while correlation close to 0 is
weak or no correlation
C. Negative correlation are weak, but positive ones are strong
D. A strong correlations are in indicative of a causal relationship between
variables
22. If a psychological test measures what it is supposed to measure, it is
____________
✓ Validity
23. Define Placebo
✓ A substance that has no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new
drugs
Dr. Jones is conduction a(n) ____________ research study. She carefully and
systematically watches and records behavior, taking care to avoid affecting the subjects
being study
A. Exploratory
B. Observational
C. Experimental
D. Correlational
Which of the following statement is true?
A. Scientists should keep their research covert so as to protect their ideas from
plagiarism.
B. Disclosure of the details of a study is important so that others can verify or refute
the findings.
C. It is a waste of time and money to replicate a study that has already been done.
D. Peer reviews take place after research findings are announced publicly.
Which of the following is a descriptive method of data collection?
A. Tests
B. Observations
C. Correlation
D. Experiments
A psychological test is said to have content validity if ______________
A. It produces the same results from one time to the next
B. The items in the test broadly represent the trait in question
C. Its results are comparable to established standards of performance
D. It predicts other measures of the personality trait in question
__________ psychology addresses the full spectrum of human behavior, both the
commonplace are
A. Popular
B. Scientific
C. Medical
D. Abnormal
Which of the following advantage of case study?
A. The information produced in a case study is easy to interpret.
B. Case studies produced in a case study is easy to interpret
C. Data collected during a case study can be easily generalized to other individuals
D. Case studies are less susceptible to researcher bias than other methods
A controlled test of a hypothesis, in which the researcher manipulates one variable in
order to discover its effect on another variable, is called a(n) ___________
A. Correlational study
B. Experiment
C. Single blind study
D. Double blind study
Before research can proceed, the hypothesis must be made more _____ through the use of
operational definitions
A. Empirical
B. Precise
C. Accurate
D. Theoretical
Researchers prefer to select participants who accurately represent the larger population
that the the researchers are interested in. this type of group is called a _______ sample
A. Population
B. Representative
C. Reflective
D. Random
A correlation coefficient of +1.73 means that ___________
A. The relationship between the two variables is very strong
B. A calculation error has been made
C. As one variable increases, so does the other
D. The relationship between the two variables is very weak
People who are willing to take part in surveys usually have opinions and views that are
different from those who decline to take part, this phenomenon is called__________
A. Experimenter bias
B. Volunteer bias
C. Confirmation bias
D. Systematic bias
In observational study, when a researcher tries his best not to influence the participants
behavior, we can say that the observer is being ____________
✓
Professor Marshall wants to know whether eating sweets before bedtime causes children
to take longer to fall asleep. In his experiment, whether or not a sweet is given before
bedtime is the___________
A. Dependent variable
B. Independent variable
C. Correlation
D. Comparative factor
The principle of falsifiability means that___________
A. Scientists must be careful not to falsify their results
B. A scientist must state an idea in such a way that it can be refuted or disproved by
counterevidence
C. All theories will eventually be shown to be false
D. Theories that have not been proven are considered false
Tess agrees to sleep in an artificial setting for three nights so that researchers can obtain
information about her brain and muscle activity during sleep. She is taking part in a
research method called________
A. Naturalistic observation
B. Laboratory observation
C. Laboratory experiment
D. Field experiment
Empirical findings are those that_________
A. Characterize an entire set of research data
B. Rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement
C. Are conducted in a filed setting outside of a laboratory
D. Compare subjects of different ages at a giver time
Dr. Clark predicts that in her experiment, the________ variable will be affected by the
changes she makes to the ________ variable
A. Extraneous, experimental
B. Dependent, independent
C. Stable, manipulated
D. Independent, dependent
A researcher studies the history of a suicide bomber who attempted to up a concert. The
researcher goal is to understand the events and personality traits that led the person to
become a bomber. This type of research is called a(n)_________________
A. Experiment
B. Case study
C. Observational study
D. Correlational study
Skepticism in scientific research means__________
A. Acquiring knowledge by means of observation or experimentation
B. Refusing to accept empirical evidence
C. Believing a claim is true unless you have evidence that it is wrong
D. Treating conclusion, both new and old, with caution
A psychological test is said to have criterion validity if ______________
A. It measures what it is designed to measure
B. It predicts other criteria of the personality trait in question
C. Its results are comparable to established standards of performance
D. It produces the same results from one time to the next
Chapter 1 sbs
1. A ______________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the
individuals running the experiment know if a given participant is the experimental
or the control group until after the results are tallied
A. Single blind study
B. Double blind study
C. Correlational study
D. Observational study
2. A _______________ is measure of how strongly two variable are related to one
another.
A. Relationship coefficient
B. Correlation
C. Meta-analysis
D. Experimentation
3. Which of the following correlation coefficient values indicate the strongest
relationship between two variables?
A. -0.5
B. -0.8
C. 0.4
D. 0.2
4. Dr. Littman-smith is conducting research in a small village in Kenya to learn
about the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact as they go about their day.
It is most likely that she is engaged in _____________________
A. Laboratory observation
B. Naturalistic observation
C. Exploration research
D. Experimental research
5. Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states,
aptitudes, and values are called _____________
A. Laboratory observation
B. Psychological test
C. Observational study
D. Significance test
6. According to your textbook, the likelihood of lying about a sensitive topic on a
survey is reduced when respondents____________
A. Are paid for their participation in the survey
B. Are questioned by an interviewer of the same age
C. Receive explanations regarding the importance of the survey
D. Are guaranteed anonymity
7. An advantage of observational studies is that ______________
A. The presence of observers can alter the behavior being observed.
B. They can provide accurate descriptions of behavior.
C. They can answer questions about cause and effect.
D. They allow experimenters to manipulate variables.
8. In an experiment, the group who get the variations of the independent variable is
known as ___________ :
A. Independent group
B. Experimental group
C. Dependent group
D. Control group
10. An operational definition is ______________:
A. A statement that attempts to describe or explain a given behavior
B. A precise definition of a term, which specifies the processes required for
observing and measuring the phenomenon being investigated
C. An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a
specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships
D. A statement that is accepted without proof and regarded as fundamental to a
subject
11. Assessment instruments that are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives
are called _?
A. Objective test
B. Projective test
C. Unconscious test
D. Conscious test
12. Compared to pop psychology, psychology __________
A. Is less complex
B. Is based on research evidence
C. Addresses only human behavior
D. Is narrower in the issues it addresses
13. Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with __________
A. The study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions
B. Behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism
physical state, mental state, and external environment.
C. The study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the
diversity behavior
D. Maladaptive human behaviors and cognitions that are incorporated into a
person self-worth during childhood.
14. Psychologists sometimes prefer to make observations in a laboratory setting
rather than a naturalistic setting. The primary advantage of laboratory observation
over naturalistic observation is ______________
A. It costs less money
B. Researchers have more control over the research study
C. Participants take their participation more seriously in professional
environment
D. Laboratory observation is more natural
15. If a psychological test is standardized, ____________
A. It has been approved for use by the APA
B. Uniform procedures have been developed for giving and scoring the test
C. It is always administered to random sample of participants
D. It has been demonstrated to be valid
16. Which of the following statements about skepticism is correct?
A. Skepticism about a claim is generally unnecessary if the person making the
claim is an authority on the topic
B. Good scientists must balance skepticism and openness to new ideas
C. Skepticism in science is the willingness to accept an idea without empirical
evidence
D. Skepticism means refusing to believe the claims of authorities in the field
17. Which of the following pairs of variables would illustrate a negative
correlation?
A. Ocean temperature rise so doses the number of people at the beach
B. The price of a car decreases as the millage on the odometer increases
C. The taller you are, the better you are at sports
D. The less calcium intake, the weaker the bones become
18. The tendency to look for information that supports one own belief is called
__________
A. The principle of falsifiability
B. Confirmation bias
C. Attitudes
D. Information processing
19. Unintended change is subjects behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the
experimenter in an experimental study are called ___________
A. Confirmation bias
B. Experimental effects
C. Volunteer bias
D. Corruption
20. Which of the following would be considered a good example of a representative
sample of college in the United States?
A. All the students from a particular rural college
B. Every male student from three colleges in Texas
C. A diverse population in both urban and rural college classrooms in several
states
D. Self-identified student volunteers who found your survey on the internet
21. Which of the following statement is true about correlation?
A. Positive correlations are meaningful, but negative ones are not
B. Correlation near to -1.00 and 1.00 are strong while correlation close to 0 is
weak or no correlation
C. Negative correlation are weak, but positive ones are strong
D. A strong correlations are in indicative of a causal relationship between
variables
22. If a psychological test measures what it is supposed to measure, it is
____________
✓ Validity
23. Define Placebo
✓ A substance that has no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new
drugs
Dr. Jones is conduction a(n) ____________ research study. She carefully and
systematically watches and records behavior, taking care to avoid affecting the subjects
being study
A. Exploratory
B. Observational
C. Experimental
D. Correlational
Which of the following statement is true?
A. Scientists should keep their research covert so as to protect their ideas from
plagiarism.
B. Disclosure of the details of a study is important so that others can verify or refute
the findings.
C. It is a waste of time and money to replicate a study that has already been done.
D. Peer reviews take place after research findings are announced publicly.
Which of the following is a descriptive method of data collection?
A. Tests
B. Observations
C. Correlation
D. Experiments
A psychological test is said to have content validity if ______________
content> represent / criterion> predict
A. It produces the same results from one time to the next (reliability)
B. The items in the test broadly represent the trait in question
C. Its results are comparable to established standards of performance
D. It predicts other measures of the personality trait in question
__________ psychology addresses the full spectrum of human behavior, both the
commonplace are
A. Popular
B. Scientific
C. Medical
D. Abnormal
Which of the following advantage of case study?
B. Case studies produced a more detailed pictiure of an individual than other methods do
A controlled test of a hypothesis, in which the researcher manipulates one variable in
order to discover its effect on another variable, is called a(n) ___________
A. Correlational study
B. Experiment
C. Single blind study
D. Double blind study
Before research can proceed, the hypothesis must be made more _____ through the use of
operational definitions
A. Empirical
B. Precise
C. Accurate
D. Theoretical
Researchers prefer to select participants who accurately represent the larger population
that the researchers are interested in. this type of group is called a _______ sample
A. Population
B. Representative
C. Reflective
D. Random
A correlation coefficient of +1.73 means that ___________
A. The relationship between the two variables is very strong
B. A calculation error has been made
C. As one variable increases, so does the other
D. The relationship between the two variables is very weak
People who are willing to take part in surveys usually have opinions and views that are
different from those who decline to take part, this phenomenon is called__________
A. Experimenter bias
B. Volunteer bias
C. Confirmation bias
D. Systematic bias
In observational study, when a researcher tries his best not to influence the participants
behavior, we can say that the observer is being ____________
✓ unobtrusive
Professor Marshall wants to know whether eating sweets before bedtime causes children
to take longer to fall asleep. In his experiment, whether or not a sweet is given before
bedtime is the___________
A. Dependent variable
B. Independent variable
C. Correlation
D. Comparative factor
The principle of falsifiability means that___________
A. Scientists must be careful not to falsify their results
B. A scientist must state an idea in such a way that it can be refuted or disproved by
counterevidence
C. All theories will eventually be shown to be false
D. Theories that have not been proven are considered false
Tess agrees to sleep in an artificial setting for three nights so that researchers can obtain
information about her brain and muscle activity during sleep. She is taking part in a
research method called________
A. Naturalistic observation
B. Laboratory observation
C. Laboratory experiment
D. Field experiment
Empirical findings are those that_________
A. Characterize an entire set of research data
B. Rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement
C. Are conducted in a filed setting outside of a laboratory
D. Compare subjects of different ages at a giver time
Dr. Clark predicts that in her experiment, the________ variable will be affected by the
changes she makes to the ________ variable
A. Extraneous, experimental
B. Dependent, independent
C. Stable, manipulated
D. Independent, dependent
A researcher studies the history of a suicide bomber who attempted to up a concert. The
researcher goal is to understand the events and personality traits that led the person to
become a bomber. This type of research is called a(n)_________________
A. Experiment
B. Case study
C. Observational study
D. Correlational study
Skepticism in scientific research means__________
A. Acquiring knowledge by means of observation or experimentation
B. Refusing to accept empirical evidence
C. Believing a claim is true unless you have evidence that it is wrong
D. Treating conclusion, both new and old, with caution
A psychological test is said to have criterion validity if ______________
A. It measures what it is designed to measure
B. It predicts other criteria of the personality trait in question
C. Its results are comparable to established standards of performance
D. It produces the same results from one time to the next
In psychological testing a ____________It produces the same results from one time to the next
Reliability (WRITTEN)
Assessment instruments that are designed to measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which an
individual is aware are called ____?
A. Objective test
B. Projective test
C. Unconscious test
D. Conscious test
In a psychological research study, a sample made up of those who happen to be available at the time
of study is called a _______ sample
A. Population
B. Representative
C. Reflective
D. convenience
Which variable does an experiment manipulate when conducting experimental research?
Independent
‫صـــــلو ع نــبيـنـا مــحــمـــد‬
Chapter 5 culture
Which of the following increased the likelihood that participants would disobey
in Milgram s obedience study?
Having the experimenter be an ordinary man
the explanations people make iv] about the causes of their own behaviors and
the behaviors of others are known as the theory:
Attribution
"Ali walks around his busy college =) campus between classes. He notices smoke
coming from the side of the cafeteria, but assumes that someone inside already
has called the fire department. What phenomenon does this example
illustrate?"
Diffusion of responsibility
Which of the following actions by the learner reduced the likelihood of being
shocked by the teacher in Milgram s study?
Nothing the learner did substantially affected the likelihood of being shocked
“Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, doesn’t believe in gay
marriages, however, she voted to legalize it. Jansen feels very uneasy about the
conflict between her beliefs and her behavior, She is most likely experiencing
Cognitive dissonance
"William is a police officer who is : instructed by a superior officer to beat a
suspect in order to obtain a confession. According to research conducted on
obedience, William is more likely to disobey this order if_
William sees another police officer refuse to continue beating the suspect.
which of the following conditions can counter Groupthink?
Explicitly encourage doubt and dissent.
-------------is the tendency for people on a team or a mission together to agree
with each other and suppress dissension among their ranks.
Groupthink
‫صـــــلو ع نــبيـنـا مــحــمـــد‬
Chapter 5 culture
Researchers in the area of---------------- examine how people s perception of
themselves and others affect their relationships:
Social cognition
Which of the following is an example of entrapment as it relates to obedience?
"A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you
arrive, he asks you to fill the boxes with dishes, and before you realize, you ‘ve
packed his entire kitchen"
"In the Stanford prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a
two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the
roles of prisoners and guards. The researchers found that;
“Within a short time, the prisoners became distressed and felt helpless,
developing emotional symptoms and physical ailments
Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?
Self-censorship
Which of the following is true about obedience?
"Obedience is not always harmful or bad, in many and cases. is necessary "
------------------- are the rules that regulate social life within a culture: Norms
"Joseph Goebbels, Hitler s iv propaganda minister, used a technique called The
Big Lie. He knew that people begin to believe that a statement is true simply
because it has been repeated a number of times. The formal name for this
technique is --------“:
validity effect
"When a group believes that they are totally correct in all of their decisions, itis
a sign that -------------- may be occurring."
: Group think
"According to the just-world hypothesis, people tend to at believe that---------“
: bad people are punished and good people are rewarded.
‫صـــــلو ع نــبيـنـا مــحــمـــد‬
Chapter 5 culture
Which statement best describes w an aspect of Stanley Milgram s study of
obedience? :
"an ominous-looking shock machine, which had voltage markings from zero to
450 volts”
"When we make situational attributions we are identifying the cause of an
action as something ---------“: in the environment.
--------- occurs when a person - chooses attributions for his or her own behavior
that are favorable. : The self-serving bias.
Bystander apathy results from ---------: diffusion of responsibility
"If a person had an epileptic seizure in a public place, she would be more likely
to be helped if --------- " : one person was in the area.
"While stuck in a traffic jam, Yana o notices a frustrated driver frequently
honking his horn. Yana thinks to himself, that driver is a real jerk! This is an
example of a ----------- attribution. " : dispositional
notice that everyone else seems What happens when people to be violating a
social norm?
They are more likely to also violate that norm.
Resistance to groupthink can be 4 encouraged by
asking group members to generate as many alternative solutions as possible
‫صـــــلو ع نــبيـنـا مــحــمـــد‬
Chapter 5 culture
"Solomon Asch set up an experiment in which eight people were shown a 10inch line, and they had to choose the line (from a group of three) that matched
the original line in length. Through this experiment, Asch was studying
"Conformity
"Which of the following is defined as "a state of tension that occurs when a
person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically
inconsistent "?"
cognitive dissonance
"Garret has a tendency to take credit for his good actions, but he attributes his
mistakes to factors beyond his control such as luck. This is an example of ……
The self-serving bias
"Donald enters an elevator and stands in it, facing the back instead of turning
around to face the elevator door. Donald is violating ……… "Norm
Milgram concluded that obedience in his study was a function of ……….
the situation of the experiment.
Which of the following is the most: common explanation of bystander apathy?
diffusion of responsibility
which of the following is an example of conformity?
"Alice wears a dress to the dinner party, even though she favors wearing jeans"
The Stanford prison study demonstrates how a person s …….. affects (s)
behavior. Roles
Research suggests that you are more likely to ………
Feel deindividuated when wearing a uniform.
SBS316 “Fundamentals of Sociology and Psychology”
Final Exam: 12th January 2021, 2:30PM-4:30PM.
Chapters included in the Final:
•
Conditioning and Learning and Health.
•
Culture and Behavior.
•
Deviance and Social Control.
•
Emotion, Stress, and Health.
•
Theories of Personality.
•
Sociology, Medicine, and Health.
Conditioning and Learning and Health:
Definitions:
1. Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience.
2. Behaviorism: An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the
role of environment and prior experience as determinants of behavior.
3. Conditioning: A basic kind of learning that involves associations among environmental stimuli and an
organism’s behavior.
4. Unconditioned stimuli (US): The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that already elicits a
certain response without additional learning.
5. Unconditioned response (UR): The classical-conditioning term for a response elicited by an
unconditioned stimulus.
6. Conditioned stimuli (CS): The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes
to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
7. Conditioned response (CR): The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a
conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned
stimulus.
8. Classical conditioning: The process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a
stimulus that already elicits a response and, in turn, acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related
response. Also called Pavlovian or Respondent conditioning.
9. Extinction: The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response;
• In classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the
unconditioned stimulus.
• In operant conditioning, it occurs when the response is no longer followed by reinforcer.
10. Spontaneous recovery: The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
11. Higher-order conditioning: In classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus
becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.
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12. Stimulus generalization: After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one
involved in the original conditioning;
• In classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR.
• In operant conditioning, the tendency for a response that has been reinforced (or punished) in the
presence of one stimulus to occur (or be suppressed) in the presence of other similar stimuli.
13. Stimulus discrimination: The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli;
• In classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR.
• In operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but
not in the presence of other similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension.
14. Counterconditioning: In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a
stimulus that elicits a response that is incomplete with an unwanted conditioned response.
15. Operant conditioning: The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so,
depending on its consequences.
16. Reinforcement: The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of
the response that it follows.
17. Punishment: The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the
response that it follows.
18. Primary reinforcers: A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological
need; an example is food.
19. Primary punishment: A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock.
20. Secondary reinforcer: A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with
other reinforces.
21. Secondary punisher: A stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with
other punishers.
22. Positive reinforcement: A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation
of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes
stronger or more likely to occur.
23. Negative reinforcement: A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal,
delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or
more likely to occur.
24. Discriminative stimulus: A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by
a certain type of consequence.
25. Continuous reinforcement: A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always
reinforced.
26. Intermittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement: A reinforcement schedule in which a particular
response is sometimes but not always reinforced.
27. Shaping: An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired
response are reinforced.
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28. Successive approximations: In the operant-conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that are
ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response.
29. Instinctive drift: During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive
behavior.
30. Behavior modification: The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or
to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior; also called applied behavior analysis.
31. Garcia effect: the existence of a greater biological readiness to associate sickness with taste than with
sight and sound.
32. Placebo: pills and injunctions that have no active ingredients or treatment that have no direct physical
effect on the problem.
33. Skinner box: a chamber equipped with a device that delivers a reinforcer, usually food, when an animal
makes a desired response, or a punisher, such as a brief shock, when the animal makes an undesired
response.
Psychologists:
1. Ivan pavlov: Studied the conditioned reflexes.
2. John B.Watson: Founded the American Behaviorism, promoted Pavlov’s ideas.
3. John Watson & Rosalie Rayner: “Little Albert Experiment”.
4. John Watson & Mary Cover Jones: “Revers Peter’s fear of rabbits by Counterconditioning”.
5. Shaly, Rudy & Gelperin: Slugs Experiment.
6. Martin Seligman: The psychologist who experienced classical conditioning to hate a taste.
7. John Garcia & Robert Koelling: “The existence of a greater biological readiness to associate sickness
with taste than with sights or sounds (the Garcia Effect)”.
8. G. Stanley Hall: Did the first known scientific study of anger.
9. Edward Thorindike: Did an experiment on cats and come out with a theory “Behavior is controlled
by its consequences”.
10. Burrhus Frederic Skinner: Called his approach “Radical Behaviorism”.
Previous Questions:
1. To ensure that operant conditioning persists over the long term, it is best to ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reinforce the behavior on a continuous schedule.
Reinforce the behavior intermittently.
Reinforce the behavior consistently.
Stop reinforcing the behavior once it becomes habitual.
2. The reappearance of the response, called spontaneous recovery, explains why ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Classical conditioning occurs in mammals, but not in lower species.
Completely eliminating a conditioned response usually requires more than one session.
The salivary response is one of the few reflexes that can be conditioned.
Learning always occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus.
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3. The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reinforcers are primary and punishers are secondary.
Reinforcers strengthen behavior and punishers weaken behavior.
Punishers are primary and reinforcers are secondary.
Reinforcers are positive and punishers are negative.
4. Which of the following is a secondary punisher?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Extreme heat.
Criticism.
Electric shock.
Starvation.
5. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Food.
Applause.
Pain.
Stuffocation.
6. The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it
follows is called ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Higher-order conditioning.
Reinforcement.
Counterconditioning.
Punishments.
7. Tim yells at his two-year-old daughter Allison for soiling her pants. He also threatens to spank (beat)
her if she ever does it again. Next week, she soils her pants again. According to studies on punishment,
why did Tim s approach fail?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The threat was a reinforcer.
The punishment did not tell her how to change her behavior.
Allison wasn’t punished immediately.
Yelling is not a form of punishment.
8. Matt classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by
providing food after the chord is played. After some time, Matt notices that Wally salivates even when
other chords are strummed although the chords were not followed by food. This phenomenon is
known as ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stimulus generalization.
Stimulus discrimination.
Higher-order conditioning.
Extinction.
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9. Matt classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by
providing food after the chord is played. He notices that Wally does not salivate to a D chord. Wally’s
lack of a response to the D chord illustrates the phenomenon of ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stimulus generalization.
Stimulus discrimination.
Intermittent reinforcement.
Partial reinforcement.
10. When 4-year-old goes to the store with her dad and whines for candy at the checkout. she gets the
candy. But when she goes with her mom whining never ends up getting her candy. Before long
Aileen only whines when she is at the store with her dad This is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stimulus generalization.
Stimulus discrimination.
Intermittent reinforcement.
Partial reinforcement.
11. Graham is a 5-year-old who has a conditioned fear of furry and hairy things. He is fond of a snack of
milk and chocolate cookies, and associates pleasant feelings with it. Psychologists gradually pair a cat
with the snack that Graham enjoys until his fear of the cat goes away. This is an example of ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Spontaneous recovery.
Counterconditioning.
Higher-order conditioning.
Generalization.
12. Teaching Gareth to eat on his own, his mother reinforced him when he held the spoon, later she
reinforced him when he dipped the spoon in his food bowl. Then he was reinforced when he put the
spoon in his mouth. These reinforcements of the behavior that resembles the desired response, and
are done one after the other is known as _____________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cognitive succession.
Successive approximation.
Approximate reinforcement.
Shaping.
13. Alex cleans his room so his mother will stop nagging him. His mother used ________ to get him to
clean the room.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Primary punishment.
Negative reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement.
Secondary punishment.
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14. John is a sheep rncher in Montana who wants to discourage predators from going after his sheep. He
placed sheep meat with a nausea-inducing chemical; after eating it just one or two times, coyotes and
wolves still ran up to lambs, but instead of attacking, they retreated, hid, and vomited. This is an
example of which of the following application of classical conditioning?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Learning to like.
Accounting for taste.
Reacting to medical treatments.
Learning to fear.
15. Joan begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery, but he refuses to buy her one. Joan continues
to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie.
For Joan, the cookie is a ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive punisher.
Positive reinforce.
Negative reinforcer.
Positive punisher.
16. Geoff’s friends tease (made fun) him for visiting the public library during summer holidays. As a
result, Geoff stops visiting the library. In this example, the teasing acted as ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Negative punishment.
Positive punishment.
Positive reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement.
17. Pedro gives his daughter an extra hour of videogame time for every two hours she spends babysitting
her four younger siblings. He is using _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Negative punishment.
Continuous reimbursement.
Intermittent reimbursement.
Shaping.
18. Brett’s mom keeps a chart on his bedroom wall and adds gold star for each day that his room is clean.
His mum is using _________ to strengthen the response.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Latent learning.
Secondary reinforcer.
Classic conditioning.
Primary reinforcer.
19. Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?
A. Wait until the parrot kicks the ball into the net on its own and then give it a food treat.
B. Begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball, and then when the parrots feet touches the
ball and so on.
C. Use negative punishment until the parrot kicks the ball into the net.
D. Use positive punishment until the parrot kicks the ball into the net.
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20. Marry arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before. When
she discovers his first-semester grade report on the table and sees that got straight A s, Mary says, oh
honey you did such a good job on your report card. I’ll do those dishes for you. Which operant process
does the example illustrate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Negative punishment
21. Which of the following fears can be easily conditioned in human beings?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fear of flowers.
Fear of spiders.
Fear of butterflies.
Fear of money.
22. ________ occurs when a parrot that has been trained to peck at a picture of a circle also pecks at a
picture of an oval.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus generalization.
Instinctive drift.
Shaping.
23. Every week, Jade spends her allowance on half a pound of sour lemon gummy candies even though
they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl
carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering
and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
little white bag.
sour lemon gummy candy.
allowance money.
puckering and saliva.
24. Individuals being treated for cancer may develop nausea when they arrive at the place where they
have been receiving chemotherapy. In this case, the conditioned stimulus is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chemotherapy.
The place where therapy takes place.
Nausea.
The sound of the nurse s voice.
25. Which of the following statements reflects the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
A. In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery can occur, but in operant conditioning it doesn’t.
B. In classical conditioning, the response is reflexive, but in operant conditioning it is typically more
complex.
C. In classical conditioning, the consequence of the response, but in operant conditioning it isn’t.
D. In classical conditioning, both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination, but in operant
conditioning only stimulus discrimination.
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26. Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A. A person learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food.
B. A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of
air to the eye.
C. Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft
drink, so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
D. A monkey learns to escape from a cage.
27. For classical conditioning to be most effective, the stimulus to be conditioned should ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Occur simultaneously with the unconditioned stimulus.
precede the unconditioned stimulus.
Follow the unconditioned stimulus.
Be of greater intensity than the unconditioned stimulus.
28. In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus
elicits the conditioned response.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus generalization.
Acquisition.
Extinction.
29. In operant conditioning, reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior is a procedure
called ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chaining.
Shaping.
Higher-order conditioning.
Counterconditioning.
30. In operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but not in
the presence of another similar stimulus that differs from it on some dimension is called ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stimulus generalization.
Stimulus discrimination.
Intermittent reinforcement.
Partial reinforcement.
31. Research discussed in the chapter suggests that a specific drug can speed up the extinction of a phobia
if taken during virtual reality treatments. This drug is believed to enhance a certain type of receptor
in the _________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Frontal lobe.
Amygdala.
Hypothalamus.
Olfactory gland.
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32. According to Freud, identification with the father, and thus resolving the Oedipus complex occurs
through:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Penis Envy.
Castration complex.
Repression.
Regression.
33. According to Pavlov , learning occurs when _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A response is followed by reinforcement.
A neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
A negative consequence is removed after a particular response.
Reinforcers are given for successive approximations of the desired response.
34. Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger
the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Conditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response.
Unconditioned response.
35. Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder to trigger the salivation.
It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the food was placed in the dog's mouth
at the sight of the food dish. The salivation at the sight of the food dish is an example of a(n)________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Conditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response.
Unconditioned response.
36. The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n)________ in classical
Conditioning.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Conditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response.
Unconditioned response.
37. A(n) _______ stimulus signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of
consequence.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Extinguished.
Discriminative.
Positive.
Negative.
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38. Conditioned responses can persist for months or years. But what happens if a conditioned stimulus is
repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Distinction.
Extinction.
Spontaneous recovery.
Generalization.
39. Systematic desensitization is a type of ______ that is sometimes used to help adults overcome phobias.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement.
Counterconditioning.
Intermittent reinforcement.
Shaping.
40. Based on his observations of cats in puzzle boxes, Thorndike concluded that ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Behavior modification does not work.
Behavior is controlled by its consequence.
Animals can learn from watching others model behavior.
There are no biological limits to what behaviors an animal can learn.
41. Robert Rescorla said that a stimulus must reliably ___ an unconditioned stimulus for the stimulus to
begin eliciting conditioned responding..
A.
B.
C.
D.
Block.
Predict.
Allowance money.
Cause.
42. Higher-order conditioning may contribute to the formation of
A.
B.
C.
D.
Social values.
Prejudice.
Generalizations.
Conditioned stimuli.
43. “Make Sure Your Spelling Is Correct”.
1. Flushing OR Flushing of Toilet OR Flush.
2. Hot Water OR Boiling Water OR Boiling Hot Water.
3. Jumping Out OR Jump Back OR Jumps Out OR Jump.
4. Flushing Toilet OR Toilet Flush OR Hears Another Toilet
OR Flush.
5. Jumping Out OR Jump Back OR Jump.
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44. “Make Sure Your Spelling Is Correct”.
1. Positive Reinforcement.
2. Positive Punishment.
3. Positive Punishment.
4. Negative Punishment.
5. Positive Punishment.
Emotion, Stress, and Health:
Definitions:
1. Emotion: A state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals,
subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.
2. Facial feedback: The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic
emotion being expressed.
3. Mirror neurons: Brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes another carrying out an action;
these neurons appear to be involved in empathy, language comprehension, imitation, and
reading emotions.
4. Appraisals: A person’s perceptions, beliefs, attributions, and goals, which determine which emotion he
or she will feel in a given circumstance; they are a central component of emotion and the emotional
experience.
5. Display rules: Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or
suppress) emotions.
6. Emotion work: Expression of an emotion, often because of a role requirement, that a person does not
really feel.
Psychologists:
1. Charles Darwin (1872): Argued that human facial expressions are innate.
2. Paul Ekman: Gathered abundant evidence for the universality of 7 basic facial expressions of emotion
AND developed a special coding system to analyze and identify each of the nearly 80 muscles of the face.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
•
German → schadenfreude to explain the feeling of joy at another’s misfortune.
•
Japanese speak of hagaii → helpless anguish tinged with frustration.
•
Tahitians have mehameha → trembling sensation when ordinary categories of perception are
suspended, for example at twilight.
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Previous Questions:
1. ______ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals,
subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action. (P.228)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Attribution.
Emotion.
Body language.
Emotion work.
2. Which of the following emotions is a prototypical emotion? (P.229)
A. Compassion.
B. Happiness.
C. Jealousy.
D. Shame.
3. According to Paul Ekman, which of the following is one of the universal facial expressions? (P.229)
A. Agitation.
B. Fear.
C. Irritability.
D. Embarrassment.
4. Darwin argued that facial expressions of emotion are ______. (P.229)
A. Biologically irrelevant.
B. Innate.
C. Learned.
D. Culturally irrelevant.
5. Which of the following is TRUE about emotions? (P.229)
A. Emotions have evolutionary functions.
B. All emotions are universally similar.
C. Primary emotions disappear later in life.
D. Emotions are a result of bodily dysfunctions.
6. Facial feedback is defined as: (P.230)
A. A state of arousal facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective
feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.
B. The process by which facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being
expressed.
C. The emotional reaction of other people to our facial expressions.
D. The process by which the brain sends messages to facial muscles about the basic emotion being
expressed.
7. Facial expressions can produce internal feelings, which of the following refers to the process? (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cognitive.
Nonverbal expression.
Face of emotion.
Facial Feedback.
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8. According to the concept of facial feedback, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look
happy. (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
He will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be happy.
His positive feelings will increase.
He will begin to feel angry.
His negative feelings will increase.
9. When Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that: (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
He will be amused to be simulating angry.
He will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be angry.
His positive feelings will decrease.
His reaction depends on his age.
10. According to Ekman’s research on facial expressions ________. (P.230)
A. Authentic smiles last ten seconds or more, whereas false smiles last only about two seconds.
B. When people try to hide their feelings with an unauthentic expression, they use different groups of
muscles than they do for authentic emotions.
C. When trying to feign sadness, only about 60% of people manage to get eyebrows, eyelids, and
forehead wrinkle exactly right.
D. There is little support for Darwin’s evolutionary theory that certain human facial expressions are
innate.
11. Analysis of facial muscles during emotional displays has revealed that ______. (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
False smiles tend to last 5 seconds or less, but authentic smiles last only about 10 seconds.
False smiles tend to last 10 seconds or more, but authentic smiles last only about 2 seconds.
False expressions use the same groups of muscles that are used in authentic expressions.
Most individuals are able to mimic grief accurately, getting the facial muscles just right.
12. Marry OR Sarah is pretending that she is feeling sad. According to the research, she is probably __.
(P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Using the same facial muscles she would use if she were really feeling sad.
Using different facial muscles she would use if she were really feeling sad.
Not making eye contact.
Speaking extremely softly while frowning.
13. According to Darwin, facial expressions probably evolved to help us communicate our emotional
states to others and provoke a response from them. This signaling function begins in ______. (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Toddlers.
Infancy.
The teenage years.
Adolescences.
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14. By the age of 6 to 7 months, babies reveal special sensitivity to adults _______ expressions. (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Happy.
Fearful.
Shameful.
Disgusted.
15. Ekman and his associates developed a special coding system to analyze and identify each of the nearly
__ muscles of the face, as well as the combinations of muscles associated with various emotions. (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
90.
80.
70.
60.
16. In order to get around human ability to mask emotions and more clearly define facial expressions for
particular emotions, Paul Ekman and his associates: (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Developed a special coding system that analyzed and identified the numerous facial muscles.
Developed an inter-observer system to make sure that the observers defined expressions reliably.
Interviewed all participants in order to assess unexpressed feelings and motivations.
Monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation.
17. “If you put on an angry face, then ______”. (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Your heart rate will decelerate.
Your heart rate will rise faster than if you put on a happy face.
physiological change won’t occur because it is a false emotion.
Your heart rate will rise slower than if you put on a happy face.
18. When 1-year-old babies in an experiment were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff and saw an
expression of fear on their mothers’ faces, what portion of them crossed the cliff? (P.230)
A.
B.
C.
D.
All of them.
About three-quarters of them.
About one-third of them.
None of them.
19. Evidence for the universality of the facial muscles were gathered and facial action coding was done by
whom?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Paul Ekman.
Charles Darwin.
Sigmund Freud.
Gordon Allport.
20. Botoxed women are less accurate at recognizing positive and negative emotions in photographs of
human eyes. (P.230)
A. True.
B. False.
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21. The process by which facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
is known as [ Facial Feedback ] [ Written Question ] (P.230)
22. What is the facial feedback theory of emotions? [ Written Question ] (P.230)
The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being
expressed.
23. In most people, the _______ is specialized for the motivation to approach others. (P.232)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Somatic nervous system.
Left prefrontal cortex.
Right prefrontal cortex.
Amygdala.
24. Three major components that psychologists focus on when defining “emotion” are ________? (P.232)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Facial muscles, bodily changes, and stress.
Physiological changes, cognitive processes and action tendencies.
The alarm phase, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase.
Social rules, cultural roles, and relationship rules.
25. Which is one of the components of emotions? (P.232)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Jealousy.
Primary emotions.
Physiological changes.
Embarrassment.
26. In most people, the _______ is specialized for withdrawal or escape. (P.232)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Somatic nervous system.
Right prefrontal cortex.
Left prefrontal cortex.
Amygdala.
27. Parts of the prefrontal cortex are involved in which of the following? (P.232)
A.
B.
C.
D.
A sudden reaction to fear producing stimuli.
Creating stimuli that can evoke aggression.
Regulating emotions.
Producing obsessive-compulsive disorders.
28. Parts of the ____ are involved in the regulation of emotion, keeping us on an even keel and responding
appropriately to others. (P.233)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hippocampus.
Amygdala.
Prefrontal cortex.
Cerebrum.
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29. [ Written Question ] (P.232)
Regions of left prefrontal
cortex are specialized for:
Regions of right prefrontal
cortex are specialized for:
The motivation to approach
others.
The impulse to withdraw.
30. The __________ quickly assesses danger or threat. (P.233)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hippocampus.
Amygdala.
Prefrontal cortex.
Cerebrum.
31. Three-year-old Xavier sees his dad dressed up as a gorilla and Xavier screams in fear. What brain
structure is probably involved in his reaction? (P.233)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hippocampus.
Amygdala.
Prefrontal cortex.
Cerebrum.
32. Gina jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across
campus. Her fear evaporates when she hears her boyfriend's voice saying, what are you doing out so
late, Gina? What brain structure played a key role when Gina's fear evaporated?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Amygdala.
Cortex.
Thalamus.
Hypothalamus.
33. Someone who has experienced damage to his amygdala is more likely to ____________. (P.233)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lose the capacity to experience love.
Have difficulty experiencing fear and recognizing fear in others.
Feel excessively manic and euphoric.
Feel excessively depressed.
34. Simon has experienced damage to his amygdala. It is more likely that he: (P.233)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Have difficulty experiencing fear and recognizing fear in others.
Has lost the capacity to experience love.
Feel excessively manic and euphoric.
Feel excessively depressed.
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35. The influence of thought on emotion was studied by assessing athletes’ reactions to being among the
medial winners in the 1992 Olympic. The result showed that: (P.238)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Third-place winner were happier than Second-place winners.
Second-place winner were happier than Third-place winners.
There were no significant differences in happiness between Third-place and Second-place.
Second-place winner showed an increase in positive emotions, but Third-place winners showed a
decrease.
36. The Japanese speak of hagaii, which is ________. (P.240)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Frustration.
Helpless anguish tinged with frustration.
Helplessness.
Pleasure and regret in nostalgia.
37. Display rules are determined by _______. (P.241)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Amygdala.
Culture.
Cortex.
Personality.
38. Display rules involve _______. (P.241)
A.
B.
C.
D.
“Displaying an emotion that is not actually felt, often because of a role requirement”.
“Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotions”.
“Emotions that are displayed, as a rule, only by certain cultures”.
“Universal, biologically-based emotional displays evoked by particular emotional situations”.
39. ______ emotions are reflected in the emotion words that young children learn first: happy, sad, mad,
and scared. (P.241)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Culturally-distinct.
Prototypical.
Stereotype.
Innate.
40. What has research shown about the stereotype that women are more emotional than men? (P.242)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Women feel everyday emotions more often than men.
The gender difference is more about how emotions are expressed than how they are felt.
Men feel everyday emotions more often than men.
Men are more likely to show stress and guilt, whereas women are more likely to show fear and
shame.
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41. When researchers showed students a series of computer-generated, fairly sex-neutral faces with a range
of expressions morphing from angry to happy, the students consistently rated the angry faces
as _________”. (P.242)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Female.
Male.
The opposite of the rater’s gender.
The same of the rater’s gender.
42. Which occupation would be more likely to require emotion work as a job requirement? (P.242)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Customer service representative.
Accountant.
Architect.
Software analyst.
43. Which of the following is an example of emotion work? (P.242)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Accepting a job in customer service.
Declining an invitation to attend a party.
Bill collector showing a stern face even if he feels sorry for the person.
Ignoring the emotions of the boss who demands overtime work from his subordinate.
44. What is emotion work? Provide an example “Write another example”. [ Written Question ] (P.242)
Expression of an emotion, often because of a role requirement, that a person does not really feel.
Bill collectors must put on a stern face to convey threat, even if they feel sorry for the person, they are
collecting money from.
45. What is the one emotion that Northern American men express more freely than women? (P.243)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Depression.
Anger.
Fear.
Helplessness.
46. American women talk about their emotions more than men do. (P.243)
A. True.
B. False.
47. Expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel is called social pretending.
A. True.
B. False.
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Theories of Personality:
Definitions:
1. Personality: A distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions
that characterizes an individual.
2. Trait: A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling.
3. Psychoanalysis: A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund
Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
4. Psychodynamic theories: Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious
energy dynamics within the individual.
5. Id: In psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual
and aggressive instincts.
6. Libido (li-BEE-do): In psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the id.
7. Ego: In psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational
self-control.
8. Superego: In psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social
standards.
9. Defense mechanisms: Methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts
from entering consciousness.
10. Psychosexual stages: In Freud’s theory, the idea that sexual energy takes different forms as the child
matures; stages are oral, anal, phallic (Oedipal), latency, and genital.
11. Oedipus complex: In psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic (Oedipal) stage, in which a child
desires the parent of the other sex and views the same-sex parent as a rival.
12. Objective test (inventories): Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically
include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves.
13. Factor analysis: A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test
scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same
underlying trait or ability (factor).
Psychologists:
1. Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic “Psychoanalysis” Theory.
2. Gordon Allport: Recognized that not all traits have equal weight and significance in people’s lives.
Argued that most of us have 5 to 10 central traits that reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing
with others and reacting to new situations.
3. Raymond B. Catttell: Advanced the study of G.Allport by applying a statistical method called Factor
Analysis , Big Five Theory.
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Notes:
•
Psychodynamic theory: Emphasizes the movement of psychological energy within the person, in the
form of attachments, conflicts and motivations. (The word Dynamic refer to the motion and balance
within the system).
•
Repression: Freud → both conscious & unconscious.
•
Personality: ID → Unconscious. EGO → both conscious & unconscious.
SUPEREGO → partly conscious & largely unconscious.
•
Defense mechanisms: 1. Repression. 2. Projection. 3. Displacement. 4. Regression. 5. Denial.
•
Stages of personality development according to Freud:
1. Oral (First Year). 2. Anal (2-3 Years). 3. Phallic “Oedipal” (3-5 or 6 Years).
4. Latency (6-Puberty). 5. Genital (Puberty).
•
Big Five Theory:
Modern analysts → only unconscious.
1. Extroversion (sociability) Versus Introversion (shyness).
2. Neuroticism (negative emotionality) Versus Emotional stability.
3. Agreeableness Versus Antagonism (not agreeable).
4. Conscientiousness (careful and precise) Versus Impulsivity.
5. Openness to experience Versus Resistance to new experience.
•
Significant Traits which are missing from the Big Five: Religiosity, Dishonesty, Humorousness,
Independence, Conventionality. “+Psychopathy which is involved in mental disorders”.
Previous Questions:
1. A(n) ______________ is a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling. (P.267)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Behaviorism.
Habitual behavior.
Trait.
Egocentricity.
2. A distinctive pattern of behavior of an individual which is more or less stable is referred to as: (P.267)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Behaviorism.
Habitual behavior.
Personality.
Egocentricity.
3. ___ is defined as a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and
emotions that characterizes an individual. (P.267)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Behaviorism.
Habitual behavior.
Personality.
Egocentricity.
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4. Theorists within the psychodynamic tradition would agree that __________. (P.268)
A. Humans are rational decision makers.
B. Adult personalities and ongoing problems are formed primarily by experiences in early childhood.
C. The situation plays an important role in the shaping of the personality.
D. Adult personalities and ongoing problems are formed primarily by experiences in early
adolescences.
3. A method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud: (P.268)
A. Defense mechanism.
B. Psychoanalysis.
C. Hypnotism.
D. Objective tests.
4. The part of personality that represent conscience is __________. (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Unconscious.
Superego.
Cognition.
Emotions.
5. In psychodynamic theory of personality, which system is the reservoir of unconscious psychological
energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure. (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reflex actions.
Superego.
ID.
Projection.
6. In psychoanalysis, which component of personality is a “referee” between the needs of instinct and
demands of society? (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
The id.
The ego.
The libido.
The superego.
7. Which of the following is considered as a referee? (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
ID.
Ego.
Super Ego.
Repression.
8. In psychoanalysis, which component of personality represents morality and parental authority?(P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
ID.
Ego.
Super Ego.
Repression.
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9. In psychoanalysis, which component of personality is present at birth? (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
ID.
Ego.
Super Ego.
Repression.
10. “After pulling an all nighter to submit an essay, you snooze in the lecture hall. According to
psychodynamic theory, which of the following components is in control?”. (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ego.
ID.
Super Ego.
Thanatos.
11. According to Sigmund Freud, the aspect of personality that is partly conscious but mostly unconscious,
is the _______. (P.269)
A. ID.
B. Super Ego.
C. Ego.
D. Libido.
12. “Sarah sees an iPad sitting on a park bench. According to the psychodynamic view, if her superego had
a voice, it would probably tell her __________”. (P.269)
A. To take the iPad because she really wants it and it will bring her pleasure.
B. That stealing is wrong, and she should leave the iPad where it is.
C. “That if she wants the iPad, the logical things to do is save her money so she can buy one”.
D. It’s OK to take the iPad because the owner clearly didn’t want it anymore.
13. When told that her husband was cheating on her, and that he was laying at her. Sara got very angry,
and told Bayan that she is the liar and that she wants to destroy the beautiful relationship she and her
husband have. According to the psychodynamic theory, what defense mechanism is being applied?(P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Regression.
Projection.
Displacement.
Denial.
48. Fixation in the oral stage might result in an overly independent and opinionated person.
A. True.
B. False.
49. The Superego is very animalistic.
A. True.
B. False.
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50. According to Freud, the latency stage occurs during the grade school years until puberty.
A. True.
B. False.
14. Diego hears from the doctor that he has a serious disease. Diego’s response is “This can’t be true!
There’s been a mistake. It cannot be me”. What Freudian defense mechanism is Diego using? (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Regression.
Projection.
Displacement.
Denial.
14. “Mark is angry when the teacher blames him for misbehaving when it actually was the child behind
him who had been acting up. As he leaves after school, he shoves another boy who gets in his way.
Freud would say that Mark is unconsciously using the defense mechanism of _______”. (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Repression.
Displacement.
Regression.
Projection.
15. “Ahmed is angry when the school bus driver blames him for misbehaving, when it actually was the
child behind who had been acting up. As he gets off the bus, he kicks the bus tire. Freud would say that
Ahmed is unconsciously using the defense mechanism of _______”. (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Repression.
Displacement.
Regression.
Projection.
16. Which defense mechanism involves unconscious expulsion or conscious suppression of disturbing
material from awareness? (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Regression.
Repression.
Displacement.
Denial.
17. ________ occurs when a person’s own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then
attributed to someone else. (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Regression.
Projection.
Displacement.
Denial.
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18. A man who is angry with his boss shouts at his kids for making noise is using which defense
mechanism? (P.269)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Denial.
Repression.
Displacement.
Rejection.
19. Which of the following stages pertains to the repression of all sexual energies and desires? (P.270)
A. Oral.
B. Latent.
C. Anal.
D. Genital.
20. The Oedipus complex occurs in the _______ stage. (P.270)
A. Oral.
B. Phallic.
C. Anal.
D. Latent.
21. The Oedipus complex is a conflict of which stage? (P.270)
A. Superego stage.
B. Genital.
C. Phallic.
D. Denial.
22. According to Sigmund Freud, ______ is the stage of psychosexual development that is present during
the first year of life.. (P.270)
A. Phallic.
B. Oral.
C. Anal.
D. Genital.
23. According to Sigmund Freud, which psychosexual stage is most crucial for the formation of personality?
(P.270)
A. Phallic.
B. Oral.
C. Anal.
D. Genital.
24. Four-year-old Lindsey squeezes between her Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the coach. She
cuddles her Daddy but refuses to kiss her Mommy. Which Freudian concept does this scenario
illustrates? (P.270)
A. Genital stage.
B. Oedipus complex.
C. Castration complex.
D. Penis envy.
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25. “According to Freud, identification with the father, and thus resolving the Oedipus complex occurs
through _________”. (P.270)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Penis envy.
Castration complex.
Repression.
Regression.
26. “If the frustration, conflict, and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage are not
properly resolved, Freud believed children may __________”. (P.270)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Jump forward to the next stage.
“Remain fixated or stuck at the same stage”.
Regress back to the previous stage.
Fail to develop a superego.
27. How many stages of personality development is identified in Freud’s theory of personality? (P.270)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Six.
Five.
Eight.
Three.
28. Anal retentive personality is a person who is messy and disorganized. (P.270)
A. True.
B. False.
29. Objective tests are considered as scientifically valid. (P.276)
A. True.
B. False.
30. Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by __________. (P.276)
A. Developing case-study analysis.
B. Using factor analysis.
C. Devising the Myers-Briggs inventory.
D. Using mathematical equations.
31. “For Gordon Allport, our personalities reflect _______” (P.276)
A.
B.
C.
D.
The ways we cope with the struggle to find meaning in existence.
Five to ten central traits and additional secondary traits.
A gradual progression toward self-actualization.
Thirty central traits that controls our behaviors.
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32. “___________ is a fundamental personality dimension that describes the extent to which people are
outgoing or shy”. (P.276)
A. Agreeableness Versus Antagonism.
B. Extroversion Versus Introversion.
C. Neuroticism Versus Emotional stability.
D. Openness to experience versus Resistance to new experience.
33. “Ali is very impulsive, he purchases things online without thinking things through. He gets very upset
and very stressed quiet easily. Ali is exhibiting traits from the ______ dimension”. (P.276)
A. Agreeableness Versus Antagonism.
B. Neuroticism Versus Emotional stability.
C. Extroversion Versus Introversion.
D. Openness to experience versus Resistance to new experience.
34. “Ebrahim likes trying out new food, travelling and meeting friends. He is very friendly and is well
known in his community. According to the Big Five theory, Ebrahim is exhibiting traits from the
_______ dimension”. (P.276)
A. Agreeableness Versus Antagonism.
B. Extroversion Versus Introversion.
C. Neuroticism Versus Emotional stability.
D. Openness to experience versus Resistance to new experience.
35. “___________ is a fundamental personality dimension that describes whether people are steadfast and
persevering, or fickle and careless”. (P.277)
A. Conscientiousness Versus Impulsiveness.
B. Agreeableness Versus Antagonism.
C. Neuroticism Versus Emotional stability.
D. Openness to experience versus Resistance to new experience.
36. Persevering or quick give up is which of the Big Five personality characteristic? (P.277)
A. Extroversion Versus Introversion.
B. Conscientiousness Versus Impulsiveness.
C. Agreeableness Versus Antagonism.
D. Neuroticism Versus Emotional stability.
37. “Salma is very cooperative in her job. She helps her colleagues and is well known for her team spirt.
According to the Big Five theory, Salma is exhibiting traits from the ______ dimension”. (P.277)
A. Extroversion Versus Introversion.
B. Agreeableness Versus Antagonism.
C. Neuroticism Versus Emotional stability.
D. Openness to experience versus Resistance to new experience.
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.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
38. “________, according to personality researchers, is an important trait that is not included among the
Big Five.” (P.278)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Suspicion.
Religiosity.
Carelessness.
Neuroticism.
39. “In psychoanalysis, a __________ is a strategy that denies or distorts reality, but protects us from
conflict and anxiety”. (P.278)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Libido.
Defense mechanism.
Super Ego.
ID.
40. Which traits among the Big Five typically decreases by age 30? (P.278)
A. Extroversion.
B. Neuroticism.
C. Agreeableness.
D. Openness to experience.
41. “Janet, an administer assistant at a London firm, is trying to find reasons for her boss’s hostile
behavior. She is likely to __________”.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ignore her boss’s dispositional attributions in favor of situational attributions.
Overestimate her boss’s personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.
Leap to the attributions that her boss’s behavior corresponds to work demands.
Explore her boss’s personality traits and the environmental constraints to derive an explanation.
42. Fill in the blanks (1,3,5) with the three systems that constitutes personality and (2,4,6) their
operating principles.
1. ID.
5
Operates according to ____6____ principle.
2. Pleasure principle.
3. Ego.
Operates according to ____4____ principle.
3
4. Reality principle.
5. Super Ego.
Operates according to ____2____ principle.
1
6. Morality principle.
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FJ 2020-2021
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Culture and Behavior:
Definitions:
1. Culture: The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize
a group and are passed from one generation to the next.
2. Material culture: The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings,
weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry.
3. Nonmaterial culture: A group’s way of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions
about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of
interaction); also called symbolic culture.
4. Culture shock: The disorientations that people experience when they come in contact with a
fundamentally different culture and can no longer depends on their taken-for-granted assumptions
about life.
5. Ethnocentrism: The use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals
or societies, general leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors.
6. Cultural relativism: Not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms.
7. Symbol: Something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with one another.
8. Gestures: The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another.
9. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis that language creates
ways of thinking and perceiving.
10. Values: The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad,
beautiful or ugly.
11. Norms: Expectations of “right” behavior.
12. Sanctions: Either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of
disapproval for violating them.
13. Positive sanction: A reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a
material reward.
14. Negative sanction: An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal
reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prize or a prison sentence.
15. Folkways: Norms that are not strictly enforced.
16. Mores: Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the
well-being of the group.
17. Taboo: A norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated.
18. Subculture: The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members form the larger
culture; a world within a world.
19. Counterculture: A group whose values, beliefs, norms and related behaviors place its member in
opposition to the broader culture.
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Previous Questions:
1. Learned and shred ways of believing and of doing penetrate our being at an early age. We take for
granted what is normal behavior. This concept is known as ____________. (P.36)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Culture Shock.
Culture within us.
Subculture.
Counterculture.
2. “The language, beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors passed from one generation to the next make up
a group’s ________” (P.36)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Identity.
Culture.
Ethnocentrism.
Material Culture.
3. _______ would be part of material culture. (P.36)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Language.
Hairstyle.
Beliefs.
Values.
4. People’s _______ are their ideas of what is desirable in life. (P.36)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mores.
Values.
Taboos.
Folkways.
5. Nonmaterial culture refers to a group’s _________. (P.36)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Art.
Ways of thinking and doing.
Weapons.
Eating utensils.
6. Ethnocentrism has positive and negative consequences. (P.37)
A. True.
B. False.
7. To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called __________. (P.38)
A. Ethnocentrism.
B. Culture relativism.
C. Folklore.
D. Culture education.
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FJ 2020-2021
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8. “After a fairly short plane ride from New York City, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats,
chickens, a motor scooters, rather than cars, food, clothing, and carpets where being sold by street
vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on the ground, in no order that he could
recognize.” Irving was experiencing __________. (P.37)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ethnocentrism.
Culture shock.
A step back into history.
Contact with people who shared none of his values.
9. Mores are essential to our core values. (P.39)
A. True.
B. False.
10. Gestures ___________. (P.39)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Are studied by anthropologists but not sociologists.
Can lead to misunderstanding and embarrassment.
Are universal.
Always facilitate communication between people.
11. Parents have the most influence on the development of their kid's personality.
A. True.
B. False.
12. “Paul loved to party at Mardi Gras, even if he was not involved in making a float or anything else.
The atmosphere on the street was just so different, so easy. He had a great time.”
At such a(n) _______, the rules were loosened. (P.46)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Culture-free event.
Moral Holiday.
Police-free event.
Free-for-all event.
13. “If you kill another person, you have violated a society’s ___________” (P.47)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Folkways.
Mores.
Values.
Culture.
14. “In American culture, if a person intentionally kills another person, the behavior violates ___”. (P.47)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Folkways.
Mores.
Universal Culture.
Dominate Culture.
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.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
15. Even just the thought of the violation of a _______ fills us with revulsion. (P.47)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Folkways.
Mores.
Taboos.
Culture.
16. “In general, physician in the United States society are __________” . (P.48)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Counterculture.
Subculture.
Dominate culture.
Macroculture.
17. “The mafia can be considered as __________” . (P.48)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Counterculture.
Subculture.
Dominate culture.
Macroculture.
18. “A world within the larger world of the dominate culture is a __________” . (P.48)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Superculture.
Subculture.
Microculture.
Macroculture.
19. Some of the values and norms of a _______ place it at odds with the dominate culture. (P.48)
A. Superculture.
B. Subculture.
C. Microculture.
D. Counterculture.
20. “Countercultures remain compatible with the dominate culture, while subcultures are in opposition
to the dominant culture”. (P.48)
A. True.
B. False.
21. What happens when people notice that everyone else seems to be violating a social norm?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They become uncomfortable and leave the situation.
They are more likely to also violate that norm.
They become angry and tell the others to return to the norm.
They become extremely violent.
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.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
22. _________ are the rules that regulate social life within a culture.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Roles
Norms
Routines
Stereotypes
23. In psychoanalysis ______ is a strategy that denies or distorts reality but protects us from conflict and
anxiety.
A.
B.
C.
D.
ID.
Defense Mechanism.
Reality principle.
Ego.
[Written Question]
24. “Using one’s culture as a yardstick to judge other cultures is known as practicing ______” (P.37)
Ethnocentrism.
25. “Eating human flesh (cannibalism) is considered as a ______” (P.47)
Taboos.
26. “Expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of a group’s values, are ___________” (P.45)
Norms.
Deviance and Social Control:
Definitions:
15. Deviance: The violation of norms (or rules or expectations).
16. Crime: The violation of norms written into law.
17. Stigma: “Blemishes” that discredit a person’s claim to a “normal” identity.
18. Social order: A group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and
on which they base their lives.
19. Social control: A group’s formal and informal means of enforcing its norms.
20. Negative sanction: An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal
reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prize or a prison sentence.
21. Positive sanction: A reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material
reward.
22. Genetic predisposition: Inborn tendencies (for example, a tendency to commit deviant acts).
23. Street crime: Crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary.
24. Personality disorders: The view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to
violate social norms.
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25. Differential association: Edwin Sutherland’s term to indicate that people who associate with some
groups learn an “excess of definitions” of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become
deviant.
26. Control theory: The idea that two control systems -inner controls and outer controls- work against our
tendencies to deviate.
27. Degradation ceremony: A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake
Someone’s self by stripping away that individual’s self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place.
28. Labeling theory: The view that the labels people are given affect their own and other’s perceptions of
them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity.
29. Techniques of neutralization: Ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect (or neutralize)
society’s norms.
30. Cultural goals: The objectives held out as legitimates or desirable for the members of a society to
achieve.
31. Institutionalized means: Approved ways of reaching cultural goals.
32. Strain theory: Robert Merton’s term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers
of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some of the approved means of
reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside
the approved system) to attain the cultural goal.
Psychologists:
1. Howard S.Backer: Described the sociological perspective “it’s not the act itself, but the reactions to
the act, that make something deviant”.
2. Erving Goffman: Used the term Stigma to refer to characteristic that discredit people.
3. Edwin Sutherland: Differential association theory.
4. Walter Reckless: Developed the Control theory.
5. Travis Hirschi: Links conformity to 4 different types of social control:
A. Attachment.
B. Involvement.
C. Commitments.
D. Belief.
6. Harold Garfinkel: Gave the name Degradation Ceremony to an extreme form of shaming.
7. Gresham Sykes & David Matza: They found that the boys used five techniques of neutralization to
deflect society’s norms.
8. Emile Durkheim: Identified the functions of deviance as:
A. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.
B. Deviance encourages social unity.
C. Deviance promotes social change.
9. Robert Merton: Developed Strain theory, and argued that deviance is a result of imbalance between
the cultural goals and approved means for achieving those goals.
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FJ 2020-2021
Previous Questions:
1. _______ is the violation of norms. (P.62)
A. Negative sanction.
B. Deviance.
C. Social control.
D. Stigma.
2. What is deviance? (P.62)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Society's ways of regulating people's thoughts and behavior.
Recognized conformity to moral standards.
Inability of an individual to help someone.
Recognized violation of cultural norms.
3. Which of the following refers to the social construction of reality with reference to deviance? (P.62)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Response from others and definition by cultural norms
Cultural goals and appropriate means.
Amount of associations with deviants.
Strong social attachments.
4. Which component of culture is credited with making social life possible and behavior predictable? (P.62)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sanctions.
Norms.
Technology.
Gestures.
5. Sociologists use the term deviance non judgmentally. What does this mean? (P.62)
A.
B.
C.
D.
They don’t agree that an act is bad.
They make judgments based on people’s negative reaction.
They judge the behavior according to their own ethical standards.
They judge it based on the norms of their own culture.
6. Which are the functions of deviance? (P.62) [ More Than One Answer ]
A.
B.
C.
D.
Affirms cultural values and norms.
Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.
Responding to deviance separates people.
Responding to deviance unites people.
7. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms. (P.62) [ T / F ]
A. True.
B. False.
8. Norms make social life possible by making behavior predictable. (P.62) [ T / F ]
A. True.
B. False.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
9. Deviance is always dysfunctional for society. (P.62) [ T / F ]
A. True.
B. False.
10. Because deviance undermines predictability, a system of __ was developed to enforce the norms. (P.64)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Street crime.
Social control.
Sociology.
Assumption reinforcement.
11. Are group’s social arrangements on which its members depend and on which they base their lives is:
(P.64)
A. Social norms.
B. Social sanctions.
C. Social control.
D. Social order.
12. “There are a variety of ways to approach deviance. _______look for answers within individuals, such
as a possible genetic predisposition to deviance”. (P.64)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sociologists.
Sociobiologists.
Psychologists.
Psychoanalysts.
13. Which of the choices is most true regarding the link between biology and crime? (P.64)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Defective genes + abuse early in life were strong predictors of adult crime and violence.
Associations with conforming groups of people strongly predicts crime and violence among adults.
Defective genes alone has a strong link to adult crime.
Environmental factors are stronger predictors of adult.
14. A twenty-five-year-old study of crime among 400 boys conducted by scientists at University of
Wisconsin concluded that defective genes together with lack of education were strong predictors of
adult crime and violence. (P.64)
A. True.
B. False.
15. According to Edwin Sutherland a person’s tendency towards conformity or deviance depends or the
amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior. This theory is called:
(P.65)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Control theory.
Differential association theory.
Strain theory.
Labeling theory.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
16. Psychologists at ___________ as possible cause of deviance. (P.65)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Factors outside the individuals.
Personality disorders.
Social influences that recruit people to break norms.
Genes.
17. “Edward Sutherland used the term _____ to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn
an excess of definitions of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant”. (P.65)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Control theory.
Differential association.
Labeling theory.
Shaming.
18. Deviance results from labels is an explanation according to ___________ theory. (P.65)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Symbolic-interaction theory.
Structural-functional theory.
Social conflict.
Strain theory.
19. Psychologists have shown that ____________ have some connection deviance. (P.65)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Personality patterns.
Cultural norms.
Criminal justice system.
Genetic factors.
20. Psychological explanations of deviance focus on abnormality in the individual______. (P.65) [ Written ]
Personality.
27. “killing is ____ in mainsteam society, but for members of the Mafia, when certain of their norms are
broken that threaten a person’s honor, _____ would be a deviant act”. (P.66)
A. Deviant; killing.
B. Deviant; not killing.
C. Frowned upon; killing.
D. Not deviant; killing.
28. “The ________ our bonds are with society, the ______ our inner controls are”. (P.67)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Weaker; more effective.
Stronger; more effective.
Weaker; less relevant.
Stronger; less effective.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
29. Confirming to the norms due to fear of being kicked out of the soccer team is an example of ______ as
an outer control. (P.67)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Attachment.
Involvement
beliefs.
Commitment.
30. Convictions that certain actions are morally wrong is part of our ______ that controls our tendencies
to deviate. (P.67)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Attachments.
Affiliations.
Belief.
Mores.
31. In control theory, how many control systems are in place to work against our tendencies to deviate?
(P.67)
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
32. Conscience is an example of inner control. (P.67)
A. True.
B. False.
33. Having a respected place in your family. A good image in collage or a desirable job gives a person more
effective inner control as a result of involvement. (P.67)
A. True.
B. Fales.
34. Which of the following are the controls on deviance based on the consequences? (P.67)
[ More Than One Answer ]
A.
B.
C.
D.
Involvement.
Improvement.
Beliefs.
Attachments.
35. Shaming is a traditional example of ______________. (P.68)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Inner control.
Neutral deviances.
Social stigma.
Negative sanction.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
36. A criminal trial in public where an entire community formally stigmatizes an individual and is labeled
negatively is referred to as. (P.68) [ Written ]
Degradation ceremony.
37. “_________ states that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them,
thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity”. (P.69)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Deviance theory.
Labeling theory.
Control theory.
Neutralization.
38. The impact of reputations on people’s behavior is the focus of the _________ theory. (P.69)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Labeling.
Control.
Functional.
Conflict.
39. Which technique of neutralization is reflected by the comment “Who Are You To Talk?” ? (P.69)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Shaming the offender.
Denial of responsibility.
Labeling the victim.
Condemnation and condemners.
40. “I am the way society shaped me to be, my mother was alcoholic, my father was a criminal, I am the
results of the of the corruption” is an example of ________. (P.69)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Condemn the condemners.
Denial of responsibility.
Denial if injury.
Denial of victim.
41. “I was condemned for stealing a few dollars, while lots of people are stealing much more, and they are
living happily and luxury”. (P.69)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Denial of victim.
Condemn the condemners.
Denial if injury.
Appealing to higher loyalty.
42. Outlaw bikers ____________ a deviant identity. (P.70)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reject.
Revel in.
Deny.
Neutralize.
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43. In the case of stains and roughnecks, the boys’ __________ equipped them with distinct styles of
interaction. (P.70)
A. Teachers.
B. Schools.
C. Social class.
D. Age.
44. Robin hood is an example of _________. (P.70)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Condemn the condemers.
Denial of victim.
Denial if injury.
Appealing to higher loyalty.
45. Deviance encourages which of the following? (P.71)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rebellion.
Social change.
Attachment.
Gratification.
46. “According to functionalists, deviance ________ social unity?” (P.71)
A. Has no discernible impact upon.
B. Encourages.
C. Destroys.
D. Discourages.
47. How does deviance clarify moral boundaries and affirms norms? (P.71)
A. By following the tenets of strain theory.
B. Punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what it means to be a member of the
group.
C. By opening up the illegitimate opportunity structure.
D. Rewarding deviance enhances the strength of the group as a whole.
48. “In strain theory, institutionalized means are ______________” (P.71)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rejected.
Approved ways of reaching cultural goals.
Unapproved ways of reaching cultural goals.
Outmoded.
49. According to the strain theory, the objectives held out as desirable for the members of a society to
achieve are referred to as ________. (P.71)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cultural deviance.
Cultural stigma.
Cultural goals.
Cultural values.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
50. Which of the following theories does not explain deviance from a symbolic interactism perspective?
(P.71)
A. Differential association.
B. Strain theory.
C. Control theory.
D. Labeling theory.
51. Sociologist Robert Merton developed _____________. (P.71)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Deviance theory.
Strain theory.
A defense of white-collar crime.
Modern sociology.
52. Using socially acceptable means to try to reach the cultural goals is called __________. (P.72)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cooperation.
Conformity.
Integration.
Collaboration.
53. Pursuing cultural goals through approved means is __________. (P.72)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Conformity.
Strain.
Invention.
Innovation.
54. The sense of normlessness that people experience when there is a gap between mainstream goals and
rules is referred to as ___________. (P.72)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rebellion.
Chaos.
Anomie.
Strain.
55. There most common response to reaction to the cultural goals and means is innovation. (P.72)
A. True.
B. False.
56. A / an __________ rejects both cultural goals and the means to reach them. (P.73)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Conformist.
Retreatist.
Ritualist.
Rebell.
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57. A / an __________ accepts both cultural goals but creates new means to achieve them. (P.73)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Conformist.
Innovative.
Ritualist.
Rebell.
58. A / an __________ accepts cultural goals and uses the means to reach them. (P.73)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Conformist.
Conformist.
Ritualist.
Rebell.
59. Which is an example of a person's extensive involvement in legitimate activities? (P.73)
A. Violence.
B. Family.
C. A job.
D. Peer relations.
60. Which f the choices is true about Ritualism? (P.73)
A. Accepts cultural goals and conventional means.
B. Rejects cultural goals and conventional means.
C. Accepts the conventional means and rejects cultural goals.
D. Rejects conventional means and accepts cultural goals.
61. Which of the following are considered as retreatism? (P.73)
A. Counter culture.
B. Drug addicts.
C. Drop outs.
D. Alcoholics.
62. Which are the personality factors identified as the reasons for a person to become deviant?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Low self-control.
Poor ability to withstand frustration.
Low ability to delay gratification.
Low ability to recognize cultural norms.
63. Which of the following is an example of conformity?
A. "Alice wears what makes her feel more comfortable, even though all her friends are wearing
ballroom dresses".
B. Alice wears a dress to the dinner party, even though she favors wearing jeans.
C. Ahmed studies math even though all his friends goes to the cinema.
D. Ahmed refusing a cigar from his smoking friends.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
Sociology, Medicine, and Health:
Definitions:
1. Medicine: One of the social institutions that sociologists study; a society’s organized ways of dealing
with sickness and injury.
2. Shaman: The healing specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease
or injury; commonly called a witch doctor.
3. Health: A human condition measured by four components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual.
Psychologists:
1. Talcott Parsons: Role analysis, he viewed medicine as society strategy to keep its members healthy.
2. Karl Marx: Ties medicine to operation of capitalism.
Previous Questions:
1. We define health and illness according to our __________. (P.92)
A. Gender.
B. Education.
C. Values.
D. Culture.
2. Sickness and health are _________. (P.92)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Absolutes.
Matters of cultural definition.
Unrelated to culture.
Solely a spiritual concern.
3. A powerfully negative label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity is referred to as:
(P.92)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Belief.
Strain.
Crime.
Stigma.
4. Which is one of the ways in which society shapes people's health? (P.92)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Health is a matter of personal choice.
Society controls only some kinds of diseases.
All cultures define health the same way.
Cultural patterns define health.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
5. “Health is a human condition measured by physical, mental, social, and _____ components”. (P.92)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Financial.
Spiritual.
Historical.
Political.
6. _____ is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. (P.92)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Medicine.
Equality.
Sick role.
Health.
7. People are defined as crazy or normal according to the cultural guidelines. (P.92)
A. True.
B. False.
8. Health is purely a biological condition. (P.92)
A. True.
B. False.
9. ________ is the healing specialist of a tribe who controls the spirits causing disease, commonly called a
witch doctor. (P.92)
Shaman.
10. To keep to many people from claiming the sick role _______ guard the door. (P.93)
A. Guardians.
B. Parents.
C. Masters.
D. Gatekeepers.
11. Who proposed the sick role theory? (P.93)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Talcott Parsons.
Robert Merton.
Herbert Spenser.
Karl Marx.
12. Which of the following is not part of the sick role? (P.93)
A.
B.
C.
D.
The person is not held responsible for being sick.
The person likes the role.
The person is exempted from normal responsibilities.
The person gets competent help so they can get back to their routines.
43
FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
13. Patterns of behavior appropriate for people who are ill is referred to as________. (P.93)
A. Health status.
B. Sick status.
C. Sick role.
D. Social status.
14. Patterns of behavior defined as appropriate for people who are ill is referred to as ___ by Talcott
Parsons. (P.93)
A. Dysfunction.
B. Illness status.
C. Sick role.
D. Role exit.
15. “From a functionalist point of view, people need to be healthy enough to ________”. (P.93)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Be happy.
Perform their roles.
Act as gatekeeper.
Retire in good health.
16. “Where the sick role is concerned, the function of a gatekeeper is to _____”. (P.93)
A. Let everyone in safely.
B. Keep too many people from claiming the sick role.
C. Keep men out.
D. Offer advice on how to get well soon.
17. Which is an element of the sick role theory? (P.93)
A. Physicians control of the health care system.
B. Illness is dysfunctional for society.
C. Society’s role is to create a health scare system.
D. The sick person is exempted from normal obligations.
18. According to Talcott Parsons, illness undermines people's ability to perform their roles. Therefore,
illness is_____. (P.93)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Medicalized.
Cultural.
Structured.
Dysfunctional.
19. There are no ambiguity in the sick role. (P.93)
A. True.
B. False.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
20. The sick role is claimed ____________. (P.94)
A.
B.
C.
D.
More often by men.
More often by women.
Primarily by the self-employed.
Equally often by men and women.
21. Conflict theorists view the criminal justice system as ________. (Slides)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Operating impartially to bring justice to all.
A tool designed by the powerful to maintain their power and privilege.
Focusing on punishment of the powerful.
An honest endeavor by society to settle disputes equitably.
22. The conflict perspective views health as a _________. (P.94)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stable condition.
Surplus resource.
Changing phenomenon.
Scare resource.
23. “If you took the conflict perspective, you would view health care as” (P.94)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Necessary to control sickness so that society can function normally.
One of the scarce resources that society struggles over.
A frill.
Closely related to culture.
24. When alcoholism is medicalized people consider it as a sickness.
A. True.
B. False.
25. A Social inequality has no effect on people's health: (P.94)
A. True.
B. False.
26. Conflict perspective of medicine argues that the capitalist system provides excellent medical care for
the rich but not the rest of the population. (P.94)
A. True.
B. False.
27. Today, the leading causes of death in the high-income countries are chronic diseases such as heart
disease, cancer and stroke. (P.94)
A. True.
B. False.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
28. Diseases such as heart disease and cancer the leading killers in low-income nations. (P.94)
A. True.
B. False.
29. Heart disease and cancer are referred to as ________ disease. (P.94)
Luxury.
30. People in most parts of Africa have a ________ of less than sixty years. (P.94)
Life expectancy.
31. Infant mortality is the number of babies that die before one year of age, per 1,000 population. (P.95)
A. True.
B. False.
32. Which theoretical perspective observes that deviance results from inequality?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Symbolic interaction.
Structuralism.
Social-Conflict.
Positive sociology.
33. The death rate of children among one year of age is referred to as what? (P.95)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Child morbidity rate.
Life expectancy rate of infants.
Infant mortality rate.
Incident rate of infants.
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FJ 2020-2021
.‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
Chapter 4 five big theory
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Extroversion:
1. Outgoing
2. Sociable
3. Adventurous
4. Socially dominant
5. Eager to be in the limelight
Neuroticism: (negative emotion)
1. inability to control impulses
2. Worries
3. Complainers
4. defeatists
5. Anger
6. Guilt
7. Contempt
8. Resentment
Agreeableness:
1. Good-natured
2. Cooperative
3. Secure
4. Friendly
Factor 4
Conscientiousness:
1. Responsible
2. Persevering
3. Steadfast
4. Tidy
5. Self-disciplined
Factor 5
Openness to experience:
1. Curious
2. Imaginative
3. Questioning
4. Creative
GROUP 9 ‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
Introversion:
1. shy
2. reclusive
3. cautious
4. passive
5. inclined to stay in the shadows
Emotional stability:
(Refers to a person’s ability to
remain stable and balanced)
1. Emotionally stable and
resilient
2. Deals well with stress
3. Rarely feels sad, moody, or
depressed
4. Relaxed and doesn’t worry
much
Antagonism:
1. Irritable
2. Abrasive
3. Suspicious
4. Jealous
5. hostile
Impulsiveness:
1. Undependable
2. Quick to give up
3. Fickle
4. Careless
5. Impulsive
Resistance to new experience:
1. Conforming
2. Unimaginative
3. Predictable
4. Unconformable
5. Novelty
Ch 4 theory of personality
True or False
F 1. In Freud’s structure of personality there are five major systems that influence a person’s
F 2.
F 3.
T 4.
F 5.
6.
F 7.
T 8.
F 9.
F10.
T 11.
F12.
F 13.
T 14.
F 15.
T 16.
actions. the three major systems that interact to produce personality are the id, ego, and superego.
Freud believed that the ego was the first of the personality components to become evident ID
The defense mechanism of projection is illustrated by the behavior of a 9-year-old boy who regression
starts having tantrums after his family moves to a different state
Objective tests are standardized questionnaires that require written responses.
Central traits are changeable aspects of personality, such as musical preferences, habits,
and casual opinions. Central traits are characteristic ways of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations
True or false
Raymond B. Cattell advanced the study of personality by applying a statistical method
called case-study analysis Cattell is well known for his use of the statistical technique of factor analysis.
The Big Five personality traits are relatively stable throughout a person’s life
Temperaments fluctuate dramatically over time Temperament is a relatively stable aspect of personality.
Heritability is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of
is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is
behavior and personality.Heritability
attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
Social-cognitive learning theory emphasizes the continual interaction between persons and
a given situation.
The shared environment of the home has a strong influence on a child’s personality little
development
When parents value academic achievement but the child’s peers do not, the child usually
In this situation, the child generally
follows the parental lead and values academic achievement follows the lead of his or her peers
Most of the freshmen who participated in a survey at Cornell University reported that they
had “secret lives” that they never revealed to their parents
In individualist cultures, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual collectivist
People from individualist cultures tend to regard “personality” and the sense of self as
being more flexible than people from collectivist cultures do. collectivist
Multiple choice
17. Which component of personality represents morality and parental authority?
a. the id
c. the libido
b. the ego
d. the superego
18. Luke is obsessive about cleanliness. He can’t stand it when someone creates a mess in his
house or puts something back in the wrong place. A Freudian psychoanalyst would likely
say that Luke is fixated in the ___ stage.
a. latency
c. anal
b. oral
d. phallic
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
Ch 4 theory of personality
True or False
1. In Freud’s structure of personality there are five major systems that influence a person’s
actions.
2. Freud believed that the ego was the first of the personality components to become evident
3. The defense mechanism of projection is illustrated by the behavior of a 9-year-old boy who
starts having tantrums after his family moves to a different state
4. Objective tests are standardized questionnaires that require written responses.
5. Central traits are changeable aspects of personality, such as musical preferences, habits,
and casual opinions.
6. True or false
7. Raymond B. Cattell advanced the study of personality by applying a statistical method
called case-study analysis
8. The Big Five personality traits are relatively stable throughout a person’s life
9. Temperaments fluctuate dramatically over time
10. Heritability is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of
behavior and personality.
11. Social-cognitive learning theory emphasizes the continual interaction between persons and
a given situation.
12. The shared environment of the home has a strong influence on a child’s personality
development
13. When parents value academic achievement but the child’s peers do not, the child usually
follows the parental lead and values academic achievement
14. Most of the freshmen who participated in a survey at Cornell University reported that they
had “secret lives” that they never revealed to their parents
15. In individualist cultures, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual
16. People from individualist cultures tend to regard “personality” and the sense of self as
being more flexible than people from collectivist cultures do.
Multiple choice
17. Which component of personality represents morality and parental authority?
a. the id
c. the libido
b. the ego
d. the superego
18. Luke is obsessive about cleanliness. He can’t stand it when someone creates a mess in his
house or puts something back in the wrong place. A Freudian psychoanalyst would likely
say that Luke is fixated in the ___ stage.
a. latency
c. anal
b. oral
d. phallic
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
19. What does the empirical evidence show about the Myers-Briggs test’s ability to predict a
person’s behavior on the job or in relationships?
a. The measure has never been applied to this task.
b. The evidence does not support it.
c. There are mixed results.
d. The test has been clearly established as strong and reliable.
20. Regarding the Big Five, most psychologists would probably agree with the statement that
a.
an individual’s core traits change a lot throughout his or her lifetime.
b.
important traits involved in mental disorders are included in the Big Five.
c.
they only apply to people in western cultures, such as the United States and
Great Britain.
d. they lie at the core of key personality variations among individuals throughout the
world.
21. A person’s personality can affect the way they perceive an experience. Conversely,
different experiences can change the way a person’s perceptions take place. This is an
example of which concept?
a. social-cognitive interaction
c. heritability
b. nature–nurture theory
d. reciprocal determinism
22. A culture in which people tend to see themselves as autonomous, and value individual
goals and wishes above duty and relations with others would be described as
a. individualist.
c. autonomic.
b. narcissistic.
d. collectivist.
23. _____ cultures value group harmony, duty, obligation, and security.
a. Collectivist
c. Individualist
b. Shared environment
d. Western
24. According to Freud, if a person’s id is in conflict with social rules, one strategy the ego can
use is
a. a defense mechanism.
b. fixation.
c. a mandala.
d. the Oedipus complex
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
25. The junior class at a local high school was stunned when an alcohol-impaired driver missed
a turn and caused a fatal accident involving a classmate. The school crisis team noted that
many classmates responded in ways that seemed to indicate that they were invulnerable to
this kind of tragedy because “They were careful drivers who always wore seatbelts.” The
crisis team concluded that these students were using the defense mechanism called
a. regression.
b. projection.
c. displacement.
d. denial.
26. Vito is angry when the school bus driver blames Vito for misbehaving when it actually was
the child behind him who had been acting up. As he gets off the bus, he kicks the bus tire.
Freud would say that Vito is unconsciously using the defense mechanism of
a. displacement.
b. repression.
c. projection.
d. denial
27. If the frustration, conflict, and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage are
not properly resolved, Freud believed children may
a. jump forward to the genital stage.
b. regress back to the anal stage.
c. remain fixated, or stuck, at that stage.
d. fail to develop a superego.
28. Which psychosexual stage is most crucial for the formation of personality, according to
Freud?
a. the oral stage
b. the anal stage
c. the phallic stage
d. the genital stage
29. The stage of personality development which lasts from about age 6 until puberty is known
as the ___ stage.
a. phallic
b. anal
c. genital
d. latency
30. Early philosophers suggested that human personality is based on
a. the sense of being able to achieve goals.
b. early relationships with the mother.
c. four different mixes of basic body fluids.
d. a person’s subjective sense of self and free will.
31. What does the empirical evidence show about the Myers-Briggs test’s ability to predict a
person’s behavior on the job or in relationships?
a. The measure has never been applied to this task.
b. The evidence does not support it.
c. There are mixed results.
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
d. The test has been clearly established as strong and reliable.
Howard’s psychologist asks him to take a personality test. The test consists of a series of
standardized multiple choice items. The test also includes a section where Howard is asked
to rate himself on a series of scales. It is likely that this is a(n)
a. factor analysis.
b. objective test.
c. heredity test .
d. humanist analysis.
For Gordon Allport, our personalities reflect
a. a few central traits and a greater number of secondary traits.
b. the ways we cope with the struggle to find meaning in existence.
c. whether or not a person received unconditional positive regard throughout childhood.
d. a gradual progression toward self-actualization.
Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by
a.
developing case-study analysis.
b.
disproving Early Greek theories of personality.
c.
devising the Myers-Briggs inventory.
d.
using factor analysis.
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
a. agreeableness
b. openness to experience
c. neuroticism
d. psychoticism
_____ describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy.
a. Agreeableness vs. antagonism
b. Extroversion vs. introversion
c. Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
d. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience
Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out with
other people. In fact, he tends to be fairly reclusive in general. Walter would be best
described as
a. introverted .
b. extroverted.
c. neurotic.
d. antagonist
Amir is constantly worrying about things, even though he really doesn’t have anything to
worry about. He constantly complains about his coursework, and gives up on difficult
projects easily. Amir is best described as highly
a. antagonistic.
b. extroverted.
c. impulsive.
d. neurotic.
39. _____ describes whether people are cooperative and secure, or irritable and abrasive.
a. Agreeableness vs. antagonism
b. Extroversion vs. introversion
c. Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
d. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience
40. Rene is 85 years old. It is most likely that he has become ____ open to new experiences
and ___ extroverted over the last few decades.
a. more; more
b. less; less
c. more; less
d. less; more
41. According to many clinical psychologists, an important trait, _____, is not included among
the Big Five.
a.
carelessness
b.
suspicion
c.
self-absorption
d.
neuroticism
42. In the study of dogs and their owners, Samuel Gosling and his colleagues found
a.
dogs do not have personalities.
b.
the owners and neutral observers could not agree on the dogs’ personalities.
c.
all of the dogs had similar personality traits.
d.
the dog owners and the neutral observers all agreed strongly in their ratings of
the dogs’ personalities along four of the Big Five dimensions.
43. During a mildly stressful task, reactive children are more likely than nonreactive to show
a.
high levels of stress hormone.
b.
increased brain activity.
c.
no physiological change.
d.
decreased heart rates.
44. Psychoanalysts sometimes describe personality as an iceberg, with the largest part hidden
deep below the water. A person in a boat is aware of only a small part of the iceberg
sticking out above the water. In this metaphor, which part of the personality would the
majority of the ice showing above the water represent?
a. the unconscious
b. the id
c. the ego
d. the libido
45. Karen reads a study that estimates the heritability of intelligence at .6. She tells a friend
that, according to the article she just read, that 60 percent of her intelligence is determined
by her genes. What is true about Karen’s statement?
a.
It is correct.
b.
It is incorrect; only 6 percent of her intelligence is determined by her genes.
c.
It is incorrect; 60 percent of her intelligence is determined by her environment.
d.
It is incorrect; heritability does not tell you anything about the impact of
genetics on any particular individual.
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
46. Identical twins reared apart will often have
a.
no more in common than same-sex fraternal twins reared apart.
b.
similar physical features, but dissimilar personalities.
c.
similar physical features and personalities.
d.
identical personalities.
47. Nelda hopes to study the influence of genetics on personality in adults. Which of these
research methods is she likely to employ?
a.
examining heritability in twins and adopted individuals
b.
interviewing people who have known others who were particularly odd or
unique
c.
administering paper and pencil or computerized questionnaires to hundreds of
people
d.
documenting the patterns of development and difficulties of patients in her
clinical practice
48. A social-cognitive learning theorist is likely to attribute an individual’s personality traits to
a. a combination of learning experiences, expectations, and beliefs.
b. genes.
c. parenting influence alone.
d. peer influence alone.
49. A person’s personality can affect the way they perceive an experience. Conversely,
different experiences can change the way a person’s perceptions take place. This is an
example of which concept?
a. social-cognitive interaction
b. nature–nurture theory
c. heritability
d. reciprocal determinism
50. In behavioral-genetic research, _____ includes personal experiences, such as winning the
lead in the school play.
a. peer influence
b. the nonshared environment
c. the shared environment
d. parental influence
51. In behavioral-genetic research, _____ includes the family background in which you grew up
and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents.
a. the influence of “nature”
b. the nonshared environment
c. the shared environment
d. heritability
52. When child-rearing methods are studied, researchers have found that
a. almost all children have lasting emotional damage if their parents use abuse methods.
b. loving parents who are consistent in their child rearing seldom have troubled children.
c. the shared environment of the home has little if any influence on personality.
d. parents adopt a preferred method of child rearing and seldom vary it from child to child.
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
53. Developmental psychologists have attempted to identify the effects of many specific childrearing practices on children’s personality traits. The problem with this line of research
discussed in the textbook is that
a. parents who use physical punishment won’t be honest with the researchers.
b. psychologists cannot agree on whether to use cross-sectional or longitudinal
approaches.
c. it is difficult to recruit parents to serve as participants in this research.
d. parents are inconsistent from day to day and over the years.
54. Which of the following is true regarding the influence of parenting on the development of
their children?
a. Parenting has no influence of children.
b. What parents do profoundly affects the quality of their relationship with their children.
c. Parenting cannot influence traits that are highly heritable.
d. Parenting is the single most important factor in the development of a child’s personality.
55. When two psychologists surveyed 275 freshmen at Cornell University, they found that:
a. most of them had “secret lives” that they never revealed to their parents.
b. most of them had confessed at least one rule violation to their parents in the past year.
c. the women shared their “private selves” with parents but the men did not.
d. only stern and authoritarian parents had adolescents with “secret lives.”
56. Which statement reflects the relative influence of parent and peer influences on academic
achievement?
a. A child’s parents usually have about the same influence as the child’s peers.
b. Male children are usually more influenced by their peers, but female children are more
influenced by their parents.
c. Parents usually have more influence than peers.
d. Peers usually have more influence than parents.
57. Jerry’s parents place a high value on academic achievement, but his peers do not. Jerry is
most likely to
a. split the difference and become an average student.
b. suffer psychological damage.
c. be more strongly influenced by the values of his parents.
d. be more strongly influenced by his peers.
58. Which of the following is true of an individualist culture?
a. Group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.
b. The self is defined in the context of relationships.
c. The independence of the individual often takes precedence over the needs of the group.
d. The sense of self is viewed as more flexible than it is in collectivist cultures.
59. In Ana’s culture, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual. It is
most likely that Ana defines her “self”
a. in occupational terms.
b. in regard to her personality traits.
c. in terms of her life goals.
d. in the context of her relationships.
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬
60. In Kaiti’s culture, the wishes of the individual take precedence over group harmony. It is
most likely that Kaiti defines her “self”
a. in the context of her community.
b. in regard to her personality traits.
c. in regard to her birth order position.
d. in the context of her relationships.
61. Heredity contributes to _______ differences in intelligence.
Genes
Group of people
Individual
Temperament
62. Professor Hirth takes a humanist approach to personality. She would most likely agree that
the most influential aspect of human personality is
a. our genetic makeup.
b. our past learning.
c. our unconscious conflicts.
d. our capacity to shape our own futures.
63. Which of the following theories of personality would be most likely to emphasize the
freedom of individuals to choose to act in particular ways?
a. humanist
b. behaviorist
c. psychodynamic
d. collectivist
64. According to Abraham Maslow, the most important aspects of personality are
a. the Big Five personality traits.
b. the instincts and repressed conflicts of a person.
c. the qualities of the self-actualized person.
d. the reinforcers and punishers in a person’s learning history
65. The personality theorist who described the importance of peak experiences was
a. Abraham Maslow.
b. Carl Rogers.
c. Rollo May.
d. Karen Horney
‫نسألكم الدعاء‬