Submission View Your quiz has been submitted successfully. Question 1 The study of cognitive psychology involves: 0 / 1 point perceiving information attending and remembering information thinking and categorization of information all of the above all of the above EXCEPT 1 Question 2 1 / 1 point A guest star on your favorite television show looks familiar. You're show that you've seen him before, but you can't think of his name. This sense of familiarity illustrates the cognitive process of perception attention recognition recall problem solving Question 3 0 / 1 point The belief that most of our abilities and tendencies are with us from birth is known as nativism empiricism associationism introspection behaviorism Question 4 0 / 1 point A traditional "school" within psychology that emphasized the adaptation of the organism to its environment, and focused on questions such as what role a particular system served for an organism: functionalism structuralism behaviorism connectionism the Gestalt school Question 5 1 / 1 point Sir Francis Galton’s research on mental imagery illustrated that: most people could generate vivid images. most people could not generate any images. there was little individual variability for mental imagery. statistical analyses were not rigorous, and therefore he made no conclusions. some people generated vivid images, whereas others generated no images. Question 6 0 / 1 point Noam Chomsky believed all of the following EXCEPT: Children learn grammar through the reinforcement and punishment of their utterances by parents and other adults. An implicit system of rules underlies our language abilities. The rules of language operate implicitly; we don't necessarily know what all the rules are, but we know how to use them. Generative rules allow speakers to construct all "legal" grammatical sentences in their language. People routinely process enormously complex information. Question 7 Cognitive psychology is currently influenced by two general trends. These trends are: 0/1 point cognitive science, an interdisciplinary approach to cognition, and cognitive neuropsychology, the study of cognitive deficits in people with brain damage. cognitive education, an application of cognitive and motivational enhancements, and cognitive computation, the study of biologically-inspired cognitive computations cognitive science and applied cognition cognitive consciousness and experimental cognition social/cultural cognition and cognitive computation Question 8 The major disadvantage of naturalistic observation is 1/1 point the lack of experimental control the lack of ecological validity the potential for biased and distorted observational recordings both a and b both a and c Question 9 0 / 1 point Which of the following has the highest ecological validity? experiment introspection quasi-experiment naturalistic observation clinical interview Question 10 0 / 1 point Which of the following allows us to support claims about cause-and-effect relationships? experiment quasi-experiments controlled observation A and B above all of the above Question 11 1 / 1 point A paradigm in psychology answers which of the following questions? What assumptions may be made in studying a phenomenon? What methods should investigators use? What sorts of questions should be studied? What sorts of analogies and metaphors are appropriate? All of the above. Question 12 1 / 1 point Information processing psychologists often describe how people think by using which analogy: internet communications telephone communications television communications digital computers Theatres Question 13 0 / 1 point All connectionist models share the assumption that processing occurs serially. knowledge is stored in various storehouses. there is no need to hypothesize a central processor. both (a) and (c) both (b) and (c) Question 14 1 / 1 point The idea of natural selection is central to which paradigm? information processing Evolutionary Ecological Connectionist all of the above Question 15 1 / 1 point Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the ecological approach? It has its roots in psychology and anthropology. It emphasizes larger cultural contexts for cognition. It emphasizes realistic, "everyday" contexts. It emphasizes carefully controlled laboratory experimentation. It has been influenced by the functionalist and Gestalt schools. 7 / (46.67 15 %) 7 / (46.67 15 %) Attempt Score: Overall Grade (highest attempt): Question 1 1 / 1 point Which of the following is NOT regulated by the hypothalamus? memory formation Temperature eating and drinking sexual behavior Sleeping Question 2 1 / 1 point Evolutionarily, structures within the _____ are the most primitive. Hindbrain Thalamus Forebrain Midbrain cerebral cortex Question 3 1 / 1 point Which is NOT a function of the pons? acting as a neural relay center facilitating the crossover of information between the left side of the body and the right side of the brain processing visual and auditory information regulating homeostatic behaviors Balance Question 4 Many of the structures of the _____ are involved in relaying information between other brain regions. 1/1 point Midbrain Forebrain Hindbrain cerebral cortex none of the above Question 5 1 / 1 point Which of these structures modulates the strength of emotional memories and is involved in emotional learning? Thalamus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Pons Amygdale Question 6 1 / 1 point The left and right hemispheres of the frontal, parietal and occipital lobes are connected by the medulla oblongata anterior commissure corpus callosum Amygdale superior colliculi Question 7 Damage to the occipital lobe could result in difficulty processing auditory information Memory 1 / 1 point sensations of pain visual information sensations of temperature Question 8 1 / 1 point “Executive functioning” involves which of the following? Planning making decisions using working memory inhibiting inappropriate behavior all of the above Question 9 1 / 1 point Modern approaches to localization of function can be traced to the work of: Carl Wernicke Franz Gall Paul Broca A and C none of the above Question 10 1 / 1 point The primary somatosensory cortex is organized such that each part receives information from a specific part of the body. the total amount of "brain real estate" devoted to a particular body part is proportional to the size of that body part. more sensitive parts of the body have correspondingly larger areas of the brain associated with them. both (a) and (c) above all of the above Question 11 Around 95% of all human beings show a specialization for language in the 1/1 point left hemisphere right hemisphere frontal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe Question 12 0 / 1 point Individuals with bilateralization: have a damaged corpus collosum, which does not allow the left and right hemispheres to communicate. have language function distributed in both the right and left hemispheres have strong left hemisphere language function and strong right hemisphere navigation function. show left hemisphere analytic skills and right hemisphere synthesis skills. have language centres in the right hemisphere. Question 13 CAT scans are usually used to 1/1 point pinpoint areas of brain damage measure cerebral blood flow track areas of brain activity while performing a particular task detect different states of consciousness measure the electrical activity of a single brain cell Question 14 0 / 1 point Which of the following general methods is often applied in neuroimaging studies? natural observation controlled observation addition technique subtraction technique dual task methods Question 15 0 / 1 point Cognitive psychologists often explain phenomena at the _____ of description. symbolic and abstract level neuronal level philosophical level biological level representational level 12 (80.00 / %) 15 12 (80.00 / %) 15 Attempt Score: Overall Grade (highest attempt): Question 1 0 / 1 point Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus? a book on a shelf a tree in your yard a building on the horizon the retinal image formed by a tree a, b, and c above Question 2 1 / 1 point The segregation of a whole display into objects (figure) and background (ground) is known as size constancy retinal imagery bottom-up processing form perception none of the above Question 3 1 / 1 point Gestalt psychologists explain the phenomenon of subjective contours through reference to the principle of Proximity Similarity good continuation Closure common fate Question 4 1 / 1 point A process of perception, beginning with small bits of information gathered from the environment and put together in various ways to form a percept, would be described as: bottom-up processing top-down processing theory-driven processing template-matching direct perception Question 5 0 / 1 point Vesuvian creatures fly in from outer space, and their sensory receptors are studied. It is observed that their dominant sensory system is haptic (touch), and that certain receptors seem to respond selectively to softness, others selectively to certain temperatures, and others selectively to smoothness. Knowing only this information, you might conclude that the best explanation for Vesuvian perceptual experience may come from: template matching theory prototype theory featural analysis theory Gestalt theory direct perception theory Question 6 0 / 1 point In Selfridge’s pandemonium model, “demons” responded loudly or quietly depending on: input clarity input quality output quality both input quality and clarity level of degradation. Question 7 0 / 1 point The “graffiti writing system” used in Palm Pilots recognizes handwriting through a process of template matching featural analysis prototype matching Gestalt analysis none of the above Question 8 1 / 1 point In David Marr's model of vision, which stage of the process incorporates top-down knowledge? the primal sketch the 2 1/2 D sketch the 3-D sketch both (a) and (b) (a), (b) and (c) Question 9 0 / 1 point Research into the phenomenon of change blindness supports featural analysis bottom-up processing top-down processing template matching the pandemonium model Question 10 0 / 1 point McClelland and Rumelhart’s (1981) model of word perception included Nodes excitatory connections between levels inhibitory connections between levels both inhibitory and excitatory connections between levels, but only excitatory connections within a level. both inhibitory and excitatory connections between levels, but only inhibitory connections within a level. Question 1/1 11 point A general approach that explains perception in terms of using both proximal stimulus information and information from our long-term memories is called: constructivist connectionist theory-driven template-matching direct perception Question 12 0 / 1 point Acts or behaviours permitted by objects, places, and events are called: directed motions. active searches. sensory experiences. affordances. perceptual motions. Question 13 1 / 1 point Visual agnosias involve impaired ability to See reproduce drawings interpret visual information both a and b all of the above Question 14 1 / 1 point Prosopagnosia is a specific visual agnosia for Shapes Letters Objects Faces none of the above Question 15 0 / 1 point Dixon, Smilek, and Merikle (2004) from the University of Waterloo identified two distinct groups of synaesthetes: one group projects colours onto digits, while the other associates / links colours and digits. one group associates colours and digits, while the other dissociates colours and digits. one group experiences the digit "9" as the colour red, while the other group experiences the digit "9" as the colour blue. one group experiences the digit "9" as the colour red, while the other group experiences the digit "9" as the word "red". one group associates digits with colours, while the group associates digits with sounds. 7 / (46.67 15 %) 7 / (46.67 Overall Grade (highest attempt): 15 %) 0/1 Question 1 point Pashler (1998) stated that people’s awareness encompasses _____ of the stimuli that activate our sensory receptors. Attempt Score: a large proportion All a small proportion a large proportion of stimuli impinging upon our dominant sense modality a non-filtered analysis Question 2 0 / 1 point The difference between dichotic listening tasks and binaural listening tasks is that with the dichotic listening task: only two messages are presented, unlike the three messages using in binaural tasks. different messages are heard simultaneously in both ears. different messages are heard simultaneously in opposite ears. messages are presented at a rapid rate. participants shadow one message. Question 3 Broadbent believed that you might be able to attend to two messages at once 0 / 1 point if you were concentrating very hard. if both messages contained little information. if both messages were important to the listener. if there were no background noise in the room. both a and d Question 0 / 1 point 4 Conway and colleagues discovered that research participants who detect their own names in an unattended message are likely to have lower working memory spans than those who do not. higher working memory spans than those who do not. lower I.Q. scores than those who do not. higher I.Q. scores than those who do not. both b and d Question 5 0 / 1 point The attentuation theory, filter theory and Deutsch-Norman model all propose that messages get processed until they reach the level of a filter. What is the correct order for where the filter is found in each of the three above theories? early, middle, late late, middle, early middle, early, late early, late, middle none of the above Question 6 1 / 1 point When you first learned to ride a bicycle, you had to concentrate on your balance, pedaling, steering, etc. With time, biking seemed easier. This example illustrates: the influence of practice on controlled behaviours. the minimal influence of attention in the learning process. the influence of multitasking in the learning process. the influence of practice on automatization. the effects of motor control. Question 1 / 1 point 7 In Schneider and Shiffrin's classic study of visual search for targets, which of the following variables DID have an effect on processing in the varied-mapping condition? memory set size frame size frame time two of the above a, b, and c Question 8 0 / 1 point In the study by Spelke, Hirst, and Neisser (1976) where participants learned to simultaneously take dictation and read with comprehension, the results indicated that: participants learned to alternate between the two tasks. the reading task became automatic with practice. the dictation task became automatic with practice. participants learned to combine the two specific tasks. both b and c. Question 0 / 1 point 9 When people choose to allocate attention between two tasks, performance on the first task will tend to be impaired. This prediction is drawn from which theory? bottleneck account both bottleneck and attention hypothesis accounts automization account attention hypothesis capacity-sharing model Question 10 0 / 1 point In spatial cueing studies, researchers have found significant costs when attention has to shift to a new location for valid trials. when attention has to shift to a new location for invalid trials. only relative to neutral trials. when stimuli are brought into the spotlight of attention. when searching for disjunctive items (e.g., find Z in a background of C's). Question 11 0 / 1 point Treisman's feature integration theory argues that we perceive objects in two distinct stages. we can only process one piece of information at a time. we have a flexible capacity for processing information. controlled processes do not interfere with each other the way automatic processes do. "unattended" information is never really processed at any level. Question 12 0 / 1 point Glancing out your window, you notice a woman in a blue coat walking with a child in a red coat. Later, you recall seeing a child in a blue coat. You have fallen victim to the phenomenon known as the Stroop effect illusory conjunction automatic processing the bottleneck effect none of the above Question 13 0 / 1 point Neuropsychological studies focusing on sensory neglect have indicated that patients with damage to the right parietal lobe cannot perceive objects on the left side of visual space. do not pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space. perceive and pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space, but cannot reproduce them in a drawing. both a and b none of the above Question 14 Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 0/1 point are more likely to be girls than boys. cannot devote mental resources to tasks. cannot disengage attention from a task. cannot sustain vigilance on repetitive tasks. all of the above. Question 15 0 / 1 point Studies of event-related potentials for attended and unattended tones indicate that ERPs are the same for attended and unattended stimuli, suggesting that the brain processes both types of stimuli at least to some minimal degree the amplitude of the waveform is larger for the right ear than the left, regardless of which ear is being attended to the amplitude of the waveform is larger for the attended ear the time lag of the peak waveforms suggests that the difference occurs in the ears, before the messages get to the brain both c and d Attempt Score: Overall Grade (highest attempt): Question 1 The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as 2 / (13.33 15 %) 2 / (13.33 15 %) 1/1 point retrieval. encoding. storage. forgetting. none of the above Question 2 1 / 1 point Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in fifth grade is stored in sensory memory. short term memory. working memory. long term memory. photographic memory. Question 3 1 / 1 point You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the first word the second word the 10th word the 20th word all of the above are equally likely to be recalled Question 4 1 / 1 point The recency effect is through to result from participants' use of sensory memory short term memory long term memory either a or b either b or c Question 5 1 / 1 point In the absence of rehearsal, short-term memory tends to last about 20 seconds last about 8 seconds decay slowly over 24 hours decay slowly over a week last for an unlimited amount of time Question 6 1 / 1 point Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that only decay causes one to lose information from STM. only interference causes one to lose information from STM. some decay is essential to avoid catastrophic proactive interference. both decay and interference play a role in STM forgetting. both (c) and (d) Question 7 Psychologist believe that the capacity of LTM is: 1 / 1 point 72 items 50,000 items by the time we are 35 500,000 items by the time we are 35 5,000,000 items by the time we are 35 Unlimited Question 8 1 / 1 point With respect to the study of memory, Ebbinghaus is associated with which of the following? nonsense syllables using himself as a participant presenting his participants with folk tales all of the above (a) and (b) only Question 9 0 / 1 point According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference, you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where you have never parked before. you have always parked in the same place. you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces. (a) and (c) are equally likely to cause confusion. all of the above are equally likely to cause confusion. Question 10 0 / 1 point Context effects and state-dependent learning effects occur for recall tests only. for recognition tests only. for both recall and recognition. for paired-associate tests. for none of the above tests. Question 11 0 / 1 point The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of directing the flow of information. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization. all of the above Question 12 Which of the following is an example of semantic memory? 1 / 1 point Remembering where you were when you heard about the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre. Remembering your Introductory Psychology lecture on "our friend the neuron". Remembering that you have to write a 2-page paper tonight. Remembering that your roommate asked you to pick up a loaf of bread at the store. Remembering that Endel Tulving is a Canadian memory researcher. Question 13 Canadian researcher Brenda Milner scientifically documented H.M.’s 1/1 point inability to use language. severe decrease in intelligence. inability to remember events in his distant past, several years or more before the operation. inability to form new memories of new events. all of the above Question 14 1 / 1 point The term "retrograde amnesia" refers to the loss of the ability to form new memories the loss of the ability to recall old events the loss of short term memory the loss of sensory memory the loss of all memory ability Question 15 1 / 1 point High working memory capacity has been linked to less susceptibility to proactive interference the ability to reason from premises the ability to overcome misleading information general fluid intelligence all of the above Attempt Score: 12 / (80.00 15 %) 14 / (93.33 Overall Grade (highest attempt): 15 %) 1/1 Question 1 point Learning that occurs "accidentally," while a participant is engaged in a different task, is called _____ learning. Incidental retroactive cue dependent Overload context dependent Question 2 0 / 1 point What memory process did Craik and Tulving (1975) argue extended the levels of processing theory? Rehearsal Rhyming elaboration Reconstruction Priming Question 3 0 / 1 point Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time, the same person's recall is remarkably consistent. actually improves. becomes more distorted. loses a few details but retains most accurately. becomes increasingly uncertain, but loses little in accuracy. Question 4 0 / 1 point Linton's studies of autobiographical memories suggested that: real-life memories were more durable than laboratory memories. reconstruction of unrecalled events almost never happens with real memories. the easiest events to recall were those which were "routine" or similar to other events. single-case studies of memory are not reliable. all of the above. Question 5 0 / 1 point In the “red Datsun” experiment, participants who received an inconsistent question (e.g., a question about a yield sign when they had previously seen a stop sign) were: below chance accuracy levels. slightly above 50%, but not significantly. at the same level of accuracy as guessing alone would produce. significantly better than 50% accurate. correct 75% of the time. Question 0 / 1 point 6 Bransford and Franks (1971) suggest that people do not keep exact copies of presented sentences in their memory, rather they _____ of the sentences in their memory. abstractions integrated ideas reorganized information all of the above none of the above Question 7 1 / 1 point Research on false memory creations suggests that about _____ of participants report "memories" of suggested events that never really occurred. 90% 75% 50% 25% less than 1% Question 8 1 / 1 point A memory that is not deliberate or conscious but that shows evidence of prior learning and storage is called a(n) semantic memory. episodic memory. procedural memory. explicit memory. implicit memory. Question 9 0 / 1 point Amnesics perform more poorly than nonamnesics on which memory tasks? free recall recognition word fragment identification a and b only all of the above Question 10 1 / 1 point Jacoby argues that explicit memory tasks rely on intentional processes whereas implicit memory tasks rely on automatic processes. explicit memory tasks rely on automatic processes whereas implicit memory tasks rely on intentional processes. both explicit and implicit memory tasks rely on automatic processes. both explicit and implicit memory tasks rely on intentional processes. explicit and implicit memory tasks require two different memory systems. Question 11 Neuroimaging studies of false memories indicate that: this technique does not have the resolution to distinguish true from false events. bilateral hippocampal regions were more active for false than true or new items. the parahippocampal region is more active for true than false words. bilateral hippocampal regions were more active for true than false or new items. 0/1 point the parahippocampal region is more active for false than true words. Question 12 1 / 1 point Which of the following is NOT a principle feature of anterograde amnesia? It affects long-term memory but not working memory. It affects information only in the visual modality. It impairs memory for new facts and events. It does not affect skills learned prior to amnesia onset. Its victims show hyperspecific memory for new skills. Question 13 1 / 1 point The hippocampus is important for: storage of memories. retrieval of memories learning. all of the above only B and C above. Question 14 0 / 1 point According to research by Collins and Quillian, the statement “Siamese cats have blue eyes” will be verified slower than "Siamese cats give birth to live young." faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young." in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats give birth to live young." slower than "Siamese cats have tails." both a and d are true. Question 15 Initially, the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set at 0. at 1. at random. 0 / 1 point at a neutral value. none of the above Attempt Score: Overall Grade (highest attempt): 6 / (40.00 15 %) 7 / (46.67 15 %)
