How can we improve our memory?
What are the types of memory?
Why do we forget?

What are the three memory processes?
 A.
What does it do?
Encodes (input)
 - processes information into memory
 Mental representation
a.
Automatic
b.
Effortful
- places information into
memory
Takes information out of storage
a. Recall
Reconstructing a memory
exb. Recognition
- identifying that something is familiar
ex.

Write an example of recall and recognition


Journal reflections are due on Friday- don’t
forget
Journal reflections will not be accepted late!
◦ Printer issues? Email it to me by 2:30

What are the three stages of memory?
 1.
Sensory register
 2. Short term
 3. Long term


1. Shallow
 Simple repetition
 Not an effective way to encode
information
 Forming associations between new
information that is already stored
 Information has meaning and is
easier to remember


You used elaborative processing
You used shallow processing

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/com
mon_cents/index.html

Using the information just taught, explain
why it is difficult to remember what a penny
looks like

A. Sensory register
 1. Information is held for a split
second
A. Prevent the mind from
being overwhelmed
B. Provides stability,
playback and recognition
C. Give decision time
Which allows you to decide
if something is important

A. Selective attention
Concentrating on one
sensation without completely
blocking out other sensations
basic need,
novel
something of interest

- focusing on the significant characteristics
of information



ONE VERTICAL LINE
ONE HORIZONTAL LINE
TWO RIGHT ANGLES

TWO VERTICAL LINES
ONE HORIZONTAL LINE
FOUR RIGHT ANGLES

HOW IS THIS FEATURE EXTRACTION




a. Iconic
- visual memory
 information is held for a quarter second.
b. Echoic
- auditory memory
 information is held for 1-2 seconds
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
1. Information is held for about
twenty seconds

What is your immediate memory span?
 Most
people can
remember
7-9 items
Number
tested
5
6
7
8
9
10
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
7 unrelated items Plus or minus
Capacity can be increased by
chunking - putting information
into meaningful chunks
 1.
What is the first stage
of memory
 2. Explain Iconic memory
 3. What is feature
extraction?
 4. What is the capacity of
short term memory?
 5. What is chunking?
TH-EDO-GSA-WTH-ECA-T
THE DOG SAW THE CAT

What is serial position effect?

- MOST PERMANENT MEMORY STORAGE WITH
UNLIMITED CAPACITY AND DURATION
Night
Bed
quilt
dark
silence
fatigue
clock
snoring
toss
turn
tired
artichoke
rest
dream
Sleep

- retention depends on the order in which
information is presented
PRIMACY EFFECT
- ENHANCED ABILITY TO REMEMBER FROM
THE BEGINNING OF A TASK
RECENCY EFFECT
- ENHANCED ABILITY TO REMEMBER ITEMS
FROM THE END OF A TASK
SEMANTIC DISTINCTIVENESS
 - SOMETHING DIFFERENT THAN THE
NORM

B. Spacing
- information is remembered if there
is time to process in between
tasks
You are called in for an interview and can choose your time
9,10,11,12 or 1
What time do you pick?
Why
What would you do if you had the 11 time?
Read page 246
A. EXPLICIT (DECLARATIVE)
-MEMORIES YOU ARE CONSCIOUSLY
AWARE OF
B. IMPLICIT- (PROCEDURAL)
- MEMORIES YOU ARE NOT CONSCIOUSLY
AWARE OF

Semantic-

GENERAL FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE.
WORDS, LANGUAGE RULES, DATES
MEMORIES FROM PERSONALLY
EXPERIENCED EVENTS
-
(episodes of your life)
MEMORIES RELATED TO
SKILLS AND HABITS

WE ARE UNAWARE OF THESE HABITS AND
CANNOT RETREIVE THEM

1. Swimming is what type of memory
 Procedural
semantic
episodic
 2. How long is info held in STM?
 3. How long is info held in sensory register
 4. Remembering items at the beginning of the list is
known as the
5. The artichoke was an example of…?



A man without short term memory
What type of memory does he still have?
How do you know?
 write
down 2 examples of each
type of long term memory
◦ One example per notecard
 (do
not identify the type but make
sure you know what it is)
RECALL VS RECOGNITION
1. RECOGNITION

- RETRIEVING INFORMATION
FROM MEMORY WHICH
INVOLVES DETERMINING
WHETHER SOMETHING IS
FAMILIAR
A.

Give me an example
 2.
RECALL
- RETRIEVING INFORMATION
FROM MEMORY WHICH
REQUIRES RECONSTRUCTING
THE MEMORY
Give me an example
- remembering parts of
the information and then
filling in the rest with what
makes sense to you
 ( making up memories)

simplifying the material
highlighting or overemphasizing material
changing details to better fit subjects own
background or knowledge

The professor…


Using the cartoon on the bottom left, identify
the type of memory used in first two clips
What term other than the type of memory fits
this cartoon?


1. Identifying if something is familiar
2. Simplifying information when remembering (
taking out details)

3. Changing details to fit your background

4. Highlighting parts of a memory

5. Remembering the homecoming game (memory
type)

1. CONTEXT
- YOU RECALL MORE
ACCURATELY IN THE SAME
SITUATION THE EVENT TOOK
PLACE
- SIMILAR CONTEXTS TRIGGER
DEJA VU
 2.
STATE-DEPENDENT
MEMORY

- IMPROVED RETRIEVAL
WHEN IN THE SAME MENTAL,
EMOTIONAL, OR DRUG
INDUCED STATE THAT WAS
PRESENT WHEN THE
MATERIAL WAS LEARNED


Think about our final exam procedures. Based
purely on what you learned about memory, If
you were an administrator, where would
students take exams and why?
If you are diagnosed with ADD in June and are
given medicine to help your ADD what would a
memory expert say about you starting medicine
right before your finals?


On the top of the page,
Explain the difference between proactive and
retroactive interference
1. Decay


Forgetting is caused by passage of time


We forget information because related
information causes confusion
(This happens with memory, completing tasks
and learning new things)
 Interference occurs with previous learning
decreases ability to remember recent material
 Ex. A teacher can’t remember your name, they call
you your siblings name
Recently learned material
interferes with ability to
remember or learn old material
Ex.
Your teacher can’t
remember your older sibling’s
name, they can only remember
yours *

Time your neighbor as they say the following
words…
 Red
 Orange
 Yellow
 Green
 Blue
 Purple
 Red
 Orange
 Yellow
 Green
 Blue
 Purple
 Anything
that is too
painful for you to
remember is stored in
the unconscious mind





Take out both memory packets and
Answer these now…
1. Previous learning interferes with memory is
called?
2. Who is Clive Wearing?
3. remembering something at the beginning of
a list is called…

4. What is episodic memory?

5. What are the 3 stages of memory?


What are mnemonic devices?
How can we use them?
 1.
Subjective organization
A personal way to
remember things
 2.
Acronyms
Visualize associations
between already memorized
places and new things to be
memorized

- associating number word
rhymes and items to be
memorized
Make it useful!

http://vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssaf/s
earch/PBSPlayer?assetId=69014&ccstart=0&p
t=0&preview=&
entire=yes