1. Video should be at least 5 minutes long, up to 10 minutes. 2. During the video, all members of the group need to be speakers. You can separate different topics to speak about among the members of the group. The face of the speaker need to be seen, in a frame or without a background. 3. Content of the video - video should be about the managing the consequences of a particular disaster, not about the disaster itself. Members : 2,4,9,12,13 1. The overview of natural disasters, the consequences of which you are going to manage.This must include: video footage, encyclopedic definitions and the most known examples. ( no.9,12) -Overview : https://youtu.be/jhRuUoTnA6g At the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or displacement of the ground.Sometimes, they cause tsunamis, which may lead to loss of life and destruction of property. An earthquake is caused by tectonic plates getting stuck and putting a strain on the ground.The strain becomes so great that rocks give way by breaking and sliding along fault planes.Earthquakes may occur naturally or as a result of human activities.Smaller earthquakes can also be caused by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments.In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans—that generates seismic waves.Most naturally occurring earthquakes are related to the tectonic nature of the Earth.Such earthquakes are called tectonic earthquakes. -What damages can earthquakes do ? Ground shaking from earthquakes can cause buildings and bridges to collapse; disrupt gas, electricity, and telephone services; and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and tsunami. -Video footage : https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ve d=2ahUKEwjgs92mj6jyAhUleN4KHbcFDOQQtwJ6BAgIEAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yo utube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Do51cN-oxm0o&usg=AOvVaw2shDcuHxKI9KrwiSThZX1N -encyclopedic definition: An earthquake is a sudden shifting of masses of rock beneath Earth's surface. This motion releases enormous amounts of energy and sends out shock waves that cause the ground to shake. Geologists believe that no spot in the world is completely safe from earthquakes. The great internal forces of the planet are constantly changing the shape of Earth's surface. In fact, Earth has been resounding with earthquakes for more than four billion years. Thousands of earthquakes occur each day. While not all of these earthquakes are significant, some are powerful enough to wreck cities and kill thousands of people. In the twentieth century alone, deadly earthquakes have claimed more than a million lives. -the most known examples : 22 May 1960 – Chile Magnitude 9.5 The world's most powerful earthquake left 4,485 people dead and injured and 2 million homeless after it struck southern Chile in 1960. The port of Puerto Saavedra was destroyed in the ensuing tsunami, which caused $550m worth of damage in Chile and killed a further 170 people as five-metre waves hit the coasts of Japan and the Philippines. A day later Volcán Puyehue in Chile's lake district spewed ash 6,000m into the air in an eruption that lasted for several weeks. 28 March 1964 – Prince William Sound, AlaskaMagnitude 9.2 26 December 2004 – Off the west coast of northern Sumatra Magnitude 9.1 Indian Ocean Earthquake of 2004 March 11, 2011, Japan had the strongest earthquake in the history. The earthquake struck below the North Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers or 81 miles east of Sendai, the largest city in the Tohoku region. The Tohoku earthquake made a tsunami. “Harbor wave” is a series of powerful waves caused by the displacement of a large body of water. Most tsunamis, like the one that formed off Tohoku, are triggered by underwater tectonic activity, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The Tohoku tsunami produced waves up to 40 meters or 132 feet high, More than 450,000 people became homeless as a result of the tsunami. More than 15,500 people died. The tsunami also severely crippled the infrastructure of the country. In addition to the thousands of destroyed homes, businesses, roads, and railways, the tsunami caused the meltdown of three nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The Fukushima nuclear disaster released toxic, radioactive materials into the environment and forced thousands of people to evacuate their homes and businesses. 2. Disaster management plan ( no.4 ) 2.1 Mitigation measures we have now - includes documents, codes, plans and zoning policies in the potentially affected area 2.2 Prevention measures we have now - measures for warning, trainings special services and citizens have, educational materials provided for the people, the stockpiles of resources (food, water, medical supplies, other materials) which will be used in a case of disaster Mitigation plans Bullet train Japan is known as a train dominated country and their network of shinkansen (bullet trains) are the transport of the future, whizzing across the countryside at an eye-watering pace. To ensure the safety of all passengers, the trains are equipped with earthquake sensors that are triggered to freeze every moving train in the country if necessary. In 2011, when a 9.0 magnitude quake hit Japan, there were 27 moving shinkansen in action. Every single train was triggered by smaller pre-quakes and stopped before the major quake hit, resulting in zero deaths or even injuries. Immediate TV coverage If an earthquake hits the nation, all of Japan’s TV channels immediately switch to official earthquake coverage, ensuring that that population is well informed on how to stay safe. The coverage delivers info on the quakes, where to seek protection, and whether any tsunamis are approaching, giving citizens time to retreat to higher ground. Water Discharge Tunnel One of the most impressive feats of engineering is Tokyo’s little-known Water Discharge Tunnel located on the outskirts of the city, sitting patiently underneath a soccer field and skate park. This large hidden tunnel collects flood waters caused by natural disasters like cyclones and tsunamis and safely redistributes the water into the Edo River. This means if the area is hit with an earthquake and triggers a tsunami, the city should be spared any major flooding. It took 13 years to build and cost US$3 billion, but you can’t put a price on how many lives it promises to save. Prevention Awareness and education on disaster prevention Just as other schools around the world may hold emergency fire drills, schools in Japan run regular earthquake drills, some as often as once a month. From a young age, schoolchildren are educated on the best way to seek protection and stay safe if an earthquake hits their area. The most common method during the drills is for children to get under their desks and hold onto their table legs until the quake is finished. If playing outside, children are taught to go straight to the centre of an open space to avoid getting hit by falling debris. Earthquake Memorial Museum Another way Japan helps protect its population against future natural disasters is by learning from past events. In 1995, the city of kobe was struck by the completely devastating Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake, which killed 5,000 people and destroyed tens of thousands of homes. Following the rebuilding of the city, Kobe also constructed the Kobe Earthquake Memorial Museum , Built to remember the people lost during the disaster, it also runs as an education centre filled with useful displays and educational facilities on disaster prevention and survival. Earthquake survival kits How each household prepares for an earthquake varies; however, many homes are stocked with earthquake survival kits. Stocked with first aid equipment, bottled water, food rations, gloves, face masks, insulation sheets, survival tools like torches, and even radios that broadcast regular updates. You can pick up all the necessary supplies for survival kits from most drugstores or lifestyle stores Earthquake detectors Technical innovations progress daily to ensure the earthquake-readiness of the Shinkansen, the high-speed rail that links cities throughout Japan. The East Japan Railway Company (JR East) introduced the Earthquake Early Warning System for the Shinkansen in 1998, which detects preliminary tremors from seismographs located along the tracks, the seafloor, and inland, and then brings trains to an emergency stop by interrupting the electric supply. This prevents major accidents during an earthquake. Weather radar also help have cutting edge accuracy to detect The high rises of Tokyo, Osaka and Yokohama dominate the cityscapes around them. The towers give the impression of being as immovable and steadfast as a human-made structure can be. These towers are the fixed backdrop to daily urban life in Japan, as they are in any large and developed city in the world. While people and traffic bustle around them, they are fixed and still – the pins that hold the rest of the hectic city together. It takes an earthquake to reveal that perspective to be an illusion. In Japan, skyscrapers have to be able to move. Japanese high-rise construction commonly uses a grid of steel beams and columns that evenly distributes seismic forces across the structure and diagonal dampers that serve as shock absorbers. American high-rises are typically built with a concrete core that resists most of the seismic forces of an earthquake 3. Disaster management in a case of disaster. (No. 9,12) 3.1 Disaster response measures we can provide during the event. Includes - how many people (human resources) machines and mechanisms (technical resources), materials from stockpiles we can use to manage the consequences of the event (1-3 days after) - Approximately 400 engineers and staff members ( doctors and nurses) Early warning system (L‐Alert) = Sharing disaster information, communicate to relevant organizations and citizens, early warning ,Emergency warning broadcast system, Urgent earthquake detection and alarm system Rescue/first‐aid/emergency medical care for life saving, measures for evacuation sites, providing relief supplies. ・ICT disaster management unit - incorporating power supply, battery, and radio equipment to build a communications network with ease. - communication infrastructure, provided a minimum ICT environment in times of disaster and quickly restores communications. ・Transportable air traffic control tower - use another measures when ATC tower is damaged by unexpected situation. ・ Drain pump car - use for drainage at the Great East Japan Earthquake. ・Remote‐operated equipment, unmanned construction - prevent secondary damages. 3.2 Disaster Recovery or Rehabilitation. This required to include the information about the measures provided to restore normal life in the area. Compensation for victims From the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, a total of 520 billion yen has been donated to disaster-hit areas, and 930,000 people have been aided in their efforts to recover from the disaster. Earthquake Observation Equipment Develop systems for constant monitoring/information service of earthquake and Tsunami Seafloor Observation System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis of Submarine Cable Type makes it possible to observe submarine earthquake activity and associated tsunami activity. Excellent evacuation effect is expected by combining it with an alarm system. GPS Buoy System GPS‐mounted buoys can measure offshore waves and tidal levels, including tsunamis, in real‐time by using satellite positioning information. Real-time Analysis System of GNSS CORS (REGARD System) The positons of GNSS Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS) are precisely calculated and monitored. The system estimates ground movements due to earthquakes, volcanic activities, and plate motions, and contributes to hazard mitigation. ・Develop systems for constant monitoring/information service of earthquake and Tsunami ・Promote seismic reinforcement for houses/buildings and infrastructures Earthquake observation equipment ・Seismic reinforcement/quake‐proof technologies ・Meteorological and hydrological observation ・Develop systems for constant monitoring/information service of weather and river level ・Raise awareness for disaster risk reduction and promote risk education ・Monitoring of Waves on Land and Seafloor (MOWLAS) MOWLAS is a monitoring network that covers the lands and seafloors all over Japan, and can immediately and accurately observe hazard phenomenon of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions in Japan. The observed data is utilized not only for research on natural disaster mechanisms but also for disaster reduction as it is directly provided to central government, local governments and private companies. ・Satellite observation data for emergency responses Earthquake-Resistance Wharves ( Jacket method ) = Jacket pier is constructed by using the jacket type structure which is a space truss of steel pipes fixed to the seabed by steel pipe piles. It has high horizontal rigidity and high earthquake‐resistance. - As a result of damage on bridges in the Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake, measures have been promoted in Japan. - The image of Jacket Method -Reinforcement of bridges Based on many experiences of disasters in the past, Japan has promoted Seismic Strengthening / Isolation-system of Houses/Buildings ex. Seismic isolator -There was no fall/collapse caused by earthquake vibration on seismic reinforced bridges in the Great East Japan Earthquake. Therefore, utilization of such technology is expected in overseas including know‐how of architectural design. Strip for fastening steel plate Reinforcement of columns Seismic isolator Steel Filling with mortar Carbon fiber sheet Reinforcement by covering with steel plates Reinforcement by wrapping with continuous carbon fiber sheet In the Great East Japan Earthquake, seismically isolated buildings didn’t have damages to the structural frame caused by earthquake motion, and proved the effectiveness to the major earthquake. Training Programs ”Knowledge Co-creation Programs” Japan invites trainees from developing countries to many programs in such fields as DRR governance and mainstreaming, earthquake, tsunami, flood, hydromet and so on. These programs are conducted with knowledge and experiences on DRR in Japan. Assistance for formulation of rehabilitation and recovery plan, support for livelihood. ・ Assistance for Formulation of Rehabilitation and Recovery Master Plan - support the formulation of a basic reconstruction plan ・Disaster Waste Management - maintain living environment, public hygiene and material cycles ・Salt removal work from farmland ・Reconstruction of Infrastructure -based on Build Back Better concept ( such as school, hospital and dike) ・ Support for house reconstruction - Japanese ODA can support formulation of standards and guidelines, through the technical cooperation for enhancement of earthquake resistance. ・Support for livelihood Recovery Considering Victims - implemented with victim’s consent 4. Conclusion. Summarize the information from your video and provide your opinion about the adequacy of the measures for this kind of event. (No. 2,13) earthquakes occured from shaking or displacement of the ground which cause tsunamis, as it could lead to death and property damages. Earthquakes could occur from both natural and man made. Natural occurrences such as volcanic eruptions and landslides, man made activities such as nuclear experiments in the ocean and mine blasts could also lead to earthquakes as well, as a result of that it generates waves, as the waves travel from underwater to the surface it caused tsunamis to happen. -What damages can earthquakes do ? Ground shaking from earthquakes can cause buildings and bridges to collapse; disrupt gas, electricity, and telephone services; and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and tsunami
