THE FINAL PAGES
History
UPSC Prelims 2021
Preface
We understand the pressure of the exam is building upon the students as we draw nearer to the prelims.
As most of us are frantically looking for the current affairs material in the market, we end up buying
available materials which are tedious and not conducive for the revision.
Given the prelims is only a month away, the priority of the moment is revision. For this sole purpose, we
introduce – “The Final Pages”. A revision friendly design of just around 25 pages, most suited for skimming
through as we enter the hallowed grounds of the exam hall.
We have compressed this document by filtering out trivial and less expected content with the point of view
of UPSC-CSE Prelims. This document is in itself comprehensive. "The Final Pages” are drafted keeping in
mind the conceptual and subjective nature of questions in frequency for the last two years, the topics
herein must be read not only with an intent to memorize facts but grasp concepts
At the same time, some students are new to this exam, for them, we recommend going through our course
videos for more detailed and in-depth coverage in addition to the "the Final Pages".
From
Team Edukemy.
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Index
Sculpture and Architecture
Lingaraj Temple: Odisha
Konark Sun Temple
Somnath temple, Gujarat
Vittala Temple, Karnataka
Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ayodhya Ram Temple
Paintings, Literature, and other Art forms
Cave Paintings
Textile Madhya Pradesh
Batik Painting
Monpa handmade paper art
Gond Art
Dances, Music and Drama
Pulikali- A Tiger dance of Kerala
Inclusion of four indigenous games in Khelo India Youth Games
Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu: pride and politics
Tholpavakoothu, Kerala
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Ramappa/Rudreswara Temple
Gujarat's Dholavira has made it to UNESCO’s World Heritage List
Personalities
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Baba Banda Singh Bahadur
Purandara Dasa
Titus ji
Historical events
Chauri Chaura
Malabar Rebellion
All India Trade Union Congress
Qissa Khwani Bazaar Massacre
Civil and peasant rebellions
Events 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 4 7
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Sculpture and Architecture
Lingaraj Temple: Odisha
In news: Recently, Odisha government announced to give facelift to 11th century Lingaraj Temple, akin to its pre-350year structural status.
About Lingaraj Temple:
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Built in 11th century AD, temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is one of the oldest temples and is the largest
temple in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
The temple is believed to be built by King Yayati Keshari of Somavamsi dynasty, with later additions from the
Ganga dynasty rulers.
The harmony between the two sects of Hinduism, Shaivism, and Vaishnavism, is seen in this temple where the
deity is worshipped as Harihara, a combined form of Vishnu and Shiva.
Shivaratri festival is the major festival celebrated in the temple.
The other attraction of the temple is the Bindusagar Lake. Located in the north side of the temple. The pond has
religious relationship with the main temple.
On the western banks of Bindusagar, lies the garden of Ekamra Van named after the Hindu mythological texts
where Bhubaneswar the capital city of Odisha was referred as Ekamra Van or a forest of a single mango tree.
The temple is out of bounds for non-Hindus.
Architecture:
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The temple is a classic example of Kalinga style
of architecture and is in redstone.
The temple is built in the Deula style that has
four components, each increasing in the height
to its predecessor.
o Vimana (structure
containing
the
sanctum),
o Jagamohana (assembly hall),
o Natamandira (festival hall) and
o Bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings),
Other important temples in Odisha:
o Konark Temple
o Sun temple
o Jagannath Temple
o Maa Tara Tarini Temple
Konark Sun Temple:
In news: The ministry of New and Renewable Energy launched a scheme for 100 percent solarization of Konark
Sun Temple and Konark town in Odisha to develop it as ‘Surya Nagri’.
Objective:
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The scheme envisages setting up of the 10-MW grid connected solar project and various solar off-grid
applications such as solar trees, solar drinking water kiosks and off-grid solar power plants with battery storage
in Odisha to develop its as ‘Surya Nagri’.
Funding:
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100 per cent central financial assistance (CFA) support of around Rs. 25 crore from the Government of India
through the MNRE.
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Implementing agency:
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Implementation of this project will be done by the Odisha Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA).
About Konark Sun Temple:
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The temple is attributed to king Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty about 1250 CE.
Dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya and designed in the shape of a colossal chariot
This temple was called the "Black Pagoda" in European sailor accounts as early as 1676 because it looked a
great tiered tower which appeared black.
Declared a UNESCO world heritage site in 1984.
Architecture:
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The temple follows
the traditional style
of Kalinga
architecture.
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The
temple
is
designed in the shape
of a colossal chariot.
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There are two rows of 12 wheels on each side of the Konark sun temple.
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The seven horses are said to symbolize the seven days of the week.
Somnath temple, Gujarat
In news:
Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi named Somnath Temple trust chairman. He is the second PM to hold
the post.
About Somnath Temple:
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Also known as the Deo Patan, located in Prabhas Patan, Saurashtra on the
western coast of Gujarat.
Somnath, literally translated as the Lord of Moon (Soma) houses believed
to be the first among the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva.
In AD 1026, Mahmud of Ghazni first looted the temple, and then
came Afzal Khan, the commander of Ala-ud-din Khilji and later Aurangzeb.
It is said that the temple was looted and destroyed as many as seventeen
times.
The site of Somnath has been a pilgrimage site from ancient times on
account of being a triveni sangam (the confluence of three rivers: Kapila,
Hiran and the mythical Saraswati)
Architecture:
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The present mandir was reconstructed in the Chalukya style
or Kailash Mahameru Prasad of Hindu temple architecture.
An inscription in Sanskrit is found on the Bāṇastambha
(arrow pillar) erected on the sea-protection wall. The
Bāṇastambha mentions that it stands at a point on the
Indian landmass that is the first point on land in the north to
the South Pole at that particular longitude.
Vittala Temple, Karnataka
In news: Recently, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has installed protective rings around stone chariot inside
Vittal Temple complex (at the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hampi) to protect it from damage.
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About Vittala Temple:
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The temple was dedicated to Vitthala, a form of
Krishna also called Vithoba.
It is unclear when the temple complex was built, and
who built it; most scholars date it to a period of
construction in the early-to-mid-16th century.
Some of the books mention that its construction began
during the time of Devaraya II (1422- 1446 A.D.) and
continued during the reign of Krishnadevaraya (15091529 A.D.), Achuytaraya, and probably Sadasivaraya
and it stopped probably due to the destruction of the
city in 1565.
Architecture:
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The temple has three distinct compartments: a garbhagriha, an ardhamandapa and a mahamandapa (or
sabha mandapa).
The temple is built in the Dravidian style of architecture. It’s elaborate and artistic carvings and architecture
makes it most artistically sophisticated Hindu temple found in Hampi.
About Hampi:
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Also referred to as the Group of Monuments at Hampi, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in eastcentral Karnataka, India.
Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century near the Tungabhadra.
According to Chronicles left by Persian and European travellers, it was a prosperous, wealthy, and grand city.
The architecture is built from the abundant local stone; the dominant style is Dravidian. It also included
elements of the arts that developed during the Hoysala Empire rule in the south between the 11th and 14th
century such as in the pillars of Ramachandra temple and ceilings of some of the Virupaksha temple complex.
Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu, Nepal
In news:
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Recently, a Memorandum of Understanding between India- Nepal signed. India has pledged to construct
sanitation facility at temple complex to improve the infrastructure.
The project would be constructed under the Nepal-Bharat Maitri: Development Partnership as a high impact
community development scheme by
India.
About Pashupati Temple:
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It is a Hindu temple complex that is
located on the banks of the Bagmati
River and serves as the seat
of Pashupatinath.
This temple complex was inscribed
on the UNESCO World Heritage
Sites's list in 1979.
Ayodhya Ram Temple
In news: Work on Ayodhya Ram Temple begins, temple will follow the Nagara style of temple architecture.
About Nagara style of temple architecture:
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Developed in Northern part of India from
5th century AD onwards
4Temple follows the Panchayatan style of
temple making, which consisted of
subsidiary shrines laid out in a crucified
ground plan with respect to the principal
shrine.
Presence of assembly halls or mandaps in
front of the principal shrine.
Outside the garbhagriha, images of the
river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna were
placed.
Generally, there were no water tanks or
reservoirs present in the temple premises.
The temples were generally built on upraised platforms.
The porticos had a pillared approach.
Shikhara were generally of three types- Latina or Rekha prasad, phamsana, valabhi
The vertical end of the shikhara ended in a horizontal fluted disc, known as the Amalak. On the top of that, a
spherical shape was placed known as the Kalash.
Inside the temple, the wall was divided into three vertical planes or rathas. These were known as triratha
temples. Later, pancharatha, saptaratha and even navaratha temples came into existence. The vertical planes
were used as different panels to make narrative sculptures.
The ambulatory passageway or the paradakshina path around the sanctum sanctorum was covered.
Generally, the temple premises did not have elaborate boundary walls or gateways.
Nagara school is further subdivided into different schools based on region like Odisha, Khajuraho, Solanki, etc.
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Paintings, Literature, and other Art forms
Cave Paintings
In news: Recently, world’s oldest cave painting dating back to more than 45,000 years, discovered in Indonesia.
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The cave painting depicts a wild pig endemic
to the Sulawesi Island of Indonesia, where
the painting was found.
The painting was made using red ochre
pigment.
These pigs have been hunted by humans for
tens of thousands of years and are the most
commonly depicted animal in the ice age
rock art of the island.
The painting was found in the Leang
Tedongnge cave, situated in a remote valley
surrounded by limestone cliffs, and is only
accessible during the dry season because of flooding during the wet season.
The previously oldest dated rock art ‘scene’ at least 43,900 years old, was a depiction of hybrid humananimal
beings hunting Sulawesi warty pigs and dwarf bovids.
There are two handprints above the pig’s hindquarters, and it appears to be facing two other pigs that are only
partially preserved, as part of a narrative scene.
“The pig appears to be observing a fight or social interaction between two other warty pigs,”
Caves Paintings in India:
Paintings
Location
Famous for
Ajanta
Aurangabad,
Maharashtra
Fresco paintings of Ajanta are
dying princesses, flying apsara
and preaching Buddha
Ellora
Aurangabad,
Maharashtra
Largest
monolithic
excavation in the world- the
great Kailasa
Elephanta
Elephanta Islands in
Mumbai
Between
Hoshangabad
and
Bhopal,
Madhya
Pradesh
Seven cave excavations
Bhimbetka
One of the oldest paintings in
India and the world
About Sulawesi Island:
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Also known as Celebes.
It is one of the four Greater Sunda Islands which are recognized as Borneo, Java, Sulawesi and Sumatra.
The central Indonesian island is situated between Asia and Australia and has a long history of human occupation.
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Textile Madhya Pradesh
In news:
An ongoing initiative of TRIFED is the work being done in Barwani in Madhya Pradesh, where the local tribals are
being trained in the Bagh, Maheshwari and Chanderi textile crafts to ensure continuous livelihoods.
About Bagh Textiles:
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It is a traditional Indian handicraft originating in Bagh, Dhar
district of Madhya Pradesh.
Its name is derived from the village Bagh located on the banks of the
Bagh River.
The process of creating Bagh prints includes pre-printing (the
washing and pre-dying of the fabric), printing (application of the
design) and post printing (fixing the dyes and applying a fabric finish)
In this printing technique the cotton and silk cloth are subject to
treatment of a blend of corroded iron fillings, alum and Alizarin
(organic red dye).
On completion of the printing process, the printed fabric is subject to
repeated washing in the flowing waters of the river and then dried in
the sun for a specific period to obtain the fine lustre.
The process is characterised by hand printed wood block relief
prints with naturally sourced pigments and dyes.
Bagh print motifs are typically geometric, paisley, or floral
compositions design, dyed with vegetable colours of red and black
over a white background, and is a popular textile printing product.
Bagh printing received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2008
About Chanderi textile:
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It is a traditional fabric made in Chanderi, Madhya Pradesh,
characterized by its lightweight, sheer texture and fine luxurious
feel.
There are mainly three types of fabrics produced by the
Chanderi: pure silk, silk cotton and chanderi cotton.
There has been a significant transformation in the motif designs
of Chanderi over the years.
Today, in addition to florals, peacocks and ancient coin patterns,
Chanderi is also seen in modern geometric designs.
The manufacturing of Chanderi fabric takes place with the
weaving in of silk and zari. It is mostly done in old-fashioned
cotton yarns and the end product is a glorious and shimmering
textured fabric.
Chanderi sarees were patronized by the royal family of Scindias.
About Maheshwari textile:
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The beautiful conception of the Maheshwari saree dates back to 18th century at Maheshwar (located on banks
of Narmada) in Madhya Pradesh.
These sarees were initially made of pure Silk, but with the passage of time, cotton yarn was introduced in the
west.
These sarees are known for its glossy finish and light weight.
The grandeur of the forts in Madhya Pradesh and their designs played an important role in inspiring the
technique, weaves and motifs on the Maheshwari fabrics.
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These sarees are characterised by a narrow-coloured border embellished with zari, and small checks, narrow
stripes, or solid colour in the body.
Reversible border, also known as bugdi, which can be worn on both side is its speciallity.
The use of zari and kinari is unique to it.
These sarees are embellished with leaves and flowers on the border, in karnphool pattern.
These sarees are known for their pallus which are made five stripe, three coloured and two white alternating,
running along its width.
Some of these popular designs include the Mat pattern (chattai), Jasmine pattern (Chameli), Brick pattern (Eent)
and Diamond pattern (Heera).
Maheshwari sarees were patronized by the royal family of Holkars and are said to be created by Rani Ahilya Bai
Holkar herself.
Batik Painting
In news: World-renowned Batik artist
Yasala Balaiah, passed away. Through
his Batik art, Yasala Balaiah unveiled
the beauty of the village life and rose
to international fame.
About Batik Painting:
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Batik is an ancient art which uses
wax and dyes to create a visual
magic on fabrics.
It is believed that the term is a
derivation from the word
`Ambatik’ which when translated
literally stands for a piece of cloth
with small dots or writing with wax or drawing in broken lines. It is an art appreciated all over the world.
A Batik creation involves 3 basic steps – waxing, dyeing, and scraping (removing).
Overall the process is one where firstly the wax is used for creating designs on certain pre-defined areas on the
fabric.
Secondly the fabric is dyed and then the wax is removed by scraping or by boiling the cloth so that the wax peels
off. The result is a beautiful piece of cloth with some very unconventional designs.
There are varied theories about the place and period of origin of Batik. In India, the roots of Batik can be traced
to the 1st century AD. Traditionally, the Khatri community of Gujarat were the only set of artisans for this art.
Traditionally, it is used on Cotton or Silk fabrics.
Monpa handmade paper art:
In news: The 1000-year old heritage art – the Monpa Handmade Paper of Arunachal Pradesh – which was driven to
the extinction, has come to life once again, with the committed efforts of Khadi and Village Industries Commission
(KVIC)
About Monpa handmade paper art:
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Once an integral part of local custom and culture in Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, the paper was produced in
every household, and was a major source of livelihood for the locals.
The handmade paper industry almost disappeared in the last 100 years; prompting the KVIC to plan revival of
this ancient art.
The fine-textured handmade paper, called Mon Shugu in the local dialect, is integral to the vibrant culture of the
local tribes in Tawang.
The paper has great historic and religious significance as it is the paper used for writing Buddhist scriptures and
hymns in monasteries.
The paper will be made from the bark of a local tree called Shugu Sheng, which has medicinal values too.
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Back then, such was the scale of production that Monpas used to sell these papers to countries like Tibet,
Bhutan, Thailand and Japan, as no paper making industry existed in these countries at that time.
About Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC):
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It is a statutory body established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.
It functions under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
It is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes for the
development of Khadi and other village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies
engaged in rural development wherever necessary.
Gond Art
In news: Recently, a new public art project titled ‘Dancing in Unison’ was unveiled in Little India in Singapore. Brings
Gond art to the street culture of Singapore.
About Gond Art:
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Gond art is a form of painting from folk and tribal
art that is practiced by one of the largest tribes in
India – the Gond – who are predominantly from
Madhya Pradesh, but also can be found in pockets of
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhatisgarh, and
Odisha.
Gond paintings are a reflection of man’s close
connection with his natural surroundings. It is said
that Gond paintings resemble aboriginal art from
Australia.
Gond paintings can best be described as ‘on line
work’ that has an immediate effect on the viewer.
Lines are used in such a way that it conveys a sense
of movement to the still images.
Dots and dashes are added to impart a greater
sense of movement and increase the amount of detail. The artwork is finished in bright vivid colors.
A mix of natural colours is used from earthen materials such as wooden coal, tree sap, red soil, sem leaves and
even cow dung.
About Gond tribe:
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They are one of the largest tribal, or Adivasi Community in India.
They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe for the purpose of India's system of positive discrimination.
They largely belong to Deccan India, and spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha.
They speak the Gondi language which belongs to Dravidian language family.
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Dances, Music and Drama
Pulikali- A Tiger dance of Kerala
In news:
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Pulikali dance, one of the oldest art forms of Kerala, was held online this time owing to the COVID-19
restrictions.
About Pulikali:
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It is a recreational folk art from the state of Kerala.
Originated back to over 200 years, under the rule of king
Maharaja Rama Varma.
The literal meaning of Pulikkali is the 'play of the tigers'
hence the performance revolves around the theme of
tiger hunting.
The folk art is mainly practiced in Thrissur
district of Kerala by trained artists on the fourth day of
Onam celebrations (Nalaam Onam), an annual harvest
festival.
Performers painted like tigers and hunters in bright yellow, red, and black shake their bellies and dance to the
beats of instruments like Udukku and Thakil.
Onam:
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It is an annual paddy harvest festival celebrated in the southern Indian state of Kerala, official festival of state.
Onam is celebrated at the beginning of the month of chingam, the first month of the solar Malayalam calendar
(Kollavarsham).
Onam commemorates King Mahabali, noted to be an asura.
Battles between demons and gods are familiar to people everywhere. However, an exception to this has been
the battle between Mahabali (Asura or demon) and Vamana (avatar of Vishnu), where Mahabali is revered as
the unchallenged King of Malayalis.
Onam is celebrated by making Pookkalam (the flower rangolis). Other rituals are also performed which
includeso Vallam Kali (the boat races),
o Pulikali (the tiger dances),
o Kummattikali (mask dances),
o Onathallu (martial arts), among others.
The earliest known reference of onam is found in Maturaikkanci – a Sangam poem – which mentions Onam being
celebrated in Madurai temples.
Inclusion of four indigenous games in Khelo India Youth Games
In news:
The Sports Ministry has approved the inclusion of four indigenous sports, Gatka, Kalaripayattu, Thang-Ta and
Mallakhamba in the Khelo India Youth Games 2021.
About Khelo India Youth Games:
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The Khelo India Youth game were launched in 2018 as a multidisciplinary grassroots event for under 17 and 21
years to improve the sports culture in India.
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Aimed at mainstreaming sports as a tool for national development, economic development, community
development and individual development.
Under the Scheme, talented players identified in priority sports disciplines at various levels are provided annual
financial assistance of Rs. 5 lakh per annum for 8 years.
Gatka:
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It is a weapon based traditional Sikh martial
art associated with the Sikhs of the Punjab.
It is a style of stick-fighting, with wooden
sticks intended to simulate swords.
The Punjabi name gatka properly refers to the
wooden stick used.
After the 5th guru, Guru Arjan Dev, was killed by the
Mughals, Guru Hargobind, 6th guru, propagated the
idea of learning Gatka to fight oppression. Later, in
the 17th century, Guru Gobind Singh, 10th guru known
as the master of weaponry, developed it further and
made it compulsory for everyone.
It was earlier confined to gurudwaras, nagar kirtans
and akharas, but now it finds presence in the sports
category after the formation of the Gatka Federation of India (GFI) in 2008.
Kalaripayattu:
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Kalaripayattu also known as Kalari, is an Indian martial
art designed for the ancient battlefield (the word
"Kalari" meaning "battlefield"), with weapons and
combative techniques that are unique to India.
originated in modern-day Kerala.
It is believed to be the oldest surviving martial art in
India, with a history spanning over 3,000 years.
Kalaripayattu is taught in accordance with the
Indian guru-shishya system.
Like most Indian martial arts, Kalaripayattu contains
rituals and philosophies inspired by Hinduism. The art
also bases medical treatments upon concepts found in
the ancient Indian medical text, the Ayurveda.
Practitioners of Kalaripayattu possess intricate knowledge of pressure points on the human body and healing
techniques that incorporate the knowledge of Ayurveda and Yoga.
The word Kalari first appears in the Tamil Sangam literature to describe both a battlefield and combat arena.
Thang Ta:
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Huyen langlon is an Indian martial art from Manipur.
In
the Meitei
language, huyen means
war
while langlon or langlong can mean net, knowledge or
art.
Huyen
langlon consists
of
two
main
components: thang-ta (armed combat)
and sarit
sarak (unarmed fighting)
The primary weapons of huyen langlon are
the thang (sword) and ta (spear). Other weapons include the shield and the axe.
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It combines ritual, demonstration and combat and involves a variety of dance forms and warrior drills.
Mallakhamba:
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It is a traditional sport, originating
from the Indian subcontinent, in
which
a gymnast performs
aerial yoga or gymnastic postures
and wrestling grips in concert with a
vertical stationary or hanging
wooden pole, cane, or rope.
The name Mallakhamb derives from
the terms malla, meaning wrestler,
and khamb, which means a pole.
Literally meaning "wrestling pole",
the term refers to a traditional
training
implement
used
by
wrestlers.
The pole is usually made from sheesham (Indian rosewood) polished with castor oil. Three popular versions of
Mallakhamb are practiced using a sheesham pole, cane, or rope.
Mallakhamba is the state sport of Madhya Pradesh.
Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu: pride and politics
In news:
Jallikattu an ancient tradition has become cultural argument between political parties.
About Jalikattu:
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It is a tradition over 2,000 years old bull taming sport in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and
multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it
while the bull attempts to escape.
It is celebrated in the second week of January, during the Tamil harvest festival, Pongal and to honour bull
owners who rear them for mating.
This sport is popular in Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Theni, Pudukkottai and Dindigul districts — known as the
Jallikattu belt.
It is a violent sport in which contestants try to tame a bull for a prize; if they fail, the bull owner wins the prize.
Why is Jallikattu important in Tamil culture?
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Jallikattu is considered a traditional way for the peasant community to preserve their pure-breed native bulls.
At a time when cattle breeding is often an artificial process, conservationists and peasants argue that Jallikattu is
a way to protect these male animals which are otherwise used only for meat if not for ploughing.
Why has Jallikattu been the subject of legal battles?
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In India, legal battles surrounding animal rights issues emerged in the early 1990s.
A notification from the Environment Ministry in 1991 banned the training and exhibition of bears, monkeys,
tigers, panthers and dogs, which was challenged by the Indian Circus Organisation in the Delhi High Court. In
1998, dogs were excluded from the notification.
Jallikattu first came under legal scrutiny in 2007 when the Animal Welfare Board of India and the animal rights
group PETA moved petitions in the Supreme Court against Jallikattu as well as bullock cart races.
14
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In May 2014, the Supreme Court banned the bull-taming sport, ruling on a petition that cited the 2011
notification.
Current legal status:
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Case is pending in the Supreme Court, but the state government has legalised these events, which has been
challenged in the court.
In 2017, the Tamil Nadu government released an ordinance amending the central Act and allowing Jallikattu in
the state; this was later ratified by the President. PETA challenged the state move, arguing it was
unconstitutional.
In 2018, the Supreme Court referred the Jallikattu case to a Constitution Bench, where it is pending now
The main question to be resolved is whether the Jallikattu tradition can be protected as a cultural right of the
people of Tamil Nadu which is a fundamental right. Article 29 (1) mandates that “any section of the citizens
residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall
have the right to conserve the same”.
Like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka too passed a law to save a similar sport, called Kambala. A similar attempt by
Maharashtra, too, was challenged in court, before it was passed as a law.
Except in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, where bull-taming and racing continue to be organised, these sports
remain banned in all other states including Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra due to the 2014 ban order
from the Supreme Court.
Tholpavakoothu, Kerala
In news:

K.K. Ramachandra Pulavar, has been awarded the Padma Shri for his work for the Tholpavakoothu (shadow
puppetry).
About Tholpavakoothu
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It is a form of shadow puppetry practiced in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, India.
It is a compound word of three Tamil terms, thol, meaning leather, pavai, meaning doll, and koothu, meaning the
play or Drama.
It is one of the two traditional Pavaikoothu that happened in southern India. The other one is
"marappavaikoothu" also called as Bommalattam. The only variation is Bommalattam uses wooden dolls, while
tholpavaikoothu uses Leather dolls.
It is performed using leather puppets and is performed in temples or in villages in specially built theatres.
The earliest known mention of Pavaikoothu (both Bommalattam and tholpavaikoothu) is in Thirukkural an
ancient Tamil text of 300CE.
An art form that is dedicated to Bhadrakali in Kerala.
The performance is accompanied by the recitation of slokas.
A full Tholpavakoothu performance stages all the episodes of the Kamba Ramayana.
The stage has a screen, a piece of white cloth, behind which the puppets are held.
The lighting is provided by 21 lamps lit in coconut halves or earthen lamps placed behind the puppets, causing
their shadows to fall on the screen.
The puppets used in Tholpavakoothu used to be made out of deer skin but are now typically made from goat
skin. The puppets are painted in vegetable dyes, as these dyes last long.
15
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Ramappa/Rudreswara Temple
In news:
 Designated as world heritage site by UNESCO
 Was in UNESCO's tentative list since 2014 & was proposed by the government as its only nomination for the
UNESCO WHS tag for 2019.
According to World Heritage Convention's operational guidelines, tentative list is an inventory of properties a
country thinks should be on the WHS- After UNESCO includes a property in the tentative list, the country prepares a
nomination document that will be considered by the UNESCO WH Committee.
About temple:
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13th C old in Palampet,Telangana
Dated in an inscription in 1213
Acc to an inscriptiono Built by Kakatiya Dynasty- by general Recherla Rudra Reddy during period of the Kakatiya rulerGanapati Deva
o It's Shiva Temple
o Larger walled temple complex, including several smaller temples and structure.
o Built of sandstone with decorated beams and pillars of carved granite and dolerite.
o Inner sanctum made of lightweight porous bricks.
o The sculptures, especially bracket figures, have their lustre intact.
Gujarat's Dholavira has made it to UNESCO’s World Heritage List
In news:

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Designated a world heritage site by UNESCO after Ramappa/Rudreshwara temple.
With this India now has 40 sites on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List
About Dholavira site:
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Unique characteristicso water management system, multi-layered defensive mechanisms, only site to be divided into three
parts, extensive use of stone in construction and special burial structures.
o The site has a fortified citadel, a middle town and a lower town with walls made of sandstone or
limestone instead of mud bricks in many other Harappan sites.
o Water reservoirs, outer fortification, two multi-purpose grounds — one of which was used for festivities
and as a marketplace — nine gates with unique designs, and funerary architecture featuring tumulus —
hemispherical structures like the Buddhist Stupa.
o While unlike graves at other IVC sites, no mortal remains of humans have been discovered at Dholavira.
Bisht says memorials that contain no bones or ashes but offerings of precious stones
Art associated with the city –
o Artefacts of various kinds such as copper, shell, stone, jewellery of semi-precious stones, terracotta,
gold, ivory have been found at the site.
o Remains of a copper smelter indicate of Harappans, who lived in Dholavira, knew metallurgy.
o It is believed that traders of Dholavira used to source copper ore from present-day Rajasthan and Oman
and UAE and export finished products.
o It was also a hub of manufacturing jewellery made of shells and semi-precious stones, like agate
and used to export timber.
16
Other Harappan cites in Gujarat
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Gujarat has a total of four World Heritage Sites now. The other three are:
o Champaner near Pavagadh,
o Rani ki Vav in Patan and
o Ahmedabad.
One of the five largest Harappan sites and most prominent archeological sites in India belonging to the Indus
Valley S.
Lothal, in Saragwala village on the bank of Sabarmati in Dholka taluka of Ahmedabad district, was the most
prominent site of IVC in Gujarat.
o From a graveyard in Lothal, 21 human skeletons were found. Foundries for making copperware were
also discovered.
o Ornaments made of semi-precious stones, gold etc. were also found from the site.
Rangpur
o on the bank of Bhadar river in Surendranagar district was the first Harappan site in the state to be
excavated.
o Rojdi in Rajkot district, Prabhas near Veraval in Gir Somnath district, Lakhabaval in Jamnagar, and
Deshalpar in Bhuj taluka of Kutch are among other Harappan sites in the state.
About World Heritage Site
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Is a location/space with an "outstanding universal value".
Having cultural or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be
of common importance of present and future generations of all humanity. And requires special protection.
Criteriao Must meet atleast 1 out of 10 selection criteria- representing a masterpiece of human creative
genius;
o Exhibiting an important interchange of human values over a span of time or within a cultural area of
the world.
The first sites to be
inscribes wereo Ajanta Caves
o Ellora Caves
o Agra Fort
o Taj Mahal (1983)
19 of the 36 states & UTs
are home to World
Heritage Sites in India.
Maharashtra has highest
number of sites.
India has the sixth largest
number of sites in the
world. Followed by Italy(57) > China(56) >
Spain(49) > Germany(48) >
France(47)
17
18
Personalities
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
In news: India celebrated 23rd January 2021, as ‘Parakram Divas’ on 125th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas
Chandra Bose.
About Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose:
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He was twice elected President of the Indian National Congress, (1938-Haripur and 1939-Tripuri) the country’s
most important political force for freedom from the Raj or British rule.
Owing to political differences, he resigned from the Congress Presidentship in 1939 and organised the All-India
Forward Bloc to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.
He organised mass protests in Calcutta and was arrested later & was put under house arrest from where he
escaped. He went to Germany via Afghanistan.
However, in 1943 Bose turned to Asia where he finally came at the helm of the Indian National Army (INA).
INA found support among expatriate Indians and under its aegis Bose formed the Azad Hind government which
came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code. It was recognised by Axis states.
During the final two years of the war, Bose with considerable Japanese backing- led the forces of the Indian
National Army into battle against the British.
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
In news: Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s 100th death anniversary was observed on August 1, 2020.
About Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak:
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Born on 23rd July 1856 in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, is also known as Lokmanya Tilak.
He belonged to extremist faction of Indian National Congress, supported by Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and Lala
Lajpat Rai in Punjab.
He founded the Deccan Education Society in 1884 with an aim to educate common people in English.
He was one of the founders of the All India Home Rule League (1916), along with Annie Besant.
He advocated for Swaraj or self-rule and was a proponent of boycott and Swadeshi movements.
Lokmanya Tilak founded and edited two newspapers - Kesari in Marathi and The Mahratta in English.
He organised festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi and Shiv Jayanti to create unity and a national spirit among the
people.
Mahatma Gandhi described Tilak as the maker of modern India.
Baba Banda Singh Bahadur
In news: The Prime Minister recently paid tribute to Baba Banda Singh Bahadur on his 350th Jayanti.
About Baba Banda Singh Bahadur:
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He was a Sikh warrior and a commander of Khalsa army.
He is known for his struggle against the Mughal Empire in the early 18th century and defeated Mughals in
the Battle of Samana and captured the Mughal city of Samana.
He established a monastery at Nanded (in present day Maharashtra), on the bank of river Godavari, where in
1708 he was visited by, and became a disciple of, Guru Gobind Singh, who gave him the new name of Banda
Bahadur.
After meeting with Guru Gobind Singh, he marched towards Khanda and fight the Mughals with the help of the
Sikh army in Battle of Sonipat.
19
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He is known to have halted the Zamindari and Taluqdari system in the time he was active and gave the
farmers proprietorship of their own land.
He minted coins in the names of Guru Nanak Dev and Guru Gobind Singh and issued orders under his seal.
After the fortress town of Gurdas Nangal fell to the Mughals in 1715, Baba Banda Singh was captured and
brought to Delhi where he was tortured to death in 1716 in the reign of Mohammad Farrukhsiyar.
Purandara Dasa
In news: Recently, the Department of Archaeology, Heritage and Museums conducted field research at Keshavapura
to explore definitive archaeological evidence due to solve the mystery regarding the birthplace of Purandara Dasa.
About Purandara Dasa:
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Till now, it was believed that Purandara Dasa was born in Purandaragarh near Pune, Maharashtra.
However, an expert committee constituted by Karnataka Government reported that there is enough evidence to
suggest Keshavapura as his birthplace and recommended further research.
He was a saint belonged to Haridas tradition.
He systematized the method of teaching Carnatic music which is followed to the present day.
He introduced the raga Mayamalavagowla as the basic scale for music instruction
Another contribution was the fusion of bhava, raga, and laya in his compositions.
Purandara Dasa was a vaggeyakara (composer-performer), a lakshanakara (musicologist), and the founder of
musical pedagogy. Musicologists call him the Sangeeta Pitamaha (lit. "grandfather") of Carnatic music.
Purandara Dasa also influenced Hindustani music, via his disciple Swami Haridas - in turn, who tutored
Hinsustani maestro Tansen.
He was also one of the social reformers in 14th Century.
He simplified worship for the common people who could not understand Sanskrit, the language which was much
prevalent for religious purposes.
Titus ji
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Titus ji was one of the 78 marchers selected by Mahatma Gandhi to take part in the 1930 Dandi March, to
break the salt law.
He served as governing secretary for Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram milk project near Ahmedabad. Gulzarilal
Nanda, who later became Prime Minister of India, was the secretary of another unit.
In 1970, he published the book "The Bharat of my Dreams".
He was the only Christian who accompanied Gandhi ji in Dandi March.
20
Historical events
Chauri Chaura
In news: 4th February 2021 marked the 100th year celebration of Chauri Chaura at Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
About Chauri Chaura:
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The incident took place on 4th February 1922 when a large group of protesters participating in the noncooperation movement, clashed with police who opened fire.
In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. The incident
led to the death of three civilians and 22 policemen.
Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the non-cooperation movement on the national level on
12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident.
In response to the killing of the police, the British colonial authorities declared martial law in and around Chauri
Chaura. Several raids were conducted, and hundreds of people were arrested.
Malabar Rebellion
In news: The year 2021 marked the 100th-year anniversary of the Malabar uprising.
About Malabar Rebel:
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The Malabar rebellion happened from August 20, 1921 to 1922 in the Malabar region of Kerala.
The Malabar rebellion of 1921 (also known by the names Moplah massacre, Moplah riots, Mappila riots) started
as a resistance against the British colonial rule in Malabar region of Kerala.
The popular uprising was also against the prevailing feudal system controlled by elite Hindus.
The British had appointed high caste Hindus in positions of authority to get their support, this led to the protest
turning against the Hindus.
For many scholars, the rebellion is primarily a peasant revolt against the colonial government.
During the uprising, the rebels also attacked various symbols and institutions of the colonial state, such as
telegraph lines, train stations, courts and post offices.
The colonial government took a heavy-handed approach towards the rebellion. Colonial troops were sent to the
area and martial law imposed.
One of the most noteworthy events during the rebellion later came to be known as the "Wagon Tragedy", in
which 67 out of a total of 90 Mappila prisoners destined for the Central Prison in Podanur suffocated in a closed
railway goods wagon.
All India Trade Union Congress
In news: Recently, All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) completed 100 years of formation
About AITUC:
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It was founded on 31 October 1920 to provide labour representation for India at the International Labor Organization
(ILO) with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president and deewan chaman lal was the general secretary.
Gaya session of the Congress (1922) welcomed formation of the AITUC and a committee was formed to assist it.
Later on Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, V. V. Giri, Sarojini Naidu, C.R. Das and several of
other political leaders of the freedom struggle were associated with subsequent conferences.
21
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AITUC in its second session in 1921 in Jharia had adopted a resolution of Swaraj (Complete independence from
British rule), almost eight years before the platform of freedom struggle- the Indian National Congress adopted
such resolution in 1929.
In the aftermath of second World War the AITUC played significant role in the foundation of World Federation of
Trade Unions (WFTU), in the conference held in London.
Qissa Khwani Bazaar Massacre
In news: Peshawar’s Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre completed its 90 years. The massacre was perpetrated by British
soldiers against non-violent protesters of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement on April 23, 1930.
About Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre:
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On 23rd April 1930 the first major confrontation between British troops and demonstrators in the city, belonging
to Abdul Ghaffar Khan's non-violent Khudai Khidmatgar (servants of God) movement against the British Indian
government.
The Khudai Khidmatgar (literally helpers in the name of God), led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, were a group of
Muslims committed to the removal of British colonial rule through non-violent methods.
A respected leader well-known for his non-violent ways, Khan’s arrest spurred protests in neighbouring towns,
including Peshawar.
Protests spilled into the QissaKhwani Bazaar in Peshawar on the day of Khan’s arrest. British soldiers entered the
market area to disperse crowds that had refused to leave.
In response, British army vehicles drove into the crowds, killing several protesters and bystanders.
British soldiers then opened fi re on unarmed protestors, killing even more people.
Civil and peasant rebellions
In news: Pm has mentioned these rebellions in his opening day speech of “Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav” marking 75th
year of our Independence.
Sanyasi rebellion:
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Started in 1770 in Bengal
Due to famine of 1770, there were public unrest Britishers had imposed restriction on visiting the holy
places.
Sanyasi got angered with this move of British, they organised raids on Company’s treasury and factories.
Warren Hasting took military action against Sanyasis to suppress the revolt.
Ramosi rebellion:
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Started in 1822 in western Ghats around Satara under the leader ship of Chittur Singh
It was against
o The unfamiliar British rule that got imposed there after the dissolution of Maratha state confederacy
under the Peshwa after 3rd Anglo Maratha war.
o Heavy assessment of land revenue and the harsh methods of its collection
It was brutally crushed by the britishers.
In 1825-26, they again rose up in rebellion under the banner of Umaji on account of acute famine and
scarcity in Pune. For three years they ravaged the Deccan.
Finally, to pacify the Ramosis Britishers offered them land grants and recruiting them in the Hill Police.
Santhal rebellion:
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Started in 1854 in Rajmahal hill region under the leadership of Siddhu and Kanhu.
The revolt was against the oppressions of revenue officers policemen money lender, etc. these outsiders
were all called Dikhus
22
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Santhal declared themselves independent.
Lord Dalhousie ordered military action against them.
Later on, to pacify the Santhals a separate Santhal Pargana was formed.
Munda Revolt:
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Started in 1890 under the divine leadership of Bhagwan Birsa Munda.
It was against the commercialisation of land by Jagirdars, Thikadars and Moneylenders.
Mundas formed the force of 6000 to kill Jagirdars, Thikadars and Moneylenders.
The devine leadership of Bhagwan Birsa Munda made this a religious movement “Ulgulan”.
Bhagwan Birsa Munda claimed to be immune to bullets
Britishers used brute force to suppress the revolt.
Birsa Munda was arrested after that he died in jail in 1900.
Kuka rebellion:
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Started in 1840s in western Punjab under the leadership of Bhagat Jawahar Mal (Sian Saheb) and Ram Singh.
It was the religious movement which turned into political movement after British took over Punjab
It was one of the phases in Namdhari movement.
The Namdharis were also known as “Kukas” because of their trademark style of reciting the “Gurbani”
(Sayings/Teachings of the Guru). This style was in a high-pitched voice called “Kook” in Punjabi. Thus, the
Namdharis were also called “Kukas”.
Religious aims
o Abolition of caste and similar discriminations in Sikhism
o Ban on meat and alcohol
o Woman empowerment
Political aims
o Restoration of Sikh pride
They were rigid in their clothing and wore only hand-spun white attire.
The Kuka followers actively propagated the civil disobedience.
the movement came to end in 1872 when Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon
23
Recently India completed 75 years of its independence and celebrated “Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav”
Events 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 4 7
Event
Person/leaders
Place
Method
To restrict freedom of press, espionage,
sedition.
Lord curzon
Official
act, 1904
Reason
secret
•
Lord curzon
Greater govt control over
universities-breeding
ground
for revolutionaries
Indian university
act, 1904
Lord curzon
Partition
bengal, 1905
(Before partition) moderates
agitation
(190305:surendranath
benerjea,
Mitra
and
of K.K.
prithwishchandra ray
Bengal
•
Too big to be administered
•
Development of assam
•
To weaken nerve centre of
indian nationalism.
•
Creating rift b/w hindu muslimdacca as capital of the new
muslim majority province
•
Reducing the bengalis to a
minority in bengal
0
•
By moderates: petitions to the
government, public meeting
Consequence
•
Categorisation of official information into
top secret, secret, classified and restricted
•
Improvement in the field of prima
education.
•
Number of upper primary and low
primary schools sprang up.
•
The grant-in-aid to the primary schools al
increased from rupees 40 lakhs in 1905 to 7
lakhs by 1912.
•
The curriculum and methods of teaching
the primary level improved to a great exten
•
Western bengal +provinces of bihar an
orissa, and eastern bengal and assam.
•
Dacca became the capital of eastern bengal
Aurobindo ghosh, lokmanya Bengal then poona
bal gangadhar tilak, bipin bombay-tilak,
chandra pal and lala lajpat punjab-lajpat
rai,
rai, V. O. Chidambaram delhi-syed
haidar
raza,
madraspillai, babu genu
chidambaram pillai
•
Against reactionary policy of
curzon.
•
Partition of bengal.
•
Divide and rule policy of
british.
Boycut of foreign goods,
Promotion of swadesi goods and
indian industries- public meetings
and processions
Corps of volunteers or ‗samitis‘swadesh bandhab samiti of
ashwinikumar dutta
Use of traditional popular festivals
and melas- ganpati festival,
Swadeshi
movement,1905
Extremist-moderate dispute over pace an
technique of movement.
Extremist rise in prominence in freedo
struggle.
Real face of british came in public.
Moderate‘s method proved ineffective.
Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation,
aurbindo ghosh
Traditional folk theatre
Estb TISCO,1907, swadeshi steam navigatio
company—at tuticorin,
Nationalist song- amar sonar
bangla,
sudesha
geethamsubramania bharati
The cradle of future struggles
Growth of militant nationalism
Painting-abanindranath tagore
Scientific research- jadish chandra
bose
National education in vernacular
medium. -Bengal national college,
national council of education,
15/08/1906
Under Gokhle
Benaras
1905
session
Under Dadabhai Naoroji
Congress session
Calcutta(1906)
Culcutta
Difference between – Moderates and Compromise reached
Extremists on the question of etention of
Swadeshi movement beyond Bengal and
boycott of council and all other govt.
association.
•
Mild resolution condemning Bengal partio
and reactionary policy of Curzon..
•
Support to Swadeshi and boycott movemen
Friction
between
extremists.
•
Goal of the indian national congress w
―self-government or swaraj like the unit
kingdom or the colonies of australia
canada‖
•
National education policy
•
―Boycott of foreign good‖ and ― promotio
of Swadesi‖
Moderate
and Compromise reached
Contest of presidentship between
Dadabhi and Balgangadhar or lala
lajpath
1
Congress session
Under Dadabhai naoroji
Surat
Moderate-extremist dispute
Surat (1907)
Lord minto
Rising nationalism due to swadeshi •
•
movement
Reactionary laws
•
•
•
Agha khan,
Formation
of
muslim
league, Nawab salimullah of dacca
along with nawabs mohsin1906
ul-mulk and waqar-ul-mulk
Morley-minto
reforms—1909
Underground
revolutionary
activities.
•
•
•
•
Satyendra P sinha as the
first indian member of the
viceroy’s
executive
council.
Promotha Bengal
Mitter,Jatindranath
Banerjee,
Barindra
Kumar
Gupta,Bhupendranath
Dutta,
Rash
Bihar
Ghosh, Sachin Sanyal,
Praful Chaki, Khudiram
Bose
•
•
•
•
•
Seditious meetings act, 1907;
•
Indian newspapers (incitement to
offences) act, 1908
Explosive substances act (1908)
Criminal law amendment act, 1908; •
The indian press act, 1910.
Wanted separate electorate
Trying to be loyal to the crown
To keep the muslim intelligentsia
away from the congress.
Supported bengal partition,
•
Checking the growth of unity
among indians
•
Rallying the moderates and the
muslims against the rising tide
of nationalism
•
Reforming legislative council
at centeraland provincial level.
Failure of top leadership to tap
newly
released
revolutionary
energy among youths.
Extreme measures by britishers to
crush rising nationalism
Notion that British can be thrown
only by forceCreating terror among English
officials
Irish nationalism and Russian
nihilism
2
•
Indian council act, 1909
•
Party split
•
Momentum of swadesi movement got bad
impacted.
Tilak, the main extremist leader, was tried
1909 for sedition and mandalay (burma) jail f
six years.
Swadesi movement fizeled out
•
Communalism grows
•
Conception of pakistan
•
Communal violence and partition.
•
Size of legislative council at centre an
province increased
Element of election introduced
Indirect election
Official majority maintained at centre.
Non official majority at province
Separate electorate for Muslims
Deliberative function of legislative counc
increased-can move resolution on budg
and any matter of public interest, excep
specified subjects like armed force, foreig
policy and Indian state.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anushilan
samite-promotha
mitter, jatindranath banerjee,
barindra
kumar
gupta,
bhupendranath
Yugantar(journal)bhupendranath dutta, Rash
Bihari Ghosh
Assassination of unpopular
officers
Swadesi dacoity to raise funds
•
•
•
•
•
Alipore conspiracy-1908
Barrah dacoity-1908
First Christmas day plot-1909
Delhi conspiracy-1912
Second Christmas day plot-zimmerma
plan-1915
Gadar
movement, 1913
Chapekar Maharashtra
Brothers,
Damodar
Balkrishna,
Lakshman Kanhere,
•
Mitra melaIn 1904 it
Abhinav
inspiration
Young italy
Ajit Singh, Punjab
Aga Haidar,
Syed Haider Raza, Bhai
Parmanand, The Radical
Urdu Poet, Lalchand
‘Falak, Lala Hardayal
•
Anjuman-i-mohisban-i-watan
•
Bharat mata-journal
Ramdas
Puri,
G.D.
Kumar, Taraknath Das,
Sohan Singh Bhakna ,
Lala
Hardayal,
Ramchandra, Bhagwan
Singh, Kartar Singh
Saraba, Barkatullah and
Bhai Parmanand
Berlin
VirendranathEurope
committee
for chattopadhyay,
Indian
Bhupendranath dutta, lala
independence
hardayal
•
To organise
officials,
•
Publish revolutionary and antiimperialist literature,
assassinations
of •
savarkar brothers.
was renamed as
bharat
taking
from Mazzini‘s
Ajit singh turned to extremism
at •
Rebellious regiments were disbanded
•
•
Newspaper – THE GADAR
It preached militant nationalism
completely secular approach
•
Plan of an armed revolt in
ferozepur, lahore and rawalpindi
garrisons on 21 feb 1915.
home‘
•
Bring about a simultaneous revolt Note: Ghadar newspaper was published
in all British colonies
to commemorate 1857 revolt.
•
Komagata Maru incident
•
Outbreak of the first world war
It was strongly secular movement.
Indian revolutionaries in europe
sent missions to
Baghdad, persia, turkey and kabul(
to work among indian troops and
the indian prisoners of war (pows)
to incite anti-british feelings among
the people of these countries)
Raja mahendra
barkatullah
pratap
singh,
And obaidullah sindhi went to
kabul to organise a ‗provisional
indian government‘ there with the
help of the crown prince,
3
•
‗Swadesh
sevak
vancouver1911
Procure arms
Zimmerman plan
Non-payment of revenue and water rate
among chenab colonists and bari doa
peasants
•
•
•
•
Defence of india act, 1915- march
Work among
stationed abroad,
troops
A.M.T. Jackson, the collector of Nasi
killed by Lakshman kanhere 1909
‗United india house‘ at seattle1911 •
•
Indian
•
with
amanullah
Mutiny
singapore
•
in Jamadar chisti
Singapore
khan,
jamadar abdul gani and
subedar daud
•
A fierce battle of muslim 5th
light infantry and the 36th sikh
battalion with english
37 persons were
transported for life.
executed
and
4
Khan
•
WW1
(Nationalism
prospective)
•
Home
Rule Bal gangadhar tilak
Movement
Annie Besant’s League George Arundale, B.W.
Wadia
and
C.P.
Ramaswamy Aiyar
•
Minto- morely reform, 1909,
failed
to
meet
Indian
aspiration.
•
War time miseries
•
War as manifestation of
imperialist
competition,
exposed the myth of white
superiority
Later
Motilal
Nehru,
Jawaharlal
Nehru,
Bhulabhai
Desai,
Chittaranjan Das,
Madan Mohan Malaviya,
Mohammad Ali Jinnah,
Tej Bahadur Sapru and
Lala Lajpat Rai.
Gokhale’s Servants
India Society
of
•
Indian nationalism, at that time, was
dominated by moderates who
believed that Indian contribution to
the British war efforts would result
in British‘s benevolence towards
the natives and would grant them
more constitutional reforms.
Indian army was distant from the
nationalist movement as magazines,
newspapers were not allowed in the
barracks
•
Tilak was released in June
1914
•
Annie Besant decided to build
a movement for home rule on
the lines of the Irish Home
Rule Leagues
•
August declaration (it was
declaration
given
by
4
•
•
•
•
•
1915, Annie Besant had
launched a campaign to
demand self-government for
India after the war
•
New India and Commonwealnewspaper
•
Tilak‘s Home Rule Leaguerestricted to Maharashtra
(excluding Bombay city),
Karnataka, Central Provinces
and Berar
•
Besant‘s League - in Madras
and covered the rest of India
(including Bombay city).
Why faded by 1919
•
Communal riots
The world war ended the myth of th
indestructible power of the British Empire i
India as the British faced many humiliatin
defeats during the war.
Repressive acts such as Rowlat act brought ou
the real selfish face of the crown
imparted a socialist influence on the freedom
struggle because of the formation of USSR.
literacy rates increased significantly in heavil
recruited communities.
Indian society deprived of essential services an
commodities which were diverted for war.
•
prepared the masses for politics of th
Gandhian style.
•
emphasis from the educated elite to th
masses
•
permanently deflected the movement from
the course mapped by the Moderates.
•
created an organisational link between th
town and the country
•
Moderate-Extremist reunion at Luckno
(1916)
•
August 1917 declaration of Montagu &
Montford reforms were influenced.
•
S. Subramaniya
knighthood
Aiyar
renounced
h
Anglo-Indians, most of the
Muslims
and
nonbrahmins from the South
did not join- for them
home rule= hindu rule
Montague)
Lucknow
Ambika
Charan Lucknow
Session of the Majumdar
Indian National
Congress (1916) Annie Besant and Tilak
•
•
•
•
Montagu’s
statement
august 1917
•
Montagu‘s
statement
of
August
1917
pacified
moderates
•
Besant unable to give a
positive lead and with Tilak
away
in
England,
the
movement was left leaderless
Moderates and the Extremists
realised negative impact of split .
Annie Besant and Tilak- Tilak had
declared that he supported a reform
of administration
death of two Moderates, Gokhale
and Pherozshah Mehta,
WW1 treatment of turkey by allied
resented by muslims
British India
of
Montaguchelmsford
reforms and
Government of
India act, 1919
British India
•
Readmission of Extremists to Congress
•
Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim
League
•
INC accepted Muslim League's demand o
separate electorate.
•
Demand for self-rule no more seditious
•
Helped in diluting home rule movement
•
Establishment of a public servic
commission in India for the first time
•
Coming together of moderates
and extremist in congress
•
Lucknow pact brought league
and congress together
•
Secretary of state for India was hencefort
to be paid out of the British exchequer
•
Home rule movement
•
•
To further divide the nationalist
ranks.
Majority of elected representative at bot
centre and provinces
•
•
India‘s contribution in ww1
created an expectation of
political gain from British
•
Government of India act, 1919
Province
•
Introduction of dyarchy- rule by executiv
councillor and popular minister
•
Subjects were divided into reserved subjec
– by governor and transferred subjects – b
popular executive.
•
Only elected ministers were to b
responsible to the legislature, not th
executive councillors
•
In
Coming of Gandhi in Indian
political scene
5
case
of
failure
of
constitution
machinery governor rule
•
The secretary of state for India and th
Viceroy could interfere in respect o
reserved subjects
Legislative
•
Provincial legislative councils expande
with 70% elected members
•
Separate electorates expanded for Sikh
Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians an
Europeans
•
General election(direct)
•
Legislative council could initiate bill wit
governor‘s assent,
•
Veto power to governor
•
Legislative councils could reject the budg
but the governor could restore it
Center
•
Two lists for administration— central an
provincial
•
In viceroy‘s executive council of eigh
three were to be Indians
•
Over riding power to governor general ove
central legislative council and ordinanc
making power
Legislative
6
•
Bicameral legislature-lower house 14
member 3 years, upper house 60 members
years
•
Allocation of seats for central legislature t
the provinces was based on ‗importance‘ o
provinces
•
Legislators
could
ask
questions
an
supplementary,
Champaran
satyagraha
(1917)—first
civil
Disobedience
M.K Gandhi
•
Rajkumar Shukla
Brajkishore
Prasad,
Anugrah Narayan Sinha,
Ramnavmi Prasad and
Shambhusharan Varma,
Rajendra
Prasad,
Mazharul-Haq, Mahadeo
Desai, Narhari Parekh
and J.B. Kripalani
Ahmedabad
Anusuya behn,
mill
strike
M.K gandhi
(1918)—
First
strike
Bihar
Gujrat
•
German
synthetic
dyes
replaced natural indigo hence
planter extracted illegal due
from farmers.
•
Discontinuation of the plague
bonus
•
Refusal of demand for 50%
wage hike for worker
•
Crop failure in kheda dist.
•
Adament behaviour of british
to collect tax
•
Confiscation
of
personal
property as well as livelihood
•
Anarchical and revolutionary
crimes act,1919 (rowlatt act) –
a.k.a Black act
hunger
Kheda
satyagraha
(1918)—first
non-
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Gujrat
Narahari
Parikh,
Mohanlal Pandya and
Ravi Shankar Vyas
Cooperation
Satyagraha
M.K. Gandhi
against
the
rowlatt act—
India
Exploitation of farmers in
champaran
by
europian
planters (tin-kathiya system)
•
•
•
75 % budget still non votable
Civil disobedience – Gandhi
disobeyed the govt. order of
leaving Champaran on the
ground of creating unrest. he
was ready to go to jail.
•
Tin-kathia system abolished
•
25 per cent
compensated
•
Successful test of Gandhian Satyagraha o
Indian soil
Hunger strike(non-violent)
•
35 % increase in wages instead of 50 %.
•
Formation of Ahmedabad textile labou
association in 1920
•
Tax for 1919 and 1920 suspended
•
All confiscated property returned
•
Increase in tax rate reduced
Non- cooperation – peasants of
kheda withheld taxes
of
the
money
take
•
Nationwide hartal
•
•
Fasting and prayer, and civil
disobedience against specific
laws,
Masses had found a direction; now the
could act‘ instead of just giving verb
expression
•
Peasants, artisans and the urban poor wer
to play an increasingly important part in th
struggle.
•
Orientation of the national movemen
turned to the masses permanently
•
Jallianwala bagh massacre (April 13, 1919)
First mass strike
•
7
•
Courting
arrest
imprisonment
and
Jallianwala
bagh massacre
(April 13, 1919)
The
noncooperation
khilafat
movement
–
1920 NCM
Punjab
M K Gandhi, Motilal India
Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru,
Saifuddin
Kitchlew,
Vallabhbhai Patel, Asaf
Ali, T. Prakasam and
Rajendra Prasad
Acharya Narendra Dev,
C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai
Maulana Azad, Mukhtar
Ahmed Ansari, Hakim
Ajmal
Khan,
Abbas
Tyabji,
Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar
And Maulana Shaukat
Ali.
•
Marshal law in place
•
On going
rowlatt act
•
Psycic of general Dyer
protest
against
•
Beginning of the end of the british raj
•
Gandhi declare that ―cooperation with
‗satanic regime‘ was now impossible‖
•
Nation wide resentment
•
Rabindranath
knighthood
•
Gandhi gave up the title of kaiser-i-hind
•
The movement on april 18,1919. Wa
withdrawn
tagore
renounced
h
•
Treatment of khalifa during
WW1
•
Boycott of government schools
and colleges;
•
Nationalist sentiments reached every noo
and corner of the country
•
Rowlatt act
•
•
•
Jalliyawaln massacre
Boycott of law courts and
dispensation of justice through
panchayats instead;
Politicised every strata of population—th
artisans, peasants, students, urban poo
women, traders
•
No penalty to general dyer by
hunter committee
•
Boycott of legislative councils;
•
•
Endorsement of dyer‘s action
by british parliament
•
Boycott of foreign cloth and
use of khadi instead;
Imparted a revolutionary character to th
national movement
•
The masses lost the all-pervasive fear of th
•
Lucknow pact (1916) united
hindu muslim as single front
against britishers
•
Colonial rule
•
Congress working committee (CWC) of 1
members was set up
•
Provincial
congress
committees
linguistic basis were organised.
•
Entry fee to congress was reduced to fou
annas.
•
Many national education institutions wer
opened
•
Thousands of students left governmen
schools and colleges and joined around 80
national schools and colleges
•
Spirit of defiance and unrest gave rise t
many local struggles- sikh agitation for th
removal of mahants in punjab, Awad
•
•
Gandhi‘s action to take all
section together in national
movement
•
Also practice of hand-spinning
to be done
•
Renunciation of government
honours and titles
•
Work for hindu-muslim unity
•
Gandhi accompanied by the ali
brothers
undertook
a
nationwide tour
•
Attainment of self-government
through constitutional means
congress changed goal to have
swaraj
through
peaceful
extraconstitutional
mass
struggle.
Establishment of swaraj
8
o
Kisan movement, Eka movement, ect.
Withdrawal
M.K. Gandhi
•
Chauri chaura incident on 5th
feb1922
•
People had not learnt or fully
understood the method of nonviolence.
•
Formation
HRA (1924)
Non-cooperation proved to be a viab
political alternative to terrorism in order t
fight against a colonial government.
•
Peasants turned against the landlords an
the traders
•
Women gave up purdah
•
Brought the urban Muslims into the nation
movement
•
Many of the terrorist revolutionaries go
disilliusioned and questioned the bas
strategy of non violent national movement
•
They revived their past activities
•
Debate between Swarajist ( wanted counc
entry) and No-Changers (Wanted t
continue constructive work) on the questio
of council entry.
•
Hence, Formation of Congress-Khilaf
swarajist party at Gaya session of congres
in 1922
Turkey was made a secular
state, thus khilafat issue lost
evidence
of Ram
Prasad
Bismi, Punjab, UP and Rise of socialism, Russian revolution,
Unaddressed enthusiasm of young
Sachin Sanyal, Jogsh Bihar
revolutionaries
due
to
sudden
Chandra Chatterjee.
withdrawal of NCM by Gandhi ji..
Kakori
conspiracy
(1925)
•
Influence from
HSRA (1928)
Lahore
conspiracy
(1928)
Bomb in central
assembly (1929)
9
Kakori Robbery, Saunder‘s murder
conspiracy), Bomb in Central Assembly.
(Lahor
Chitagong
armory
raid
(1930)
Bardoli
Satyagrah 1928
Sardar
Patel.
Vallabh
Bhai Gujarat

K.M. Munshi and Lalji
Naranji
Gandhi was not directly
involved.

In 1925, the Taluka of Bardoli in
Gujarat suffered from floods and
famine, but government of the
Bombay Presidency raised the tax
rate by 30% that year.
Confiscation of property of farmers
on non-payment of revenue.







Non-payment of taxes
Non-cooperation
Submission to arrest
Resignation of offices.
Economic boycott by refusing to
supply officials and other members
of the opposition with non-essential
goods and services.
Peasants were asked to take oaths
in the name of Prabhu and Khuda
that they would not pay the land
revenue.
Bardoli Satyagraha Patrika was
brought out to mobilise public
opinion.
Broomfield Maxwell Commission - recommende
reducing the enhancement of land tax from earlie
30% to 6%.
social upliftment of Kaliparaj caste– who worked a
landless laborers and constituted 50% of th
population of Bardoli.
The women of Bardoli gave him the title o
―Sardar‖.
Gandhi supported this movement
through his writings in Young India
Simon
commission,
Appointed
on
8th nov 1927.
1.
2.
Came to india
on 3 feb 1928.
3.
4.
5.
6.
John simon, MP
for spen valley
(liberal, chairman)
Clement
attlee,
MP for limehouse
(labour)
Harry levy-lawson,
1st
viscount
burnham
•
Government of India act, 1919
•
To show the people that British
were sincere in the efforts in
giving people the self rule
•
Creating fedral constitution
with weak center to promote
regionalism as an antidote to
nationalism
Edward cadogan,
MP for finchley
(conservative)
Vernon hartshorn,
MP for ogmore
(labour)
George
lane-fox,
10
•
Statutory commission
•
Complete independence as the goal of th
congress.
•
Birkenhead‘s constitutional challange
Recommendations
•
North-west
frontier
province
an
baluchistan should get local legislatures
•
Separation of sindh from bombay, an
burma from india
•
Abolition of diarchy
•
Discretionary power to governor in relatio
to internal security and administrativ
powers to protect the different communitie
•
Rejected parliamentary responsibility at th
centre
MP for barkston
ash (conservative)
7.
Nehru Report
Report submited on may 1930
Donald howard,
3rd
baron
strathcona
and
mount royal
Motilal
Nehru,
Ali
Imam, Tej
Bahadur
Sapru, Madhav Shrihari
Aney, Mangal Singh,
Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas
Chandra Bose, and G. R.
Pradhan. Shuaib Qureshi
•
All white commission-Simon
Commission
•
answer to Lord Birkenhead‘s
challenge
The report
‘Delhi Proposals
league.:-
by
Muslim
•
Dominion status
•
Rejection of separate electorates instead,
demand for joint electorates wit
reservation of seats only in muslim minorit
province
•
joint electorates with reserved
seats for Muslims
•
one-third representation to
Muslims in Central Legislative
Assembly
•
Propotional representation of
muslims in Punjab and Bengal
Nineteen fundamental rights including equ
rights for women, right to form unions, righ
to bear arms and universal adult suffrage
•
Responsible government at the Centre an
in provinces –
•
•
formation
of
Sindh,
Baluchistan and North-West
Frontier Province as muslim
majority province
•
Indian Parliament at the Centre t
consist of a 500-member House o
Representatives 5 years elected o
the basis of adult suffrage,
•
a 200-member Senate 7 years to b
elected by provincial councils
•
Center heade by governor gener
appointed by british but paid from
indian revenue
•
Resedury power to center
•
Linguistic provinces
•
Full protection to cultural and religiou
interests of Muslims
•
Complete dissociation of State from religio
_________________________________________
11
•
Jinnah‘s 14 point demand
Delhi
manifersto
Culcutta session
Lahore session
Civil
disobedience –
march 12th 1930
•
•
C.
RajagopalachariTamil Nadu
•
K. Kelappan, P.
Krishna
PillaiMalabar
•
•
Gopalbandhu
Chaudhuri- orrisa
•
Subhas Bose and
J.M.
Senguptaculcutta
•
•
•
•
•
2.
3.
•
Khan Abdul Gaffar
Khan- Peshawar
Sarojini
Naidu,
Imam Sahib and
Manilal
–
Dharasana
Rani
Gaidinliu,
Haipou Jadonang Manipur
and
Nagaland
Rejection of demand made in
―Delhi manifesto‖ by Irwin.
1.
Ambika
Kant
Sinha – bihar
Bonga Majhi and
Somra Majhi –
Now Jharkhand
Dissatisfaction of younger
leader with dominion status
envisaged in Nehru report.
•
•
Purpose of Round
table conference is to
daraft constitution for
Dominion India.
Congress to have
majority at round
table conference
Amnesty for political
prisioners and policy
for Conciliation.
Calcutta Congress Session
(December 1928) 1 year
ultimatum to British to grant
dominon status.
Lahore session of the Congress
1929 under J L Nehru-Purna
Swaraj adopted
Rejection of Gandhi‘s 11
demands(one
demad
was
abolistion of salt tax) by Irwin
12
•
Salt chosen as central theme
•
Imports of foreign cloth and other items fel
•
Dandi march from march 12th
to April 6th 1930 to disobey the
salt law
•
Government suffered a loss of income from
liquor, excise and land revenue
•
•
Disobey and non-cooperation
with govt as much as possible
Elections to Legislative Assembly wer
largely boycotted.
•
Gandhi arrested
•
Truth and non-violence as
Gandhi-Irwin Pact- 5 March 1931
means to attain Swaraj
After Gandhi’s arrest
•
massive protests in Bombay,
Delhi,
Calcutta and in
Sholapur
•
CWC sanctioned
1.
2.
3.
non-payment
of
revenue in ryotwari
areas;
•
immediate release of all political prisone
not convicted of violence
•
right to make salt in coastal villages fo
personal Consumption only
•
right to
picketing
•
withdrawal of emergency ordinances
•
remission of all fines and return of all land
not yet sold to third parties
peaceful
and
non-aggressiv
no-chowkidari-tax
campaign
in Irwin not accepted
zamindari areas
• public inquiry into police excesses
violation of forest
• commutation of Bhagat Singh and h
laws in the Central
comrades‘ death sentence
Provinces
movement across India
Gandhi accepted
•
to suspend the civil disobedience movemen
•
to participate in the next Round Tab
•
Chandraprabha
Saikiani - assam
13
•
Choolai mills strike and
peasent roit against falling
Agri price- Tamil nadu
•
District salt marches and
sibirams (military style camps)
were set up, mass support not
as much as was in non
cooperation- Andhra region
•
conflicts between Assamese
and Bengalis, Hindus and
Muslims, and the inflow of
Muslim peasants affected the
movement – Assam
•
salt satyagraha and chaukidari
tax. Muslims did not took part
with enthusiasm – Bengal
•
No-chaukidari tax agitation
replaced the salt satyagraha –
Bihar
•
Boycott of foreign goods and
meat , use of khadi, Santhals
took up illegal distillation of
liquor on a large scale –
Jharkhand
•
volunteer brigade ‗Khudai
Khidmatgars‖/ Red shirts by
Gaffar khan, Garhwal Rifles
soldiers refused to fire on an
unarmed crowd.
•
raid on the Dharasana Salt
Works – Dharasana
•
No-tax movement, Villagers
crossed the border into
neighbouring princely states to
escape police repression. –
Gujrat
Conference(
indian
responsibilit
reservations and safeguards)
Karachi
Congress
Session—26th
march 1931
Sardar Patel
karanchi
•
to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin
Pact
•
defiance of forest laws –
Maharashtra,
Karnataka,
Central Provinces
•
no-revenue campaign
for
Zamindars
an
no
rent
campagian to tenant. Since
Zamindars were loyalist ,it
became essentially no rent
campagian – United Province
•
Delhi Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact wa
endorsed
•
goal of purna swaraj was reiterated
•
Resolution on:•
Fundamental Rights
•
National Economic Programme
Were adopted.
Fundamental Rights
•
Right to free speech and free press
•
right to form associations
•
right to assemble
•
universal adult franchise
•
Right to equality
•
free and compulsory primary education
•
protection to culture, language, script o
minorities and linguistic groups
National Economic Programme
14
•
relief from agricultural indebtedness
•
exemption
holdings
from
rent
for
uneconom
Second Round
Table
ConferenceSeptember
7,
1931
M K Gandhi
•
A. Rangaswami Iyengar
and
Madan
Mohan
Malaviya
•
Lord Irwin also promised a
• Indian National Congress
Round Table Conference after
nominated Gandhi as its sole
the
Simon
Commission
representative
submitted its report in the
• Representative of –
Indian Gazette on October 31,
1929
princely states, Muslims, Hindu
Decision on constitutional groups
question of india
•
Justice
Sikhs
Failure of 1s RTC
Party,
Depressed
Classes,
Parsis, Indian Christians, Labours,
Industries, Women , Universities,
Sindh, Assam, Central Provinces and
NWFP, Burma, government of India
was represented by C.P. Ramaswami
Iyer, Narendra Nath Law and M.
Ramachandra
•
•
•
15
•
control of usury
•
right to workers and peasants to form
unions
•
Good and human workig condition
•
state ownership and control of ke
industries, mines and means of transport
•
two Mulsim majority provinces—NWF
and Sindh
•
Indian Consultative Committee setup
•
setting up of three expert committees—
1.finance, 2.franchise and 3.states
•
unilateral British Communal Award
•
basic Indian demand of freedom refused
•
Civil disobedience movement resumed
•
British policy to achive :-
Gandhi (and therefore the
Congress) claimed to represent
all people of India against
imperialism
Because of the participation of
a large number of groups, the
British government claimed
that the Congress did not
represent the interests of all of
India.
deadlocked on the question of
the minorities ― minority Pact‖
1.
Gandhi would not be permitted t
build up the tempo for a mas
movement again
2.
Goodwill of the Congress was no
required
3.
The national movement would no
be allowed to consolidate itself i
rural areas
•
‗Civil Martial Law‘ imposed
•
Congress organisations at all levels wer
banned
•
Gandhi ashrams were occupied
Communal
Award
August
1932.
Ramsay MacDonald
•
findings
of
the
Franchise Committee
Indian
•
British policy of divide and
rule
•
Fast unto death by Gandhi-20 Septembe
1932
•
Demand by many sectional
leaders like Dr. B.R Ambedkar
•
•
Poona pact
•
Ambedkar wanted to solve the
problem of untouchability
through laws and constitutional
methods
separate
electorates
for
Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs,
Indian Christians, AngloIndians, depressed classes, and
even to the Marathas for some
seats in Bombay
•
Arrangement for the depressed
classes was to be made for a
period of 20 years.
•
In the provincial legislatures,
the seats were to be distributed
on communal basis.
•
3% reservation for women in
all provinces except in NWFP
•
Minority status to depressed
class
•
Depressed class to have 2
votes
one
for
separate
electorate other for genral
electorate.
•
Idea of separate electorate abandoned.
•
seats reserved for the depressed classe
were increased from 71 to 147 in provinci
legislatures
•
18 % reservation in the Central Legislature
•
Probability of getting true representative o
depressed class in legislature reduced .
•
All India Anti-Untouchability League i
September 1932 and weekly Harijan i
January 1933 set up by Gandhi
Dr B.R. Ambedkar
16,
Poona
Pact, Dr B.R. Ambedkar
September 24,
Madan Mohan Malviya
1932
and some other leaders
•
•
3rd RTC
Gandhi viewed the depressed
class (untouchables) as an
integral part of the Hindu
whole
Fast unto death by Gandhi
•
•
16
November 1932
Harijan
Campaign
MK Gandhi
•
•
•
Formation
of
Congress
Socialist
party
1934
Govt of India
act 1935
•
•
•
•
•
•
Outcome of third round table Government of India Act, 1935
conference
• Introduction of all india
To play on asspiration of
federation incorporating british
various communal groups in
provinces and princely states
india(Divide and rule)
• replaced ―Council of india‖ to
To revive the political standing
secretary of stae for india with
of constitutionalist liberals and
a advisory body.
moderates
• Only british parliament made
To offset the set back faced by
competent to amend it.
british in civildisobediance
Center
movement and Irwin pact.
•
The Act enfranchised 14 per cent of Britis
Indian population.
•
Estd. Federal court
•
Estd. Federal Railway Authority
•
Seperation of Sindh from Bombay, splittin
Bihar and Orissa as separate provinces,193
•
Burma was separated from india ,1937
•
Provincial autonomy
•
Responsible govt at province
To make leaders taste the Executive
power.
•
introduction of Dyarchy.(
same
way as in govt india act
To
weaken
the
central
1919
for
province)
leadership offered by congress
•
Promoted separatist tendencies = partion
in national movement
•
Discrectionary
power
to
governor general for discharge
of special responsibility
Legislature
17
•
Bicameral –
•
upper house 260, 1/3rd
members to be replace every
3rd year, partly directly elected
from British Indian provinces
and partly (40 per cent)
nominated by the princes .
•
Lower house-375, 5years ,
partly indirectly elected from
British Indian provinces and
partly (one-third) nominated
by the princes
•
Provision of no confidence
motion in lower house
•
Division of power in 3 lists –
central,
provincial
and
concurrent
•
Separate electorate based on
religion and class
•
80% budget non votable
•
Governor General had overriding power over legislature.
Province
•
Provincial autonomy replaced
Dyarchy- provinces derived
direct authority from Crown
•
Provincial governments could
borrow money on their own
security
•
Independent financial powers
and resources
Executive
•
Governor
nominee
•
Governor could take over and
indefinitely run administration
became
crown‘s
Legislature
•
18
All members were to be
directly elected.
•
Franchise was extended to
women on the same basis as
men
•
Separate electorate based on
religion and class (optional)
•
Provision of no confidence
motion
•
40% budget non votable
•
Overriding power to governor
for
discharge
special
responsibility, ordinance, etc.
All India Kisan
Sabha 1936
•
•
Question
on
Council entry
•
•
WWII
Resignation
congress
ministries,
October
1939,
of
•
Linlithgow‘s statement
•
The government refused to
define British war aims beyond
stating that Britain was
resisting aggression
•
The
government
consult
―representatives of several
communities,
parties
and
interests in India, and the
Indian princes‖ as to how the
Act of 1935 might be modified
23,
19
It became clear that the British governmen
had no intention of loosening its hol
during or after the war
•
The
government
would
immediately
set
up
a
―consultative
committee‖
whose advice could be sought
whenever required.
Government‘s Hidden Agenda-
August
1940
Offer,
Individual
Satyagrahas
•
emergency powers
•
had been acquired for the
Centre in respect of provincial
subjects by amending the 1935
Act.
•
Defence of India ordinance
•
top secret Draft Revolutionary
Movement Ordinance
•
Hitler‘s astounding success and
the fall of Belgium Holland
and France
Lord Linlithgow
Vinoba Bhave was the first
to offer the satyagraha,
then J L Nehru
•
Bitish needed india‘s support
•
Congress decided to give
support to british ( in Ramgad
session)
if
immediately
national govt were to be
formed
•
adamant position of govt that
no constitutional advance could
be made till the Congres came
to an agreement with the
20
•
dominion status
objective for India
•
expansion
of
viceroy‘s
executive council which would
have a majority of Indians.
•
to establish a war advisory
council that included Princes,
politicians and other interests
in the national life of India
as
the
•
setting up of a constituent
assembly after the war where
mainly Indians would decide
the constitution
•
no future constitution to be
adopted without the consent of
minorities
•
satyagraha on an individual
basis by a few selected
individuals in every locality
•
Congress rejected the August Offer
•
Dominion status concept dead as doornail
•
veto assurance given to the league- laude
for partition
•
first time, the inherent right of Indians t
frame their constitution was recognised
•
British intend to play role in India
constitution drafting ―mainly Indians‖.
•
25,000 people had been convicted fo
individual civil disobedience
•
Prepared masses for quit India movement
Muslim leaders
Cripps Mission,
March 1942
•
Delhi Chalo Movement‘.
Indian Union with a dominion
status- free to take care of its
international relation
•
Ordinances issued taking away
the freedom of speech and that
of the press and the right to
organise associations
•
to express people‘s feeling that
they were not interested
•
in the war and that they made
no distinction between Nazism
and the double autocracy
•
to show that nationalist
patience was not due to
weakness
•
to give another opportunity to
the government to accept
Congress‘ demands peacefully
•
Indian support became crucial
•
•
pressure on Britain from the
Allies (USA, USSR, China) to
seek Indian cooperation
•
•
the Japanese threat to invade
India
•
Fall of singapore
•
demands of Indian nationalists
of immediate transfer power
and complete independence
after the war.
•
Rejection of August offer
•
•
•
constitution was to be solely in Indian hand
now(not ‗mainly‘ in Indian hands)
• Option was available to any province t
constituent assembly after warhave a separate constitution
with partly elected member
from provincial assembly and Failed:prtly nominated member from Congress criticised
princely state.
• offer of dominion status only
right to provinces to secede
• right to provinces to secede
representation of the princely
• viceroy‘s veto
states by nomineesBritish
government to play role in
• representation of the princely states b
power transfer and minority
nominees instead of electd representative
matter
• absence of any plan for immediate transfe
of power
•
absence of any real share in defence
Muslim league criticised
21
•
idea of a single Indian Union
•
rigid ―take it or leave it‖ attitude of gov
added to the deadlock
•
procedure of accession was not well-define
According to Gandhi it was ―a post-dated cheque‖
Quit
India M K Gandhi
Movement
Rammanohar
Lohia,
Jayaprakash
Narayan,
Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha
Mehta,
Biju
Patnaik,
Chhotubhai
Puranik,
Achyut
Patwardhan,
Sucheta Kripalani and R.P.
Goenka
•
failure of the Cripps Mission to
solve
the
constitutional
deadlock
•
popular discontent because of
war time hardship
•
because of factors such as Government servants- Do not resign
commandeering of boats in but declare allegiance to the Congress
Bengal and Orissa
Soldiers- not to leave army but not to
Fear of scortch earth policy by fire on compatriots
•
•
•
•
•
civil disobedience movement
against British rule
•
Do or Die call by Gandhi
•
His instruction to –
british in Assam , bangal and Students – if confidented leave collage
Orissa
Peasants
–
support
nationalist
Defeat of british in south east zamindars
asia
Princes – acknowledge subject‘s
Indian subjects in South-East soverienity
Asia exposed the racist attitude
Princely states‘ people- support anti
of the ruler
govt ruler
possible Japanese invasion
• underground
activityunderground radio by usha
Mehta
22
•
Parallel Governments-
•
Ballia (in August 1942 for a
week)—under Chittu Pandey
•
Tamluk (Midnapore, from
December 1942 to September
1944)—Jatiya Sarkar
•
Satara (mid-1943 to 1945)-
•
August 9, 1942, in a single sweep,all the to
leaders of the Congress were arrested an
taken to unknown destinations
•
CWC,AICC and Provincial Congres
Committees were declared unlawfu
associations under the Criminal La
Amendment Act of 1908
•
It was estd that it is impossible to rule ind
without the wishes of indians
Y.B. Chavan, Nana Patil
Rajagopalachari C. Rajagopalachari
Formula
•
to
solve
the
constitutional crisis
ongoing
•
•
•
•
•
Muslim League to endorse
Congress
demand
for
independence
League to cooperate with
Congress in forming a
provisional government at
centre
After war Muslim majority
areas to decide by plebiscite on
the question of separate nation
Joint control of defence,
commerce, communications,
etc in case of partition.
operative only if England
transferred full powers to India
Jinnah rejected because •
Only the Muslims of NorthWest and North-East to vote in
the plebiscite and not the entire
population.
•
Congress to accept the twonation theory, He wanted to be
recognised as a sole leader of
muslims
•
He rejected it because he was
not confident about the support
of muslims for Pakistan
Hindu Mahasabha
formula.
condemned
the
Periyar supported the formula.
Desai-Liaqat
Pact
Bhulabhai Desai
•
•
to end the deadlock.
Liaqat Ali Khan
23
an equal number of persons
nominated by the Congress
and the League in the central
legislature
Wavell Plan
Royal
Indian
Navy
rating
rebellion
Feb
1946
Calcutta
Bombay
and •
•
•
•
•
•
Cabinet mission Sir Pethick
plan, March 24, Secretary of
India.
1946
Sir
Stafford
Lawrence,
State for
Cripps,
•
Japanese threat in india
•
general election in England in
mid 1945
•
pressure from the Allies to get
india‘s support
Racial discrimination (demanding
equal pay for Indian and white
soldiers)
Unpalatable food
Abuse by superior officers
Arrest of a rating for scrawling
‗Quit India‘ on HMIS Talwar
INA trials
Use of Indian troops in Indonesia,
demanding their withdrawal.
•
British Withdrawal
Imminent
•
to find out ways and means for
a negotiated, peaceful transfer
Seemed
24
•
•
•
•
•
20% reserved
minority.
•
Except Governor General and
Commander in chief all
members of the executive
council were to be Indians
•
Hindus and Muslims were to
have equal representation
•
The reconstructed council was
to function as an interim
government
within
the
framework of the 1935 Act
•
The governor-general was to
exercise his veto on the advice
of ministers
•
Joint list / separate list by
political
parties
for
nominations to the executive
council to viceroy
seats
for
Hoisting the tricolour, crescent, and
the hammer and sickle flags.
Threatening
Europeans
and
policemen.
Sympathetic strikes in military
establishments in Karachi, Madras,
Visakhapatnam, Calcutta, Delhi,
Cochin, Jamnagar, Andamans,
Bahrain and Aden.
Strikes by the Royal Indian Air
Force in Bombay, Poona, Calcutta,
Jessore and Ambala
•
Muslim League wanted all muslim to be i
member. Wanted to cast itself as so
representative of muslims
•
League claimed veto in council - two-third
majority for clearing decision opposed t
muslim/league
•
Congress termed it as‖an attempt to reduc
the Congress to the status of a purely cas
Hindu party‖
•
breakdown of talk gave league virtual veto
•
League‘s position streangthen
1) British to extend some concessions
2) Government announced that only those in
members accused of murder or brutal treatmen
of fellow prisoners would be brought to trial.
3) Imprisonment sentences passed against the fir
batch were remitted in january 1947.
4) Indian soldiers were withdrawn from Indo-Chin
and Indonesia by February 1947.
•
British Withdrawal Seemed Imminent
 Demand for a full-fledged •
Pakistan rejected
July 1946 Elections were held in provinci
assemblies for the Constituent Assembly.
 Grouping
provincial
July 10, 1946 Nehru‘s statement about grouping
of
existing •
assemblies into
President of the Board of
Trade,
Alexander, the First Lord
of the Admiralty
of power to India
•
three sections:
Congress and the League could •
not come to any agreement on
the fundamental issue of the
unity or partition of India
•
•
•
•
•
Section-A:
Madras,
Bombay,
Central
Provinces,
United
Provinces, Bihar and Orissa
•
(Hindu-majority provinces)
July 29, 1946 The League withdrew i
acceptance of the long-term plan in response t
Nehru‘s statement, call for ―direct action‖ from
August 16 for Pakistan.
14 Ministers of Interim Government (Septembe
2, 1946–August 15, 1947)
Section-B: Punjab, North-West
Frontier Province and Sindh 1. Jawaharlal Nehru: Vice President of Executiv
Council, External Affairs and Common Wealt
(Muslim-majority provinces)
Relations
Section-C: Bengal and Assam
2. Vallabhbhai Patel: Home, Information and
Three-tier executive and legislature
at provincial, section and union Broadcasting
levels.
3. Baldev Singh: Defence
A constituent assembly was to be
elected by provincial assemblies by 4. Dr. John Mathai: Industries and Supplies
proportional representation
5. C. Rajagopalachari: Education
•
Princely states were no longer to be 6. C.H. Bhabha: Works, Mines and Power
under paramountcy of the British
7. Rajendra Prasad: Agriculture and Food
government (right to secede).
•
After the first general elections, a 8. Jagjivan Ram: Labour
province was to be free to come out
9. Asaf Ali: Railway
of a group
10. Liaquat Ali Khan (Muslim League): Finance
after 10 years, a province
11. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (Muslim League):
was to be free to call for a
reconsideration of the group or the Commerce
union constitution.
12. Abdur Rab Nishtar (Muslim League
interim government was to be Communications
formed from the constituent
13. Ghazanfar Ali Khan (Muslim League): Health
assembly
•
•
•
14. Jogendra Nath Mandal (Muslim League): Law
League boy cotted constituent assembly.
25
Attlee’s
Statement
February
1947
of
20,
•
The British House of Commons declared the British intention of leaving the Indian subcontinent.
•
A deadline of June 30, 1948 was fixed for transfer of power
•
The British would relinquish power either to some form of central government or in some areas to the existing provincial governments if the constituent assembly was not full
representative, i.e., if the Muslim majority provinces did not join.
•
British powers and obligations vis-a-vis the princely states would lapse with transfer of power
•
Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the viceroy.
Mountbatten
Mountbatten
Plan June 3,
1947
Indian
Independence
Act 1947
To divide India but retain its unity and
make Pakistan as small as possible
•
For implementing June plan
and Attlee‘s statement
•
Punjab and Bengal Legislative
Assemblies would meet in two
groups, Hindus and Muslims,
to vote for partition.
•
In case of partition, two
dominions and two constituent
assemblies would be created
•
Sindh would take its own
decision.
•
Referendums in NWFP and
Sylhet district of Bengal
•
ruled out independence for
princely states - they have to
join either India or Pakistan
•
Ruled out
•
Independence for Bengal
•
accession of Hyderabad to
Pakistan
•
freedom to come on August
15, 1947
•
boundary commission to be set
up, under Radcliffe
•
Creation of Pakistan
•
Acceptance of Dominion status
•
•
26
creation of two independent dominion
of India and Pakistan
The constituent assembly of the eac
new dominion was to exercise th
•
•
•
•
Partition
Muslim league, congress,
British crown
•
British
india
•
Uncompromising demand of
Pakistan by muslim league
•
Direct action call of jinnah
27
•
Mountbatten
Radcliffe
commission
plan
and
Boundary
powers of the legislature
Existing legislature was dissolved
till a new constitution was adopte
governance according to GOI act, 1935
Independence of Pakistan- 14 augu
1947- jinnah as governoer gen
Independence of India -15 augu
1947.- mountbaten countinued
•
14.5 million people displaced
•
~1.5 million people died
•
Sentiment
dominion
of enemity b/w two ne