A SURVEY STUDY ON RIO-DE JANEIRO,BRAZIL 2016
OLYMPICS.
A
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements
Of course XI of the fulfillment P. Ed
Term 1 examination – 2021
EAST POINT SCHOOL
By
SHATAYU BHOWMICK
Roll – 05, Sec – A.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
EAST POINT SCHOOL
ICHAPUR , 24 PGS north
WESTBENGAL
2021
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the research project entitled “ RIO-DE- JANEIRO,
BRAZIL , 2016 OLYMPICS.” presented by Mr. Shatayu Bhowmick under
my supervision in his own work and it fulfils the requirement of course
XI ( term – 1 ) P.Ed project 2021 of this school.
Biswajit Bera
This project is approved.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to our
school “EAST POINT SCHOOL” , principal mam
Mrs. ‘KEYA CHAKRABORTY’ , to the management
team of our school who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic RIO-DE-JANEIRO,BRAZIL 2016 OLYMPIC,
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and
I came to know about so many things.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project
within the limited time.
It’s my pleasure to do this research regarding
Olympic of RIO-DE-JANEIRO,BRAZIL , it is really
very enjoyable as well as interesting at the same
time.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “RIODE-JANEIRO,BRAZIL 2016 OLYMPICS” submitted
to the “EAST POINT SCHOOL” is a record of
original work done by me except of the
experiments, which are duly acknowledged , under
the guidance of my subject teacher “BISWAJIT
BERA”.
RIO-DE-JANEIRO OLYMPIC, 2016
➢ The 2016 Summer Olympic officially known as the Games of the
XXXI Olympiad and commonly known as Rio 2016, was an
international multi-sport event held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, with preliminary events in some sports
beginning on 3 August. Rio was announced as the host city at
the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October
2009.
➢ More than 11,000 athletes from 207 nations took part in the 2016
Games, including first-time entrants Kosovo, South Sudan, and
the Refugee Olympic Team. With 306 sets of medals, the Games
featured 28 Olympic sports, including rugby sevens and golf, which
were added to the Olympic program in 2009. These sporting
events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate
venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo, Belo
Horizonte, Salvador, Brasília, and Manaus.
➢ These were the first Olympic Games to be held in South
America, as well as the first to be held in a Portuguese-speaking
country, the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host
country's winter season, the first since 1968 to be held in Latin
America, and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern
Hemisphere. These were the first Summer Olympics to take place
under the International Olympic Committee (IOC) presidency
of Thomas Bach.
➢ The United States topped the medal table, winning the most gold
medals (46) and the highest number of medals overall (121); the
US team also won its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal
overall. Great Britain finished second and became the first country
in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in
the Olympiad immediately after being host nation.] China finished
third in the medal table. Host nation Brazil won seven gold medals
and 19 medals, its best result at any Olympics, finishing in
thirteenth place. Bahrain, Fiji, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kosovo, Puerto
Rico, Singapore, Tajikistan, and Vietnam each won their first gold
medals, as did the group of Independent Olympic Athletes (from
Kuwait).
➢ The process for the 2016 Summer Olympics was officially
launched on 16 May 2007.]The first step for each city was to
submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee
by 13 September 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed
official bid files containing answers to a 25-question IOC form were
to be submitted by each city by the deadline of 14 January 2008.
On 4 June 2008, four candidate cities were chosen for the
shortlist: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro, and Tokyo, which had
already hosted the Summer Olympics in 1964. Three cities—
Baku, Doha, and Prague—failed to reach the candidature phase.
Doha was not promoted, despite scoring higher than the selected
candidate city Rio de Janeiro, because of their proposal to host the
Olympics in October, outside the IOC's sporting calendar.
➢ Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member
Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation
commission for the 2012 Summer Olympics bids. The
commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter
of 2009. They issued a comprehensive technical appraisal
for IOC members on 2 September, one month before the
elections.
➢ Many safeguards were put in place to prevent bidding cities
from communicating with or directly influencing the 115 IOC
members eligible to vote in the elections. For example, cities
could not invite any IOC member to visit, nor could they send
anything that could be construed as a gift. Nonetheless,
bidding cities invested large sums in their PR and media
programs to indirectly influence the IOC members by
garnering domestic support and backing from sports media
and general international media.
➢ The final voting was held in Copenhagen on 2 October 2009,
with Madrid and Rio de Janeiro considered favorites to
secure the Games. Chicago was eliminated after the first
round of voting, and Tokyo after the second. Tokyo was
eliminated from 2016 bidding but was later awarded the 2020
Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013. Rio de Janeiro
took a significant lead over Madrid, heading into the final
round; the lead was held, and Rio de Janeiro was announced
as host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.
DEVELOPMENT & PREPARATION
➢ On 26 June 2011, it was reported on AroundTheRings.com that
Roderlei Generali, the COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing
Committee for the Olympic Games, resigned just one year after
taking the job at ROOC. This came just five months after CCO
Flávio Pestana quit for personal reasons. Pestana withdrew later
during the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and Renato Ciuchin was
then appointed as COO.
VENUES AND INFRASTRUCTURE:➢ Events took place at eighteen existing venues, nine new venues
constructed specifically for the Games, and seven temporary
venues.
➢ Each event was held in one of four geographically segregated
Olympic clusters–Barra, Copacabana, Deodoro, and Maracanã–as
was done for the 2007 Pan American Games. Several of the
venues were located at the Barra Cluster Olympic Park. Nearly half
of the athletes could reach their venues in less than 10 minutes,
and almost 75 per cent could do so in less than 25 minutes.
➢ The largest venue at the Games in terms of seating capacity was
the 74,738-seat Maracanã Stadium, which served as the
ceremonies venue and site of the football finals. The second
largest stadium was the 60,000-seat Estádio Olímpico João
Havelange, which hosted track and field events. The athletes'
village was said to be the largest in Olympic history. Fittings
included about 80,000 chairs, 70,000 tables, 29,000 mattresses,
60,000 clothes hangers, 6,000 television sets and 10,000
smartphones.
OLYMPIC PARK :➢ The Barra Olympic Park is a cluster of nine sporting venues
in Barra da Tijuca, in the west zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The
site was formerly occupied by the Autódromo Internacional Nelson
Piquet, also known as the Jacarepaguá Formula One circuit.
➢ The nine venues within the Olympic Park were:•
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•
•
•
•
•
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Carioca Arena 1 – basketball (capacity: 16,000)
Carioca Arena 2 – wrestling, judo (capacity: 10,000)
Carioca Arena 3 – fencing, taekwondo (capacity: 10,000)
Future Arena – handball (capacity: 12,000)
Maria Lenk Aquatics Centre – diving, synchronized swimming, water
polo (capacity: 5,000)
Olympic Aquatics Stadium – swimming, water polo play-offs
(capacity: 15,000)
Olympic Tennis Centre – tennis (capacity: 10,000 Main Court)
Rio Olympic Arena – gymnastics (capacity: 12,000)
Rio Olympic Velodrome – track cycling (capacity: 5,000
URBAN RENOVATION:-
➢ Rio's historical downtown underwent an urban waterfront
revitalization project known as Porto Maravilha, covering
5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) in area. The project aimed to redevelop the port
area, increase the city center's attractiveness, and enhance Rio's
competitive position in the global economy.
➢ The urban renovation involved 700 km (430 mi) of public networks
for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom;
4 km (2.5 mi) of tunnels; 70 km (43 mi) of roads;
650 km2 (250 sq mi) of sidewalks; 17 km (11 mi) of bike path;
15,000 trees; three sanitation treatment plants. As part of this
renovation, a new tram was built from the Santos Dumont Airport
to Rodoviária Novo Rio, due to open in April 2016.
➢ The Games required over 200 kilometers of security fencing. A
15,000 square meter warehouse in Barra da Tijuca was used to
assemble and supply the furniture and fittings for the Olympic
Village. The second warehouse of 90,000 square meters in Duque
de Caxias, near the roads that provide access to the venues,
contained all the equipment needed for the sporting events.
MEDALS:The medals were produced by the Casa da Moeda do Brasil (the
Brazilian mint). The medal design was unveiled on 15 June 2016.
They were designed to be environmentally friendly using recycled
materials; the bronze and silver medals contained 30% recycled
materials. The gold medals were produced using gold that had
been mined and extracted according to a set of sustainability
criteria, such as being extracted without the use of mercury. The
medals feature a wreath design on the front, and in keeping with
tradition, the obverse features Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.
A wooden carrying box accompanied each medal. Medalists were
also awarded a trophy in the shape of the Games' emblem.
➢ In May 2017, an Associated Press article disclosed that over 100
athletes who had won medals at the Rio Olympics reported that
their medals were showing some damage, including black spots,
flaking, or surface degrading. Rio officials offered to replace any
defective medals and found problems with 6 to 7 percent of all
those awarded.
TORCH RELAY:➢ The Olympic flame was lit on 21 April 2016 at the Temple of
Hera in Olympia, the traditional start of the Greek phase of the
torch relay. The flame was handed over to the Brazilian organisers
in a ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens on 27 April. A
brief stop-off was made in Switzerland to visit the IOC
headquarters and the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, as well as
the United Nations Office at Geneva.
➢ The torch relay began its journey around Brazil on 3 May at the
capital Brasília. The flame visited more than 300 Brazilian cities,
including all 26 state capitals and the Brazilian Federal
District. The relay ended in Rio de Janeiro on 5 August when the
flame was used to light the Olympic cauldron during the opening
ceremony.
VOLUNTEERS:➢ Unpaid volunteers performed a variety of tasks before and during
the Games. A target of 50,000 volunteers was set as early as
2012. More than 240,000 applications were received when
recruitment took place in 2014. The clothing worn by the volunteers
included yellow polo shirts and jackets, beige trousers, white
socks, and green trainers, which they collected from the Uniform
Distribution and Accreditation Centre. Volunteers also wore photo
accreditation badges which were allocated to officials, athletes,
family members, and media, allowing them to gain access to
specific venues and buildings around the site. Many volunteers
gave up their roles due to long working hours and insufficient free
meals.
TICKETING:➢ The ticket prices were announced on 16 September 2014, all of
which were sold in Brazilian reais (BRL). A total of 7.5 million
tickets were to be sold in total, with ticket prices ranging from BRL
40 for many events to BRL 4,600 for the most expensive seats at
the opening ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets were
available for BRL 70 or less.
SUSTAINABILITY:➢ As an aspect of its bid, Rio's organizing committee planned to
focus on sustainability and environmental protection as a theme of
the 2016 Games, going on to dub them a "Green Games for a Blue
Planet". As legacy projects, organizers intended to introduce a
wider array of public transport options, upgrade the infrastructure
of the favelas to provide improved transport and access to utilities,
upgrade Rio's sewer system to remediate the level of pollution in
the Guanabara Bay, and plant 24 million seedlings to offset the
expected carbon emissions of the Games. However, some of these
projects met with delays or faced economic shortfalls, leading
some critics to believe that Rio would not be able to accomplish
them.
➢ The Future Arena, the venue for the handball competitions, was
designed as a temporary modular structure whose components
could be reconstructed after the Games to build schools. However,
as of November 2017, the arena was still standing due to lack of
funds to dismantle it and no allocation of funds to do so in the 2018
budget.
THE GAME
OPENING CEREMONY:➢ The opening ceremony took place at Maracana Stadium on
5 August 2016, directed by Fernando Meirelles, Daniela Thomas,
and Andrucha Waddington. The ceremony highlighted aspects of
Brazilian history and culture, and featured a segment narrated
by Fernanda Montenegro and Judi Dench with an appeal
to environmental conservation and the prevention of global
warming. The crowd in the stadium numbered 60,000 and the
event was broadcast to an estimated global audience of three
billion.
➢ The ceremony included the inaugural presentation of the Olympic
Laurel, an honor bestowed by the IOC on those that have made
"significant achievements in education, culture, development and
peace through sport"; the trophy was awarded to Kenyan
athlete Kipchoge Keino.The Games were officially opened by
the acting president of Brazil, Michel Temer.
➢ The Olympic cauldron was lit by long-distance runner Vanderlei
Cordeiro de Lima, the men's marathon bronze medalist at the 2004
Olympics, who had also received the IOC's Pierre de Coubertin
medal for sportsmanship after being attacked by a spectator and
losing his lead in the race. The cauldron was originally expected to
be lit by Brazilian footballer Pelé, but he declined to participate due
to health problems.
SPORTS:➢ The 2016 Summer Olympic program featured 28 sports
encompassing 306 events. The number of events in each
discipline is noted in parentheses.
➢ In April 2008, the IOC began accepting applications for two new
sports to be introduced to the Olympic programme. Baseball
and softball (which were both dropped in
2005), karate, squash, golf, roller sports, and rugby union all
applied to be included on the programme. Formal presentations
were made to the IOC executive board in June 2009.
➢ In August, the executive board initially gave its approval to rugby
sevens—a seven-player version of rugby union—by a majority
vote; baseball/softball, roller sports, and squash were removed
from contention, leaving golf, karate, and rugby sevens in the
running. A final vote was held on 9 October 2009, the closing day
of the 121st IOC Session. At this session, a new voting system
was in place: a sport now needed only a simple majority from the
full IOC committee for approval rather than the two-thirds majority
previously required.
➢ The 121st IOC Session decided to add rugby sevens and golf to
the Rio 2016 Olympic programme. The tally for rugby was 81 in
favour, with eight against,] and golf was approved by 63 votes to
26. Neither of these two sports was new to the Summer Olympics;
rugby last featured in 1924, and golf in 1904.
➢ In May 2012, the International Sailing Federation announced
that windsurfing would be replaced by kite surfing at the 2016
Olympics, but this decision was reversed in November.
Participating National Olympic Committees:➢ All 205 National Olympic Committees qualified at least one
athlete. The first three nations to qualify athletes for the Games
were Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, who each
qualified four athletes for the team dressage by winning medals in
the team event at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games. As host
nation, Brazil received automatic entry for some sports including in
all cycling disciplines and six places for weightlifting events.
➢ The 2016 Summer Olympics were the first Games in
which Kosovo and South Sudan were eligible to participate.
Bulgarian and Russian weightlifters were banned from Rio
Olympics for numerous anti-doping violations. Kuwait was banned
in October 2015 for the second time in five years over government
interference in the country's Olympic committee.
Refugee athletes:➢ Due to the European migrant crisis and other reasons, the IOC
allowed athletes to compete as Independent Olympians under
the Olympic Flag. During the previous Summer Olympic Games,
refugees were ineligible to compete because of their inability to
represent their home NOCs. On 2 March 2016, the IOC finalized
plans for a specific Refugee Olympic Team (ROT); out of 43
refugee athletes deemed potentially eligible, 10 were chosen to
form the team.
Independent athletes:➢ Due to the suspension of the National Olympic Committee of
Kuwait, participants from Kuwait were allowed to participate under
the Olympic Flag as Independent Olympic Athletes.
➢ In November 2015, Russia was provisionally suspended from all
international track and field athletic competitions by
the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
following a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) report into a doping
program in the country. The IAAF announced that it would allow
individual Russian athletes to apply for "exceptional eligibility" to
participate in the Games as "neutral" athletes if it was
independently verified that they had not engaged in doping nor in
the Russian doping program.
➢ On 24 July 2016, the IOC rejected the IAAF and WADA's
recommendations to allow athletes to compete neutrally, stating
that the Olympic Charter "does not foresee such 'neutral athletes'"
and that it was each country's National Olympic Committee
decision on which athletes would be competing. As a result,
Russian athletes competed under the Russian flag, although they
would compete under a neutral flag in the 2018 Winter
Olympics following several developments concerning the doping
investigation.
Records:➢ Twenty-seven world records and ninety-one Olympic records were
set during the 2016 Summer Olympics. The records were set in
archery, athletics, canoeing, cycling track, modern pentathlon,
rowing, shooting, swimming, and weightlifting.
Event scheduling:➢ A number of events, most notably in aquatics, beach volleyball and
track and field, were scheduled with sessions and matches
occurring as late as 10:00 p.m. to midnight BRT. These scheduling
practices were influenced primarily by United States broadcast
rightsholder NBC, whose substantial rights fees are one of the
major sources of revenue for the IOC, who therefore allowed NBC
to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television
ratings when possible (on 7 May 2014, NBC agreed to a
US$7.75 billion contract extension to air the Olympics through
2032, including US$1.23 billion for Rio 2016), as well as the main
Brazilian rightsholder Rede Globo. As Brasília time is only one
hour ahead of the U.S. Eastern Time Zone, certain marquee
events were scheduled to occur during U.S. primetime hours
(traditionally 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. ET, 9:00 p.m. to midnight BRT),
allowing them to be broadcast live on the east coast as opposed to
being delayed. This practice was also beneficial to Globo; a
Brazilian critic noted that the network very rarely preempts its
primetime telenovelas, as they are among the highest-rated
programs in the country.
Closing ceremony:➢ The closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics was held on
21 August 2016 from 20:00 to 22:50 BRT at the Maracanã
Stadium. As per traditional Olympic protocol, the ceremony
featured cultural presentations from both the current (Brazil) and
following (Japan) host countries, as well as closing remarks by IOC
president Thomas Bach, who declared the Games closed, and
the Games' organizing committee leader Carlos Arthur Nuzman,
the official handover of the Olympic flag from Rio de Janeiro
mayor Eduardo Paes to Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike, whose city
will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, and the extinguishing of the
Olympic flame.
➢ The creative director for the ceremony was Rosa Magalhães. Amid
heavy rainfall, the ceremony began with interpretive dancers
representing various landmarks in the host city. Martinho da
Vila then performed a rendition of "Carinhoso " by Pixinguinha. In
another segment, introducing the athletes, singer Roberta
Sá channeled Carmen Miranda, the fruit-headdress-wearing, midcentury Hollywood diva who endures as a beloved camp figure.
The Parade of Flags followed shortly after a choir of 27 children,
representing the states of Brazil, sang the Brazilian national
anthem.
Cost:➢ The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimated the out-turn cost of the
Rio 2016 Summer Olympics at US$4.6 billion in 2015-dollars. This
figure included sports-related costs, that is, (i) operational
costs incurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, of
which the largest components were technology, transportation,
workforce, and administration costs, while other operational costs
included security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and
(ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or
private investors to build the competition venues, the Olympic
village, international broadcast center, and media and press
center, which were required to host the Games.
➢ Indirect capital costs were not included, such as for road, rail, or
airport infrastructure, for hotel upgrades, or other business
investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly
related to staging the Games. The Rio Olympics' cost of
US$4.6 billion compares with costs of US$40–44 billion for Beijing
2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the two most expensive
Olympics in history. The average cost of the Summer Games since
1960 is US$5.2 billion.
MEDAL TABLE:➢ The top ten listed NOCs by the number of gold medals are listed
below. Host nation Brazil finished in 13th place with a total of 19
medals (7 gold, 6 silver, and 6 bronze).
INDIA AT 2016 SUMMER OLYMPICS:➢ India competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Indian athletes have appeared in
every edition of the Summer Olympics since 1920, although they
made their official debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.
➢ 117 Indian athletes participated in Rio 2016, 63 men and 54
women, across 15 sports at the Games. It was one of the nation's
largest ever delegation sent to the Olympics, due to the historic
comeback of the women's field hockey squad after 36 years and
the proliferation of track and field athletes making the cut. Among
the sporting events represented by its athletes, India made its
Olympic debut in golf (new to the 2016 Games) and women's
artistic gymnastics.
➢ The Indian roster featured three Olympic medalists from London,
including badminton star Saina Nehwal, freestyle wrestler and four-
time Olympian Yogeshwar Dutt, and rifle shooter Gagan Narang.
Tennis ace and 1996 bronze medalist Leander Paes topped the
roster lineup by competing at his record seventh Olympics, while
air rifle marksman Abhinav Bindra, who became the nation's first
and only individual gold medalist in history (2008), led the Indian
delegation as the flag bearer in the opening ceremony at his fifth
consecutive Games.[1][5] Other notable Indian athletes also included
tennis player Sania Mirza in the women's doubles, artistic gymnast
and Commonwealth Games bronze medalist Dipa Karmakar, and
multiple-time world medalist Jitu Rai in men's pistol shooting.
➢ India left Rio de Janeiro with only two medals. These medals were
awarded only to female athletes for the first time in history, a silver
to badminton player P. V. Sindhu in the women's singles, and a
bronze to freestyle wrestler Sakshi Malik in the women's 58 kg.
Several Indian athletes came close to increasing the medal haul,
including tennis tandem Mirza and Rohan Bopanna in the mixed
doubles; Bindra, who narrowly missed out the podium by a halfpoint in the men's 10 m air rifle before retiring from the sport; and
Karmakar, who surprised the global audience with her high-risk
Produnova routine in the women's vault. For the first time, the
Indian shooters failed to earn a single medal since 2004, and the
boxers since 2008.
THANK YOU
THE End