Wednesday
May 24, 2017
Agenda
(10) Catalyst
(15) Review: Biomolecules
and Enzymes
(15) Cloze Practice
(30) Trashketball
(15) Daily Quiz
I can:

review the four classes of
biomolecules, and enzymes
Catalyst
1. Name 4 things that
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
have in common.
2. What are 3 organelles that
eukaryotes have that
prokaryotes lack?
3. What type of cell has circular
DNA (plasmids)?
HW: Biology Released Form (BRF) #19-27
135 Things… (due June 2)
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Big Idea
By understanding the chemistry and molecules
that make up life, we have deeper insight into
how life functions.
What do these
Macromoleculesstructures
all have in
common?
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
Four groups of molecules make up the building blocks
of life. In general, they are called macromolecules (aka
organic molecules aka biomolecules).
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed by polymerization, in
which large polymers are built by joining small subunits
called monomers together.
monomers = subunits = building
blocks of molecules
polymers = monomers joined up by
polymerization
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Structure
• made up of C, H, and O
• polysaccharides are polymers made up of
monosaccharides, or simple sugars
Carbohydrate Function
• organisms’ main source of immediate energy
• structural purposes
Carbohydrates, cont.
• the tough fiber found in plants is made up of the carb
cellulose
• sugars end in –ose
• examples of simple sugars:
• complex sugars are called starches
Detecting Carbohydrates
Simple Sugars
• simple sugars turn orange in
the presence of Benedict’s
solution
no carbs
carbs present
Starches
• starches turn deep purple
in the presence of iodine, or
Lugol’s solution
Lipids
Lipid Structure
• made up of C, H, and O
• made up of glycerol and fatty acids
– long chains
Lipid Functions
• make up fats, oils, and waxes
• store energy, makes up the cell membrane,
and used in waterproof coverings
waxy cuticle of leaf = lipids to
repel water
walrus blubber = lipids to store energy
Detecting Lipids
brown paper bag
test
Proteins
Protein Structure
• made up of C, H, O, N
• amino acid subunits form long polypeptide chains
– over 20 different amino acids
an individual amino acid
Protein Function
• the most diverse macromolecules
• various roles:
– speed up reactions (enzymes)
– form muscles
– transport substances
– fight disease
Proteins, cont.
• hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in
red blood cells
• insulin is a protein that regulates blood sugar
Protein Detection
Biuret’s solution turns
from blue to light purple
in the presence of protein
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acid Structure
• made up of C, H, O, N, and P
• subunits: nucleotides
– nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acid Function
• store and transmit hereditary information
Nucleic Acids, cont.
Two examples: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Enzymes
Bio.4.1.3. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for
biological reactions.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical
reactions (to change one set of chemicals to another) by
lowering their activation energy.
• They have three important characteristics:
1. they are specific to a substrate
2. they work at an optimal pH and temperature
3. they are reusable
Enzymes
enzyme
the active site is
where the substrate
molecule fits or binds
the substrate is the
molecule that the
enzyme acts on
enzyme-substrate
complex
the enzyme works its
magic on the substrate…
…and releases the
new chemical
products
see how the enzyme
and substrate fit
together like a lock and
key!
Activation Energy
Without an enzyme
present, the reaction is
slow and requires a lot
of energy.
The enzyme lowers the
energy required in the
reaction and speeds it
up.
Optimal pH and
Temperature
What happens if we go
outside the optimal range?
The enzyme DENATURES, or
changes its folding/shape.
What’s the optimal
temperature that this
enzyme works at?
Enzymes have an
optimal temperature
and pH that they work
at.
You can find this optimal
condition by looking at
the tallest part of the
hump in a graph of
enzyme activity.
pH Levels
 Low pH (0-7) is acidic
 High pH (7-14) is basic
 pH = 7 is neutral
REVIEW WORKSHEET
TRASHKETBALL!
Whiteboard Question
How can excessive heat affect the function of
enzymes?
a. Heat can increase the pH of enzymes.
b. Heat can cause enzymes to become denatured.
c. Heat can cause enzymes to absorb carbon
dioxide.
d. Heat can produce more substrate for enzyme
reactions.
Whiteboard Question
An enzyme works optimally at a pH between 2
and 4. Which best explains what will happen to
this enzyme at a pH of 12?
a. It will lose its original shape and work on new
substrates.
b. It will work on a different substrate than at a pH range
of 2–4.
c. It will lose its original shape and not work on any
substrate at all.
d. It will work on the same substrate as it did at a pH
range of 2–4, but it will not work as well.
During which process in the mitochondria is
glucose converted into adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)?
A. photosynthesis
B. chemosynthesis
C. cellular digestion
D. cellular respiration
Whiteboard Question
Which characteristic would least likely be used
to describe an enzyme?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It speeds up a reaction
It is consumed in the reaction
It reacts with a specific substrate
It reduced the activation energy of the reaction
Whiteboard Practice
Whiteboard Question
Which is a carbohydrate?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Amylase
Cellulose
Glycerol
Polypeptide
Whiteboard Question
Which characteristic can best distinguish
between two different proteins?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the presence of nitrogen in the proteins
the sequence of amino acids in the proteins
the number of amino acids found in the proteins
the location of the peptide bonds in the proteins
Whiteboard Practice
Whiteboard Question
Which best describes the importance of
carbohydrates to organisms?
a. Carbohydrates provide storage for water
molecules.
b. Carbohydrates provide an immediate energy
source.
c. Carbohydrates provide an additional source for
amino acids.
d. Carbohydrates provide permanent storage for
genetic information.
• Which experiment could be conducted to
determine if baked potato chips have less
fat than fried potato chips?
A. Place potato chips in water and test the
pH
B. Place potato chips on a paper bag and
test for oil spots.
C. Mix crushed potato chips with iodine to
observe color change.
D. Mix crushed potato chips with Benedict’s
solution to observe color change.
End
• What is the significance of nucleic acids for
cells?
A. They generate energy for the cell.
B. They restrict what enters and leaves the
cell.
C. They support and maintain the shape of
the cell.
D. They provide all instructions for cellular
activities.
End
• Which is the best example of a
monosaccharide, or simple sugar?
A. Starch
B. Glucose
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
End
• Which best describes the role of
hemoglobin in red blood cells?
A. It hydrates human body tissues.
B. It supplies support to human body
tissues.
C. It transports oxygen to human body
tissues.
D. It increases the rate of reactions in body
tissues.
End
• Which best describes the importance of
carbohydrates to organisms?
A. Carbohydrates provide storage for water
molecules.
B. Carbohydrates provide an immediate
energy source.
C. Carbohydrates provide an additional
source for amino acids.
D. Carbohydrates provide permanent
storage for genetic information.
• Which are the building blocks of most lipid
molecules?
A. glucose and protein
B. glucose and fatty acids
C. fatty acids and glycerol
D. amino acids and glycerol
End
Whiteboard Practice
• When a student drops a piece of liver into a beaker
of hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide bubbles
vigorously as the peroxide decomposes into water
and oxygen. However, if the student cooks the liver
first, the reaction fails to occur. What is the best
explanation for these results?
A. Boiling the liver altered the shape of the enzyme
in the liver so that it could not interact with the
peroxide.
B. Heating the liver killed the germs that caused the
bubbling reaction.
C. Lower temperatures result in a higher rate of
enzyme activity.
D. Heating the liver removed the water and oxygen
from the hydrogen peroxide.
End
• How are the transported molecules moved
in active transport?
A. Molecules are moved through the
cytoplasm.
B. Molecules are pumped into ribosomes
within the cell.
C. Molecules are pumped against their
concentration gradient using energy.
D. Molecules are moved into the cell from
areas of higher concentration without
energy.
End
• Alpha-amylase, an enzyme present in
saliva, breaks down starch. Which food
does it help to digest?
A. Milk
B. Candy
C. Steak
D. Potato
End
Whiteboard Practice
• Which best explains why enzymes are
important in biological systems?
A. They hold all genetic information of a cell.
B. They are necessary to maintain skin
moisture.
C. They accelerate the rate of chemical
reactions.
D. They support structures to maintain body
temperature.
End
• Thermophiles are prokaryotes that live
in water that is almost boiling. How must
they be different from other organisms?
A. Their flagella beat in a fanning motion.
B. Their genetic material is RNA instead of
DNA.
C. Their proteins do not denature at high
temperatures.
D. They are able to maintain a cooler
internal temperature.
End
Which describes how the plasma membrane
helps to maintain homeostasis?
A. by allowing any substance to enter the
cytoplasm of the cell
B. by controlling the synthesis of proteins
within the ribosome
C. by preventing all substances from
entering or leaving the cell
D. by regulating the contents of the cell
from the external and internal
environments
Whiteboard Practice
• Most human enzymes operate under an
optimal pH near neutral. Which pH range
would best represent this environment?
A. 4-6
B. 6-8
C. 8-10
D. 10-12
End
• Many people are lactose intolerant and
cannot digest dairy products. What
enzyme are their bodies most
likely lacking?
A. Lipase
B. Lactase
C. Maltase
D. Protease
End
Whiteboard Practice
• Many enzymes in the human body
function best at 37°C. What is the most
likely result of a great increase in body
temperature?
A. Enzymes become hormones.
B. Enzymes become denatured.
C. Enzymes become more active.
D. Enzymes become more sluggish.
End
Whiteboard Practice
• A single cell may contain several different
types of enzymes. Which must occur for an
enzyme to be able to catalyze a specific
reaction?
A. An enzyme must catalyze at least two
different reactions.
B. An enzyme must attach to a substrate like a
lock in a key.
C. An enzyme must react with the substrate
that has the same composition as the
enzyme itself.
D. An enzyme must react with the substrate
that has the opposite composition as the
enzyme itself.
End