23 GRAMMAR RULES YOU MUST
KNOW TO GUARANTEE YOUR
N THE TOEFL EXAM!
II
I II
I
TOEFL GRAMMAR GUIDE - 23
Grammar Rules You Must Know To
Guarantee Your Success On The
TOEFL Exam!
Tim othy Dickeson
T able of Contents
Why You Need To Read ThisBook....................................................... 1
About The Author.........................................................................................3
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.1 - Simple Present..................................... 5
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.2 - Simple Past...........................................8
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.3 - Present Perfect..................................11
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.4 - Subject-Verb Agreement................. 14
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.5 - Negatives............................................ 19
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.6 - Verb ‘To Be’ (Present/Past/
Future)...........................................................................................................21
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.7 - Verb ‘Can’ (Present/Past/
Future)............................................................................................. ........... 23
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.8 - Adverbs................................................25
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.9 - Adverbs of Frequency......................28
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.10 - This / That/ These / Those..........32
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.11 - Uncountable and Countable
Nouns............................................................................................................34
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.12 - Comparisons....................................36
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.13 - Indefinite Pronouns........................38
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.14 - Conditional....................................... 40
TOEFL Grammar Rule No. 15 - Reported Speech............................42
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.16 - Used to .............................................. 44
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.17 - Either/ Neither/ Both.................... 46
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.18 - Transition Phrases or Words....... 48
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.19 - Other/ Another................................ 52
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.20 - Passive Voice...................................54
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.21 - Prepositions.....................................56
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.22 - Parallelism........................................ 59
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.23 - Pronoun Reference........................62
BONUS - TOEFL Grammar Exercises.................................................64
Why You Need To Read This Book
If you are about to take the TOEFL exam soon, then you
must review your grammar, especially the principles that
are most commonly used in the TOEFL.
Did you know that your overall TOEFL score is weighed
based on your grammar accuracy and use?
If you look at the scoring criteria that the TOEFL evaluators
use, you will see an element which covers at how well you
use the different grammar principles and how accurate you
use them.
So, apart from learning how to develop high scoring
answers in the writing and speaking sections and
understanding the correct strategies for answering the
reading and listening questions, you MUST correct your
grammar to ensure you achieve a high score.
This book has been especially written to help you review.
understand and correct the most common grammar rules
used in the TOEFL exam.
For each TOEFL grammar rule, you will learn:
•
The fundamental use of the rule
•
How to use it (with simple examples and
explanations)
•
When to use it
•
Signalling words
1|Page
•
Important tips
So, If you are about to take the TOEFL exam soon, you
MUST NOT FORGET to review your grammar, because it
could mean the difference between achieving the score you
need or not!
2 |Page
About The Author
Tim Dickeson
Tim is a highly sought after TOEFL consultant due to his
ability to “translate the complexities of the TOEFL into a
simple language”.
His simplified but highly effective approach to TOEFL
preparation has proven time after time that his methods
get results.
Tim is Australian born and raised and has taught English
and TOEFL in Australia, Europe and South America. He
currently owns a TOEFL preparation company in South
America and has consulted for universities and language
institutions about how to correctly prepare people for the
TOEFL iBT.
He has a love of teaching and helping people achieve
results and his number one objective with the TOEFL High
Score System is to help as many people as possible pass
the TOEFL so they can continue to pursue their dreams.
3 | Page
I or more Information about Tim’s TOEFL consulting
services, or for more Information, contact Tim at:
tim@toeflcoach.com
4 | Page
About The Author
Tim Dickeson
Tim is a highly sought after TOEFL consultant due to his
ability to “translate the complexities of the TOEFL into a
simple language”.
His simplified but highly effective approach to TOEFL
preparation has proven time after time that his methods
get results.
Tim is Australian born and raised and has taught English
and TOEFL in Australia, Europe and South America. He
currently owns a TOEFL preparation company in South
America and has consulted for universities and language
institutions about how to correctly prepare people for the
TOEFL iBT.
He has a love of teaching and helping people achieve
results and his number one objective with the TOEFL High
Score System is to help as many people as possible pass
the TOEFL so they can continue to pursue their dreams.
3|Page
For more Information about Tim’s TOEFL consulting
services, or for more Information, contact Tim at:
tlm@toeflcoach.com
4 |Page
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.1 - Simple
Present
Description:
Simple present is a tense that is used to express an idea
that occurs ‘usually’ or is repeated continuously. Some
examples are daily events, a habit or something that often
happens.
How to Use It:
VERB + s/es (in the third person)
For example > “She speaks English”, “I Jjke salad”, “They
don’t like fish”
The Simple present is easy to conjugate with Regular verbs
because they all finish in the same form. For example, the
verb ‘to eat’:
Subject
Conjugated Verb
I
Eat
You
Eat
She/He
Eats
We
Eat
You (plural)
Eat
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However, Irregular verbs do NOT follow this pattern. For
example, the verb ‘to be’:
Subject
Conjugated Verb
1
Am
You
Are
She/He
Is
We
Are
You (plural)
Are
They
Are
When to Use It:
Here are the 4 ways to use it
•
Repeated actions > “I go to the gym on Monday
and Thursday”
•
Permanent states > “The Sun rises in the
morning”"
•
Scheduled events in the near future > “The plane
leaves at 6am tomorrow”
•
Now (non-continuous) > “I am here now”
Signalling Words:
Frequency Adverbs: Always, never, sometimes, Once/Twice
a week/month etc.
Important Tips:
Many people make the mistake of combining the present
continuous with the simple present.
These forms are INCORRECT:
“She running fast”
“I am go to the mountains”
These forms are CORRECT:
“She is running fast”
“I am going to the mountains”
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r
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.2 - Simple
Past
Description:
Simple past expresses an action that started and finished
rtl a specific time in the past. The action must be
(ompletely finished in the past.
How to Use It:
VERB + ed (regular verbs), or other forms for irregular
verbs
Below it is shown how the verb changes for a Regular verb
and an Irregular verb:
Regular verb (Simple Past)
Positive
Negative
Question
1talked
1did not talk
Did 1talk?
Irregular verb (Simple Past)
Positive
Negative
Question
1spoke
1did not speak
Did 1speak?
8 | Pa ge
When to Use It:
Here are the 5 ways to use it
•
Completed action in the past > “Last year, she
travelled to Japan”
•
A series of completed actions > “We talked on the
phone, then met for coffee and later went to the
movies”
•
Duration in the past > “They lived in Brazil for 5
years”
•
Habits in the past > “I never played the piano”
•
Past facts or generalisations > “I was a shy child”
Signalling Words:
Yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last
Friday, etc
Important Tips:
Words ending in “ed” are often pronounced incorrectly,
simply because people aren’t aware of the rules.
Rule 1) All words that have the last consonant before “ed”
as a “t” or ”d” must be pronounced with the “ed” as a
separate syllable.
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r
For example: (Pronunciation with syllables)
•
Translated - (Trans - la - ted)
•
Needed - (Nee - ded)
•
Deposited - (De - pos - i - ted)
Rule 2) All other words that have the last consonant before
Vd" other than “t” or “d” must be pronounced without the
and the “d” is combined with the previous syllable.
For example: (Pronunciation with syllables)
•
Looked - (Lookd)
•
Watched - (Watchd)
• ' Liked - (Likd)
TIP: For all words that end in sounds different to “t” or “d”,
It is easier to think of a “t” sound. Example, talked - /talkt/
Note: see how the “e” is not pronounced.
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.3 - Present
Perfect
Description:
The present perfect has three man uses:
•
To express an action which started at some point in
the past and it is not finished yet.
•
To describe actions that occurred in the past and
their result is evident in the present. It expresses a
process.
•
To describe an action that occurred at an
unspecified moment in the past.
How to Use It:
Have/has + past participle of the main verb
Time expressions, like; yesterday, one year ago, last week,
when I was a child, when I lived in Australia, at the
moment, that day, etc., are not used in the present perfect.
Common time expressions for the present perfect are;
ever, never, once, many times, several times, before,
already, etc.
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The Basic Structure
Affirmative
i hav§ been to
Spain
She has driven a
car
Negative
Question
Have vou been to
Spain?
I have never/not
been to Spain
She has never/not
driven a car
Has she driven a car?
When to Use It:
Here are the two forms of when to use the present perfect:
1. An unspecified time before now.
For example: ‘I have seen that movie twenty times.’ ‘
People have not travelled to Mars.’
2. Duration from the past until now (non-continuous
verbs)
For example: ‘I have had a cold for two weeks.’ ‘Mary has
loved chocolate since she was a little girl.’
Signal Words:
Ever: Since you were born until right now.
lust: A few minutes ago. The action has completed
recently.
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Already: Is completed and now I ' m doing something else.
For: Used to express a period of time (duration).
Since: Used to refer to the specific moment an action
began.
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f
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.4 Subject-Verb Agreement
Description:
Subject-verb agreement means there needs to be a balance
between the subject and verb. For example, a singular
subject must have a singular verb and a plural subject
must have a plural verb.
Singular
Plural
I lie employee goes to work
The employees go to work
I he employee is goina to work
The employees are going to work
I he employee has gone to work
The employees have gone to work
I he employee went to work
The employees went to work
How to Use It:
To make sure you use the correct verb form with the
subject, use the following steps:
1. Identify what the subject is
2. Decide if the subject is singular or plural
3. Identify which verb goes with the subject
4. Check that the verb form matches the subject
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Let’s firstly look at the Subject within a sentence.
Subjects
The subject of a sentence is usually a noun or pronoun.
Singular and Plural Noun forms:
The plural form for most nouns is made by adding -s or es. However, some are irregular and don’t have these
endings, for example; man > men.
Regular Nouns
Singular
Plural
Table
Tables
Car
Cars
Plant
Plants
Irregular Nouns
Singular
Plural
Man
Men
Child
Children
Criterion
Criteria
Verbs
Knowing whether the verb is in its singular or plural form
shows which form the subject must be in. The singular
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present tense of many verbs Is formed by adding -s or -es.
Again however, irregular verb forms do not follow this rule.
When to Use It:
You use the Subject-Verb agreement in just about every
sentence you use. This is because just about every
sentence has a subject and most times you are using verbs
to provide information about the noun, which means the
verb must agree with the noun.
Here are some examples with explanations:
He
his desk yesterday.
(A) cleaned
(B) cleans
(C) clean
(D) cleaner
Since ‘He’ is a singular subject, a singular verb is
necessary. (A) and (B) are both singular verbs, nevertheless
(A) is the only correct answer because the word ‘yesterday’
shows that the action is in the past therefore the verb must
also be in the past tense.
The new president and his CEO
in an hour.
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(A) arrives
(B) arrived
(C) has arrived
(D) arrive
The subject is two people so the verb has to be plural.
Therefore the correct answer is (D).
Important Tips:
Numbers as a collective noun can be singular or
plural. When ‘a ’ comes before number, it is always
plural. When ‘ the’ comes before a number, it is
always singular. (The group agrees that action is
needed.)
A compound subject, two or more subjects joined by
‘and’, takes a plural verb. (Coffee and tea are
served hot.)
A collective noun, which names a group of people or
things, although looks plural is actually considered
to be one unit, a whole, so it’s singular. (The group
agrees that action is needed.)
When parts of a subject are joined by ‘o r’ or ‘nor’,
the verb agrees with the part closest to it. If the
closest part is singular, the verb is singular. If the
closest part is plural, the verb is plural. (Neither the
17 | P a g e
secretary nor the receptionist knows the phone
number.) (Either he or they are early.)
* These words are always singular (Indefinite
Pronouns): anyone, anything, no one, nothing,
neither, either, what, whatever, whoever, somebody,
something, someone, each, everyone, everything,
and everybody
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.5 Negatives
Description:
‘Negatives’ are used to change the meaning of the verb
from positive to negative, or state that something is not
true or incorrect.
How to Use It:
Whenever you make a negative statement, the word ‘NOT’
needs to be added after the first auxiliary verb which will
vary according to the verb tense being used.
Note: When an auxiliary verb (including modals) is used,
the main verb is not conjugated (no ‘S’ or ‘ED’ ending),
meaning the verb remains in infinitive. The verb ‘TO BE’
uses a different negation pattern.
Tense
Negative Element +
Contracted Forms
Examples
Simple Present
Do + not = don’t
Does + not = doesn’t
I do not play
He doesn’t play
Simple Past
Did + not = didn’t
They didn’t play
Present
Am + not
I am not playing
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Continuous
Is + not - Isn't
Are + not - aren’t
She isn’t playing
We aren’t playing
Past
Continuous
Was + not = wasn’t
Were + not = haven’t
I wasn’t playing
They weren’t
playing
Present Perfect
Have + never
Have + not = haven’t
Has + never
Has + not = hasn’t
I have never played
I haven’t played
She has never
played
She hasn’t played
Future
Will + not = wont
‘to be’ + going to
I won’t play
I am not going to
play
When to Use It:
You use the ‘negative’ form whenever you need to change
the meaning to show that it is not true or incorrect.
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.6 - Verb
‘To Be’ (Present / Past / Future)
Description:
Verb “to be” can be used as the main verb of a sentence or
as the auxiliary verb. As a main verb it is used to express
that something or someone exists or is located at a
specific place.
It is important to remember that the verb “to be” is an
Irregular verb.
How to Use It:
Pronoun + “to be” form + subject
The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive
without “to”)
Pronoun
‘to be’ form
Other
Affirmative
I
am
a student
Negative
He
is +not =isn’t
a student
they
students?
Question (Pronoun Are
& ‘to be’ swap)
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When to Use It:
“To be” can be used the present, past and future; however
the form changes based on the tense.
Pronoun
Other
‘to be’ form
Present Past
Future
Present
Perfect
1
am
was
will be
have been
a student
You
are
were
will be
have been
a student
He/She/It
is
was
will be
has been
a student
We
are
were
will be
have been
a student
They
are
were
will be
have been
a student
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.7 - Verb
‘Can’ (Present / Past / Future)
Description:
The verb “Can” is one of the most commonly used
modal/auxiliary verbs in English. Its main use is used to
express ability, however it can also be used to show
opportunity, possibility or impossibility and to request or
give permission.
How to Use It:
Subject + can + main verb
The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive
without “to”)
Subject
Auxiliary
verb
Main
verb
Other
Affirmative
1
can
play
tennis
Negative
He
cannot
can’t
play
tennis
Question
Can
you
play
tennis?
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When to Use It:
Can is used in the present, past and future; however the
form changes based on the tense.
•
Can / be able to (present)
•
Could (past)
•
Will be able to (future)
Main
verb
Other
Subject
Auxiliary verb
Present
1
can
am able to
play
tennis
Past
f
could
play
tennis
Future
1
will be able to
play
tennis?
Important Tip:
The main verb is ALWAYS the bare infinitive.
This is INCORRECT: “I can to play tennis.”
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.8 Adverbs
Description:
There are different types of Adverbs in the English
language. The most common are those which modify verbs
by telling us ‘how’ something is done.
How to Use It:
Adjective + ly
Adjective
Adverb
Dangerous
Dangerously
Careful
Carefully
Nice
Nicely
Horrible
Horribly
Easy
Easily
Electronic
Electronically
Irregular Forms
Good
Well
Fast
Fast
Hard
Hard
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If the adjective ends in ‘y’, change ‘y’ to ‘I’. Then add ‘ly’
For example: Happy > happily
If the adjective ends in ‘le’, the adverb ends in ‘ly’.
For example: terrible > terribly
If the adjective ends in ‘e\ then add ‘ly’
For example: Safe > safely
When to Use It:
Here is when you use adverbs:
Adverbs of manner
•
Quickly
•
Kindly
Adverbs of degree
•
Very
•
Rather
Adverbs of frequency
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Often
Sometimes
Adverbs of time
•
Now
•
Today
Adverbs of place
•
Here
•
Nowhere
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.9 Adverbs of Frequency
Description:
Adverbs of frequency aim to describe when or how often
something is done. The two types are: adverbs of definite
frequency and adverbs of indefinite frequency.
How to Use It:
Adverbs of Definite Frequency
Adverbs of definite frequency are placed at the beginning
or the end of a sentence and show the exact number of
times that an action happens in a given time period.
Common examples are:
•
hourly
•
daily
•
weekly
•
monthly
•
yearly
•
once a month
•
every month
•
every other month
Examples of Adverbs of Definite Frequency:
•
Every day, some employees go out for lunch.
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•
•
•
Some employees go out for lunch every day.
Payroll must be done every two weeks.
The sales manager gets new e-mail hourly.
Adverbs of Infinite Frequency
Adverbs of indefinite frequency are more ambiguous since
they do not determine the number of times an action
happens in a given period of time.
Common examples are:
•
always
•
usually
•
never
•
often
•
very often
•
rarely
•
sometimes
•
seldom
•
once in a while
•
repeatedly
•
typically
•
hardly ever
•
occasionally
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Adverbs of Indefinite frequency are placed In the middle of
the sentence. The exact location depends on the type of
verbs in the sentence.
There are three possible locations:
1. Between the subject and the main verb UNLESS the verb
Is a form of ‘be’: is, am, are, was, were.
Examples
•
She often takes her vacation in winter.
•
The employees always work until seven.
•
The manager usually arrives first at the staff
meetings.
2. After the ‘j?e_’ verb form when it is the main verb.
Examples
•
She ]s often ill in winter.
•
The employees are always working until seven.
•
The manager js usually the first person to arrive.
3. Between the helping verb and the main verb. This is
always true, even when the main verb is a verb form of be.
Examples
•
She has often gone on vacation in winter.
•
The employees can always work until seven.
30 | P a g e
•
The manager will usually arrive first at the staff
meetings.
•
Incorrect: The owners have been rarely
unreasonable.
•
Correct: The owners have rarely been unreasonable.
•
(Have is the helping verb, been is the be verb form)
When to Use Them:
You use adverbs of frequency when you need to provide
more information about the verb you are using. Adverbs of
frequency, when used correctly in speaking and writing
and answered correctly in reading and listening, always
help to increase your score.
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.10 - This/
That / These / Those
Description:
Demonstratives are used to explain how close the speaker
Is from other people, things, situations and experiences. In
other words; the distance from the speaker.
How to Use It:
•
THIS is used for singular nouns that are close to the
speaker.
•
THAT is used for singular nouns that are far from
the speaker.
•
THESE is used for plural nouns that are close to the
speaker.
•
THOSE is used for plural nouns that are far from the
speaker.
Singular
Plural
Close
Far
This
X
-
X
-
That
X
-
-
X
These
-
X
X
-
Those
-
X
-
X
32 | P a g e
When to Use It:
Demonstratives
Demonstrative
Adjectives
This
That is the place.
That restaurant is really
good.
That
This is really good.
This book is really good.
These
These are a lot of fun.
These games are a lot of fun.
Those
Those are really good
English books.
Those English books are
really good.
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.11 Uncountable and Countable Nouns
Description:
Nouns can be classified as countable or uncountable.
Countable nouns can be given a number and take both
singular and plural forms.
Uncountable nouns on the other hand, can only take the
singular form since they cannot be counted and therefore
cannot be plural.
How to Use It:
Countable - Use a/an or a number in front of a singular
countable noun
Uncountable - There is no a/an or number in front of an
uncountable noun
Uncountable
Countable
An apple / 1 apple
Rice
1eat an apple.
1eat rice every day. (INCORRECT > 1eat
a rice every day)
Apples are good for Rice is good for you.
you.
34 | P a g e
You can make most uncountable nouns countable by
putting a countable expression in front of the noun.
For example:
•
A piece of information
•
2 glasses of water
•
10 litres of coffee
When to Use It:
In other words, countable nouns are used when you can
count the object and uncountable nouns are used when
you can’t.
Words you can use with Countable and Uncountable nouns:
Countable
Uncountable
Small
quantity
A few / few
A little / little
Large
quantity
Many / a lot (There
are...)
A lot (There is...)
Questions
Many (Are there...?)
Much (Is there...?)
Negative
Many (There aren’t...)
Much (There isn’t...)
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.12 Comparisons
Description:
Comparisons are used to compare the differences or
similarities between 2 or more objects.
To do this we can use adjectives in their comparative
forms.
How to Use It:
In order to use a comparison, you must take an adjective
and change it based on a set of specific rules.
For example:
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative (the most)
Cold
Colder
Coldest
Here are the rules:
1. Adjectives with 1 or 2 syllables (that end in ‘Y ’ easy,
‘LE’ gentle, ‘OW’ shadow, ‘ET’ quiet)
Comparative > ‘er’
Superlative > ‘est’
2. Adjectives with 2 syllables (that end in ‘Y’ easy)
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Comparative > ‘ier’
Superlative > ‘iest’
3. For all other 2 syllables and 3 syllables
Comparative > put the word ‘more’ in front of the adjective
(more exciting)
Superlative > put the word ‘most’ in front of the adjective
(most exciting)
Here are some exceptions to the rule:
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
Good
Better than
The best
Bad
Worse than
The worst
Little
Less than
The least
Far
Farther than
The farthest
Many/Much
More than
The most
When to Use It:
Comparatives - are used when you want to compare 2 or
more objects.
For example: She is taller than him.
Superlatives - are used when you want to state that an
object is the maximum or minimum of all objects.
For example: she is the tallest. She is the smallest.
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.13 Indefinite Pronouns
Description:
Indefinite Pronouns refer to unspecified people, things or
amounts. Given that they are ‘not definite’ they usually
take the third person form.
Most Indefinite Pronouns are either singular or plural.
However, some of them can be singular in one context and
plural in another.
How to Use It:
You simply replace the pronoun with the correct indefinite
pronoun.
For example: ‘Peter is driving the car.’ > ‘Someone is
driving the car.’
Singular
Plural
Both
Another
Both
All
Anybody
Few
Any
Anything
Many
More
Each
Others
Most
Either
Several
None
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Everybody
Some
Everyone
Little
Much
Neither
Nobody
One
Other
When to Use It:
You use Indefinite Pronouns when you either don’t know
who or what the object is or it is not necessary to state
who or what the object is.
Important Tip:
In English there can NEVER be two negatives in a sentence.
For example: ‘There isn’t nobody.’ (INCORRECT) > ‘There
isn’t anybody.’ (CORRECT)
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f
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.14 Conditional
Description:
There are three conditionals in English and each one has a
specific use and form. They are used to talk about possible
or imaginary situations. A ‘condition’ is a situation or
circumstance.
How to Use It:
First conditional - It is possible and also very likely that the
condition will be fulfilled.
If + present simple, ... future simple (Will)
Second conditional - It is possible but very unlikely, that
the condition will be fulfilled.
If + past simple, ... would/could + infinitive
Third conditional - It is impossible that the condition will
be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
If + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle
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When to Use It:
Here are examples o f each conditional:
First conditional - “If I find her address, I will send her an
invitation.”
Second conditional - “If I found her address, I would send
her an invitation.”
Third conditional - “If I had found her address, I would
have sent her an invitation.”
The conditional that you will most likely use and therefore
need to know and understand is the Second Conditional.
This is because the Second Conditional is the ONLY
conditional used in TOEFL questions.
TOEFL example writing question:
“If you were given a gift of money, what would you do with
the money and why?.”
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.15 Reported Speech
Description:
When we repeat a message that has been said by someone
else, we use reported speech. We do this by using the
speaker’s words but changing the tense in order to show
the message was said in the past, this is why the verbs
have to be in the past.
How to Use it:
When you report something someone has said, you must
go back a tense.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Present simple
Past simple
She said, “it’s cold”
“She said it was cold"
Present continuous
Past continuous
She said, “I’m teaching English
online”
“She said she was teaching English
online”
Past simple
Past perfect
She said, “I taught online
yesterday”
“She said she had taught online
yesterday”
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Modal verb forms
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Will
Would
She said, "I’ll teach English
online tomorrow”
“She said she would teach English
online tomorrow”
Can
Could
She said, “i’ll teach English
online”
“She said she could teach English
online”
When to Use It:
In the TOEFL exam the most likely time to use Reported
Speech is for the Integrated Speaking and Writing
questions because these questions involve listening to a
speaker and requiring you to report on what they said.
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.16 - Used
to
Description:
When we want to express that something was an old habit
that has stopped in the present, we use the phrase Used to.
This indicates that an action was often repeated in the
past, but it is not usually done now.
How to Use It:
Below explains the difference between ‘used’ and ‘use’.
•
When there is ‘did’ in the sentence, we say ‘use to’
(without ‘d’)
•
When there is no ‘did’ in the sentence, we say ‘used
to (with ‘d’)
Type
Subject Auxiliary
“did”
Affirmative
l
Negative
I
did
Question
Did
you
Not
not
Main
Verb
“use”
Infinitive
used
to do
use
to do
use
to do?
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When to Use It:
There are two uses for ‘used to’.
1. Habit in the past
“Jerry used to study English.” (He doesn’t do it anymore)
“Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer.” (They
don’t do it anymore)
“I used to start work at 9 o’clock.” (I don’t do it anymore)
2. Past facts and generalisations
“I used to live in Paris.”
“Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin.”
“George used to be the best students in class, but now
Lena is the best.”
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.17 - Either
/ Neither / Both
Description:
Either and Neither are used in almost the same way as “so”
and “too”, but they are used with negative verbs. Both are
used to explain that two subjects something in common.
How to Use It:
Both = this AND that
•
Used with the word ‘and’
Either = this OR that
•
Coes at the end of the sentence after the negative
helping verb
Neither = NOT this and NOT that
•
Coes after the conjugation, the helping verb, and
then the subject
•
Neither has a negative connotation and therefore
the sentence must not have another negative word
•
Used with the word ‘nor’
46 | P a g e
When to Use It:
Here are examples o f when to use each form:
Both
“Emma and Megan both went to the party.”
Either
“Do you want either chocolate or chips?”
“Max and Sophie are not going to either Spain or France.”
Neither
“I like neither cats nor dogs.”
“Neither Max or Sophie is going to the party.”
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.18 Transition Phrases or Words
Description:
Transition phrases allow your ideas and paragraphs to flow
together. Without these transition phrases it is difficult to
connect your ideas throughout your TOEFL writing and
speaking answers.
How to Use It:
Transition phrases are generally used at the beginning of a
sentence, but can also be used in the middle of a sentence
depending on the type.
In order to use them correctly you need to think about
‘connection’ between your sentences.
Here is a paragraph without transition phrases:
“Australia is a country with many places to visit but can be
very hot in the summer time. This does not stop many
people from coming to enjoy its attractions.”
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Here Is a paragraph with transition phrases:
“Even though Australia is a country with many places to
visit, it can be very hot in the summer. However, this does
not stop many people from coming to Australia to enjoy its
attractions.
As you can see above, the two transition phrases are used
to help the reader and direct them with what the following
sentence is about and helping connect the information
together easier.
When to Use Them:
In order to achieve a high score on the TOEFL, you MUST
use transition phrases.
Here are examples of phrases to use for different
purposes:
Introduction
-
“Firstly...”
-
“Secondly...”-
-
“In my opinion...”
-
“There are two reasons why...”
Supporting points
-
“On the other hand...”
_ _ _ _ _ _
-
“For example..."
-
“In contrast..."
-
“However...”
- “In fact...”
- “In addition...”
Conclusion
-
“Therefore...”
-
“As a result...”
-
“In conclusion...”
‘And’ Group
-
“Too (end of sentences)”
-
“As well a s...”
-
“Furthermore...”
-
“Both... and...”
‘But’ Group
-
“Through...”
-
“Although...”
-
Nevertheless..."
-
On the other hand...”
Group
“As a result...”
“Therefore...”
“Consequently..
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.19 - Other/
Another
Description:
Another and Other are two commonly used words in the
English language but can easily be confused.
• Another - is used with singular nouns.
• Other - is used for both singular and plural or
uncountable nouns.
How to Use It:
Another + singular nonspecific countable noun
For example:
- “Let’s meet another day.” [day = countable, singular]
- “Can I have another apple.” [apple = countable,
singular]
Note: Another is used for an additional person or thing of
the same kind.
Other + plural or uncountable nonspecific noun
For example:
-
“Other people have problems, too.” [people = plural
noun]
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-
“This book has other information." [Information uncountable noun]
Note: Other refers to all people or things that are not the
particular one being mentioned.
Note: ‘Others is not the plural form of ‘Other’. ‘Other’ can
be an adjective or a pronoun, while ‘others’ is always a
pronoun.
“Susan was at the meeting with three other teachers.”
[adjective]
“Some students are better than others.” [pronoun]
When to Use It:
•
Another - when you want the same of one thing.
•
Other - when you are talking about nonspecific
things singular or plural things different to the one
being mentioned.
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.20
Passive Voice
Description:
The Passive voice is a highly recommended form to use in
the TOEFL as it is seen by the evaluators as a better level of
English.
The Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action,
rather than who or what is performing the action.
How to Use It:
Who/What receiving action + be + past participle of verb +
by + Who/What doing action
Tense
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Simple
Present
Once a week, Tom
cleans the house.
Once a week, the house
is cleaned by Tom.
Past
Simple
Sam repaired the car.
The car was repaired by
Sam.
Present
Perfect
Many tourists have
visited that castle
That castle has been
visited by many tourists.
Simple
Future
Someone will finish the
work by 5:00pm.
The work will be finished
by 5:00pm.
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When to Use It:
You must use the passive voice in your writing and
speaking answers in the TOEFL.
This is because the passive voice is seen by TOEFL
evaluators as a more formal form of presenting the
information, whereas the Active voice is seen as a simpler
form, hence the Passive voice will attract a higher TOEFL
score.
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.21 Prepositions
Description:
Prepositions are a complex and unique part of the English
language die to their number and varied uses. These short
words express time and place. They can also be used
together with verbs forming phrasal verbs.
Prepositions can be difficult because one preposition in
your native language may have a different meaning in
English.
How to Use Them:
Prepositions are split into Time and Place (position and
direction).
Prepositions - Time
Preposition
Use
Example
On
Days of the week
On Monday
In
Month
Time of day
Year
In August
In the morning
In 2006
At
Night
Weekend
At night
At the weekend
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Since
From a certain point of
time
Since 1980
For
Over a certain period of
time
For 2 years
Ago
A certain time in the
past
3 years ago
Before
Earlier than a certain
point of time
Before 2003
To
Telling the time
Ten to six (5:50)
Past
Telling the time
15 past six (6:1 5)
Prepositions - Place (position and direction)
Preposition
In
At
On
Use
Room, building, town
Book
Car
World
For table
For events
Example
In the kitchen
In the book
In the car
In the world
Place where you do typical
things
At the table
At the concert
At the cinema
Attached
On a surface
For public transport
For television
The picture on the wall
On the table
On the bus
On TV
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Next to
Left or right of something
Jane is standing next to
the car
Under
Lower than something else
The bag is under the
table
Below
Lower than something else
but above ground
The table is below the
painting
Over
Covered by something
Put a jacket over your
shirt
Above
Higher than something else A path above the lake
but not directly over it
Across
Getting to the other side
Walk across the bridge
From
In the sense of “where
from”
A flower from the garden
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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.22
Parallelism
Description:
Parallelism is the balance of grammar structures within a
sentence. This means that the elements used in a sentence
need to match each other for the sentence to be balanced.
Parallelism aims to prevent the sentence from being
awkward or incoherent and increases clarity for the reader.
How to Use It:
There needs to be balance between the elements of a
sentence, whether they are nouns, verb tenses,
prepositional phrases, comparisons or conjunctions.
Nouns
•
Nouns need to be balanced with nouns. In the
sentence, "I enjoy soccer more than playing rugby,"
"soccer" is a noun, but "playing rugby" is a phrase.
Verb Tense
•
Verb tenses also need to be balanced. There is
something incorrect with this sentence: "Yesterday, I
went to class, cooked and was listening to music."
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The last element used, has a different verb tense
than the first two; all verb tenses need to be the
same. "Yesterday, I went to class, cooked and
listened to music."
Prepositional Phrases
•
Pair prepositional phrases with prepositional
phrases. In the sentence: "Next month we can go to
the movies or riding motorcycles in the mountains,"
the prepositional phrase "to the movies" is not
parallel with the verb "riding." The corrected
sentence looks like this: "Next month we can go to
the movies or to the mountains to ride motorcycles."
Comparing
•
When comparing two things using words like; "than"
or "as," make sure the items on each side are
parallel. This sentence is incorrect: "Driving to town
is as fast as the bus." This sentence is correct:
"Driving to town is as fast as taking the bus."
Conjunctions
•
When using correlative conjunctions such as
"both...and," "either...or" or "rather...than," the items
60 | P a g e
being joined must be parallel. This sentence Is
incorrect: "Mary wants both fame and wealthy." This
sentence is correct: "Mary wants both fame and
wealth."
When to Use It:
You must use parallelism when you are developing
sentences using the above contexts.
TOEFL Grammar Rule No.23 Pronoun Reference
Description:
Pronoun Reference occurs when a pronoun takes the place
of a noun. Whenever this happens, the pronoun must
clearly refer to the noun that comes right before its
antecedent. The relationship between the pronoun and the
noun being replaced must be clear in order to avoid
confusion to the reader.
How to Use It:
When replacing a word by a pronoun, make sure there is a
coherent relationship between them, this refers to: gender,
number etc. If the pronoun does not have a clear
antecedent, the reader can become confused.
The following are common errors people make when using
Pronoun Reference:
Error No. 1 - Too many antecedents
For example:
“The student's father felt upset when he failed History.”
62 | P a g e
In this case, “he"\s replacing either “father "or "the
student". However, it is not clear which noun Is being
replaced since both can be a singular feminine noun.
Solution: Do not use a pronoun; instead repeat the noun.
“The student’s father felt upset when the student failed
History.”
Error No. 2 - No antecedent
For example:
“The victim called the police station, but they didn’t
answer.”
In this case, “they” does not have a noun antecedent which
it refers to.
Solution: Use the noun or insert an antecedent that clearly
refers to the pronoun.
“The victim called the police station, but the police officers
didn’t answer.”
Or
“The victim called the police officers, but they didn’t
answer.”
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BONUS - TOEFL Grammar Exercises
Choose the correct alternative for each sentence. Check the
answers at the end of this section.
1) The Prime Minister___________ to make a quick decision.
(A)needs
(B) needing
(C)need
(D)needed
2) My teacher___________ me how to use the Simple Past
yesterday in class.
(A) teached
(B) taught
(C) teaches
(D) teach
3) I ___________ in this company for two years.
(A) have worked
(B) worked
(C) has worked
(D) working
64 | P a g e
4) The students’ mother___________ very upset about her
children’s behaviour
(A) been
(B) were
(C) was
(D) being
5) Citizens___________ decided who to vote for in the next
elections.
(A) hasn’t
(B) wasn’t
(C) weren’t
(D) haven’t
6) Tomorrow___________a very rainy and windy day.
(A) is
(B) will be
(C) was
(D) be
7) I’m sorry, I
help you with your homework
tomorrow, I’ll be busy.
(A) won’t able to
(B) am not able to
65 | P a g e
(C) wasn't able to
(D) being able to
8) After the accident, the witness___________ called the police to
get help.
(A) quick
(B) quicker
(C) quickly
(D) quickest
9) My classmate____________
late for class.
(A) always be
(B) always is
(C) be always
(D) is always
10) We are all equal and free,
are undeniable rights
stated in our constitution.
(A) This
(B) These
(C) That
(D) Those
66 | P a g e
11) ______________ students________________ In class today?
(A) How much - is there
(B) How many - is there
(C) How much - are there
(D) How many - are there
12) Commuting by train is _______________ than by doing it by bus.
(A) much faster
(B) much more fast
(C) much fast
(D) much fastest
13) _______________ broke into the apartment and stole US $3000.
(A) somebody
(B) everybody
(C)nobody
(D)anybody
14) I know that if I __________ hard,_I ___________ get the TOEFL
score I need.
(A) studies - would
(B) study - will
(C) studied - will
(D) study - would
67 | P a g e
15) Peter__________ buy a sports car if he___________ the lottery.
(A) will - wins
(B) would - won
(C) would - wins
(D) will - win
16) If Sarah
how hard this class was, she
___________ it.
(A) knew - wouldn’t take
(B) has known - wouldn’t take
(C) had known - wouldn’t have taken
(D) had known - wouldn’t has taken
17) Anna said that she_____________ that mistake again.
(A) would never make
(B) is never make
(C) isn’t ever making
(D) never is making
18) My mother______________ a lullaby before going to bed every
night.
(A) use to sang
(B) used to sang
68 | P a g e
(C) use to sing
(D) used to sing
19) ___________ Sam
Tom
going to the conference
tomorrow.
(A) either - or - are
(B) neither - or - is
(C) either - nor - is
(D) neither - nor - is
20) __________ , studies have shown a negative increase in the
levels of obesity worldwide______________ all the efforts made to
reduce this global problem.
(A) Recently - however
(B) Recently - in spite of
(C) Seriously - but
(D) Later - due to
21) The president said we need_____________policies to solve the
problems in economy, otherwise__________crisis will affect the
country.
(A) others - other
(B) other - others
(C) other - another
(D) others - another
69 | P a g e
22) Twenty people_______________ after the student protests held
yesterday.
(A) have been arrested
(B) has been arrested
(C) have been arrest
(D) has been arrest
23) The book was
is
the shelf but it just fell
and now it
the drawer.
(A) in - from - on
(B) on - off - in
(C) on - from - in
(D) in - off- on
24) Mr Smith is one of the best teachers I have had, not only is
he a good professional, but also_____________________■
(A) qualified
(B) has qualifications
(C) a qualified individual
(D) a qualification individual
25) Ms. Simms told Bob's associate that
fine report.
(A) Bob’s associate
had written a
70 | P a g e
(B) she
(C) he
(D) Bob
71 | P a g e
ANSWER KEY
1) A
2) B
3) A
4) C
5) D
6) B
7) A
8) C
9) D
10) B
11) D
12) A
13) A
14) B
15) B
16) C
17) A
18) D
19) D
20) B
21) C
22) A
23) B
24) C
25) A
72 | P a g e
Are you about to take the TOEFL exam soon?
Did you know that your overall TOEFL score is partly weighed on your
grammar accuracy and use?
Apart from learning how to develop high scoring answers in the
writing and speaking sections and understanding the correct
strategies for answering the reading and listening questions, you
MUST correct your grammar to ensure you achieve a high score.
“TOEFL Grammar Guide” goes through the most important grammar
rules and helps you review and understand each one and correct any
mistakes you have.
For each TOEFL grammar rule, you will learn:
- The fundamental use of each rule
- How to use it (with simple examples and explanations)
- When to use it to maximise your answers
-Signalling words
- Important tips
“This book has great tips for what you will face in the TOEFL exam. I
achieved a better score from using this book because it is really
helpful for improving and checking your grammar. It is a must read
for your TOEFL preparation."
978148404604390000