EFFECTS OF SCREEN TIME AND ADAPTIVE FUCNTIONS OF MUSIC LISTENING ON ANXIETY AND
DEPRESSSION AMONG UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL AND DENTAL STUDENTS OF PESHAWAR.
Principal Investigator: Marwan Khan, Co Investigator: Muhammad Daniyal Zaman. Peshawar Medical College Peshawar, Pakistan.
Introduction
There are growing concerns about the impact
of digital technologies on children's emotional
well-being, particularly regarding fear, anxiety,
and depression. The mental health categories
of anxiety and depression will be discussed
together because there is significant symptom
overlap and comorbidity. An increase in time
spent on screen-based technologies has been
suggested to underlie recent increases in
mental health problems among young people.
studies indicating positive associations
between music engagement and quality of life,
reduced depression or anxiety symptoms, and
less frequent substance use. However, many
earlier investigations were limited by small
populations and methodological limitations,
and it has also been suggested that aspects of
music engagement may even be associated
with worse mental health outcomes.
Methodology
Results
• Sample Size:248 Students.
• Study design: Crosssectionalstudy
• Sampling
technique:
convenient
sampling technique.
• Duration: March -May 2022.
• Study population: 1st to final year medical
and dental studentsof PMC & PDC.
• Ethical approval: ERC Peshawar Medical
College.
• Scales: Hospital Anxiety & Depression
Scale,
Adaptive
Functions
of
Music
Listening& Screen time Questionnaire.
• Data Analysis: Pearson correlation, Chi
square test, Cronbach alpha reliability, SPSS
v.25.
Students’ participants: 500. The mean age (n=248) was 21.67 ±1.6 years. Age range of 17 to 26 years,
majority of female students (n=160, 64.5%).
Majority of the students have abnormal level of anxiety (n=100, 40.3%) and only one third of the
students have depression (n=65, 26.2%) respectively. More than half of the students have better
adaptive functioning of music listening (n=135, 54.4%).
Cronbach’s alpha reliability HADS: 0.795, AFML: 0.972.
Chi-square test showed that those who are more anxious have better and significant adaptive
functioning of music listening as compared to others (p=0.01) (fig 1), whereas no significant
difference was found between the depression subtypes among better and poor adaptive functioning
of music listening (p>0.05) respectively (fig 2).
Pearson correlation results showed a significant positive correlation between HADS total score, its
subtypes anxiety and depression with Adaptive functioning of music listening (p<0.05) respectively
(fig 3).
Majority of the students didn’t use TV and TV connected devices on weekdays (n=189, 195, 76.2%,
78.6%), similarly less than half of the students didn’t use laptops during weekdays (n=121, 48.8%),
however majority of the students did use smart phones for more than 4 hours in weekdays (n=141,
57%) respectively.
Conclusion
Aims & Objectives
The Adaptive Functions of Music Listening Scale is a
measure suited for outcomes-based research on music
listening functions.
• To find out the effects of screen time & adaptive functions of
music listening on anxiety and depression among
undergraduate medical and dental students of Peshawar.
• To correlate the subtypes of HADS (anxiety and depression)
with adaptive functioning of music listening among
undergraduate medical and dental students of Peshawar.
PEARSON CORELATION
Measures
AFML
HADS
AFML
.167**
Fig 1 showing chi square test of AFML with AnxietyRecode
Anxiety
Depression
subtype of
subtype of
HADS
HADS
HADS
(.012)
.133*
(.036)
References
• Hoge E, Bickham D, Cantor J. Digital Media, Anxiety, and Depression in Children.
Pediatrics. 2017 Nov;140(Suppl 2):S76-S80. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1758G. PMID:
29093037.
• Tang S, Werner-Seidler A, Torok M, Mackinnon AJ, Christensen H. The relationship
between screen time and mental health in young people: A systematic review of
longitudinal
studies.
ClinPsychol
Rev.
2021
Jun;86:102021.
doi:
10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102021. Epub 2021 Mar 20. PMID: 33798997.
1
(.000)
.159*
of HADS
We are immensely grateful to Dr. Mifrah Rauf Sethi for
her help in supervising this research.
1
Anxiety Subtype of
Depression Subtype
HADS
Acknowledgements
• Gustavson DE, Coleman PL, Iversen JR, Maes HH, Gordon RL, Lense MD. Mental
.883**
(.000)
.872**
(.000)
Fig 3 Showing Pearson Corelation
health and music engagement: review, framework, and guidelines for future studies.
Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Jun 22;11(1):370. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01483-8. PMID:
1
.540**
(.000)
34226495; PMCID: PMC8257764.
• Wesseldijk LW, Ullén F, Mosing MA. The effects of playing music on mental health
1
Fig 2 Showing chi square test of AFML with DepressionRecode
outcomes. Sci Rep. 2019 Aug 30;9(1):12606. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49099-9. PMID:
31471550; PMCID: PMC6717192.