Chemistry Term Project
2022-23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel proud to present my investigatory project in chemistry on
the “To extract essential oil present in Aniseed , Sunflower,
Soybean and Canola.
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to Father
Principal of Maria Assumpta Convent Senior Secondary School
for his encouragement and for all the facilities that he provided
in this project work.
I extent my hearty thanks to Ms. Nishi Popli Ma’am, Chemistry
teacher who helped me, gave me moral support and knowledge
about the subject and also the library which provided us books
for detailed idea about the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents and my
friends who gave me complete support and help to do this
project. Without all of these people this project would never
have been complete.
Certificate of Authenticity
This is to certify that Haardik Gupta a student of class 12th ‘C’
has successfully completed the research project on the “To
extract essential oil present in Aniseed, Sunflower, Soybean,
Canola seeds.” under the guidance of Mrs. Nishi Popli. This
project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism
of any kind. The references taken in making this project have
been declared at the end of this project.
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Principal
INDEX
S. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Topic
Acknowledgement
Certificate
Index
Aim/Introduction
Essential Oils
Requirements and Procedure
Observation
Precautions
2
3
4
5
6,7,8,9,10
11
12,13
14
AIM: –
To extract essential oil present in Saunf (aniseed), Sunflower, Soybean
and Canola.
INTRODUCTION
We are all familiar with the pleasant odours coming out from flowers,
spices and many trees. The essence or aromas of plants are due to
volatile oils present in them. These smelling volatile oils present in plants
are called essential oils. Cinnamon, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic,
jasmine, peppermint, rose, sandalwood, spearmint, thyme, wintergreen
are a few familiar examples of valuable essential oils. The term “essential
oils” literally means “oils derived from the essence” of plants.
Essential oils are mainly used for their pleasant odours and flavors in
perfumes and as flavoring agents in foods. Some are used in medicines
(e.g., camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus) others as insect repellants (e.g.,
citronella). Chemically essential oils are composed of complex mixtures
of ester, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They
are essentially non-polar compounds and are thus soluble in non-polar
solvents such as petroleum ether, benzene etc. Essential oils may occur
in all parts of the plant, but they are often concentrated in the seeds or
flowers. They are obtained from the plants by the process of steam
distillation and extraction. The technique of steam distillation permits the
separation of volatile components from non-volatile materials without
raising the temperature of the distillation above 100° C.
Thus, steam distillation reduces the risk of decomposition of essential
oils.
Aniseed essential oil
Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil, known as `Oil of
Aniseed`, which has now replaced the fruits for medicinal and flavoring
purposes.
Aniseed oil is a highly refractive liquid, which solidifies on cooling. The
congealing point depends much on the anethole content and is a
valuable criterion for evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil to air causes
polymerization, and some oxidation also takes place with the formation
of anisaldehyde and anisic acid. The chief constituent of aniseed oil is
anethole, which is present to the extent of 80 to 90 per cent and is
mainly responsible for the characteristic flavor of the oil.
Preliminary Observation
1. Common method of extraction: Steam Distillation
2. Colour: translucent
3. Aromatic description: Distinctive rich and sweet scent of licorice.
4. Chemical constituents: a-pinene, camphene, B-pinene, linalool, cisanethole, trans-anethole, safrole, anisaldehyde, acetoanisole.
Uses
1. In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to treat colds and flu.
2. Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both
hunting and fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract fish.
3. Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor that can
eventually produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be used in
the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as 2C-B, 2C-I and
DOB.
4. Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an aromatic carminative
to relieve flatulence, and as an ingredient of cough lozenges in
combination with liquorice.
5. Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide against small
insects such as head lice, mites and vermin. It also has fungicidal
properties.
Structural Formula
Sunflower essential oil
Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of
the sunflower. Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and
in cosmetic formulations as an emollient.
Sunflower oil is primarily composed of linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated
fat, and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat. Sunflower oil is a noncomedogenic carrier oil which is highly absorbent, and won’t clog pores.
It’s non-irritating for most people, and can be used on all types of skin,
including dry, normal, oily, and acne-prone.
Preliminary Observations
1. Common method of extraction: Steam distillation
2. Colour: Light Amber
3. Aromatic description: fruity and woody smell
4. Chemical constituents: alpha- pinene, verbenone, terpinolene and
alpha-terpinolene.
Uses
1. It is used in low to extreme high temperature cooking. It is also used
to garnish food.
2. Extraction of sunflower essential oil leaves behind crushed seeds called
seed meal which is high in protein and fiber. It is used as animal feed,
fertilizer and fuel.
3. It can be mixed with diesel and used as a fuel. It increases the viscosity
during cold temperatures.
4. PEG-10, a compound made from sunflower essential oil is used in
cosmetic formulations.
5. It is also used as fungicide in organic farms.
Structural Formula
Soybean essential oil
Soybean essential oil is a vegetable oil extracted from Soybean. It is the
second most consumed vegetable oil after Palm oil. Use of Soybean
essential oil is dated prior to 2000 BCE in China.
China is the biggest producer and India is the 5th largest producer of
Soybean essential oil.
Preliminary Observations
1. Common method of extraction: Steam Distillation/solvent extraction
2. Colour: Pale yellow
3. Aromatic description: Odorless
4. Chemical constituents: carvacrol, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, p-allylanisole,pcymene and limonene.
Uses
1. Soybean oil has a high smoke point, which means that is doesn’t break
easily to form harmful free radicles. Therefore, it is preferred for high
temperature cooking methods like roasting, baking and frying.
2. It consists of fats which are healthy for the heart. Eating food made in
soybean oil lowers the risk of heart diseases.
3. It is an important ingredient in skin care products and can also
improve bone health.
4. It contains omega-3 fatty acids which reduced inflammation and
improves brain function and immune system.
5. It has a neutral taste and almost no odor so, it can be used with any
food and as a salad dressing.
Structural formula
Canola essential oil
Rapeseed essential oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils. It is
consumed in low quantities due to the high amount of erucic acid.
Canola oil is the food grade version of rapeseed oil. It is made by
lowering the erucic acid present in rapeseed oil.
Rapeseed oil was renamed Canola oil after its biggest producer Canada.
It is also produced extensively in India, France, Belgium, Ireland, the
United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark,
and Poland.
Preliminary Observations
1. Common method extraction: Steam distillation/Solvent Extraction
2. Colour: light yellow
3. Aromatic description: Odorless
4. Chemical constituents: Beta-sitosterol, campesterol.
Uses
1. Canola oil contains monounsaturated fatty acids which controls blood
sugar and cholesterol. It helps in weight loss and contains Vitamin E and
K to accelerate blood clotting.
2. It is an anti-inflammatory agent and helps in curing arthritis and
asthma.
3. Vitamin E and K present in Canola oil eradicate skin problems.
4. Presence of high amounts of antioxidants and low cholesterol level
improves our metabolism and provides energy.
5. The antioxidants also neutralize free radicles and lower the risk of
dementia, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease.
Structural Formula
Material Required
Steam generator (Copper Vessel), round bottom flask (500 ml), conical
flask, condenser, glass tubes, iron stand, sand bath, separatory funnel,
tripod stands, burners, Petroleum ether(60-80°C),Soybean seeds,
Aniseed seeds, Canola seeds, Sunflower seeds.
Procedure
1. Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup. The
apparatus consists of a steam generator connected to the round bottom
flask through a glass inlet tube. The flask is connected to a water
condenser through a glass outlet tube. Condenser is further attached to
a receiver through an adaptor.
2. Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and start heating
to produce steam.
3. In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm of crushed seed.
4. A vigorous current of steam from steam generator is passed through
the round bottom flask.
5. A part of the steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more and
more steam is passed, the steam volatile components of the seed pass
through the condenser along with steam. These contents on
condensation are collected in the receiver.
6. The contents in the round bottom flask may be heated by a Bunsen
burner to prevent excessive condensation of steam.
7. The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour.
8. Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20 ml
portions of petroleum ether 3 times.
9. Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry
it with the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate.
10. Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillation in a
water bath. The essential oil is left behind in the distillation flask.
11. Find the weight of the extracted essential oil. Note the colour, odour
and weight of the essential oil.
Observations
1. Saunf (Aniseed)
Weight of Saunf seed taken = 100 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10gm (x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm (y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/100) *100=1.25 %
Colour of the oil = Translucent
Odour of the oil = Saunf like smell
2. Sunflower
Weight of Sunflower seed taken = 75 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y–x) =1 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/75) *100=1.33%
Colour of the oil = light amber
Odour of the oil = woody smell
3. Soybean
Weight of Soybean seed taken = 100 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y–x) =1.25 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/75) *100=1.25%
Colour of the oil = pale yellow
Odour of the oil = odorless
4. Canola
Weight of Canola taken = 100 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y–x) =1.25 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/75) *100=1.25%
Colour of the oil = light yellow
Odour of the oil = odorless
Precautions
1. If you accidentally spill essential oils – Clean any spillage with
an absorbent material such as kitchen roll.
2. If you accidentally get essential oils in your eye – Flush with
copious amounts of MILK for at least 15 minutes and seek
medical advice if symptoms persist.
3. If you accidentally swallow essential oils – Rinse mouth with
MILK and seek medical attention.
4. Handling – Do not eat, drink or smoke when handling. Respect
good personal hygiene.
5. Always mix with carrier oil before applying to the skin. Never
apply to inflamed or broken skin.
6. Do not use neat on skin.
7. Do not take internally. If pregnant seek medical advice before
using.
8. Storage – Store in a cool, dry place away from heat and direct
sunlight. Always use original containers. Avoid contact with
polished surfaces and plastic.
9. Keep essential oils away from children and pets