Pearson Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 02: Networking
Assignment 01
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Higher National Diploma in Computing
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number
Unit Number and Title
Unit 2: Networking
Academic Year
2021/22
Unit Tutor
Assignment Title
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
Issue Date
Submission Date
IV Name & Date
Submission format
The submission should be in the form of an individual report written in a concise, formal business style
using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and
subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using Harvard
referencing system. Please also provide an end list of references using the Harvard referencing system.
The recommended word count is 3,000–3,500 words for the report excluding annexures,
although you will not be penalised for exceeding the total word limit.
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
Assignment Brief and Guidance:
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Scenario
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS is a privately owned, well-known Software company located in Colombo. The
Management of SYNTAX SOLUTIONS has purchased a 3-story building in the heart of Matara. They
are planning to make it one of the state-of-the-art companies in Matara with the latest facilities.
It is expected to have nearly 150 employees in Matara branch.
Department
Number of Users
Customer Care
10
Sales and Marketing
20
Finance
25
Legal
5
HR
10
Developers
55
Network Team
5
Server Room
Servers +ISP connections
Foll ow i ng r equir ements ar e g iv en by the Manag ement.

All the departments must be separ ated with uni que subnet and sho uld no t
communicate with each o ther unless ther e is a speci al r equir ement .

19 2.16 8.10. 0/24 is giv en and sho uld be use d fo r all the departments except the
server room . IPs sho uld assign usi ng DHCP .

ERP and CRM Sy stems need to be im plem ented in M atara branch in local serv ers.

N umber of s erv ers requir ed for the Server r oom need to be decided by the
Netwo rk designer and sho uld be assigned with 10.25 4.1. 0/24 subnet. (Uses static
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I Ps )

Hig h l ev el of r edundancy is expected in netwo rk design to eliminate single po int
o f failures and traffic bottle necks.

Sal es and Mar keti ng Team need to access Netwo rk reso urces usi ng WI FI
co nnectiv ity .

Pr oper methods fo r netw or ki ng monitoring and tr oubl eshooting need to be
established.

All possible netw or k sec ur ity mechanism s sho uld be im plemented.
Assume yo u have been appo inted as the new netwo rk co nsultant o f SYNT AX SOLUTI ONS .
P repare a netwo rk architectural design and im plement it with yo ur suggestio ns and
recommendatio ns to meet the com pany requirements.
(No te: Cl ea rl y state you r a ssump tion s. Y ou a re allow ed to d esign th e n etwo rk a cco rding
to you r a ssump tion s, bu t main requi remen ts sho uld n ot b e viol ated)
Ac tiv ity 01

D iscuss the benefits and co nstraints o f different netwo rk system types that can be
im plemented in the Matara branch and the m ain IEEE Ethernet standards that can
be used in above L AN and WLAN design .

D iscuss the im po rtance and impact o f netwo rk to po lo gies and netwo rk proto col
suites while com paring the main network to po lo gies and netwo rk proto co l suites
that are used in netwo rk design using exam ples . Recomm end suitable netwo rk
topolo gies and network proto co l suites fo r above scenario and justify yo ur answer
with v alid po ints.
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Ac tiv ity 02

D iscuss the o perating principles o f network dev ices (Ex: Ro uter, Switch, Etc.) and
server ty pes that can be used fo r abov e scenario while explo ring different servers
that
are
available
in
to day’s m arket
with
their specificatio ns . R ecommend
server/ servers fo r the abov e scenario and justify your selectio n with v alid po ints .

D iscuss the inter -dependence o f wo rkstatio n hardware with networking so ftware and
prov ide exam ples fo r netwo rking so ftware that can be used in abov e netwo rk design.
Ac tiv ity 03

P repare a written netwo rk design plan to meet the above mentio ned user
requirements including a blueprint drawn using a mo deling too l. ( Ex: M icroso ft Visio ,
EdrawM ax).
Support yo ur answer by pro viding the VL AN and IP subnetting scheme for the above
scenario and the list of dev ices, netwo rk com po nents and software used to design the
netwo rk for abo ve scenario and while justifying yo ur selectio ns.

Test and ev aluate the proposed design to meet the requirem ents and analy se user
feedback by using a User feedbac k fo rm .

Install and co nfigure Netwo rk services , devices and applications (Ex: VL AN,D HCP ,
D NS,Pro xy , Web, Etc.) acco rding to the pro posed design to accom plish the user
requirements and design a detailed M aintenance schedule for abov e Netwo rk.
*N ote: - Scr een s hots of C onfig ur ati on scri pts shoul d be pr esented.
Ac tiv ity 04

Im plement a networked system based o n yo ur prepared design with v alid evidence s
and recommend po tential future enhancements fo r the networked system with valid
justificatio ns to yo ur recommendatio ns. Use critical reflectio n to critically evaluat e
the design, plan, co nfiguration, and testing o f yo ur network while justifying with v alid
co nclusio ns.
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
D evelo p test cases and co nduct verificatio n (Ex: Ping, extended ping, trace ro ute,
telnet, SSH, etc.) to test the abov e Netwo rk and analyse the test results against the
expected results.
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Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria
Achieved
Feedback
LO1 : Examine networking principles and their protocols.
P1
Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types
and standards.
P2
Explain the impact of network topology, communication and
bandwidth requirements.
M1
Compare common networking principles and how protocols
enable the effectiveness of networked systems.
LO2 : Explain networking devices and operations
P3
Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and
server types.
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P4
Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with
relevant networking software.
M2
Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a
server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and
performance optimization.
LO 1 & LO2
D1 Critically evaluate the topology protocol selected for a given
scenario to demonstrate the efficient utilisation of a networking
system.
LO3 : Design efficient networked systems
P5
Design a networked system to meet a given specification.
P6
Test and evaluate the design to meet the requirements and
analyze user feedback.
M3
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Install and configure network services and applications on your
choice.
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CONTENTS
Activity 01
1. Network System ......................................................................................................
1.1 Peer-to-Peer .................................................................................................
1.2 Cloud ...........................................................................................................
1.3 Client Server ................................................................................................
1.4 Local area network ......................................................................................
2. Network Topology...................................................................................................
3. Network Protocol .....................................................................................................
4.
IEEE Standards .......................................................................................................
Activity 02
5.
Operating Principles and Server Types .................................................................
6.
Servers Types........................................................................................................
Activity 03 and 04
7.
Subnetting Scheme ..............................................................................................
8.
Feed back Form ...................................................................................................
9.
Google Foum .......................................................................................................
10.
Installation of Window Server ............................................................................
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Activity 01
Network System
Network System is a group or System of interconnected computers to share
information and distributed processing task. The Connection can be established by
using either cable media or wireless media. Each network includes hardware and
software that connects computer and devices. Computer network basic of
communication in IT.
Peer-to-Peer Network
In the most basic sense, a peer-to-peer network is a simple network where each
computer doubles as a node and a server for the files it holds exclusively. These are
like a home network or an office network. However, when P2B networks are installed
on the Internet, the size of the network and the available files allow a greater amount
of data to be shared. Early P2P networks such as Napster used client software and a
central server, while later networks such as GAZA and BitTorrent were partitioned
between multiple nodes to free the bandwidth, leaving the central server. Peer-to-peer
networks are commonly associated with cyber theft and illegal file-sharing. Today no
one enjoys P2P usage or network exclusive dominance. Popular P2P networks include
eDonkey, BitTorrent, Gnutella and eMule. (technopedia, 2016)
Figure 1:- (p2p network)
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Advantages of Peer-to-Peer
-
Software used:-The operating system for building the P2P network already has
built-in software.
-
Resume download:- When downloading any large file and network is
discounted then upon reconnection to the network and can resume the download
easily
-
Inexpensive :- Setting up a peer to peer network is inexpensive.
-
No need for a specialist :- There is not extra network technician needed to
handle the working of the network. Any person can operate the computer on the
network
-
New connection :- It is easy to add a new node to the network. Just need extra
copper wire or USB cable to attach the node(computer) to the network.
Disadvantages of Peer-to-Peer
-
Slow performance :- If downloading and uploading of files occur
simultaneously then the speed of the internet is affected.
-
No central backup :- All computers have to take individual backup of files and
folders.
-
Controlling virus :- There is no central server to control and monitor the spread
of the virus. Virus and Trojan can be easily transmitted over the network.
-
Limited computers connected :- A limit of 10 or low computers to be
connected to the network
-
Protection of files :- Any computer can access any file on the network
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Cloud Computing
Cloud sells services to anyone on the Internet. A private cloud is a data center that provides
services hosted to a limited number of people, with a proprietary network or specific access
and access systems. Cloud infrastructure includes the hardware and software components
needed to properly implement a cloud computing model.
These services are divided into three main categories:
1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Software as a service (SaaS)
Figure 2 :- (Cloud Computing)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud computing
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Reduce Infrastructure Costs
Moving from cloud to on-premise is not easy
Impact to personal
Limited control
Consolidate the data
Vendor lock-in
Increase Automation
Slower back-up and restores
Save on space
Internet Reliance
Maximize uptime
Heavy use of internet reduce the performance
Defend against to data lost disaster
Table -01
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Client – Server
The client server network is defined as a specific type of online network that consists of a
single central computer that acts as a server that runs multiple computers, referred to as
clients. By accessing the server, client can access shared files and information stored on the
server. A client server model can be implemented on a single computer system, but it is
commonly used on a variety of platforms. (Donohoe, 2019)
Figure 3 :- Client-Server
Advantages and Disadvantages of Client Sever
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Necessary informations are placed in a single
Need a specialized network manager to
location
maintain the server
Data is well protected
Lack on the side of robustness
Highly Scalable
Can be expensive to purchase
Easy to manage files
Traffic congestion
Clients able to access the system
Not possible to directly print document or edit
any informations on the client hard disk drive
Table - 02
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Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN is a group of computers and devices that are in a specific location, such as
a building, office or home. A LAN can be small or large, from a home network
with a user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an
office or school
Figure-4: Local Area
Most Common type of LAN:
-
Ethernet LAN (Wired connection)
-
WLAN (Wireless)
1. Ethernet LAN (Wired Connection)
Ethernet LAN uses Ethernet cables to connect the devices in a network. In this type of
connection, the network installation is wired and the Switches and Routers are
configured using the network settings. Involves a hardwired connection to the internet
by Ethernet cables (Cat5,Cat6 and so on). Ethernet is more stable and secure and
faster than wifi. It is less accessible and expensive. (Still, 2021)
Figure 5 :- (Ethernet Cables)
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2. WLAN (Wireless)
WLAN uses High Frequency Radio Waves as the means of communication over
short distance. It does not require traditional network cables to connect the devices.
WLAN can contain several types of devices such as Mobile phones, Laptop and tablet
computers, Internet audio systems, other internet-enabled home devices. It is
commonly used in offices and homes. WLAN is highly flexible, low cost and users
are free to move within the coverage range. It is difficult to setup, easy to hack and
transmission speed slower than wired network (hightechwhizz, 2019)
Advantages of LAN
i. Resource Sharing :- Easy to share resource such as hard disk drives, DVD drives
and Printers
ii. Software Sharing :- Easy to share software (No need to purchase individual
license for each and every computer)
iii. Convenient Communication :- Users can exchange messages and data in a
convenient way
iv. Centralized Data :- Data of the users are located at the centralized serve
v. Improved Security :-It can be guaranteed to be secure
vi. Internet Sharing :- Has the capability to share internet connection among all the
LAN users
Disadvantages of LAN
i. Implementation Cost :- The initial cost involved in setting up the network is
quite high
ii. Policy Violation :- Unauthorized users can view all the browsing history and
downloads of all the connected computers.
iii. Maitanance :- Often faces hardware problems and system failure
iv. Area Coverage :- usually made to cover up a limited distance (up to 10km).
v. Malware Spreading :-Appearance of virus in LAN based on infrastructure is
highly dangerous
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
A wide area network is a network that exists over a large-scale geographical area, such as a
city, state, or country. Also known as Long Haul Network. WANs are often used by large
businesses to connect their office networks; Each office usually has its own local area
network. The world largest WAN is internet. Internet connects many smaller local area
networks (LAN) metro area networks(MAN).It can be said WAN is a combination of
LAN and MAN. (Bradley, 2020)
Figure 6 :- (Wide Area Network)
Types of WAN technologies
i.
Packet switching
ii.
TCP/IP protocol suite
iii.
Router
iv.
Overlay network
v.
Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS)
vi.
MPLS
vii.
ATM
viii.
Frame Relay
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Advantages and Disadvantages of WAN
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
WAN covers a large geographical area, so
Expensive setting up the network
networks can be made over long distances
Different peripherals can be shared with all the
Maintaining a network is a full-time job which
computers in the network
requires network supervisors and technicians
to be employed
Everyone on that network can access the same
Security is a real issue
data
Shares software and resources with connecting
Need a good firewall to restrict outsiders from
workstations.
entering and disrupting the network
Table :- 03
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Personal Area Network (PAN)
Private Area Network (PAN) is a computer network organized around an individual for
personal use only. The PAN is used for data sharing between devices within 10 meters or 33
feet, various digital devices such as smartphones, tablets, printers, computers and other
devices within an individual user's environment. Wireless keyboards, Wireless Mice,
Smartphones, TV remotes, Wireless printers, Gaming consoles, Bluetooth, Fire-wire,
ZigBee, Wibree and wireless USB are some examples for PAN (Jahejo, n.d.)
Figure 7 :- (PAN)
Advantages and Disadvantages of PAN
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
No extra space, cable and wire requires.
PAN can be operated in less range of areas

Infrared signals travel only in a straight line
Connect to many devices at a time

Can only be used for personal area
Affordable Cost

Slow data transfer
Easy to use

Interfere with radio signals:
Data can Synchronize between different
devices
Secure
Table :- 04
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Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually covers a city
or a large campus. A MAN network is optimal for a larger geographical area than a LAN,
from multiple buildings to entire cities. The purpose of the is to provide a long-term
connection to the Internet. The primary use of metropolitan networks is a customer with
high potential needs in a metropolitan area. A man's aim is to provide the required capacity
at a lower cost and higher efficiency than to receive an equivalent service from a local
telephone company.
Figure 5 :- (man)
Commonly, a MAN is small enough that dedicated point-to-point, or backbone, data
connections are built between buildings or to a hosted colocation (colo) data center. These
backbone connections can use various connection technologies including Ethernet run,
leased dark fiber or private fiber, point-to-point WiFi, wireless LAN (WLAN), millimeterwave (MM wave) radio and microwave radio connections or private. 5G networks.
(Wright, 2021)
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Advantages of MAN
-
Less Expensive :- It is less expensive to connect MAN with WAN Network.
MAN provides good efficiency of data. All data on MAN is simply manageable
in a centralized way.
-
Sending Local E-mails :- Users can send local emails fast and free on MAN.
-
Sending Local E-mails :- Using MAN fiber optics, data speeds can easily reach
1000 Mbps. Files and database transfer rates are fast.
-
Sharing of the Internet :- By installing MANs, users can share their Internet
connection. This way, many users can get the same high-speed internet.
-
High security :- The MAN has a higher security level than the WAN.
Converting
-
LAN to MAN is easy :- MAN is a combination of two or more LAN networks.
So connecting two LAN networks together is the quickest way. This is made
possible by the quick configuration of the links.
Disadvantages of MAN
-
Difficult to manage: - As the size and number of LAN network increases it
becomes more difficult to manage. This is due to security and additional
configuration issues.
-
Internet Speed Difference: - It does not work on telephone copper wires.
Copper wires affect the speed of the MAN, so fiber optics are more expensive.
-
Hackers attack: - In this network, the risk of attacking hackers is higher
compared to LAN. So there may be data leak. High security personnel are
required on the MAN.
-
Technical staff should be set up: - High tech personnel should set up MAN.
Technical Personnel Network Administrators and Adjustment.
-
More wires required: - In MAN, cables are required than in LAN network. You
know, this is a combination of two lanes.
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Campus Area Network
Campus Area Network (CAN) is a group of local area networks (LANs) that are
interconnected within a defined geographical area, such as school campuses, university
campuses, military bases or corporate campuses, and corporate buildings. This Campus
Area Network is also known as the Corporate Area Network and the Residential Network or
Resnet because it is used only by the residents of the particular premises. The Campus Area
Network is a network of interconnected local area networks that are connected by switches
and routers to form a single network, such as the CAN. The campus area network covers
areas ranging from 1 to 5 km and can be wired or wireless. (Geeksforgeek, 2020)
Figure 6 :- (CAN)
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Economical in the sense that it uses fewer
The connection between nodes (computers) is
cables, switches, hubs and routers
limited in size
Sharing of data is easy
Maintenance is expensive
Use a wireless connection for connecting
different departments and buildings
Files are transferred with high speed over the
network (internet)
Internet is used from the same ISP (Internet
Service Provider)
Table :- 5
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IEEE Standards
IEEE 802 is a family of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards
for Local Area Networks (LAN), Personal Area Networks (PAN), and Metropolitan Area
Networks (MAN). The IEEE 802 LAN / MAN Standards Committee (LMSC) maintains
these standards. The IEEE 802 Standards consists of twelve members, numbered 802.1 to
802.12, dedicated to each of LMSC's central committees.
IEEE 802
MAN/LAN
IEEE 802.1
Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Groups
IEEE 802.2
LLC
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
IEEE 802.4
Token bus
IEEE 802.5
Token Ring MAC layer
IEEE 802.6
MANs (DQDB)
IEEE 802.7
Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable
IEEE 802.8
Fibre Optic TAG
IEEE 802.9
Integrated Service (ISLAN or isoEthernet)
IEEE 802.10
Interoperable LAN Security
IEEE 802.11
Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
IEEE 802.12
100BaseVG
IEEE 802.14
Cable modems
IEEE 802.15
Wireless PAN
IEEE 802.15.1
Bluetooth certification
IEEE 802.15.2
IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.11 coexistence
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IEEE 802.15.3
High-Rate wireless PAN (eg. UWB,etc)
IEEE 802.15.4
Low-Rate wireless PAN (eg. ZigBee, WirelessHART etc)
IEEE 802.15.5
Mesh networking for
IEEE 802.15.6
Body area network
IEEE 802.15.7
Visible light communication
IEEE 802.16
Broadband wireless Access (WiMAX certification)
Table 6 :- IEEE standards
Recommendation
The type of network I used for this Matara; The branch is MAN. (Metropolitan Area
Network). The metropolitan area includes large geographical areas such as network cities or
school districts. Therefore, the famous software company was based in Colombo. Due to
this the network structure of the Matara branch should be merged with the Colombo
company. Therefore, the metropolitan area network is good for this company.
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Network Topology
Network topology is the schematic description of the arrangement of the physical and
logical components of a communication network. Nodes typically include devices such as
switches, routers, and software with switch and router features. Topologies are categorized
as either physical network topology, which is the physical signal transmission medium, or
logical network topology, which refers to how data travels through the network among
devices, independent of the physical connection of the devices. (omnisci, 2021)
Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network
Bus Topology
Figure 7:- (Bus topology)
This type of network topology is called bus topology because all computers or servers are
connected by a single cable or a backbone. Each workstation sends and receives signals
through this single cable; Bus. This is a linear topography. Depending on the type of
computer network card, a coaxial cable or an RJ-45 network cable is used to connect them
together. (Computer Hope, 2018)
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Networking (unit -1)
Advantages and disadvantages of Bus
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
The bus network is easy to extend and can
If a cable encounters any problem the entire
include many servers and systems.
network will collapse.
Cost is cheap
Difficult to diagnose a problem with a
particular server or system.
It is ideal for small network setup and works
The effectiveness of bus topology decreases as
effectively for LAN.
the number or number of nodes increases.
Security is not very good as all computers
receive the same signal from the common bus.
Table :- 08
Ring Topology
Figure 8 :- (Ring Topology)
The transmission of data takes place by token and data travels in one direction. Every node is
connected to two nodes on each side. Nodes are connected in a way that makes a close loop,
therefore the name ring topology.
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Networking (unit -1)
Advantages and disadvantages of Ring
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Because information flows in the same
In the ring, information and data are sent
direction, speed is better than any other
through the source and target, which makes
topography
it slower
The network server does not need to control
Since the ring is a closed loop, if any one
the connection between workstations
node goes down, the entire network will
collapse
Conflict is minimized because data flow
The whole network is connected by wire
and connection efficiency are very
connection, so the network is completely
consistent
dependent on these connections
Every once in a while there is equal access
to resources
Table :- 08
Star Topology
Figure 9 :- (Star Topology)
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Networking (unit -1)
Advantages and disadvantages of star topology
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGEGES
New devices can be easily connected and
The capability of the core device is important
any device can be easily removed from the
as it affects the performance of all connected
topography.
devices.
In the star, the central junction controls and
Network cost increases with the number of
monitors all activities
devices
Since each terminal is connected separately
In this network, the performance of all other
and directly, the problem with one device
devices is compromised if the hub junction is
does not affect the other network.
not capable of supporting that number of
devices.
Table :- 09
Tree Topology
Figure 10 :- (Tree topology)
18
Networking (unit -1)
In tree topography, the devices are arranged in a tree style like the branches of a tree.
The devices on the lower level are connected to the devices on the next higher level,
which resembles a tree-like structure. Tree topography-based networks have a
hierarchical structure. At higher levels of the tree, often point-to-point or point-tomultipoint connections are used. Wood topography based networks are not suitable
for small networks as they require additional equipment and cables.
Advantages of Tree topology
-
This topology is a combination of bus and star topology
-
Provides hierarchical and central data arrangement of these topology nodes.
-
Provides high scalability because leaf nodes can add one or more nodes to a
hierarchical chain.
-
If the one of nodes in the network is damaged or not working other nodes are not
affected
-
Provides easy maintenance and can easily identify faults.
-
Callable topology. The leaf tips have more edges.
-
Supported by many hardware and software vendors.
-
Point-to-point wiring for individual segment.
Disadvantages of Tree topology
-
Very difficult to configure compared to other network topologies.
-
The length of a section is limited & the range of the section depends on the type
of cabling used.
-
Due to a large number of nodes, the network performance of changes slightly
more slowly.
-
If the first level computer is faulty, the next level system is also problematic.
-
Requires a higher number of cables compared to star and ring topology. This
creates dense network traffic as the data center must travel from the cable.
-
The backbone appears to be the failure point of the entire segment of the
network.
-
Topologies treatment is more complex.
-
Increases organizational costs.
19
Networking (unit -1)
Mesh Topology
Figure 11:- (mesh topology)
Mesh topology is the network topology in which all network nodes are individually
connected to most other nodes. There is no concept of a central switch, hub or computer,
which acts as a focal point for sending messages.
it can be divided into two kinds:
-
Fully connected mesh topology :- All the nodes connected to every other node
Partially connected mesh topology :- Does not have all the nodes connected to
each other
Advantages and disadvantages of Mesh topology
ADVANTAGES
Each connection can carry its own data
load
DISADVANTAGES
Installation and configuration can be
difficult if the connection is high
It is robust
A fault is easily detected
Bulk wiring required
The cost of cabling is high in fully
connected mesh topology
Provides security and privacy
Table :- 11
I Recoman Mesh topology for Matara Branch. In this topology, all the nodes are directly or
partially connected to each other. Mesh topology makes a point-to-point connection.
20
Networking (unit -1)
Hybrid Topology
Figure 12 :- (Hybrid topology)
Hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more different network
topologies. These topologies include a combination of bus topology, mesh topology, ring
topology, star topology and tree topology.
Advantages and disadvantages of Hybrid topology
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Can be modified as per requirement
Expensive network type
Extremely flexible
The design of a hybrid network is very
complicated.
Very reliable
There is a change in hardware to connect
topology with another topology.
Easily scalable as Hybrid networks are built
Architectures are larger in scale so they
in a fashion which enables easy integration of
require a lot of cables in the installation
new hardware components
process.
Error detecting and troubleshooting are easy
Hubs are very costly and need to be
Used for creating a large network
intelligent enough to work with different
architectures.
Handles a large volume of traffic
21
Networking (unit -1)
Table:- 12
Importance of Network Topologies
1. Influence on the operation of networks
The importance and impact of topography on network evolution is enormous and
influential. In recent years, studies have found that in the real world of networks,
topography is essential because it mediates the effects of changes in local communication.
Sometimes this can have an impact on the dynamic behavior of networks. Therefore,
topography can be an influential aspect of editing or improving the functionality of
networks.
2. Have a good understanding of important networking concepts
If User want to know or understand the importance of networking concepts, topography can
help user. For many, it is difficult to know how a computer network actually works.
Topology is a significant component of network design theory. More or less all real world
networks form networks set up over time. By topology, people can build a house or set up a
small business computer network. The best feature is that they have good knowledge in bus
design and do not want to do so with star design. Topology can provide user with a better
understanding and familiarity with leading networking ideas such as broadcasters, hubs and
routers.
3. Creates small world property
Many networks are proving to be so-called small global property. One of the key priorities
of topology in the evolution of network design is that it reduces the degree of division
between worlds. Networks have been widely used in recent years. It aims to classify and
create complex prototypes found across a range of social, technological and biological
diversity systems. The topography of the largest social, technological, and biological
networks, such as the WWW or related communication networks, has attracted considerable
attention.
(Justin, 2021)
22
Networking (unit -1)
Impacts of Network Topology
1. LAN stands for Local Area Network, usually a group of computers and network
devices connected within a single geographic area or building. By definition,
connections must be high-speed and relatively inexpensive (e.g., token ring or
Ethernet). Most university departments are in lanes.
2. MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network, which is usually a large network of
multiple buildings within the same city or city. The WAN is an abbreviation for a
wide area network that, unlike MAN, is not limited to one geographical area,
although it can be limited to the limits of a state regulation.
3. The WAN connects multiple LANs, and it can be controlled by one company (a
company or an association) or made available to the public. The technology is fast
and reasonably priced. The Internet is an example of a public WAN.
23
Networking (unit -1)
Network Protocols
A network protocol is a set of established rules that direct how computer network devices from servers and routers to endpoints - communicate, transmit, and receive data regardless
of differences in their basic configurations, designs, or standards.
To successfully send and receive information, devices on both sides of the communication
exchange must adopt and follow ethical conventions. In networking, support for protocols
can be configured in software, hardware, or both. (Alissa & Wesley, 2021)
There are different types of protocols that support the important and compassionate role of
interacting with different devices in the network. These are:
1. TCP
2. FTP
3. HTTP
4. UDP
5. DNS
6. POP3
24
Networking (unit -1)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP is a communications standard for delivering data and messages through networks.
Most commonly used protocols within digital network communications. Organizes data so
it can be transmitted between server and client. TCP is part of Internet protocol suite, So its
known as TCP/IP
Figure 13:- (TCP)
Advantages and disadvantages of TCP
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Can be deployed effectively in all the
This model cannot describe new models or
practical networking problems
new technologies.
Allow cross-platform communications
To have a centralized TCP / IP domain, it
among heterogeneous networks
requires a lot of efforts for registration
Any individual or organization can use TCP
Only TCP and IP worked well in the long
/ IP suite without any reorganization or
run whereas others lost their relevance with
permission
time
Can add networks without disturbing any
TCP / IP was designed for WAN. It cannot
service with the help of TCP / IP
work so efficiently with LAN and PAN
It assigns a unique IP address to each
TCP / IP fails to represent any other stack
computer or system registered on a network
(Bluetooth) except TCP / IP suite
Almost all the routers can read TCP packets
Does not differentiate between the data link
and give special service to them
and physical barriers.
Table:- 13
25
Networking (unit -1)
File Transfer Protocol
The file transfer protocol enables file sharing between hosts, both local and remote, and runs
over TCP. For file transfer, FTP creates two TCP connections: control and data connection.
The control link is used to change control information such as commands for recovering
passwords and files, and the data link is used to convert the actual file. These two connections
run in parallel during the entire file transfer process.
There are two types of FTP
1. Active FTP
2. Passive FTP
Figure 14 :- (FTP)
Advantages and disadvantages of FTP
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Enables sharing large files and multiple
FTP lacks security. Data, usernames, and
directories at the same time.
passwords are transferred in plain text,
making them vulnerable to malicious actors.
Recover lost data, and schedule a file
FTP lacks encryption capabilities, making it
transfer.
non-compliant with industry standards.
Resume file sharing if it was interrupted.
Hard to script jobs
Fastest transfer than HTTP.
Table :- 14
26
Networking (unit -1)
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTP is an application layer protocol used for distributed, collaborative and hypermedia
information systems. It runs on the client-server model, where the web browser acts as the
client. Data such as text, images and other multimedia files are shared over the World Wide
Web using HTTP. As a request and response type protocol, the client sends a request to the
server, which is processed by the server before sending a reply to the client.
HTTP is an unstable protocol, meaning that the connection between the client and the server
is only visible to each other. After that, both the client and the server forget about each
other. Due to this event, both the client and the server are unable to retain information
between requests.
Advantages and disadvantages of HTTP
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Memory usage and CPU usage are low
HTTP lacks encryption capabilities, making it
less secure.
Errors can be reported without closing
Too complex for simple data
connections
Owing to lesser TCP connections, network
Only point-to-point communication
congestion is reduced
Simple for page level data and Simple
No reliable exchanges
implementation
No server resources ate required
HTTP requires more power to establish
communication and transfer data.
Table :- 15
27
Networking (unit -1)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
UDP is an unconnected traffic layer protocol that provides a simple but unreliable
messaging service. Unlike TCP, UDP does not include reliability, flow control or error
recovery functions. UDP is useful in situations where TCP reliability mechanisms are not
required. Retrieving lost data packets is not possible with UDP.
Figure 15 :- (UDP)
Advantages and disadvantages of UDP
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Broadcast and multicast connections are
In UDP, it's possible that a packet may not
possible with UDP
be delivered, be delivered twice, or not be
delivered at all
UDP is faster than TCP
Manual disintegration of data packets is
needed
Table :- 15
28
Networking (unit -1)
Domain Name System protocol (DNS)
The DNS protocol translates or maps hostname to IP addresses. The DNS operates on the
client-server model and uses the database distributed over the name servers hierarchy.
Hosts are identified based on their IP addresses, but the IP address is difficult to memorize
due to its complexity. IPs are also dynamic, making it very important to map domain names
to IP addresses. DNS helps solve this problem by converting websites' domain names to
numeric IP addresses.
Figure 16 :- (DNS)
Advantages and disadvantages of DNS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
DNS facilitates internet access
Could enable hackers to redirect to other
Eliminates the need to memorize IP
Don't carry information pertaining to the
addresses
client who initiated it
Specially designed for security purpose
Pages for phishing data.
High Speed internet connection
Only helps for new connections
No new infrastructure
Overheads of updating DNS server
Single point of failures
Table :- 16
29
Networking (unit -1)
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)
The post office protocol is also an email protocol. Using this protocol, end users can
download emails from the mail server to their own email client. Once the emails are
downloaded locally, they can be read without an internet connection. Also, once the emails
have been moved inland, they will be removed from the mail server and the space will be
free. Unlike IMAP4, POP3 is not designed to deal extensively with messages on the mail
server. POP3 is the latest version of the Post Office protocol.
Figure 18 :- (POP3)
Advantages and disadvantages of POP3
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Messages can be read when user is offline
E-mail cannot be access from other
machines
Less storage space is required
E-mail attachments may contain viruses
Very popular
Easy to configure and use
Table :- 17
30
Networking (unit -1)
Importance of Network Protocol
Sometimes referred to as the access method, a protocol used to define the method of
exchanging data over a computer network, such as a local area network, the Internet, or the
Intranet. The following situations.
31
Networking (unit -1)
Activity 02
Operating Principles of Network Devices
Computer networking devices are also called data-mediating units and network devices in a
computer network. The units that generate the last receiver or data are called hosts or data
terminal equipment. Network is the building blocks that facilitate the connection between
devices, services and endpoints that use those services.
Some networking devices are as follows
Hub
Figure 19:- (Hub)
Hub A hub is a common connection point, also known as a network hub, used to connect
devices within a network. It acts as a central connector for all devices connected through the
hub. There are several ports in the center. Once a pocket reaches one port, it can be viewed
on all segments of the network as a pocket is copied to other ports.
There are three type hubs
i.
Passive Hub: The connection point for wires that helps to make the physical network.
ii.
Active Hub: Able to monitor the data sent to the connected devices.
iii.
Intelligent Hub: These hubs have some kinds of management software that help to
analyze the problem in the network and resolve them.
The important of hub
-
Hub is used to create small home networks.
-
It is used for network monitoring.
-
They are also used in organizations to provide connectivity.
-
It can be used to create a device that is available thought out of the network.
32
Networking (unit -1)
Repeater
Figure 20 :- (Wireless Repeater)
Repeater In digital communication systems, a repeater is a device that receives a digital
signal on an electromagnetic or optical transmission medium and regenerate the signal
through the next leg of the medium.
Repeaters remove unwanted noise from the incoming signal. Unlike an analog signal, the
original digital signal can be clearly perceived and recovered, even if it is weak or
distorted.
Types of Repeater
i.
Telephone repeater.
ii.
Optical communications repeater.
iii.
Radio repeater.
iv.
Analog repeater.
v.
Digital repeater.
33
Networking (unit -1)
Router
Figure 21 :- (Router)
A router is a hardware device designed to receive, analyze, and move incoming packets to
another network. It can be used to transfer packets to another network interface, drop them,
and perform other network-related actions.
Types of router
i.
Wired Router
ii.
Wireless router
iii.
Virtual Router
iv.
Core Rout
v.
B-Router
vi.
Edge Router
vii.
Subscriber Edge Router
viii.
Inter-provider Border Router
34
Networking (unit -1)
Functions of Router
-
Create a segment: Routers play an important role in dividing the Internet
network in a residency area or business.
-
Assign IP Address: IP (Internet Protocol) is the most essential element for every
computer system because IP address refers to the address assigned to the
computer on the network.
-
Firewall: Firewall provides protection against intruders and malicious users on
internal networks.
-
Share resources: Routers allow multiple users to share resources such as faxes,
scanners, printers and file folders on remote drives.
Gateway
Gateway A gateway is a piece of networking hardware or software used in
telecommunications for telecommunications networks that allows data to flow from one
unique network to another.
Types of gateway Default gateways are computers used to access external networks when
another gateway is not specified.
Media gateways are used with audio and video transmissions. Payment gateways are secure
computers that accept or reject online payments.
VoIP gateways are used with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) communications, such as
phone calls made from PCs.
35
Networking (unit -1)
Bridge
Figure 22 :- (bridge)
A network bridge is a device that divides a network into segments. Each segment represent
a separate collision domain, so the number of collisions on the network is reduced. Each
collision domain has its own separate bandwidth, so a bridge also improves the network
performance.
Function of bridge
-
This networking device is used for dividing local area networks into several
segments.
-
In the OSI model, it works under the data link layer
-
It is used to store the address of MAC in PC used in a network
-
Used for diminishing the network traffic
36
Networking (unit -1)
Switch
Figure 23 :- (switch)
Switch A switch is a multiboard bridge with a buffer and a design that maximizes its
performance (a higher number of ports indicates less traffic) and performance. A switch is a
data connection layer device. This makes it very efficient because the switch can perform
error checking before forwarding data, which does not forward packets with errors and only
selects good packets and sends them to the correct port.
How a network switch works
The network switch can be used in the following ways:
-
Edge or access switches: These switches manage incoming or outgoing traffic to
the network. Devices such as computers and access points are connected to edge
switches.
-
Assembling or distribution switches: These switches are placed within the
preferred middle layer. Edge switches are connected to these, and they can send
traffic from switch to switch or to core switches.
-
Core Switches: These network switches form the backbone of the network. Core
switches are aggregation or fringe switches that connect user or device fringe
networks data center networks and enterprise LANs to routers.
(Burke, 2021)
37
Networking (unit -1)
Comparision of Hub, Switch and Router
Device
Hub
Switch
Router
Layer
Physical layer
Data link layer
Network layer
Function
To connect a
Allow connections
Direct data in a
network of personal
to multiple devices,
network
computers together,
manage ports,
they can be joined
manage VLAN
through a central
security settings
hub
Network type
LAN
LAN
LAN, MAN, WAN
Transmission mode
Half duplex
Half/Full duplex
Full duplex
Speed
10Mbps
10/100Mbps, 1Gbps
1-100Mbps
(wireless);
100Mbps1Gbps(wired)
Transmission type
Frame flooding,
First broadcast, then
At Initial Level
unicast, multicast or
unicast and/or
Broadcast then Uni-
broadcast
multicast depends
cast and multicast
on the need
Port
4/12 ports
multi-port, usually
2/4/5/8 ports
between 4 and 48
Data Transmission
electrical signal or
form
bits
frame & packet
packet
Table :- 18
Recommandation
38
Networking (unit -1)
Server Type
There are Several types in server
Client Servers
In the client/server programming model, a server is a program that awaits and fulfills
requests from client programs in the same or other computers. A given application in a
computer may function as a client with requests for services from other programs and also
as a server of requests from other programs.
Mail Servers
Almost as ubiquitous and crucial as Web servers, mail servers move and store mail over
corporate networks (via LANs and WANs) and across the Internet.
Virtual Servers
In 2009, the number of virtual servers deployed exceeded the number of physical servers.
Today, server virtualization has become near ubiquitous in the data center. From
hypervisors to hybrid clouds, ServerWatch looks at the latest virtualization technology
trends.
Web Servers
At its core, a Web server serves static content to a Web browser by loading a file from a
disk and serving it across the network to a user’s Web browser. This entire exchange is
mediated by the browser and server talking to each other using HTTP.
39
Networking (unit -1)
Activity 3 and Activity 4
Figure 24:- (Author Developed)
40
Networking (unit -1)
Subnetting Scheme
41
Networking (unit -1)
42
Networking (unit -1)
Figure 25 :- (Author Developed)
43
Networking (unit -1)
Feedback Form
Specify your user type
Administrator
User
Other
Is it helpful for you?
Yes
No
It its secure for you?
Yes
No
Rate the connection between various devices within the network
Excellent
Above Average
Average
Below Average
Poor
What you think about this network?
Any suggestions for improve the network
44
Networking (unit -1)
Google Forum
45
Networking (unit -1)
Figure 25:- (Author Developed)
46
Networking (unit -1)
Install Window Server
Figure 26:- (Author developed)
Select the defaults on the language and click Next
Figure 27:- (Author developed)
Click “Install now”
47
Networking (unit -1)
Figure 28:- (Author developed)
Select “Window server 2016 Standard Evalution (Desktop Experience)” and Click Next
Figure 30:-(Author developed)
Consider the license agreement and click the checkbox “I accept the license terms” and click
Next.
48
Networking (unit -1)
Figure 31:- (Author developed)
Select “upgrade”
Figure 32:-(Author developed)
Click Next
49
Networking (unit -1)
Figure 33:- (Author developed)
Figure 34:- (Author developed)
Create an account with User name and Password and Click Finish.
50
Networking (unit -1)
Figure 35:- (Author developed)
Wait until Restart
Figure 36:-(Author developed)
51
Networking (unit -1)
Figure 37:- (Author developed)
Figure 38:- (Author developed)
Future Enhacement
52
Networking (unit -1)