VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA
(Affiliated to CBSE(No.1930751) NewDelhi)
Velammal Avenue, Koladi Road, Paruthipattu, Avadi, Chennai
Tamilnadu, India-600071.
Academic Session:2022-2023
AISSCE CHEMISTRY(043)
PROJECT
TOPIC: Chemistry In Everyday Life
Submitted by: M.G.Aravindh
XII- A
Reg No
Velammal Vidyalaya,
Paruthipattu, Avadi, Chennai-600071.
Submitted to: Mr.Balakrishnan
PGT in chemistry,
Velammal Vidyalaya,
Paruthipattu, Avadi, Chennai-600071.
Velammal Avenue, Koladi Road,
Paruthipattu,Avadi, Chennai,
Tamilnadu, India-600071.
Tel. Off : +91-9566021992
Mobile:+91-9566021669
E-Mail:info@velammalvidyalayaavadi.in
Project Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled “Chemistry
in Everyday Life” is a record of bonafide work carried out by
of Class & Sec XII-A Exam No.
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements in chemistry by the Central Board of
Secondary Education, New Delhi for “All India Senior
School Certificate Examination 2022-2023” in the school
Velammal Vidyalaya, Paruthipattu, Avadi, Chennai600071,Tamilnadu,India.
INTERNALEXAMINER
(Teacherincharge)
EXTERNALEXAMINER
(ExaminerNo. )
PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
First and foremost my grateful thanks to almighty for his divine blessing
and grace in making this project successful and I thank my parents
forgiving me all this life and opportunity. I acknowledge my sincere
thanks to The Chairman and The Correspondent of Velammal
Educational Trust for providing me this opportunity and necessary
facilities for completing this study.
My deepest appreciation goes to Mrs.Selvanayagi, Senior Principal,
Velammal Vidyalaya, Paruthipattu, for motivating us. Ma’am, thankyou
for your precious time and for the kind help and support throughout the
study.
My profound gratitude and heartfelt thanks to Mr.Prithviraj, Principal,
Velammal Vidyalaya, Paruthipattu. Sir,thankyou for your expertise,
enthusiasm and for the kind help in all situations throughout the
academic year.
I am thankful to Mrs. Ramyasri, AHM for the guidance whenever we
approach her.
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude towards my chemistry
teacher Mr. Balakrishnan for his precious and valuable guidance which
played a crucial role in my investigatory project and also throughout the
session with my studies. I am very grateful to the school as well, for giving
me this opportunity.
I gladly extend my sincere thanks to my class in-charge and all Faculty
members for their support. Last but not least, I would like to show my
humble gratitude to my family members and all my friends who were
the backbone for me to complete this study successfully.
INDEX
S.NO
TITLE
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
INTERACTION OF DRUGS WITH TARGETS
3.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDICIENS
4.
FOOD ADDITIVES
5.
SOAPS
6.
LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS OR HIGHER FATTY
ACIDS
7.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS
8.
TYPES OF DETERGENTS
9.
BACK COVER PAGE – INNER COVER PAGE
(ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)
PAGE.NO
INTRODUCTION
Chemistry has influenced every sphere of human life. The principles of chemistry have been
used for the benefit of mankind. Think of cleanliness — the materials like soaps, detergents,
household bleaches, tooth pastes, etc. will come to our mind. Look towards the beautiful clothes
— immediately chemicals of the synthetic fibers used for making clothes and chemicals giving
colors to them will come to your mind. Food materials — again a number of chemicals will
appear in the mind. Of course, sickness and diseases remind us of medicines — again chemicals.
Explosives, fuels, rocket propellants, building and electronic materials, etc., are all chemicals.
Chemistry has influenced our life so much that we do not even realize that we come across
chemicals at every moment; that we ourselves are beautiful chemical creations and all our
activities are controlled by chemicals.
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY- The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of drugs or
medicines is known as medicinal chemistry. It involves designing and synthesis of drugs
depending upon their working in our body.
CHEMOTHERAPY- The branch of chemistry that deals with the treatment of diseases using
suitable chemical substances is called chemotherapy.
MEDICINES OR DRUGS- The chemical substances used to cure diseases and reduce pain are
called medicines or drugs.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN MEDICINES AND DRUGS- In the language chemistry there is no
difference between these two terms. However society and law have made a clear-cut distinction
between these two terms as follow:
Medicine :- It is a chemical substance which is used to cure a disease and does not cause
addiction. Moreover it has negligible or no side effects.E.g. Penicillin etc.
Drug:- It is a chemical substance which is used to cure a disease but it also causes addiction and
has serious side effects.E.g heroin etc.
INTERACTION OF DRUGS WITH TARGETS
The drugs interact with biomolecules within the body like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and
nucleic acids. These biomolecules are known as targets. When a drug is taken it travels through
the body in order to reach the target without being metabolized in between. Some important
drug targets are, receptors enzymes and carrier proteins. Proteins that are crucial for
communication system in the body are called receptors. Receptors are generally embedded in
the cell membranes. The drugs that enter the body tend to stimulate certain receptors.
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS: - The chemical substances which are used to convey messages
throughout the Body are called chemical messengers. In our body the message between two
neurons and that between Neurons and the muscles is conveyed with the help of these
messengers. These are received at the binding Sites of the receptors. Chemical messengers
stimulate the receptors to produce an effect that is they
Transmit the message inside the cell. These are of two types.
(a) HORMONES: - The chemical substances which are produced in endocrine glands are called
Hormones.
(b) NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The small molecules which help in the transfer of nerve messages
are known as neurotransmitters.
AGONIST: - The drug which activates a receptor to produce an effect is known as agonist. These
drugs are Useful when there is lack of natural chemical messengers.
ANTAGONIST: - T he drugs which occupy the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are
known as Antagonists. These drugs are useful when blocking of message is required.
SIDE-EFFECT: - A drug causes side effects when it binds to more than one type of receptors. It
acts on an enzyme and inhibits its activity. The drugs which inhibit activity of enzymes are
called Enzyme inhibitors.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDICIENS
ANALGESICS:-The medicines which are used to relieve pains are called analgesics.E.g. Novalgin,
aspirin etc.
ANTIPYRETICS:-The medicines which are used to lower temperature of the body in high fever
are called antipyretics.E.g. paracetamol,phenacetin etc.
ANTISEPTICS: - The medicines used to kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms are called
antiseptics. They can be safely applied to the living tissues.E.g.Tincture of iodine, savlon, dettol,
boric acid etc.
DISINFECTANTS:- The chemical substances used to kill microorganisms but cannot be applied
to the living tissues are called disinfectants.E.g. Phenyl, harpic etc.
ANTIMALARIAL:-The drugs which are used for the treatment of malaria are called
antimalarials.E.g. Quinine, Chloroquine, Paraquine etc.
TRANQUILIZERS:-The medicines which are used to cure mental diseases are called
tranquilizers. These are also known as psychotherapeutic drugs.E.g. Barbituric acid etc.
SEDATIVES:-The drugs which are used to suppress the activities of central nervous system are
called sedatives. These drugs provide feeling of calmness, relaxation or drowsiness to the
patients.E.g. Velum etc.
ANTIDEPRESSANTS:-The drugs which are used to cure patients from depression are called
antidepressants. These drugs produce feeling of wellbeing and confidence in the patients.
Therefore these drugs are also known as mood booster drugs.E.g.vitalin, cocaine etc.
HYPNOTICS:-The drugs which are used to cure mental tension and anxiety are called hypnotics.
NARCOTICS: - The drugs which relieve pain and produce sleep and unconsciousness are called
narcotics. The major disadvantage is that their continuous use cause addiction.
ANTIBIOTICS:-The chemical substances used kill microorganisms which cause infection are
called antibiotics.E.g. Chloramphenicol etc.
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS: - The antibiotics which are used to cure a variety of
diseases because of their effectiveness against several types of harmful microorganisms are
called broad spectrum antibiotics.
NARROW SPECTRUM ANITBIOTICS: - The antibiotics which are used to cure some selective
diseases because of their effectiveness against only some specific type of harmful
microorganisms
SULPHA DRUGS: - The antibiotics which are used to cure bacterial diseases are called sulpha
drugs. These are also known as antibacterial drugs.E.g.Sulphanilamide, Sulphaacetamide etc.
GERMICIDES: - The chemical substances used to kill germs like fungi, virus, bacteria etc.
ANTACIDS:-The medicines which are used to cure acidity. These drugs neutralize the excessive
amount office in stomach and raise the pH to appropriate level.E.g.Baking soda, magnesium
hydroxide, Magnesium oxide etc.
ANTIHISTAMINES:-The drugs which are used to treat allergy by neutralizing the effect of
histamine in the body are called anithistamines.These drugs are also known as anti-allergic
drugs.E.g.benadryl,avil etc.
ANAESTHETICS: - The drugs which are used to produce insensibility to pains and other
sensations are called anaesthetics.E.g. Chloroform, diethyl ether etc.
ANTIFERTILITY DRUGS:-The drugs which are used to check pregnancy are called antifertility
drugs.E.g. Sanely etc.
NON-NARCOTICS (NON ADDICTIVE):- The drugs which relieve pain and produce sleep and
unconsciousness are called non-narcotics. Their prolonged use do not cause addiction.
ANTIGENS: - The substances which cause allergy are called antigens
FOOD ADDITIVES
The chemical substances added to foods for their preservation and enhancing their appeal are
called food additives. Some of them are as follow:FOOD PRESERVATIVES:-The chemical substances which are added in food to prevent its
spoilage are called preservatives. Food gets spoiled due to spoilage of food due to microbial
growth. The most commonly used preservatives include table salt, sugar, vegetable oils and
sodium benzoate.
ARTIFICIAL SWEETING AGENTS:-The chemical substances which are added in food to give
sweetening effect. They enhance odour and flavour of the food.E.g. Saccharin, Aspartame,
Altima, Sucralose etc.
SOAPS
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids .They have a polar head and a nonpolar tail. They are cleansing agents and used to clean fabrics and skin.E.g. Sodium
palmitate,Sodium stearate,Sodium oleate etc.
LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS OR HIGHER FATTY ACIDS
The carboxylic acids containing long chains of 16 to 18 carbon atoms are called higher fatty
acids.E.g.Palmitic acid (C15H31COOH), Stearic acid (C17H35COOH), and Oleic acid
(C17H33COOH) etc.
FATS AND OILS
The trimesters of higher fatty acids and glycerol’s are called triglycerides .These triglycerides
are commonly Known as fats and oils.
SAPONIFICATION
The process of preparation of soaps by hydrolysis of fats and oils in the presence of
Alkalis is called saponification.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS
Synthetic detergents are sodium salts of long chain alkyl sulphates or long chain alkyl benzene
sulphonates. These are also known as soap less soaps because they possess cleansing
properties like soaps but do not contain chemical composition like soaps. These are nonbiodegradable in nature and hence cause water pollution.E.g. Sodium lauryl sulphate, Sodium
dodecyl benzene sulphonate etc.
BIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS
The detergents which have straight-chain structures can be easily decomposed by
microorganisms are known as biodegradable detergents.E.g. Sodium lauryl sulphate, Sodium
dodecyl benzene sulphonate etc.
NON-BIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS
The detergents which have branched –chain structures cannot be decomposed by
microorganisms are known as non-biodegradable detergents.E.g.Sodium 4 – (1, 3, 5, 7tetramethyloctyl) benzene sulphate etc.
TYPES OF DETERGENTS:-They are of three types.
1) Anionic detergents:-The detergents which contain anionic hydrophilic group are called
anionic detergents.E.g. Sodium dodecyl sulphate, Sodlium para dodecyl benzene sulphonate etc.
2) Cationic detergents: - The detergents containing cationic hydrophilic group are called
cationic detergents.E.g.Trimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride etc.
3) Non-ionic detergents: - The detergents which do not contain any ions are called non-ionic
detergents. E.g. Lauryl alcohol ethoxylate, Polyethylene glycol strearate etc.
ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
1) They can be used in acidic medium.
2) They can be used in hard water.
3) They have stronger cleansing action than soaps.
DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Some synthetic detergents are non-biodegradable and hence cause water pollution