CFI COURSE
WORKBOOK
Workbook Introduction
This workbook begins with the Master Copies of the Aviation Lessons (all information
filled in). It is then followed by the Practice Copies of the Lessons (where information
is omitted for you to practice filling in the blanks). We suggest first studying the
Master Copies and then testing your knowledge by filling in the blanks in the
Practice Copies and comparing your answers back to the Master Copies.
This workbook does not cover any aviation topics in great depth. Instead, it focuses
on the items we believe are important to have memorized to pass your FAA
Checkride Exam and be a safe/competent pilot.
To study these lessons in depth, we recommend signing up for the CFI Premium
Course online at: www.wifiCFI.com. This course includes access to full length videos,
podcasts, quizzes, flashcards, FAA Written Test and FAA Checkride Prep Tools, the
ability to earn your FAA Written Test Endorsement and More.
If you have questions regarding this workbook, or any of our online aviation
courses, do not hesitate to reach out to us at: contact@wifiCFI.com or through the
Live Chat Feature on our website: www.wifiCFI.com.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Master Copies
Risk Management
Page Practice Copies
4 Risk Management
Page
42
Certificates and Documents
5 Certificates and Documents
43
Runway Incursion Avoidance
7 Runway Incursion Avoidance
45
Visual Scanning
9 Visual Scanning
47
14 CFR and Publications
10 14 CFR and Publications
48
Aeromedical Factors
11 Aeromedical Factors
49
Aircraft Systems
13 Aircraft Systems
51
Airplane Flight Controls
16 Airplane Flight Controls
54
Weather Theory
18 Weather Theory
56
Weather Reports
20 Weather Reports
58
Airplane Weight and
23 Airplane Weight and Balance
61
Balance Performance and
24 Performance and Limitations
62
Limitations National
26 National Airspace System 29
64
Airspace System
Navigation Aids: VOR
67
Navigation Aids: DME
30 Navigation Aids: DME
68
Navigation Aids: GPS
31 Navigation Aids: GPS
69
VFR Flight Planning
32 VFR Flight Planning
70
Night Operations
33 Night Operations
71
High Altitude Operations
34 High Altitude Operations
72
Principles of Flight
35 Principles of Flight
73
Navigation Aids: VOR
Airworthiness Requirements
Commercial Pilot Pay
37 Airworthiness Requirements
39 Commercial Pilot Pay
CFI Privileges and Limitations
39 CFI Privileges and Limitations
75
77
77
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RISK MANAGEMENT
Types of Risk
1. Total Risk = The sum of identified and unidentified risks.
2. Identified Risk = Risk that has been identified and determined.
3. Unidentified Risk = Risk that has not yet been identified.
4. Acceptable Risk = Risk that can be allowed to persist.
5. Unacceptable Risk = Risk that cannot be allowed to persist.
6. Residual Risk = Risk remaining after safety efforts have been fully employed.
Hazardous Attitudes
Name of Attitude
Definition
Antidote
Anti-Authority
“Don’t tell me.”
Follow the rules, they are
usually right.
Impulsivity
“Do it quickly.”
Not so fast. Think first.
Invulnerability
“It won’t happen to me.”
It could happen to me.
Macho
“I can do it.”
Taking chances is foolish.
Resignation
“What’s the use?”
I’m not helpless. I can make
a difference.
Checklists and Models
The PAVE Checklist The 3P Model
P = Pilot in Command (PIC)
P = Perceive
A = Aircraft
P = Process
V = EnVironment
P = Perform
E = External Pressures
The IMSAFE Checklist The DECIDE Model
I = Illness
M = Medication
S = Stress
A = Alcohol
F = Fatigue
E = Emotion/Eating The 5P Model
D = Detect the hazard
E = Estimate the need to react C =
Choose the best outcome I = Identify
actions for that outcome D = Do, take
action
E = Evaluate the effect of the action
Plan - Plane - Pilot - Passengers - Programming wifiCFI by
Axiom Aviation - Page: 4
CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
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Private Pilot Eligibility Requirements
● 17 Years Old.
● Read, write, speak, and understand English.
● Pass Written Test.
● Pass Checkride Exam.
● Hold Student Pilot, Sport Pilot, or Recreational Pilot Certificate.
Private Pilot Aeronautical Experience
● 40 hours Total Time that includes:
○ 20 hours Dual Instruction that includes:
■ 3 hours Cross Country
■ 3 hours Night Flight that includes:
● 1 Cross Country over 100nm
● 10 Takeoffs and Landings to a Full Stop
■ 3 hours Simulated Instrument
■ 3 hours in previous 2 Calendar Months
○ 10 hours Solo Flight Time that includes:
■ 5 hours Solo Cross Country
■ One Solo Cross Country over 150nm Total Distance with Full Stop
Landings at 3 points. One segment of flight must be greater than
50nm.
■ Three Takeoffs and Landings to a Full Stop at a Towered Airport.
Commercial Pilot Eligibility Requirements
● 18 Years Old.
● Read, write, speak, and understand English.
● Pass Written Test.
● Pass Checkride Exam.
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● Hold a Private Pilot Certificate
Commercial Pilot Aeronautical Experience
● 250 hours Total Time that includes:
○ 100 hours in Powered Aircraft, 50 in Airplanes
○ 100 hours of PIC Time that includes:
■ 50 in Airplanes
■ 50 hours Cross Country, 10 in Airplanes
○ 20 hours of Training that includes:
■ 10 hours Instrument, 5 in ASEL
■ 10 hours in Complex/TAA Airplane
■ 2 hour Day Cross Country, straight line of 100 NM
■ 2 hour Night Cross Country, straight line of 100 NM
○ 10 hours of Solo Time or PDPIC that includes:
■ 300 NM flight with 3 landings, one leg greater than 250 NM
■ 5 hours Night VFR with 10 Takeoffs and Landings at a Towered
Airport
Recency Requirements
● To Act as PIC:
○ Flight Review every 24 Calendar Months.
● To Act as PIC Carrying Passengers (Day):
○ 3 Takeoffs and Landings in preceding 90 days in Category, Class, and
Type.
● To Act as PIC Carrying Passengers (Night):
○ 3 Takeoffs and Landings in preceding 90 days in Category, Class, and
Type. Landings must be at Night and to a Full Stop.
Medical Certificates
Class
Privileges Durations
First Class Exercise ATP Certificate <40 = 12 months
>40 = 6 months
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Second Class
Exercise CAX Certificate <40 = 12 months
>40 = 12
months
Third Class
All Other Operations <40 = 60 months >40
= 24 months
RUNWAY INCURSION AVOIDANCE
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LAHSO - Land and Hold Short Operations
● Must a pilot accept a LAHSO Clearance? = No.
● Must a pilot adhere to an accepted LAHSO Clearance? = Yes.
● Can a pilot still perform a Go-Around if needed? = Yes.
Sterile Cockpit Principle
Means no unnecessary conversations or duties during critical phases of
flight: ● Taxi, Takeoff, Approach, Landing.
Hot Spots
Spots on the airport indicating congestion or confusion.
Situational Awareness
Always knowing your current position, future plan, and paying attention to what is
going on around you.
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Airport Signs
Airport Markings
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VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE
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Right of Way Rules
1. Aircraft in Distress
2. Balloon
3. Glider
4. Airship
5. Aircraft towing another Aircraft
6. Airplane and Helicopter
Situation
Right of Way
Aircraft Converging
Aircraft to the Right has the Right of Way.
Approaching Head On
Each aircraft should alter course to the Right.
Overtaking an Aircraft
Overtake to the Right. Aircraft being overtaken has
the Right of Way.
Approaching to Land
Aircraft at the Lower Altitude has the Right of Way.
Vestibular Illusions
Illusion
Sensation/Cause
The Leans
Feeling as if you are in a turn.
Coriolis Illusion
Rapid head movement in a prolonged turn.
Graveyard Spiral
Extended condition of the leans, gradual descent.
Somatogravic Illusion
Acceleration and Deceleration feel as if you are
climbing or descending.
Inversion Illusion
Rapid level off from steep climb feels like
tumbling backward.
Elevator Illusion
Updrafts and Downdrafts feel like nose high and nose
low attitudes.
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Visual Illusions
Illusion
Sensation/Cause
False Horizon
Lights obscure the natural horizon.
Autokinesis
Stationary lights appear to move.
Runway Width
Wider runways make pilots feel lower. Narrower
runways make pilots feel higher.
Runway Slope
Upsloping runways make pilots feel higher.
Downsloping runways make pilots feel lower.
Featureless Terrain
Makes pilots feel further from terrain.
Haze Makes pilots feel higher.
Fog Can create the illusion of pitching up.
Proper Scanning Technique
Aircraft Blind Spots
High Wing Aircraft = Blind spots above the pilot.
Low Wing Aircraft = Blind spots below the pilot.
14 CFR AND PUBLICATIONS
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Publication Acronym Contents
Code of Federal
Regulations
CFR All the rules and laws of the United States.
Federal Aviation
Regulations
FAR Rules and laws that apply to pilots and
aircraft.
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Aeronautical
Information Manual
AIM Knowledge information published by the FAA.
National
Transportation Safety
NTSB 830 Rules regarding aircraft accidents and
incidents.
Board
Advisory Circulars
AC Additional topic circulars by the FAA.
Airmen Certification
Standards
ACS Standards set forth to achieve a pilot
license.
Pilot Operating
Handbook
POH Aircraft specific manual covering its
procedures.
Pilot’s Handbook of
Aeronautical Knowledge
PHAK Ground school study topics and
information.
Airplane Flying Handbook AFH Flight maneuver study information.
AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
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Types of Hypoxia
Type
Description
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Not enough oxygen in the environment (high
Hypemic Hypoxia
altitudes). Oxygen not attaching to blood cells (CO
poisoning).
Stagnant Hypoxia
Blood not flowing (G-forces).
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Brain rejects oxygen molecules (drugs and alcohol).
Symptoms of Hypoxia
● Cyanosis (blue fingernails and lips)
● Headache
● Decreased Response Times
● Impaired Judgement
● Euphoria
● Visual Impairment
● Drowsiness
● Dizzy Sensations
● Numbness
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● Tingling in Fingers and Toes
Hypoxia Corrective Actions
● Descend to lower altitude
● Put on an oxygen mask
● Stop pulling G-forces
Hyperventilation
Too much oxygen. Not enough carbon dioxide to regulate the breathing rate.
● Breathe into a paper bag
● Talk or sing aloud
● Reduce breathing rate
Middle Ear and Sinus Congestion
● Traps air pressure in sinuses.
● Pilots experience an ease of pain during the climb.
● Pilots experience increased pain during descent.
Motion Sickness
Caused by the brain receiving conflicting messages about the state of the body.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning
● Colorless and odorless gas.
● Attaches to blood cells 200 times faster than oxygen.
● Most commonly from the aircraft heater.
Symptoms:
● Headache
● Blurred Vision
● Dizziness
● Drowsiness
● Loss of Muscle Power
● Death
Stress and Fatigue
Stress Fatigue
Acute Stress
Acute Fatigue
Immediate threat.
Chronic Stress
Accumulated/long term stress.
Short term exhaustion.
Chronic Fatigue
Long term exhaustion.
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Alcohol Rules
1. 8 hours from bottle to throttle.
2. .04% BAC max.
3. No flying while hungover or under the influence.
Scuba Diving Wait Times
Flight Altitude
Controlled Dive Uncontrolled Dive
< 8,000’ MSL
24 hours 12 hours
> 8,000’ MSL
24 hours 24 hours
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
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Reciprocating Engines
Back and forth motion of the pistons.
Spark vs Compression Ignition
● Spark - Provided by spark plugs
● Compression - Provided by high compression in the cylinders
Cylinder Arrangements
Name
Arrangement
Pros/Cons
Radial Engine
Radial arrangement
In-Line Engine
Straight line
arrangement
● Small frontal area
● Lower power to weight
ratio
● Less cooling for rear
cylinders
V-Type Engine
V formation
arrangement
● More horsepower than
in-line engines
● Small frontal area
● High power to weight ratio
Horizontally
Opposed
The 4 Stroke Cycle
Cylinders oppose each
other
● Most popular in aviation ●
Lightweight and compact
1. Intake Stroke = Suck
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2. Compression Stroke = Squeeze
3. PowerStroke = Bang
4. Exhaust Stroke = Blow
Types of Propellers
1. Fixed Pitch Prop
a. Blade angles are set and do not vary.
b. Climb Prop = Good at climbing not at cruise.
c. Cruise Prop = Good at cruise not at climb.
2. Adjustable Pitch
a. Blade angles can be varied on the ground with the engine not running.
3. Constant Speed Prop
a. Blade angles vary in flight to maintain a constant RPM.
b. High Blade Pitch = Lower RPM (more drag).
c. Low Blade Pitch = Higher RPM (less drag).
Induction Systems
Type
Description Pros/Cons
Carburetor
Mixes fuel and air in the
● Slower throttle response.
carburetor before being
sent to cylinders.
● Subject to carburetor icing.
Fuel Injection
Mixes fuel and air just prior
● Better fuel flow.
to cylinder intake.
● Faster throttle response.
● Precise mixture control.
● Better fuel distribution.
● Subject to vapor lock.
Types of Oil Systems
Wet Sump System = Oil is located in a sump that is integral with the engine. Dry
Sump System = Oil is contained in a separate tank not integral with the engine.
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Cowl Flap Operation
Open = Releases hot air from engine cowling and cools the engine.
Closed = Traps hot air in engine cowling to keep the engine warmer.
Combustion Issues
Detonation = Uncontrolled/explosive ignition of fuel/air mixture (not a smooth
burn). Pre-Ignition = Fuel/air mixture detonates ahead of the ignition stroke.
Fuel System Types
Gravity Feed System
Gravity moves fuel from tanks to the engine (high wing aircraft).
Fuel Pump System
Fuel is transferred to the engine from fuel tanks via fuel pumps (low wing aircraft).
Fuel Grades and Colors
Generators vs Alternators
Generators
● Produce DC power.
● May not produce enough power at low RPM settings.
Alternators
● Produce AC power.
● Can output enough power through a large range of RPM settings.
Fuses vs Circuit Breakers
Fuses = When blown, must be replaced.
Circuit Breakers = When popped, may be reset.
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Ammeter vs Loadmeter
Ammeter
● Shows if the alternator/generator is producing an adequate supply of electrical
power. Negative indications mean there is not enough power and that the
system is drawing off the battery.
Loadmeter
● Shows the electrical load being placed on the alternator/generator.
Types of Landing Gear
Type
Tricycle Type
Pros/Cons
● Better braking at higher speeds.
● Better forward visibility.
● Prevents ground looping.
Tailwheel Type
● Keeps prop higher off the ground (off airport
operations). ● Susceptible to ground looping.
Anti-Ice and De-Ice Systems
● De-Ice Boots = Inflatable boots on the leading edge of the wing to break ice. ●
Heated Wing = Wing is heated to melt ice. Typically from the engine bleed air. ●
Weeping Wing = Leaks TKS fluid over wing to prevent ice build up.
AIRPLANE FLIGHT CONTROLS
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Primary Flight Controls Secondary Flight Controls
Ailerons
Wing Flaps
Elevator
Leading Edge Devices
Rudder
Spoilers and Trim
Ailerons
Control roll about the longitudinal axis.
Type
Description
Differential
Up-going aileron travels further than down-going
Ailerons
aileron. Aileron pivots on an off-set hinge.
Frise-Type
Ailerons
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Coupled Ailerons
Ailerons and rudder are linked controls.
Flaperons
Ailerons and flaps are linked controls.
Elevator
Controls pitch about the lateral axis.
Type
Description
Elevator
Connected to the horizontal stabilizer.
T-Tail
Elevator at the top of the vertical stabilizer.
Stabilator
Elevator and horizontal stabilizer are a single moving piece.
Canard
Elevator at the front of an aircraft.
Rudder
Controls yaw about the vertical axis.
Type
Description
Rudder
Left rudder pedal moves rudder to the left and aircraft nose
to the right and vice-versa.
V-Tail Design
Rudder and elevator are linked controls.
Flaps
Attached to the trailing edge of the wing and provides both lift and drag.
Type
Description
Plain Flap
● Splits off the trailing edge of the wing.
● High lift and high drag.
Split Flap
● Splits off the lower surface of the wing.
● More lift than plain flap.
Slotted
● Pivots off trailing edge on an off-set hinge.
● Further increases lift.
Fowler ● Slides back and pivots downward off the trailing edge of the wing.
● Allows a pilot to select settings for either high lift or high
drag or both.
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Leading Edge Devices
Creates lift at the leading edge of the wing.
Type
Description
Fixed
Do not move. Direct airflow over upper surface of wing.
Movable
Move on tracks. Direct airflow over upper surface of wing.
Leading Edge Flaps
Increase both the lift and camber of the wing.
Cuffs
Increase both the lift and camber of the wing.
WEATHER THEORY
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Atmospheric Composition
78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen.
Troposphere Tropopapuse
● Where we live and fly (most of the
● Thin layer about the Troposphere.
time).
● Temperature remains fairly
● 4-12 miles high over the poles.
● 48,000 over the Equator.
constant regardless of altitude
changes.
● Temperature decreases 2C per
1,000’ of altitude gain.
Global Circulation Pattern
● Air at the Poles cools and sinks then flows toward the Equator.
● Air at the Equator heats and rises and flows toward the Poles.
Coriolis Force
The spinning of the Earth deflects the airflow in the Global Circulation Pattern.
● Northern Hemisphere = Air deflected to the Right.
● Southern Hemisphere = Air deflected to the Left.
● Within 2,000’ of the surface = Friction slows air speed and deflects its direction.
Standard Atmosphere
Standard Pressure at Sea Level = 29.92.
● Decreases 1 inch per 1,000’ of altitude gain.
Standard Temperature at Sea Level = 15C.
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● Decreases 2C per 1,000’ of altitude gain.
Wind and Currents
● Horizontally moving air = Wind.
● Vertically moving air = Convection.
● High Pressure Systems = Air flows clockwise, downward, and outward.
● Low Pressure Systems = Air flows counterclockwise, inward, and upward.
Windshear and Microbursts
● Windshear = A sudden drastic change in wind direction or velocity over a short
distance.
● Low Level Windshear (LLWS) = Windshear that occurs near the surface.
● Microburst = The most severe type of Windshear.
○ Lifespan = 5-15 minutes.
○ Downdraft Strength = Up to 6,000 FPM.
○ Headwind Losses = 30-90 knots.
Atmospheric Stability
Stable Atmosphere Unstable Atmosphere
Resists vertical movement of air. More vertical movement of air.
● Poor visibility.
● Better visibility.
● Little to no turbulence.
● Showery precipitation.
● More turbulence.
● Hazardous stormy weather.
Inversions
Occur when air temperature increases with an increase in altitude (up to a certain
point, which is the top of the inversion layer).
Fog Types
Radiation Fog Clear nights with little to no wind present.
Advection Fog
Warm moist air moves over colder surface. Winds up to 15 knots.
Upslope Fog
Moist air forced up sloping terrain and cooled.
Steam Fog
Cold dry air moves over warmer water.
Ice Fog
Water vapor forms directly into ice crystals. -25F or colder.
Cloud Families
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Strato Clouds
Surface to 6,500’ AGL.
Alto Clouds
6,500’ AGL to 20,000’ AGL.
Cirrus Clouds
20,000’ AGL and up.
Vertical Development
Begin in low cloud range and extend to high cloud range.
Front Types
Warm Front
Warm air moves in and replaces colder air.
Cold Front
Cold air moves in and replaces warmer air.
Stationary Front
Two fronts pushing against each other and not moving.
Occluded Front
Two fronts conjoining and moving in the same direction.
Stages of a Thunderstorm
Cumulus Stage
● Mostly updrafts.
● Storm is building.
Mature Stage Dissipating Stage
● Up and downdrafts.
● Mostly downdrafts.
● Precipitation falls.
● Storm is dying out.
Types of Icing
Clear Ice
● Clear in color.
● Develops from
large water
droplets.
● Freezes as it runs
back along the
wing.
Rime Ice Mixed Ice
● Milky in color.
● Mixture of Clear
● Develops from
small water
droplets.
● Freezes on impact
with the wing.
and Rime Ice.
WEATHER REPORTS
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Weather Briefings
Can be obtained by calling 1(800) WX-BRIEF.
Standard Briefing
Abbreviated Briefing Outlook Briefing
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Should always be
obtained prior to a
cross country flight.
Should be requested
Should be requested
when original departure
when departure time is 6+
time has been delayed.
METARs and TAFs
METAR
● METAR stands for: Aviation Routine Weather Report.
● Current surface weather observations.
● Updated hourly.
TAF
● TAF stands for: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast.
● Forecasted weather for a 5 NM radius around airport.
● Issued 4 times per day at: 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, 1800Z.
METAR and TAF Reports
KOGD
Station Identifier.
091753Z
Time and Date of Report.
VRB05KT/13015
Wind Direction and Velocity.
10SM
Reported Visibility.
CLR/SCT/BKN/OVC
Sky Condition.
09/M02
Temperature and Dewpoint.
RMK Remarks.
hours away.
PIREPs
● Stands for: Pilot Reports.
● Weather conditions reported by pilots in flight.
UA/UUA
Routine Report/Urgent Report.
TM
Time of Report.
FL
Flight Level.
TP
Type of Aircraft.
SK
Cloud Coverage (Sky Coverage).
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WX
Weather.
TA
Air Temperature.
WV
Wind Direction and Velocity.
TB
Turbulence.
IC
Icing.
RM
Remarks.
AIRMETs and SIGMETs
● AIRMETs = Significant weather reports pertinent to smaller aircraft.
● SIGMETs = Significant weather reports pertinent to all aircraft.
Types of AIRMETS
Sierra
IFR Conditions and/or Mountain Obscuration.
Tango
Turbulence.
Zulu
Icing.
Winds and Temperatures Aloft
● Give wind directions, velocities, and temperature for particular altitudes. ● Any
code beginning with a 6 or higher indicates winds are > 100 knots at that
altitude.
Example #1 Example #2
2532-08 761912
Winds = 250 True at 32 Knots Winds = 260 True at 119 Knots
Temperature = -08 Celsius Temperature = -12 Celsius
Low Level Prognostic Charts
● Forecasted weather covering the 48 Contiguous United States from the
Surface to 48,000’ MSL.
● They are issued 4 times daily at: 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, 1800Z.
Depiction
Meaning
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Red Circles
Weather is IFR in the Charted Area.
Blue Circles
Weather is Marginal VFR in the Charted Area.
Orange Circles
Moderate or Greater Turbulence in Charted Area.
Dashed Turquoise Lines
Freezing Level Above Mean Sea Level.
Jagged Turquoise Lines
Freezing Level at the Surface.
Radar Summary vs Satellite Imagery Charts
Chart Type
Radar Summary
Depict Do Not Depict
Areas of Precipitation Cloud Coverage Cloud
Charts Satellite
Coverage Areas of Precipitation
Imagery
AIRPLANE WEIGHT AND BALANCE
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Terms and Definitions
● Arm = The horizontal distance from the reference datum to the CG of an item.
● Ballast = Weight carried in the aircraft to shift the CG within allowable limits. ●
Center of Gravity (CG) = The point at which an airplane would balance if
suspended.
● Center of Lift (CL) = The point at which the lift is concentrated on the wing.
● CG Limits = The extreme locations within which the CG must land.
● Datum = An imaginary vertical plane from which all measurements of Arms
are taken.
● Moment = The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its Arm.
● Station = A location along the airplane fuselage usually given in terms of
distance.
Effects of Being Overweight
● Longer takeoff run.
● Reduced rate and angle of climb.
● Service ceiling lowered.
● Cruise speed reduced.
● Cruise range shortened.
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● Maneuverability is decreased.
● Longer landing roll.
● Excessive loads on landing gear.
Effects of CG Locations
Forward CG Aft CG
● Longer takeoff roll
● Lower stall speed
● Longer landing roll
● Higher stall speed
● Easier stall recovery
● Reduced elevator authority
● Difficult stall recovery
● Faster cruise speed
● Decreased cruise speed
The Weight Shift Formula
● Weight Shifted/Total Weight = Change of CG/Distance Weight is Shifted
The Weight and Balance Formula
● Weight X Arm = Moment
PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
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Types of Altitude
Type
Description
Indicated
The altitude read off the Altimeter in flight.
True
The altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Absolute
The altitude above Ground Level (AGL).
Pressure
The altitude above the Standard Datum Plane (29.92).
Density
The altitude at which the aircraft will perform. Regardless of
actual altitude.
Effects on Density Altitude
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Atmospheric Condition
Effect on Density Altitude
Hotter Temperatures
Higher Density Altitude (worse performance)
Cooler Temperatures
Lower Density Altitude (better performance)
Increased Humidity
Decrease Aircraft Performance
Decreased Humidity
Increased Aircraft Performance
Higher Pressure
Increased Aircraft Performance
Lower Pressure
Decreased Aircraft Performance
Types of Airspeed
Type
Description Application
Indicated
The airspeed read off the Airspeed
● Speed Limits
Indicator.
● ATC Speed
Restrictions
● Aircraft V-Speeds
Calibrated
Indicated Airspeed corrected for
● To calculate True
Pitot-Tube installation.
True
Airspeed
Speed of the aircraft relative to the
● To calculate
airmass in which it is flying.
Groundspeed Speed of the aircraft over
the surface of the Earth.
Groundspeed
● Time and Distance calculations
V-Speed Definitions
V-Speed
Definition
Vso
Power off stalling speed in the landing configuration.
Vs (Vs1)
Power off stalling speed in a specified configuration.
Vy
Best rate of climb speed. Max increase per unit of time.
Vx
Best angle of climb speed. Max increase per horizontal distance unit.
Vle
Max speed with the landing gear extended.
Vlo
Max speed to extend or retract the landing gear.
Vfe Max speed with the flaps extended to a specified degree. wifiCFI by
Axiom Aviation - Page: 25
Va
Design maneuvering speed.
Vno
Max structural cruising speed.
Vne
The speed that should never be exceeded in flight.
NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
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Class A Airspace
Dimensions
● 18,000’ MSL up to
and including
FL600
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● All operations are
● NA (IFR)
conducted under
Instrument Flight
Rules (IFR)
Class B Airspace
Dimensions
● Customizable
● Surrounds big
(international)
airports
● Shaped like an
upside down
wedding cake
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● ATC Clearance
Visibility
● Minimum Private
Pilot License or
proper Student
● 3 SM
Cloud Clearance
● Clear of Clouds
Pilot Endorsement
● Mode C
Transponder
● ADS-B Out
Class C Airspace
Dimensions
● Customizable
● Surrounds
congested airports
● Typically the
upper shelf has a 10
NM
radius and reaches
up to 4,000’ AGL
● Typically the lower
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● Establish 2-Way
Visibility
Communications
● Mode C
Transponder
● ADS-B Out
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 26
● 3 SM
Cloud Clearance
● 1,000’ Above
● 500’ Below
● 2,000’ Horizontal
shelf has a 5 NM
radius and reaches
up to 1,200’ AGL
Class D Airspace
Dimensions
● Customizable
● Surrounds small
towered airports
● Typically reaches
up to 2,500’ AGL
with a 4 NM radius
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● Establish 2-Way
Visibility
Communications
● 3 SM
Cloud Clearance
● 1,000’ Above
● 500’ Below
● 2,000’ Horizontal
Class E Airspace
Dimensions
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● Everywhere Else
(sort of)
● Can start at 1 of 3
different floors and
reaches up to
overlying airspace
● Surface
● 700’ AGL
Class G Airspace
● 1,200’ AGL
● None for VFR ●
ADS-B Out Above
10,000’ MSL
Below 10,000’ MSL
Visibility
Dimensions
● Uncontrolled
Airspace
● Essentially
anything that is not
classified as A, B, C,
D, or E
● From the surface to
● 3 SM
Cloud Clearance
● 1,000’ Above
● 500’ Below
● 2,000’ Horizontal
Above 10,000’MSL
Visibility
● 5 SM
Cloud Clearance
● 1,000’ Above
● 1,000’ Below
● 1 SM Horizontal
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● None for VFR
● Covered in the
● ADS-B Out Above
10,000’ MSL
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 27
chart below
the overlying
airspace
Class G VFR Weather Minimums
Altitude
Daytime Nighttime
Above 10,000’ MSL
Visibility
Visibility
● 5 SM
● 5 SM
Cloud Clearance
Cloud Clearance
● 1,000’ Above
● 1,000’ Above
● 1,000’ Below
● 1,000’ Below
● 1 SM Horizontal
1,200’ AGL to 10,000’ MSL
● 1 SM Horizontal
Visibility
Visibility
● 1 SM
● 3 SM
Cloud Clearance
Cloud Clearance
● 1,000’ Above
● 500’ Below
● 2.000’ Horizontal
Below 1,200’ AGL Visibility
● 1 SM
Cloud Clearance
● Clear of Clouds
● 1,000’ Above
● 500’ Below
● 2.000’ Horizontal
Visibility
● 3 SM
Cloud Clearance
● 1,000’ Above
● 500’ Below
● 2.000’ Horizontal
Special VFR Rules
● Must have an ATC Clearance (pilot requested, cannot be assigned by ATC).
● Must remain clear of clouds.
● Flight visibility must be at least 1 SM.
● To takeoff, ground visibility must be at least 1 SM.
● Special VFR at Night = Pilot and plane must be Instrument Rated and
Equipped.
Aircraft Speed Limits
Location Speed Limit
Below 10,000’ MSL 250 KIAS Below 2,500’ AGL and within 4 NM of a Class C or
Class D Airport 200 KIAS
Below Class B or through a Class B Corridor 200 KIAS
Other Airspace Areas
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 28
Airspace Description
Prohibited Flight of aircraft is prohibited.
Restricted Aircraft need a clearance to enter.
Military Operating Area (MOA) No clearance needed to enter.
Military Training Routes (MTR) Aircraft operating >250 KIAS below 10,000’
MSL.
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) Temporarily restricted airspace.
Wildlife/Wilderness Areas 2,000’ terrain clearance requested.
NAVIGATION AIDS: VOR
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Types of VORs
● VOR = Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range
● VOR/DME = VOR with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
● VORTAC = VOR with TACAN (military use only)
VOR Service Volumes
● Line of sight.
Terminology
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 29
● OBS = Omnibearing Selector
● CDI = Course Deflection Indicator
● Cone of Confusion = Area near the VOR where the signal is unreliable
● Reverse Sensing = Pilot induced error giving erroneous information
Time and Distance Calculations
● Time in Seconds between Bearings/Degrees of Bearing Change = Minutes to
the Station
Types of VOR Checks
Type Error Tolerance
VOT (VOR Test Facility) +/- 4 degrees.
Ground Check +/- 4 degrees.
Airborne Check +/- 6 degrees.
Dual VOR Check 4 degree difference between the two.
Signing off a VOR Check
● Use the acronym “SLED.”
● Can be signed off by a pilot.
○ S = Signature
○ L = Location
○ E = Error Amount
○ D = Date
NAVIGATION AIDS: DME
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DME Basics
● DME = Distance Measuring Equipment
Slant Range Distance
● Less accurate when close to the VOR and at Higher Altitudes.
● More accurate when further from VOR and at Lower Altitudes.
Straight Line Distance
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 30
● GPS distance is given in “Straight Line Distance” and does not have the
inherent errors of “Slant Range Distance.”
NAVIGATION AIDS: GPS
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The Numbers
● 24 (or more) Satellites in Orbit.
● They orbit around 6 Orbital Planes.
Information Relayed by GPS Satellites
1. ID (name/number)
2. Position (lat/long)
3. Time Code
Number of Satellites Required
Operation/Feature
Satellites Required
2 Dimensional Positioning (lat/long)
3
3 Dimensional Positioning (lat/long and altitude)
4
RAIM
5
Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE)
6
RAIM and FDE
● RAIM = Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
● FDE = Fault Detection and Exclusion
GPS Sensitivity Modes
Mode
Where
Sensitivity
En-Route
More than 30 NM from Departure or Destination
2 NM
Terminal
Within 30 NM of Departure or Destination
1 NM
Approach
Within 2 NM of Final Approach Fix (FAF)
0.3 NM
WAAS and LAAS
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 31
● WAAS = Wide Area Augmentation System
● LAAS = Local Area Augmentation System
VFR FLIGHT PLANNING
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Terminology and Definitions
● Pilotage = Navigation by reference to landmark checkpoints.
● Dead Reckoning = Navigation by means of time and distance calculations. ●
True Course = The course measured on the chart (in reference to True North). ●
Wind Correction Angle = Adjusting heading for wind direction and velocity. ●
Magnetic Variation = The angular difference between True and Magnetic North.
● Magnetic Heading = Correcting the True Heading for Magnetic Variation. ●
Magnetic Deviation = Electromagnetic fields that cause erroneous compass
indications.
VFR Cruising Altitudes
Course Heading Altitude to Fly
000-179 Odd Altitude + 500’
180-359 Even Altitude + 500’
VFR Fuel Requirements
During the Day At Night
Destination + 30 Minutes Destination + 45 Minutes
Lost Procedures
Remember the 5 C’s
1. C = Climb
2. C = Conserve
3. C = Call
4. C = Confess
5. C = Comply
NIGHT OPERATIONS
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 32
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Anatomy of the Eye
Cones
● Located in the center of the Retina.
● Detect color, details, and far away objects.
● Best for center object viewing.
Rods
● Concentrated in a ring around the Cones.
● Make night vision possible.
● Best for peripheral viewing.
The Night Blind Spot
● Located in the Center of the Field of Vision at Night.
Night Adaptation
● Take the eyes 30 minutes to fully adjust to night lighting.
Pilot Flashlight
● White Light = Used for preflighting the aircraft.
● Red Light = Used for in-flight chart reading (considered “non-glaring”).
Airport Beacon Lights
Airport Type Light Flashes
Civilian Land Airport 1 white, 1 green
Water Airport 1 white, 1 yellow
Heliport 1 white, 1 yellow, 1 green
Military Airport 2 white, 1 green
PAPI Light Indications
Light Sequence Indication
4 White Lights High
3 White Lights, 1 Red Light Slightly High 2 White Lights, 2 Red
Lights On Glide-Path
1 White Light, 3 Red Lights Slightly Low
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 33
4 Red Lights Low
HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONS
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Training Requirement
● A High Altitude Endorsement is needed to PIC an aircraft with a Service
Ceiling or Maximum Operating Altitude above 25,000’ MSL.
Supplemental Oxygen Use Requirements
Altitude
Requirement
Above 12,500’ MSL
Anytime in excess of 30 minutes by the flight crew.
Above 14,000’ MSL
Flight crew must use oxygen for entire duration.
Above 15,000’ MSL
Each occupant provided with oxygen (optional to use).
Types of Supplemental Oxygen
Type
Description
Continuous Flow
Continuously supplies 100% oxygen.
Diluter and
Pressure Demand
Provide more oxygen at higher altitudes and less
at lower altitudes. Provide oxygen when user
inhales.
Quick Donning Masks
Can be placed on the face with one hand in
under 5 seconds.
Types of Decompression
Type
Description
Rapid
● Lungs decompress faster than the cabin.
● Caused by a small leak.
Explosive
● Cabin decompresses faster than the lungs.
● Caused by a large/fast leak.
Times of Useful Consciousness
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 34
Altitude
Consciousness
45,000’ MSL
9 to 15 seconds
40,000’ MSL
15 to 20 seconds
35,000’ MSL
30 to 60 seconds
30,000’ MSL
1 to 2 minutes
28,000’ MSL
2.5 to 3 minutes
25,000’ MSL
3 to 5 minutes
22,000’ MSL
5 to 10 minutes
20,000’ MSL 30 minutes or more
PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
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The 4 Forces of Flight
1. Lift
2. Weight
3. Thrust
4. Drag
The 4 Left Turning Tendencies
1. P-Factor
2. Torque
3. Gyroscopic Precession
4. Spiraling Slipstream
The Production of Lift
● Bernoulli’s Principle = An increase in the speed of a fluid (air) is accompanied
by a decrease in its pressure.
● Downwash Principle = Air deflected downward off the trailing edge of the
wing.
Types of Drag
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 35
Type Description
Induced Drag It is a by-product of lift.
Parasite Drag In no way functions to aid flight.
● Sub-Type: Form Drag Shape of the aircraft.
● Sub-Type: Interference Drag Intersections of aircraft components.
● Sub-Type: Skin Friction Drag Skin is not perfectly smooth.
Ground Effect
Caused by the surface of the Earth upsetting the flow of Wingtip Vortices. Results in:
1. Increase in Lift and Airspeed
2. Decrease in Drag
Wake Turbulence Avoidance
Flight Regime
Avoidance Techniques
Takeoff
● Rotate prior to preceding aircraft.
● Stay above preceding aircraft flight-path or side-step.
Cruise
● Avoid close flight when 1,000’ below preceding aircraft.
Landing
● Stay above preceding aircraft flight-path.
● Land further down the runway.
Airplane Axes
1. An airplane Pitches about its Lateral Axis.
a. Wingtip to wingtip.
2. An airplane Rolls about its Longitudinal Axis.
a. Nose to tail.
3. An airplane Yaws about its Vertical Axis.
a. Top to bottom.
Aircraft Stability
Stability
Static
Positive Neutral Negative
Returns to Original
Remains in New
Dynamic
Diverges from
Position
Position
Original Position
Oscillations
Oscillations
Oscillations
Damper with Time
Remain the Same
Worsen with Time
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 36
with Time
Slipping Vs Skidding Turns
● Slipping Turn = Ball goes to the inside of the turn.
● Skidding Turn = Ball goes to outside of the turn.
● Coordinated Turn = Ball stays centered in the cage.
Va - Maneuvering Speed
● Below Va Speed = The aircraft will stall.
● Above Va Speed = The aircraft may suffer structural damage.
● Heavier Aircraft = Get a Higher Maneuvering Speed.
● Lighter Aircraft = Get a Lower Maneuvering Speed.
AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
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Required Aircraft Documents
Remember the acronym “ARROW.”
● A = Airworthiness Certificate
● R = Registration Certificate
● R = Radio Station License (outside the US)
● O = Operating Handbook
● W = Weight and Balance
Required Aircraft Inspections
Inspection
Annual
VOR
Timeframe Requirement
12 Calendar Months All Aircraft.
30 Days IFR Operations Only.
100 Hour
100 Hours Tach Time All Aircraft for Hire.
Altimeter
24 Calendar Months IFR Operations Only.
Transponder
12 Calendar Months All Aircraft.
ELT
12 Calendar Months All Aircraft.
Static/Encoder
24 Calendar Months IFR Operations Only.
Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 37
● Required to be complied with and may not be overflown.
Form 337’s
● Major Alterations or Repairs.
● Any change not on the Aircraft Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS).
Required VFR Day Equipment
Remember the acronym “ATOMATOFLAMES.”
● A = Airspeed Indicator
● T = Tachometer
● O = Oil Pressure Gauge
● M = Manifold Pressure Gauge
● A = Altimeter
● T = Temperature Gauge
● O = Oil Temperature Gauge
● F = Fuel Quantity Indicators
● L = Landing Gear Position Indicators
● A = Anti-Collision Lights
● M = Magnetic Compass
● E = Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
● S = Safety Belts
Required VFR Night Equipment
Remember the acronym “FLAPS.”
● All Day VFR Equipment plus the following:
● F = Fuses (spares)
● L = Landing Light (if the aircraft is for hire)
● A = Anti-Collision Lights
● P = Position Indicator Lights
● S = Source of Electricity
COMMERCIAL PILOT PAY
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 38
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CFI PRIVILEGES AND LIMITATIONS
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Records to Keep (for at least 3 years)
1. Solo Flight Endorsements
2. Knowledge Test Endorsements
3. Checkride Endorsements
Flight Instructor Limitations
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 39
● Hours of Training = No more than 8 hours of Flight Training in a 24 hour
Consecutive Period.
● Aircraft Ratings = Must be rated in category, class, and type (if applicable).
What Instrument Training can you do without a CFII Certificate
● Can you perform the 3 hours Simulated Instrument needed for the Private
Pilot License? Yes.
● Can you perform the Simulated Instrument Hours needed for the Instrument
Rating? No.
● Can you perform the Simulated Instrument Hours needed for the Commercial
Pilot License? No.
Training in a Multi Engine Airplane
Prior to giving training in a Multi Engine Airplane, the CFI will need his or her MEI
Certificate and 5 hours PIC in the specific Make and Model of Multi Engine Airplane.
Requirements to Teach CFI Initial
1. Must have held your CFI Certificate for at least 24 months.
2. Must have given 200 hours of Flight Training as a CFI.
Renewing an Unexpired CFI Certificate
1. Pass a Practical test for a New CFI Rating (ie. CFII or MEI).
2. Sign off at least 5 Checkrides in the previous 24 Calendar Months with an 80%
first time pass rate.
3. Take a Flight Instructor Refresher Course (FIRC) within 3 months of CFI
Expiration Date.
Reinstating an Expired CFI Certificate
1. Re-complete a CFI Checkride for a CFI Certificate you already hold.
2. Complete a CFI Checkride for a CFI Certificate you do not yet hold.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 40
CFI
PRACTICE COPIES
The following pages contain the practice copies of the information on the previous
pages. Practice filling in the blanks and comparing your answers to the answers in
the previous Master Copies.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 41
RISK MANAGEMENT
Types of Risk
1. Total Risk = The sum of ________________ and ____________________ risks.
2. Identified Risk = Risk that has been identified and determined.
3. Unidentified Risk = Risk that has not yet been identified.
4. Acceptable Risk = Risk that can be __________________________________.
5. Unacceptable Risk = Risk that cannot be allowed to persist.
6. Residual Risk = Risk remaining after _______________ have been fully employed.
Hazardous Attitudes
Name of Attitude
Definition
Anti-Authority
“Don’t tell me.”
Impulsivity
“Do it quickly.”
Antidote
Invulnerability
“It won’t happen to
me.”
Macho
“I can do it.”
Resignation
“What’s the use?”
Checklists and Models
The PAVE Checklist The 3P Model
P = ___________________________________
P = Perceive
A = ___________________________________
V = ___________________________________
P = Process
P = Perform
E = ___________________________________
The IMSAFE Checklist The DECIDE Model
I = ___________________________________
D = ___________________________________
M = ___________________________________
S = ___________________________________
A = ___________________________________
F = ___________________________________
E = ___________________________________
E = ___________________________________
C = ___________________________________
I = ___________________________________
D = ___________________________________
E = ___________________________________
The 5P Model
Plan - Plane - Pilot - Passengers - Programming
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 42
CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
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Private Pilot Eligibility Requirements
● ______ Years Old.
● Read, write, speak, and understand English.
● Pass Written Test.
● Pass Checkride Exam.
● Hold Student Pilot, Sport Pilot, or Recreational Pilot Certificate.
Private Pilot Aeronautical Experience
● ______ hours Total Time that includes:
○ ______ hours Dual Instruction that includes:
■ ______ hours Cross Country
■ ______ hours Night Flight that includes:
● 1 Cross Country over ______ NM
● ______ Takeoffs and Landings to a Full Stop
■ ______ hours Simulated Instrument
■ ______ hours in previous 2 Calendar Months
○ ______ hours Solo Flight Time that includes:
■ ______ hours Solo Cross Country
■ One Solo Cross Country over 150nm Total Distance with Full Stop
Landings at 3 points. One segment of flight must be greater than
______ NM.
■ ______ Takeoffs and Landings to a Full Stop at a Towered Airport.
Commercial Pilot Eligibility Requirements
● ______ Years Old.
● Read, write, speak, and understand English.
● Pass Written Test.
● Pass Checkride Exam.
● ______________________________________________________________.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 43
Commercial Pilot Aeronautical Experience
● ______ hours Total Time that includes:
○ ______ hours in Powered Aircraft, ______ in Airplanes
○ ______ hours of PIC Time that includes:
■ ______ in Airplanes
■ ______ hours Cross Country, ______ in Airplanes
○ ______ hours of Training that includes:
■ ______ hours Instrument, ______ in ASEL
■ ______ hours in Complex/TAA Airplane
■ ______ hour Day Cross Country, straight line of ______ NM
■ ______ hour Night Cross Country, straight line of ______ NM
○ ______ hours of Solo Time or PDPIC that includes:
■ ______ NM flight with 3 landings, one leg greater than ______ NM
■ ______ hours Night VFR with ______ Takeoffs and Landings at a
Towered Airport
Recency Requirements
● To Act as PIC:
○ Flight Review every ______ Calendar Months.
● To Act as PIC Carrying Passengers (Day):
○ ______ Takeoffs and Landings in preceding ______ days in Category,
Class, and Type.
● To Act as PIC Carrying Passengers (Night):
○ ______ Takeoffs and Landings in preceding ______ days in Category,
Class, and Type. Landings must be at Night and to a ________________.
Medical Certificates
Class
Privileges Durations
First Class Exercise ATP Certificate <40 = __________________ >40 =
__________________
Second Class Exercise CAX Certificate <40 = __________________ wifiCFI by Axiom
Aviation - Page: 44
>40 = __________________
Third Class
All Other Operations <40 = __________________ >40
= __________________
RUNWAY INCURSION AVOIDANCE
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LAHSO - Land and Hold Short Operations
● Must a pilot accept a LAHSO Clearance? = _______.
● Must a pilot adhere to an accepted LAHSO Clearance? = _______.
● Can a pilot still perform a Go-Around if needed? = _______.
Sterile Cockpit Principle
Means no unnecessary conversations or duties during critical phases of
flight: ● Taxi, Takeoff, Approach, Landing.
Hot Spots
Spots on the airport indicating congestion or confusion.
Situational Awareness
Always knowing your current position, future plan, and paying attention to what is
going on around you.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 45
Airport Signs
Airport Markings
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 46
VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE
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Right of Way Rules
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________
Situation
Right of Way
Aircraft Converging
Aircraft to the ________ has the Right of Way.
Approaching Head On
Each aircraft should alter course to the __________.
Overtaking an Aircraft
Overtake to the __________. Aircraft being overtaken
has the Right of Way.
Approaching to Land
Aircraft at the __________ Altitude has the Right of Way.
Vestibular Illusions
Illusion
Sensation/Cause
The Leans
Feeling as if you are in a turn.
Coriolis Illusion
Rapid head movement in a prolonged turn.
Graveyard Spiral
Extended condition of the leans, gradual descent.
Somatogravic Illusion
Acceleration and Deceleration feel as if you are
climbing or descending.
Inversion Illusion
Rapid level off from steep climb feels like
tumbling backward.
Elevator Illusion
Updrafts and Downdrafts feel like nose high and nose
low attitudes.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 47
Visual Illusions
Illusion
Sensation/Cause
False Horizon
Lights obscure the natural horizon.
Autokinesis
Stationary lights appear to move.
Runway Width
Wider runways make pilots feel lower. Narrower
runways make pilots feel higher.
Runway Slope
Upsloping runways make pilots feel higher.
Downsloping runways make pilots feel lower.
Featureless Terrain
Makes pilots feel further from terrain.
Haze Makes pilots feel higher.
Fog Can create the illusion of pitching up.
Proper Scanning Technique
Aircraft Blind Spots
High Wing Aircraft = Blind spots __________ the pilot.
Low Wing Aircraft = Blind spots __________ the pilot.
14 CFR AND PUBLICATIONS
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Publication
Acronym Contents
Code of Federal
Regulations
All the rules and laws of the United States.
Federal Aviation
Regulations
Rules and laws that apply to pilots and
aircraft.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 48
Aeronautical
Information Manual
Knowledge information published by the
FAA.
National
Transportation Safety
Board
Rules regarding aircraft accidents and
incidents.
Advisory Circulars
Additional topic circulars by the FAA.
Airmen Certification
Standards
Standards set forth to achieve a pilot
license.
Pilot Operating
Handbook
Pilot’s Handbook of
Aeronautical Knowledge
Aircraft specific manual covering its
procedures.
Ground school study topics and
information.
Airplane Flying Handbook Flight maneuver study information.
AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
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Types of Hypoxia
Type
Description
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Hypemic Hypoxia
Stagnant Hypoxia
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Symptoms of Hypoxia
● Cyanosis (blue fingernails and lips)
● Headache
● Decreased Response Times
● Impaired Judgement
● Euphoria
● Visual Impairment
● Drowsiness
● Dizzy Sensations
● Numbness
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 49
● Tingling in Fingers and Toes
Hypoxia Corrective Actions
● Descend to lower altitude
● Put on an oxygen mask
● Stop pulling G-forces
Hyperventilation
Too much __________. Not enough ____________________ to regulate the breathing rate.
● Breathe into a paper bag
● Talk or sing aloud
● Reduce breathing rate
Middle Ear and Sinus Congestion
● Traps air pressure in sinuses.
● Pilots experience an ease of pain during ________________________.
● Pilots experience increased pain during ________________________.
Motion Sickness
Caused by the brain receiving conflicting messages about the state of the body.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning
● Colorless and odorless gas.
● Attaches to blood cells _______________ times faster than oxygen.
● Most commonly from the _______________________________.
Symptoms:
● Headache
● Blurred Vision
● Dizziness
● Drowsiness
● Loss of Muscle Power
● Death
Stress and Fatigue
Stress Fatigue
Acute Stress
Acute Fatigue
Immediate threat.
Short term exhaustion.
Chronic Stress
Chronic Fatigue
Accumulated/long term stress.
Long term exhaustion.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 50
Alcohol Rules
1. ________ hours from bottle to throttle.
2. ________ BAC max.
3. No flying while hungover or under the influence.
Scuba Diving Wait Times
Flight Altitude
Controlled Dive Uncontrolled Dive
< 8,000’ MSL
______ hours ______ hours
> 8,000’ MSL
______ hours ______ hours
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
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Reciprocating Engines
Back and forth motion of the pistons.
Spark vs Compression Ignition
● Spark - Provided by spark plugs
● Compression - Provided by high compression in the cylinders
Cylinder Arrangements
Name
Arrangement
Radial Engine
Radial arrangement
In-Line Engine
Straight line
arrangement
● Small frontal area
● Lower power to weight
ratio
● Less cooling for rear
cylinders
V-Type Engine
V formation
arrangement
● More horsepower than
in-line engines
● Small frontal area
Horizontally
Opposed
The 4 Stroke Cycle
Cylinders oppose each
Pros/Cons
● High power to weight ratio
other
● Most popular in aviation ●
Lightweight and compact
1. Intake Stroke = ____________.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 51
2. Compression Stroke = ____________.
3. PowerStroke = ____________.
4. Exhaust Stroke = ____________.
Types of Propellers
1. Fixed Pitch Prop
a. Blade angles are set and do not vary.
b. Climb Prop = Good at ____________ not at ____________.
c. Cruise Prop = Good at ____________ not at ____________.
2. Adjustable Pitch
a. Blade angles can be varied on the ground with the engine not running.
3. Constant Speed Prop
a. Blade angles vary in flight to maintain a constant RPM.
b. High Blade Pitch = ____________ RPM (more drag).
c. Low Blade Pitch = ____________ RPM (less drag).
Induction Systems
Type
Description Pros/Cons
Carburetor
Mixes fuel and air in the
● _________ throttle response.
carburetor before being
● Subject to _________ icing.
sent to cylinders.
Fuel Injection
Mixes fuel and air just prior
● Better fuel flow.
to cylinder intake.
● _________ throttle response.
● Precise mixture control.
● Better fuel distribution.
● Subject to ______________.
Types of Oil Systems
____________ System = Oil is located in a sump that is integral with the engine.
____________ System = Oil is contained in a separate tank not integral with the engine.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 52
Cowl Flap Operation
____________ = Releases hot air from engine cowling and cools the engine.
____________ = Traps hot air in engine cowling to keep the engine warmer.
Combustion Issues
____________ = Uncontrolled/explosive ignition of fuel/air mixture (not a smooth burn).
____________ = Fuel/air mixture detonates ahead of the ignition stroke.
Fuel System Types
Gravity Feed System
Gravity moves fuel from tanks to the engine (____________).
Fuel Pump System
Fuel is transferred to the engine from fuel tanks via fuel pumps (l____________).
Fuel Grades and Colors
Generators vs Alternators
Generators
● Produce _____ power.
● May not produce enough power at low RPM settings.
Alternators
● Produce _____ power.
● Can output enough power through a large range of RPM settings.
Fuses vs Circuit Breakers
Fuses = When blown, must be ________________.
Circuit Breakers = When popped, may be ________________.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 53
Ammeter vs Loadmeter
Ammeter
● Shows if the alternator/generator is producing an adequate supply of electrical
power. ________________. indications mean there is not enough power and that
the system is drawing off the battery.
Loadmeter
● Shows the electrical load being placed on the alternator/generator.
Types of Landing Gear
Type
Pros/Cons
Tricycle Type
● ________________ braking at higher speeds.
● ________________ forward visibility.
● Prevents ground looping.
Tailwheel Type
● Keeps prop higher off the ground (off airport
operations). ● Susceptible to ___________________________.
Anti-Ice and De-Ice Systems
● De-Ice Boots = Inflatable boots on the leading edge of the wing to break ice. ●
Heated Wing = Wing is heated to melt ice. Typically from the engine bleed air. ●
Weeping Wing = Leaks TKS fluid over wing to prevent ice build up.
AIRPLANE FLIGHT CONTROLS
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Primary Flight Controls Secondary Flight Controls
________________
Wing Flaps
Leading Edge Devices
________________
Spoilers and Trim
________________
Ailerons
Control roll about the ________________ axis.
Type
Description
Differential
Up-going aileron travels further than down-going
Ailerons
aileron. Aileron pivots on an off-set hinge.
Frise-Type
Ailerons
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 54
Coupled Ailerons
Ailerons and rudder are linked controls.
Flaperons
Ailerons and flaps are linked controls.
Elevator
Controls pitch about the ________________ axis.
Type
Description
Elevator
Connected to the horizontal stabilizer.
T-Tail
Elevator at the top of the vertical stabilizer.
Stabilator
Elevator and horizontal stabilizer are a single moving piece.
Canard
Elevator at the front of an aircraft.
Rudder
Controls yaw about the ________________ axis.
Type
Description
Rudder
Left rudder pedal moves rudder to the left and aircraft nose
to the right and vice-versa.
V-Tail Design
Rudder and elevator are linked controls.
Flaps
Attached to the ________________________ of the wing and provides both lift and drag.
Type
Description
Plain Flap
● Splits off the trailing edge of the wing.
● High lift and high drag.
Split Flap
● Splits off the lower surface of the wing.
● More lift than plain flap.
Slotted
● Pivots off trailing edge on an off-set hinge.
● Further increases lift.
Fowler ● Slides back and pivots downward off the trailing edge of the wing.
● Allows a pilot to select settings for either high lift or high
drag or both.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 55
Leading Edge Devices
Creates lift at the leading edge of the wing.
Type
Description
Fixed
Do not move. Direct airflow over upper surface of wing.
Movable
Move on tracks. Direct airflow over upper surface of wing.
Leading Edge Flaps
Increase both the lift and camber of the wing.
Cuffs
Increase both the lift and camber of the wing.
WEATHER THEORY
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Atmospheric Composition
______% Nitrogen and ______% Oxygen.
Troposphere Tropopapuse
● Where we live and fly (most of the
● Thin layer about the Troposphere.
time).
● Temperature remains fairly
● 4-12 miles high over the poles.
● 48,000 over the Equator.
constant regardless of altitude
changes.
● Temperature decreases 2C per
__________’ of altitude gain.
Global Circulation Pattern
● Air at the Poles cools and sinks then flows toward the Equator.
● Air at the Equator heats and rises and flows toward the Poles.
Coriolis Force
The spinning of the Earth deflects the airflow in the Global Circulation Pattern.
● Northern Hemisphere = Air deflected to the ________________.
● Southern Hemisphere = Air deflected to the ________________.
● Within 2,000’ of the surface = Friction slows air speed and deflects its direction.
Standard Atmosphere
Standard Pressure at Sea Level = ________________.
● Decreases 1 inch per ________’ of altitude gain.
Standard Temperature at Sea Level = ________________C.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 56
● Decreases 2C per ________’ of altitude gain.
Wind and Currents
● Horizontally moving air = ________________.
● Vertically moving air = ________________.
● _________ Pressure Systems = Air flows clockwise, downward, and outward. ●
_________ Pressure Systems = Air flows counterclockwise, inward, and upward.
Windshear and Microbursts
● ________________ = A sudden drastic change in wind direction or velocity over a
short distance.
● Low Level Windshear (LLWS) = Windshear that occurs near the surface.
● Microburst = The most severe type of Windshear.
○ Lifespan = __________ minutes.
○ Downdraft Strength = Up to __________ FPM.
○ Headwind Losses = __________ knots.
Atmospheric Stability
Stable Atmosphere Unstable Atmosphere
Resists vertical movement of air. More vertical movement of air.
● __________ visibility.
● __________ visibility.
● __________ turbulence.
● Showery precipitation.
● __________ turbulence.
● Hazardous stormy weather.
Inversions
Occur when air temperature increases with an increase in altitude (up to a certain
point, which is the top of the inversion layer).
Fog Types
Radiation Fog Clear nights with little to no __________ present.
Advection Fog
Warm moist air moves over colder surface. Winds up to ________.
Upslope Fog
Moist air forced up sloping terrain and cooled.
Steam Fog
Cold dry air moves over warmer water.
Ice Fog
Water vapor forms directly into ice crystals. _________ or colder.
Cloud Families
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 57
Strato Clouds
Surface to __________’ AGL.
Alto Clouds
__________’ AGL to __________’ AGL.
Cirrus Clouds
__________’ AGL and up.
Vertical Development
Begin in low cloud range and extend to high cloud range.
Front Types
Warm Front
Warm air moves in and replaces colder air.
Cold Front
Cold air moves in and replaces warmer air.
Stationary Front
Two fronts ______________________________ and not moving.
Occluded Front
Two fronts ____________________________ in the same direction.
Stages of a Thunderstorm
Cumulus Stage
Mature Stage Dissipating Stage
● Mostly __________.
● Storm is building.
● Up and ___________.
● Mostly ___________.
● Precipitation falls.
● Storm is dying out.
Types of Icing
Clear Ice
Rime Ice Mixed Ice
● Clear in color.
●
_________________
__
_________________
__
___________________
● Freezes as it runs
back along the
wing.
● Milky in color.
● Mixture of Clear
● ___________________
and Rime Ice.
___________________
___________________
● Freezes on impact
with the wing.
WEATHER REPORTS
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Weather Briefings
Can be obtained by calling 1(800) WX-BRIEF.
Standard Briefing
Abbreviated Briefing Outlook Briefing
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 58
Should always be
obtained prior to a
_________________________
Should be requested
Should be requested
when original departure
time has been delayed.
when departure time is
_________ hours away.
METARs and TAFs
METAR
● METAR stands for: Aviation Routine Weather Report.
● ___________________ surface weather observations.
● Updated _________________.
TAF
● TAF stands for: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast.
● Forecasted weather for a ______ NM radius around airport.
● Issued 4 times per day at: 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, 1800Z.
METAR and TAF Reports
KOGD
Station Identifier.
091753Z
Time and Date of Report.
VRB05KT/13015
Wind Direction and Velocity.
10SM
Reported Visibility.
CLR/SCT/BKN/OVC
Sky Condition.
09/M02
Temperature and Dewpoint.
RMK Remarks.
PIREPs
● Stands for: ________________________.
● Weather conditions reported by pilots in flight.
UA/UUA
Routine Report/Urgent Report.
TM
Time of Report.
FL
Flight Level.
TP
Type of Aircraft.
SK
Cloud Coverage (Sky Coverage).
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 59
WX
Weather.
TA
Air Temperature.
WV
Wind Direction and Velocity.
TB
Turbulence.
IC
Icing.
RM
Remarks.
AIRMETs and SIGMETs
● AIRMETs = Significant weather reports pertinent to _______________ aircraft. ●
SIGMETs = Significant weather reports pertinent to _______________ aircraft.
Types of AIRMETS
Sierra
Tango
Zulu
Winds and Temperatures Aloft
● Give wind directions, velocities, and temperature for particular altitudes. ● Any
code beginning with a 6 or higher indicates winds are > 100 knots at that
altitude.
Example #1 Example #2
2532-08 761912
Winds = __________________ Winds = __________________ Temperature =
__________________ Temperature = __________________
Low Level Prognostic Charts
● Forecasted weather covering the 48 Contiguous United States from the
Surface to __________________’ MSL.
● They are issued 4 times daily at: 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, 1800Z.
Depiction
Meaning
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 60
Red Circles
Blue Circles
Orange Circles
Dashed Turquoise Lines
Jagged Turquoise Lines
Radar Summary vs Satellite Imagery Charts
Chart Type
Depict Do Not Depict
Radar Summary Charts
Satellite Imagery
AIRPLANE WEIGHT AND BALANCE
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Terms and Definitions
● Arm = The horizontal distance from the reference datum to the CG of an item.
● Ballast = Weight carried in the aircraft to shift the CG within allowable limits. ●
Center of Gravity (CG) = The point at which an airplane would balance if
suspended.
● Center of Lift (CL) = The point at which the lift is concentrated on the wing.
● CG Limits = The extreme locations within which the CG must land.
● Datum = An imaginary vertical plane from which all measurements of Arms
are taken.
● Moment = The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its Arm.
● Station = A location along the airplane fuselage usually given in terms of
distance.
Effects of Being Overweight
● ________________ takeoff run.
● ________________ rate and angle of climb.
● Service ceiling ________________.
● Cruise speed ________________.
● Cruise range ________________.
● Maneuverability is ________________.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 61
● ________________ landing roll.
● Excessive loads on landing gear.
Effects of CG Locations
Forward CG Aft CG
● ________________ takeoff roll
● ________________ stall speed
● ________________ landing roll
● ________________ stall speed
● ________________ stall recovery
● ______________ elevator authority
● ________________ stall recovery
● ________________ cruise speed
● ________________ cruise speed
The Weight Shift Formula
● Weight Shifted/Total Weight = Change of CG/Distance Weight is Shifted
The Weight and Balance Formula
● Weight X ________________ = Moment
PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
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Types of Altitude
Type
Indicated
True
Absolute
Pressure
Density
Description
Effects on Density Altitude
Atmospheric Condition
Effect on Density Altitude
Hotter Temperatures
____________ Density Altitude (worse
performance)
Cooler Temperatures ____________ Density Altitude (better performance) wifiCFI by
Axiom Aviation - Page: 62
Increased Humidity
____________ Aircraft Performance
Decreased Humidity
____________ Aircraft Performance
Higher Pressure
____________ Aircraft Performance
Lower Pressure
____________ Aircraft Performance
Types of Airspeed
Type
Description Application
Indicated
● Speed Limits
● ATC Speed
Restrictions
● Aircraft V-Speeds
Calibrated
● To calculate True
Airspeed
True
● To calculate
Groundspeed
Groundspeed
● Time and Distance
calculations
V-Speed Definitions
V-Speed
Definition
Vso
Power off stalling speed in the _______________ configuration.
Vs (Vs1)
Power off stalling speed in a specified configuration.
Vy
_____________ of climb speed. Max increase per unit of time.
Vx
_____________ of climb speed. Max increase per horizontal distance unit.
Vle
Max speed with the landing gear _______________
Vlo
Max speed to _______________ or _______________ the landing gear.
Vfe
Max speed with the flaps _______________ to a specified
Va
degree. Design maneuvering speed.
Vno
Max structural cruising speed.
Vne
The speed that should never be exceeded in flight.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 63
NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
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Class A Airspace
Dimensions
● ________ MSL up
to and including
________
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● All operations are
● NA (IFR)
conducted under
Instrument Flight
Rules (IFR)
Class B Airspace
Dimensions
● Customizable
● Surrounds big
(international)
airports
● Shaped like an
upside down
wedding cake
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● ________________
Visibility
● Minimum Private
Pilot License or
proper Student
Pilot Endorsement
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● Clear of Clouds
● ___________________
___________________
● ADS-B Out
Class C Airspace
Dimensions
● Customizable
● Surrounds
congested airports
● Typically the upper
shelf has a ____
NM
radius and reaches
up to ______’ AGL
● Typically the lower
shelf has a ____
NM
radius and reaches
up to ______’ AGL
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● Establish 2-Way
Visibility
Communications
● ____ SM
● ___________________
Cloud Clearance
___________________
● ______’ Above
● ADS-B Out
● ______’ Below
● ______’ Horizontal
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 64
Class D Airspace
Dimensions
● Customizable
● Surrounds small
towered airports
● Typically reaches
up to _______’ AGL
with a __ NM radius
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● Establish 2-Way
Visibility
Communications
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● ______’ Horizontal
Class E Airspace
Dimensions
● Everywhere Else
(sort of)
● Can start at 1 of 3
different floors and
reaches up to
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
overlying airspace
● Surface
● ______’ AGL
● ______’ AGL
Class G Airspace
● None for VFR ●
ADS-B Out Above
_____________’ MSL
Below 10,000’ MSL
Visibility
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● ______’ Horizontal
Dimensions
Above 10,000’MSL
Visibility
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● ____ SM Horizontal
Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums
● Uncontrolled
Airspace
● Essentially
anything that is not
classified as A, B, C,
D, or E
● From the surface
to the overlying
airspace
● None for VFR
● Covered in the
● ADS-B Out Above
chart below
_____________’ MSL
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 65
Class G VFR Weather Minimums
Altitude
Daytime Nighttime
Above 10,000’ MSL
Visibility
Visibility
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● _____ SM Horizontal
1,200’ AGL to 10,000’ MSL Visibility
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● 500’ Below
● 2.000’ Horizontal
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● _____ SM Horizontal
Below 1,200’ AGL Visibility
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● Clear of Clouds
● ______’ Horizontal
Visibility
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● ______’ Horizontal
Special VFR Rules
Visibility
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● Must have an ATC Clearance (pilot requested, cannot be assigned by ATC).
● Must remain clear of _________.
● Flight visibility must be at least ____ SM.
● To takeoff, ground visibility must be at least ____ SM.
● Special VFR at ________ = Pilot and plane must be Instrument Rated and
Equipped.
Aircraft Speed Limits
Location Speed Limit
Below 10,000’ MSL ______ KIAS Below 2,500’ AGL and within 4 NM of a Class C or
Class D Airport ______ KIAS
Below Class B or through a Class B Corridor ______ KIAS
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 66
Other Airspace Areas
Airspace Description
Prohibited Flight of aircraft is ____________________.
Restricted Aircraft need a _______________ to enter.
Military Operating Area (MOA) No ___________________ needed to enter.
Military Training Routes (MTR) Aircraft operating >250 KIAS below 10,000’
MSL.
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) Temporarily restricted airspace.
Wildlife/Wilderness Areas ________’ terrain clearance requested.
NAVIGATION AIDS: VOR
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Types of VORs
● VOR = Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range
● VOR/DME = VOR with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
● VORTAC = VOR with TACAN (military use only)
VOR Service Volumes
● Line of _________.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 67
Terminology
● ______ = Omnibearing Selector
● ______ = Course Deflection Indicator
● Cone of Confusion = Area near the VOR where the signal is unreliable
● Reverse Sensing = Pilot induced error giving erroneous information
Time and Distance Calculations
● Time in Seconds between Bearings/Degrees of Bearing Change = Minutes to
the Station
Types of VOR Checks
Type Error Tolerance
VOT (VOR Test Facility) ___________ degrees.
Ground Check ___________ degrees.
Airborne Check ___________ degrees.
Dual VOR Check _______ degree difference between the two.
Signing off a VOR Check
● Use the acronym “SLED.”
● Can be signed off by a pilot.
○ S = ___________
○ L = ___________
○ E = ___________
○ D = ___________
NAVIGATION AIDS: DME
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DME Basics
● DME = Distance Measuring Equipment
Slant Range Distance
● Less accurate when ______________ VOR and at ___________ Altitudes.
● More accurate when _____________ VOR and at ___________ Altitudes.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 68
Straight Line Distance
● GPS distance is given in “Straight Line Distance” and does not have the
inherent errors of “Slant Range Distance.”
NAVIGATION AIDS: GPS
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The Numbers
● ______ (or more) Satellites in Orbit.
● They orbit around ______ Orbital Planes.
Information Relayed by GPS Satellites
1. ID (name/number)
2. Position (lat/long)
3. Time Code
Number of Satellites Required
Operation/Feature
Satellites Required
2 Dimensional Positioning (lat/long)
3 Dimensional Positioning (lat/long and altitude)
RAIM
Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE)
RAIM and FDE
● RAIM = Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
● FDE = Fault Detection and Exclusion
GPS Sensitivity Modes
Mode
En-Route
Where
Sensitivity
More than ____ NM from Departure or Destination
Terminal
Within ____ NM of Departure or Destination
Approach
Within ____ NM of Final Approach Fix (FAF)
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 69
WAAS and LAAS
● WAAS = Wide Area Augmentation System
● LAAS = Local Area Augmentation System
VFR FLIGHT PLANNING
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Terminology and Definitions
● ______________ = Navigation by reference to landmark checkpoints.
● ______________ = Navigation by means of time and distance calculations. ●
_____________ = The course measured on the chart (in reference to True North). ●
______________ = Adjusting heading for wind direction and velocity.
● ______________ = The angular difference between True and Magnetic North.
● ______________ = Correcting the True Heading for Magnetic Variation.
● ______________ = Electromagnetic fields that cause erroneous compass
indications.
VFR Cruising Altitudes
Course Heading Altitude to Fly
000-179 _________ Altitude + 500’
180-359 _________ Altitude + 500’
VFR Fuel Requirements
During the Day At Night
Destination + ______ Minutes Destination + ______ Minutes
Lost Procedures
Remember the 5 C’s
1. C = ______________
2. C = ______________
3. C = ______________
4. C = ______________
5. C = ______________
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 70
NIGHT OPERATIONS
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Anatomy of the Eye
Cones
● Located in the center of the Retina.
● Detect color, details, and far away objects.
● Best for ______________ object viewing.
Rods
● Concentrated in a ring around the Cones.
● Make _________________________ possible.
● Best for _________________ viewing.
The Night Blind Spot
● Located in the ______________ of the Field of Vision at Night.
Night Adaptation
● Take the eyes ______ minutes to fully adjust to night lighting.
Pilot Flashlight
● _________ Light = Used for preflighting the aircraft.
● _________ Light = Used for in-flight chart reading (considered “non-glaring”).
Airport Beacon Lights
Airport Type Light Flashes
Civilian Land Airport ___ white, ___ green Water Airport ___ white, ___
yellow
Heliport ___ white, ___ yellow, ___ green
Military Airport ___ white, ___ green
PAPI Light Indications
Light Sequence Indication
4 White Lights
3 White Lights, 1 Red Light
2 White Lights, 2 Red Lights
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 71
1 White Light, 3 Red Lights
4 Red Lights
HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONS
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Training Requirement
● A High Altitude Endorsement is needed to PIC an aircraft with a Service
Ceiling or Maximum Operating Altitude above ____________’ MSL.
Supplemental Oxygen Use Requirements
Altitude
Requirement
Above ________’ MSL
Anytime in excess of _____ minutes by the flight crew.
Above ________’ MSL
Flight crew must use oxygen for entire duration.
Above ________’ MSL
Each occupant provided with oxygen (optional to use).
Types of Supplemental Oxygen
Type
Description
Continuous Flow
Continuously supplies 100% oxygen.
Diluter and
Pressure Demand
Provide more oxygen at higher altitudes and less
at lower altitudes. Provide oxygen when user
inhales.
Quick Donning Masks
Can be placed on the face with one hand in
under ________ seconds.
Types of Decompression
Type
Description
Rapid
● Lungs decompress ________ than the cabin.
● Caused by a small leak.
Explosive
● Cabin decompresses ________ than the lungs.
● Caused by a large/fast leak.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 72
Times of Useful Consciousness
Altitude
Consciousness
45,000’ MSL
40,000’ MSL
35,000’ MSL
30,000’ MSL
28,000’ MSL
25,000’ MSL
22,000’ MSL
20,000’ MSL
PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
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The 4 Forces of Flight
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
The 4 Left Turning Tendencies
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
The Production of Lift
● Bernoulli’s Principle = An increase in the speed of a fluid (air) is accompanied
by _______________________ in its pressure.
● Downwash Principle = Air deflected downward off the _______________________
of the wing.
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 73
Types of Drag
Type Description
Induced Drag It is a by-product of lift.
Parasite Drag In no way functions to aid flight.
● Sub-Type: ______________________ Shape of the aircraft.
● Sub-Type: ______________________ Intersections of aircraft components.
● Sub-Type: ______________________ Skin is not perfectly smooth.
Ground Effect
Caused by the surface of the Earth upsetting the flow of Wingtip Vortices. Results in:
1. _____________ in Lift and Airspeed
2. _____________ in Drag
Wake Turbulence Avoidance
Flight Regime
Avoidance Techniques
Takeoff
● Rotate prior to preceding aircraft.
● Stay __________ preceding aircraft flight-path or side-step.
Cruise
● Avoid close flight when _______’ below preceding aircraft.
Landing
● Stay _____________ preceding aircraft
flight-path. ● Land _____________________ the
runway.
Airplane Axes
1. An airplane Pitches about its _____________ Axis.
a. Wingtip to wingtip.
2. An airplane Rolls about its _____________ Axis.
a. Nose to tail.
3. An airplane Yaws about its _____________ Axis.
a. Top to bottom.
Aircraft Stability
Stability
Static
Positive Neutral Negative
Dynamic
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 74
Slipping Vs Skidding Turns
● Slipping Turn = Ball goes to the_____________ of the turn.
● Skidding Turn = Ball goes to _____________ of the turn.
● Coordinated Turn = Ball stays _____________ in the cage.
Va - Maneuvering Speed
● Below Va Speed = The aircraft will _____________.
● Above Va Speed = The aircraft may ____________________________________.
● Heavier Aircraft = Get a _____________ Maneuvering Speed.
● Lighter Aircraft = Get a _____________ Maneuvering Speed.
AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
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Required Aircraft Documents
Remember the acronym “ARROW.”
● A = ____________________________________________________.
● R = ____________________________________________________.
● R = ____________________________________________________.
● O = ____________________________________________________.
● W = ____________________________________________________.
Required Aircraft Inspections
Inspection
Annual
VOR
Timeframe Requirement
_____ Calendar Months
_____ Days
100 Hour
_____ Hours Tach Time
Altimeter
_____ Calendar Months
Transponder
_____ Calendar Months
ELT
_____ Calendar Months
Static/Encoder
_____ Calendar Months
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Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
● Required to be complied with and may not be overflown.
Form 337’s
● Major Alterations or Repairs.
● Any change not on the Aircraft Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS).
Required VFR Day Equipment
Remember the acronym “ATOMATOFLAMES.”
● A = _____________________________________________________.
● T = _____________________________________________________.
● O = _____________________________________________________.
● M = _____________________________________________________.
● A = _____________________________________________________.
● T = _____________________________________________________.
● O = _____________________________________________________.
● F = _____________________________________________________.
● L = _____________________________________________________.
● A = _____________________________________________________.
● M = _____________________________________________________.
● E = _____________________________________________________.
● S = _____________________________________________________.
Required VFR Night Equipment
Remember the acronym “FLAPS.”
● All Day VFR Equipment plus the following:
● F = _____________________________________________________.
● L = _____________________________________________________.
● A = _____________________________________________________.
● P = _____________________________________________________.
● S = _____________________________________________________.
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COMMERCIAL PILOT PAY
Study the Free Lesson here >
Study the Premium Lesson here >
CFI PRIVILEGES AND LIMITATIONS
Study the Free Lesson here >
Study the Premium Lesson here >
Records to Keep (for at least ______ years)
1. _________________________ Endorsements
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2. _________________________ Endorsements
3. _________________________ Endorsements
Flight Instructor Limitations
● Hours of Training = No more than ______ hours of Flight Training in a ______
hour Consecutive Period.
● Aircraft Ratings = Must be rated in category, class, and type (if applicable).
What Instrument Training can you do without a CFII Certificate
● Can you perform the 3 hours Simulated Instrument needed for the Private
Pilot License? ______.
● Can you perform the Simulated Instrument Hours needed for the Instrument
Rating? ______.
● Can you perform the Simulated Instrument Hours needed for the Commercial
Pilot License? ______.
Training in a Multi Engine Airplane
Prior to giving training in a Multi Engine Airplane, the CFI will need his or her MEI
Certificate and ____ hours PIC in the specific Make and Model of Multi Engine
Airplane.
Requirements to Teach CFI Initial
1. Must have held your CFI Certificate for at least ______ months.
2. Must have given ______ hours of Flight Training as a CFI.
Renewing an Unexpired CFI Certificate
1. Pass a Practical test for a New CFI Rating (ie. CFII or MEI).
2. Sign off at least ______ Checkrides in the previous ______ Calendar Months with
an ______% first time pass rate.
3. Take a Flight Instructor Refresher Course (FIRC) within ______ months of CFI
Expiration Date.
Reinstating an Expired CFI Certificate
1. Re-complete a CFI Checkride for a CFI Certificate you already hold.
2. Complete a CFI Checkride for a CFI Certificate you do not yet hold.
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