The Effectiveness of Cyberspace Sexual Harassment Awareness Towards Social
Media Utilization of Students in SHS San Nicholas III, City of Bacoor
Aceres, Remelene Joyce
Auro, John Ernie
Balasta ll, Gerard
Descalsota, Georgina
Legaspi, Paulo
Tudio, Margarett
Researcher
Lourdes Umil
Research Adviser
DepEd Tayo SHS in San Nicholas III, Bacoor City - Bacoor City
Chapter 2
Review of related studies and literature
Review of Related Studies (Foreign)
The following statements given are related to our study about the Effectiveness of Cyberspace
Sexual Harassment Awareness Towards Social Media Utilization of Students in SHS San Nicholas
III, City of Bacoor.
In a journal written by Siegel (2015), he believes that sexual harassment is a social practice and
social practices are defined to have lives, institutional and semiotic lives and so, social practices
have histories. After the federal courts of the U.S., first encountered sexual harassment as a form
of sexual discrimination, it is argued that sexual harassment might be sexual discrimination.
Sexual harassment is defined as a form of sexual discrimination that includes: “unwelcome sexual
advances, invites for sexual favors (change to negative description…), and other verbal or physical
behavior of a sexual nature.”
According to the research done by Pina, et al (2011), Sexual Harassment has been a
serious problem over the past 30 years. The term “sexual harassment” originated in North
America in the mid-1970s tailing the work of various researchers who helped make
everyone aware of the problem. Furthermore, this behavior “explicitly and implicitly makes
a daunting, aggressive, or offensive work environment (EEOC, 2008).” Feminists have
defined and highlighted that sexual harassment has been characterized, by some, as
“coercive instances of political correctness (Thomas & Kitzinger, 1997).” In addition, other
behaviors that these feminists, feminist researchers and theorists have constituted as
serving female subordination, such as staring, cat-calling, sexual joking and sexual
innuendoes (Wise & Stanley, 1987) are often characterized as natural interaction between
the two sexes (Roiphe, 1993), in which make it more terrifying since this is distinguished
as a natural interaction.
As defined by Strate (2016), the term “cyberspace” is characterized by a multiplicity of
meanings, and the purpose of this article is to provide a taxonomy of these
“cyberspaces.” Three levels of cyberspace are identified, the first being ontology, which
includes notions of cyberspace as a para space or non space, as well as the concept of
cyberspace time. The second level includes building blocks such as physical conceptual
and perceptual space or virtual space. The third level is that of synthesis, including
varieties of cyberspace such as media space, aesthetic space, data space, and
personal and social space.
As determined by Jiloha (2020), Sexual harassment acts fall into the categories of
gender-based harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual assault. Evidence
suggests that acts of sexual harassment occur as a product of personal and situational
characteristics and result in great personal and organizational loss. This article reviews
available
information
about
sexual
harassment
in
cyberspace,
equates
this
phenomenon with what we've learned about offline sexual harassment, and describes
certain features of online culture and technologies that reinforce behaviors. and suggest
ways to promote prevention in advance.
According to a research done by Schenk (2018), a small number of research have
examined sexual harassment in an Internet context. Internet-based sexual
harassment comes from research conducted about face-to-face sexual harassment,
as well as other kinds of online behaviour. Using the limited literature found about
online sexual harassment, Barak (2018) differentiated and organized the most
common forms of sexual harassment into four categories: active verbal sexual
harassment wherein there are direct offensive sexual messages towards the victims,
passive verbal sexual harassment target those potential receivers and not a specific
person, active graphic gender harassment where erotic and pornographic pictures and
videos are intentionally sent or posted somewhere online, and; passive graphic
gender harassment involves pictures and videos as well but are published on Web
sites.
Review of Related Literature (Foreign)
According to an article written by Fourkas (2015), the term cyberspace was first
outlined by William Gibson in his 1982 short story Burning Chrome’ to pertain to a
computer that generates virtual reality. Etymologically, cyberspace is a compound word
and the origin of ‘cyber’ comes from the Greek word cybernetics, which means pilot,
governor, and ruler. According to Gibson, cyberspace is the name of a real non-space
world, which is characterized by the ability for virtual presence of, and interaction
between, people through ‘artificial realities.’
The spiking rise of people using the internet, especially social media, has resulted in
a higher potential for abuse.
As explained by an article written by Franks (2015), Sexual harassment is persecution
and immature practice. The rise of sexism in cyberspace is just one prominent recent
example of the growing complexity of the phenomenon. But laws against sexual harassment
have not kept pace with this development. Discrimination has not been adequately 'updated'
to address new and increased practices of gender discrimination. Its two main restrictions
are (1) that only sexual harassment that occurs in a specific protected environment is
treated as punishable, and (2) that both the sexual harassment activity and the resulting
harm are treated within the same protected environment. It's what you're assuming
happened in your environment. As such, we cannot address harassment that occurs wholly
or partly outside of our traditionally protected environment.
Based on the article written by Kim (2019), The purpose of this article is to investigate the
awareness of sexual harassment and how to deal with sexual harassment, and to examine the
factors that affect how to deal with sexual harassment. Awareness of sexual harassment was
relatively low among secretary students, with the highest conception of sexual harassment and
the lowest awareness of perpetrators of sexual harassment. Coping styles for sexual
harassment were highly variable and confrontational. On the other hand, the factors influencing
each of the four factors of coping with sexual harassment were different. Avoidant coping styles
are positively influenced by sexual harassment perceptions, and gender role stereotypes, and
negatively by self-esteem. Modulation coping strategies are influenced by the type of sexual
harassment and sexual harassment prevention education. Confrontational coping styles are
positively influenced by the type of sexual harassment and sexual harassment prevention
education and negatively influenced by the perpetrator's perception of sexual harassment.
Based on the results, we will clearly understand the sexual harassment situation of students
aiming to become secretaries and use it to develop practical programs to improve their ability to
deal with sexual harassment.
As explained by an article written by Budiono, Gaiyatri, Ananda, Dipta, & Putri,
(2022), The passage of the ITE Act no longer protects entire communities from the
effects of pornography and cybercrime, many of which target women and children for
sexual harassment. Many people use technological advances to make money and
commit crimes. For example, children, who are weak individuals, use them for sexual
gratification and spread them on social media. Indonesia has Law No. 35 from 2014 on
the theme of child protection so that children can grow up properly and optimally. The
purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of use and factors in child and
legal sexual abuse of women.
As stated by an article written by Rapidah, Shafini, Khalid, Masliza, Nurulnadwan (2018),
This research is an ongoing project addressing the issue of sexual harassment in academic
settings. The objectives were to determine perceptions of sexual harassment among college
students, determine the presence of sexual harassment in colleges, and examine risk factors
that contributed to response. The questionnaire was distributed to 351 students at public
universities on the east coast of Malaysia. The results showed that 58.6% of her respondents
had been sexually abused at least once, and most of them were women. Respondents
experienced abusive behavior as the largest form of sexual harassment, followed by
unwanted sexual attention, with sexual assault being the least contributing factor. The
majority of respondents agreed that the sexual harassment they experienced had a greater
impact on emotional distress than on education or productivity.
Review of Related Studies (Local)
In research by Arafa (2017), cyber sexual harassment is defined as a type of abuse
on the internet that carries many negative emotional consequences and could affect the
mentality of young people. Additionally, although sexual harassment is a social
phenomenon that can happen anywhere during daily communication, online virtual
harassment made the victims accessible wherever they go at any time of the day.
Unfortunately, sexual harassment online cannot be found easily for in most cases, the
harassers are anonymous. These harassers use different kinds of mediums; chat
rooms, social network sites, messaging, or spam, and usually take on the forms of
gender harassment, direct messages to send sex-related messages, or sexual coercion
through pressure the victim to attain sexual cooperation.
As specified by an article written by Fernandez (2015), Sexual harassment is a
universal circumstance. It can occur at work or school. Therefore, this descriptive study
was conducted to determine the level of implementation of the Sexual Harassment Act
(RA 7877) as assessed by students and faculty. Schools implement enforcement actions
and disseminate RA rules. This is evidenced by moderate satisfaction and recognition of
school stakeholders, students and teachers. However, moderate satisfaction and
stakeholder awareness indicate that schools are enforcing the law, providing stakeholders
with extensive information about the law, and combating sexual harassment through
large-scale information campaigns during sessions. indicates that It suggests that
stakeholder involvement in symposiums and classroom instruction and increased efforts
to establish RA provisions in manuals and information technology-based communication
platforms are needed.
In accordance in research written by Llanto & Valdez (2022), Sexual harassment
is a prevalent problem in schools. You can commit in various ways. Victims can be
anyone regardless of gender, whether verbal or physical, but most victims ref you
are a woman or a student can cause not only physical harm but also psychological
aspects and worst. The victim commits suicide. This study assesses students'
perceptions of sexual harassment. Physical, verbal, and mixed, covering legal
methods and policies used by those affected continuing training as a whole in the
implementation of various programs, instructions, and characterization types of jobs
and working conditions in the various participating institutions. An offshoot, this study
develops training seminar modules to raise student awareness of sexual
harassment.
Based on the research done by Tandoc, Sagun, Alvarez (Jan 2021), conducted an
interview on women journalist to know something about their experience on online
harassment. Social media were ranked first, personalities and army trolls.While
Personal, inter-personally, and professionally were the second ranked. This issues
referred in different ways, especially with women journalist through digital platforms.
Referring to research done by Bustamante (2022), people experience oppression has
been fought in many aspect including the government, churches, and school,etc. There
are allot of laws to protect every women's rights and dignity, but still it's not enough to
end those type of oppression.
Review of Related Literature (Local)
In agreement to a journal written by Wenyan (2021), Concerned about student safety and intrigued
about how the survey might affect university policies and practices, the paper asked questions and
provided information on raising awareness about sexual harassment on an international chapter.
Describe the findings of the behavioral research project. Because of the multicultural environment on
campus, culture-based research that expands our perceptions and perceptions of sexual harassment
was felt essential in order to facilitate prevention strategies in similar higher education settings. This
case study has received a lot of support from the institution, and we wanted to know about the
experiences of our students as well. Through survey responses and interview conversations, different
attitudes and perceptions about gender, identity, sexuality, and multicultural relationships were
revealed. Additionally, the data showed that students are confused about the consequences and
responsibilities of sexual harassment and that social media is misleading. The findings of this study
point to the need for further research, particularly on cultural attitudes and perspectives on sexual
harassment, and may contribute to institutional mechanisms to prevent sexual harassment in an
increasingly globalized university community.
In a journal by Shukla, Singh, and Malik (2020), Social media provides a common platform
for ordinary people to speak out about social injustice and complain about politics. They also
band together to take action against crime. Social media has helped spread protests against
gender inequality around the world. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of
the #MeToo movement on intentions to control sexual harassment of women, and students
and to develop a framework for using mass communication as a tool to raise awareness and
control sexual harassment of women. Findings suggest that social media movements, such
as the #MeToo movement, have a positive impact on intentions to control sexual harassment
against women. We have shown that this raises awareness and leads to the formation of the
will to suppress sexual harassment against women.
As said in the research by Sanchita (2018), Cyberspace sexual harassment (CSH)
can be defined as using the Internet to make uninvited advances, communications, or
interactions with other individuals or organizations. This can take various forms such
as B. Unwanted posts or comments on social media sites, emails, text, graphics, posts
directed at victims, instant girlfriend messages, etc. You can understand the Indian
spirit and their level of consciousness. We aim to find the gap between the perception
and reality of these incidents and develop an interim self-help model to follow before
eventual legal action is taken. It provides a way to understand that molestation should
not be ignored when becoming a victim of harassment and to be sensitive to the
actions to be taken in such cases.
As stated in a journal done by Rimando (2015), This research answered how violence
against women was depicted in television programs today. The research also laid objectives
helpful for the study, which included knowing how media frames violence against women, or
how the issue of violence against women is packaged by the media to the audience being
presented; examining what the framing is done by media tells about the women of today, or
what does this framing imply to the women; and gathering perceptions of people on how the
media depicts violence against women. The study used interviewing and focused group
discussion to obtain primary information; and along with the secondary data gathered, the
data for this study was analyzed using Media Dependency Theory. The theory explained that
people were dependent on media as a primary source of information while media depended
on people for profit.
According to a research written by Ahmed (2019), Social media explores the problem
of sexual harassment and highlights its links to stereotypes, aggression, interpersonal
relationships, mental health, etc. Our research demonstrates the prevalence of sexual
harassment in anonymous social networks, the relationship between close-knit
community culture and anonymous harassment, and the lack of infrastructure he
supports for victims.
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