The Impact of African
The Impact of African
American
Adolescent
American Adolescent
Pregnancy
on postPregnancy
on Postpartum
depression
Partum
Depression
PRESENTED
TRAVIS
BY
DEMETRIUS
L.
PRESENTED BY DEMETRIUS L. TRAVIS, BSW
MASTER STUDENT CANDIDATE
BAYLOR UNIVERSITY GARLAND SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK
About Me
Born in Jackson, MS
Mother of two
Enjoys making memorable moments with my children
Graduated from University of Houston Clearlake with a
BSW May 2021
Currently interning at Marshall Middle Academy of Fine
Arts where I facilitate both individual and group therapy
sessions.
Expected graduation date May 2022
Objectives
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To educate the audience on Postpartum
Depression
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How to identify Postpartum Depression
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How to assist adolescents experiencing
Postpartum Depression
What is post-partum depression?
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According to research postpartum depression is commonly known as a
major and minor depressive symptom. (Howell et al., 2013)
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It is depression that occurs after childbirth. (Wyatt et al., 2018)
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It is a mood disorder that has been known to affect women more than men.
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It is also described as a common worldwide mental health issue among
mothers and has ranked the highest in minority women. (Howell et al., 2013)
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This psychological disorder has affected between 10 and 15 % of
women.(Baker et al.,, 2005)
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It is a serious mood disorder that may last for weeks or months at a time
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Postpartum depression is associated with lower rates of breastfeeding
initiation, poorer maternal and infant bonding, and increased likelihood of
infants showing developmental delays. (Dolbier et al., 2012)
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Usually requires treatment.
Signs & Symptoms of postpartum depression.
(Caropreso et al., 2019)
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Sadness, tearfulness lack of motivation, diminished
interest in food or self-care, trouble concentrating, and
loss of interest in the new baby. (
Vaginal bleeding
Breast pain
Fear or weight gain or weight loss, restlessness, guilt,
hopelessness
Symptoms
Crying more often than usual.
Feelings of anger.
Withdrawing from loved ones.
Thinking about hurting yourself or your baby.
Loss of energy.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PPD
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Minority women have a high prevalence rate, they are less
likely to seek mental health care and treatment. (Wyatt et
al., 2018)
There is a lack of knowledge about barriers faced by minority
women when accessing mental health care services for the
treatment of PPD. ( Wyatt etal. 2019)
Some researchers have suggested as many as 50% of
women with PPD do not report it. Anecdotal evidence
suggests that Black women may avoid talking about their
depression due to feelings of embarrassment, shame, and
fear of discriminatory attitudes due to racial stigma. (Wyatt
et al.,2019)
Black women were 57% less likely to start treatment for PPD,
and Latinas 41% less likely than white women. (Wyatt et al.,
2019)
There is need to address PPD because of the following reasons:
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THE NEED TO
ADDRESS PPD
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PPD continues to be significantly under diagnosed and
under treated. (Dolbier et al., 2012)
The absence of new screening tools for PPD and lack of
education that addresses the incidence of PPD in
minority populations
Less attention has been paid to the impact of maternal
psychopathology during pregnancy or at later
childhood. (Dolbier et al., 2012)
Postpartum depression has been studied in adults but is
less understood in adolescent mothers. (Caropreso et al.,
2019)
Limited knowledge and education that addresses
postpartum depression in adolescents. (Caropreso et al.,
2019)
The rates of mental health illness have risen in
adolescence and young adulthood while transitioning to
parenthood. (Hobfoll et al,, 2013)
African Americans are underrepresented among the
poor with higher depression rates. (Baker et al., 2005)
EFFECTS OF PPD
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It is a barrier to parenting. ( Dolbier et al., 2012)
It impacts the relationship between the infant and
parent
Affects teen mothers' ability to provide care,
parenting, and nurturing for their newborn.
PPD affects the mother infant bonding and
interactions which could have a specific effect on
cognitive development. (Wyatt et al.,2018)
Mothers who suffer form PPD are less likely to
breastfeed which can have a negative impact on the
child. (Hobfoll et al., 1995)
Minority women have a high prevalence rate, they
are less likely to seek mental health care and
treatment. (Wyatt et al., 2018)
Postpartum is a known factor that influences a child’s
development. (Howell et al., 2013)
It has a significant effect on adolescent IQ, especially for
boys.(Hobfoll et al., 1995)
PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED
WITH PPD
After three months post-partum Emotional disorders and
Disruptive Behavior Disorders has been predicted in
adolescence. (Wyatt et al., 2018)
Women's negative attitudes towards PPD.
Lack of culturally appropriate health care services. (Hobfoll et
al., 1995)
Lack of PPD screening and detection.(Wyatt et al., 2018)
Low awareness among husbands and other family members
regarding PPD.(Baker et al., 2012)
TEENS VS ADULTS EXPERIENCING PPD
TEENS
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During the initial parenting period
adolescent mothers are at a greater
risk for experiencing PPD than adult
mothers.(Hobfoll et al., 1995)
ADULTS
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The prevalence of depression in
adolescent mother’s ranges from 14%
to 53% which is higher than the
observed prevalence of 6.9–16.7% in
adult mothers. (Hobfoll et al., 1995)
HOW DOES
PPD AFFECT
ADOLESCENTS
?
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Adolescent mothers are three times likely
to commit suicide. (Dolbier et al., 2021)
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Teen moms are more likely to engage in
risky unhealthy habits such as drug use
prior to pregnancy, used tobacco,
neglected medical service, and or had
been abused by the child’s father.
(Cropreso et al., 2019)
Problems and issues adolescents face
as a young parent(Baker et al., 2005)
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School drop out.
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Increase in poverty rates.
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Low self esteem.
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Isolation.
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Anxiety.
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Financial problems.
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Neglect of medical treatment.
STATISTICS ON PPD
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10-57 % of adolescent mothers are affected by postpartum depression
after delivery. (Baker et al.,2005)
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1 in 8 women experience symptoms of postpartum depression.
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According to the latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), PPD affects over 11% Trusted Source of women in the
United States, or 1 in 9 women.(Baker et al.,2005)
STATISTICS
CONT.
Risk Factors
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Newborns admittance to the Neonatal Intensive care unit (NICU)
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NICU’s admit a million and a half babies within 72 hours of birth with an average stay
of 13.2 days across the United States due to post-partum depression. (Wyatt et al.,
2018)
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Preeclampsia
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Is a complication of pregnancy occurring after 20 weeks of gestation.
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PE is a risk factor for development of depression and associated with higher severity of
depressive symptoms. (Caropreso et al., 2019)
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Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
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The relationship between IPV and PPD is not clearly understood which are both major
health concerns. (Howell et al., 2013)
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IPV during pregnancy is a serious public health risk and has implications for the health
and welfare of the mother and child during gestation, at delivery, and postpartum.
(Wyatt et al., 2018)
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More than 1 in 4 women are victims of severe violent acts by an intimate partner
during their lifetime. (Dolbier et al., 2012)
RECOMMENDATIONS TO ADDRESS PPD
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The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that all adults be
screened for depression, including pregnant and postpartum women (Baker et al., 2005)
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Clinicians provide or refer pregnant and postpartum women who are at increased risk for
perinatal depression to counseling interventions (Hobfoll et al., 1995)
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The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that
obstetric care providers screen patients for depression and anxiety symptoms at least
once during the perinatal period and also conduct a full assessment of mood and
emotional well-being during the comprehensive postpartum visit. (Wyatt et al., 2018)
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If a patient is screened for depression and anxiety during pregnancy, additional
screening should also occur during the comprehensive postpartum visit (Baker et al.,
2005).
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The American Academy of Pediatrics also recommends that routine screening for
maternal postpartum depression be integrated into well-child visits (Hobfoll et al., 1995)).
REFERENCES
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Hobfoll, S. E., Ritter, C., Lavin, J., Hulsizer, M. R., & Cameron, R. P. (1995).
Depression prevalence and incidence among inner-city pregnant and
postpartum women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(3),
445–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.63.3.445
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Howell, E. A., Bodnar-Deren, S., Balbierz, A., Loudon, H., Mora, P. A.,
Zlotnick, C., Wang, J., & Leventhal, H. (2013). An intervention to reduce
postpartum depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. Archives
of Women's Mental Health, 17(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737013-0381-8
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Dolbier, C. L., Rush, T. E., Sahadeo, L. S., Shaffer, M. L., & Thorp, J. (2012).
Relationships of race and socioeconomic status to postpartum depressive
symptoms in rural African American and Non-Hispanic white women.
Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17(7), 1277–1287.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-1123-7
REFERENCES CONT.
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Baker, L., Cross, S., Greaver, L., Wei, G., & Lewis, R. (2005). Prevalence of
postpartum depression in a Native American population. Maternal and
Child Health Journal, 9(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-005-24482
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Wyatt, T., Shreffler, K. M., & Ciciolla, L. (2018). Neonatal intensive care unit
admission and maternal postpartum depression. Journal of Reproductive
and Infant Psychology, 37(3), 267–276.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2018.1548756
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Caropreso, L., de Azevedo Cardoso, T., Eltayebani, M., & Frey, B. N. (2019).
Preeclampsia as a risk factor for postpartum depression and psychosis: A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Women's Mental Health,
23(4), 493–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-019-01010-1