EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > driven by the internal heat of the earth > mountain-building > result in an increase in surface relief TECTONIC FORCES 1. Compressional a. Folding [bending without breaking] - anticlines - fold limbs - syncline b. Faulting [too rigid to bend] > slippage of rocks along a fracture surface - reverse fault [one block is pushed up and over the other block] - thrust fault - overthrust 2. Tensional > creates normal faults > tensional forces act in opposite directions and cause one slab of the rock to be displaced up and the other slab down - graben fault [tensional stresses result in the subsidence of a block of rock] - horst fault [development of two reverse faults causing a block of rock to be pushed up] - ground motions of earth caused when accumulating tectonic stress is suddenly relieved - evidence of present-day tectonic activity MAGNITUDE VS INTENSITY MAGNITUDE - measured by richter scale - seismograph - does not change INTENSITY - measured by modified mercalli intensity scale - may vary depending on the location 1. Volcanic Earthquake 2. Tectonic Earthquake Volcanism - eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the planet - two main types of eruptions: a. explosive: violently blast molten and solid rock into the air; fumes of smoke in the air b. effusive: molten lava pours less violently as flowing streams of lava 6 major kinds of volcanoes 3. Shearing > creates strike-slip faults > horizontal displacement of rock strata EARTHQUAKE - sudden displacement of rock materials that cause vibrations [seismic waves] LAVA FLOWS - layers of erupted rock matter that poured over the landscape when they were molten Shield volcanoes - gently sloping, dome shaped cone EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE - usually present in hawaii - not very explosive, although still damaging Cinder cones - smallest type of volcano - steep, straight sides and a large crater in the center Composite cones (stratovolcano) - violent [because of their narrow vent] - effusive or explosive - concave slopes that are gentle near the base and steep near the top Plug domes - viscous silica-rich magma pushed into a vent - dome shaped summit and jagged blocks make up cone on steep sloping sides - may be affected by: climate and weather - plug may be melted when there is an uprising magma Caldera - a depression created after a volcano releases the majority of the contents of its magma chamber in an explosive eruption Plutonism - formation of intrusive igneous rocks by solidification of magma beneath the earth's surface EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE LIFE SCIENCE > a broad field that focuses on life > fields: ● botany ● zoology ● microbiology ● virology ● anatomy ● ecology ● genetics ● evolutionary biology ● etc. > all living organisms have all of these basic characteristics: ● cellular organization ● metabolism ● homeostasis ● reproduction ● heredity ● movement ● growth and development a. cellular organization > living beings are made out of cells > cells are the basic unit of life > organisms can be unicellular or multicellular b. metabolism > ability to take up consumables (eg. food) and use it as energy in their activities > this energy is also used for the growth of the organism c. homeostasis > all living things maintain stable internal conditions > environments have varying conditions, but organisms act to keep their internal conditions relatively constant in the process called homeostasis > "adapting to the external environment" d. reproduction > all living things have the capability to reproduce, either asexually or sexually e. heredity > living organisms have the capability to transfer genetic information from parents to offspring > information coded from their dna sequence determines what the new organism will be like > because dna is faithfully copied from one generation to the next, any changes are preserved and passed on to the future generation OTHER UNIFYING THEMES: > Level of organization - hierarchy of increasing complexity is exhibited - [atom > molecule >] cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism > population > community > ecosystem > biosphere > Flow of energy - there is always a starting point of where the energy is coming from - photosynthesis > plants: ensure that the source of energy of consuming organisms do not run out EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE - flow of energy among organisms help determine how organisms interact within their environment > Evolution - theory of evolution explain how all kinds of organisms came into existence - explains why organisms look the way they do and how they are related to organisms alive today - explains the relationships among various groups of living organisms > Structure determines function > Interacting Systems - living things interact with each other and with the environment - a living community is highly structured and interdependent - this interdependence is the result of a long process of evolution in which selection has favored cooperation THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE > most fundamental yet least understood aspect A. Special Creation Theory > life came from a supernatural event that cannot be explained by science > life from a supreme being; became the backbone of all religion-based creation books or belief (eg. Book of Genesis) B. Spontaneous Generation Theory > ancient people believed that life is a spontaneous event > living beings are generated from non-living matter (ie. inanimate objects), besides from originating from sexual and asexual reproduction - maggots found on rotting meat - bread left in the corner will generate mice > was disproved by a lot of experiments - Francesco Redi, 1668 > Ecology - study of interdependence and organisms with each other and their environment - study of complex communities of organisms in relation to their environment C. Biogenesis > states that "life begets life" > organisms produce their own kind by means of reproduction > explained how organisms came to be, but not how life on earth really started > Science and Society - knowledge from biological science can be applied to specific problems in society to improve human life ~ development of polio vaccine in 1950 - 4 countries are leading in the trials and discovery of a working vaccine against CoViD-19: China, UK, America, Russia D. Abiogenesis > most biologists believe that life started on earth millions of years ago: in primordial seas through a series of processes and evolution > 1920: J.B.S Haldane (British geneticist) and Aleksandr Oparin (Russian Biochemist) EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE - young earth's atmosphere must be rich in hydrogen and might have generated the first life-forms of the planet - sunlight, geothermal heat, and energy from lightning changed the structure of the atmosphere which brought about changes to the first living organisms - they believe that some organisms evolved to multiply, others died out through the process of natural selection
