Comparing
Alexander’s Persian
campaign with
Caesar’s Gallic
campaign
1
Table of Contents
Title page
1
Introduction
3
Biographies
4
Comparison of campaigns
7
Conclusion
11
Bibliography
15
2
Introduction
A lengthy ancient history of contrasting great men began with Plutarch in
the first/second century CE. Alexander the Great was compared to Julius Caesar
by Plutarch. The grounds for this analogy are self-evident. Both men captured
vast areas of land, altered the Mediterranean power dynamic, and inspired people
to either admire or conspire against them. This contrast has been continually
evaluated by academics. By reassessing style of leadership to show features that
both created Alexander famous and made him a target of Roman copying, this
study adds to a particular niche in that stream of research1.
This similarity has been extensively explored in classical texts and
contemporary academics. This paper's structure differs greatly from earlier
research. The information will be structured around each man's military,
governmental, and private accomplishments. The conversation will be framed by
leadership characteristics such as self-confidence, desire, and the capacity to
motivate followers. Alexander will be contrasted to Julius Caesar for the purposes
of this article. Furthermore, it raises fresh questions regarding excellence2.
Therefore, the structure of the paper is the following. Firstly, the
biographies of the two leaders will be presented in order to show where their
motivations come from. Secondly, the Persian and Gallic campaigns will be
presented and compared. Thirdly, a conclusion will be provided.
1
Oliver, D. (2018). Military Leadership in Plutarch’s Parallel Lives.
2
Oliver, D. (2018). Military Leadership in Plutarch’s Parallel Lives.
3
Biographies
Alexander the Great
From 356-323 BCE, Alexander the Great, often known as Alexander of
Macedon, reigned. Philip II, King of Macedonia, and Olympias were his parents.
He was pampered by the Macedonian royal throne in every way. Alexander had
wonderful relations with Aristotle, who instructed him directly. Aristotle was
eventually credited with enabling Alexander to enjoy a "noble life." A lot of
anecdotes about Alexander's sense of fate to be better than others preceding him
are passed down throughout his teenage years. Alexander's taming of the animal
Bucephalas is the most notable3.
Philoneicus Thessalian transported the animal to Philip's palace and
attempted to sell it. Philip and a number of the employees attempted to ride the
horse, but it resisted. Alexander confidently proclaimed that he could accomplish
what many others never could. Alexander, certain that he grasped the situation,
vowed to pay the full price for the animal if he failed. Alexander rode the animal
effectively after turning it aside from his shade. Alexander's dad cried tears of
delight and informed him that Macedonia was too tiny for him. This event has
two implications for Alexander's self-confidence4.
First and foremost, Alexander exuded confidence as he tackled the
problem. He was confident that he can still triumph where others had struggled
before him. Alexander's bold choices in this scenario are defined by either folly
or arrogance. In the perspective of prominent men, Alexander risked humiliating
both his family and himself. This gives you an idea of Alexander's self-assurance.
Secondly, a giddy Philip adds fuel to Alexander's previously smouldering pride.
Philip's response and comments not only validated but also encouraged
Alexander's pride. Although this tale was most likely made up, it nevertheless
shows that Alexander was held in high regard in that community. The narrative
of the Gordian knot is yet another example of Alexander's self-assurance5.
Alexander stumbled across the knot when on an expedition in Asia Minor.
That whoever untangled the knot was said to be prophesied to seize power.
Alexander, intent on conquering Asia, decides to untangle the knot. Alexander
3
Stoneman, R. (2004). Alexander the great. In Alexander the Great.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203307588
4
Penn, T., & Mcnair, S. (2016). 2016 Summer McNair Scholar Articles Development. The
Penn State McNair Journal, 16, 99.
5
Penn, T., & Mcnair, S. (2016). 2016 Summer McNair Scholar Articles Development. The
Penn State McNair Journal, 16, 100.
4
assessed the issue and realized that he would not be able to easily untangle the
knot. He pulled back his blade and severed the knot since he was Alexander and
had a great amount of certainty. In the view of the Olympians, this demonstrated
that Alexander was blessed by God. Alexander stated unequivocally that he
intended to control all of Asia. One example of Alexander's self-assurance is the
tale of the declaration of himself the true fulfiller of the destiny, spitting on
everyone preceding him. The invasion of Tyre demonstrates Alexander's
ambition's terrible effects. Without even an army, Alexander laid siege to a walled
territory. The fact that the Persians ruled the Mediterranean made capturing the
offshore citadel more challenging. The extended blockade reflects Alexander's
desire, which sprang from his self-assurance. At Tyre, Alexander's ego got the
best of him. He besieged the port city for seven months, using Phoenician vessels
to effectively strike. Macedonians sought to construct a bridge from the mainland
to the island6.
When you reflect how much Alexander acquired in a decade, the duration
at Tyre appears excessive. Alexander conducted activities on several occasions
merely to develop a name for doing tasks that others couldn't. Controlling the
whole of Asia may not even have satisfied Alexander's pride. His self-assurance
achieved celestial proportions. In February 332, while being in Egypt, Alexander
visited an oracle from Jupiter Ammon to see if he was actually the saviour of the
world. Alexander, convinced that he was supernatural, sought evidence.
According to certain historians, Alexander's closest men believed in his holiness.
Alexander was declared to be the son of a god by the oracle clergy. Irrespective
of Alexander's past state of mind, Arrian claims that he left believing that he has
been tied to Ammon. Alexander's self-confidence, regardless if regarded
reasonable or egomaniacal, laid the groundwork for his subsequent deeds 7.
Julius Caesar
Caesar's private situation has both good and bad aspects. Both
acquaintances and authorities claim that Caesar does not consume alcohol. Caesar
did so in order to maintain his mental health. Caesar had been dogged by sexuality
allegations since he was a child. While in the court of an eastern vassal monarch,
he got a reputation for homosexuality. While on the campaign trail, he was also
6
Penn, T., & Mcnair, S. (2016). 2016 Summer McNair Scholar Articles Development. The
Penn State McNair Journal, 16, 101.
7
Penn, T., & Mcnair, S. (2016). 2016 Summer McNair Scholar Articles Development. The
Penn State McNair Journal, 16, 102.
5
known to frequent casinos. Caesar, on the other hand, demonstrated his morals in
one occasion. At a feast for ladies only, Publius Clodius sought to entice his wife,
Pompeia. He accomplished this by dressed as a lady. Despite the fact that there
was no evidence of sexual activity, Caesar divorced Pompeia, claiming, "The
wife of Caesar must be above suspicion."8
Caesar's orientation is noted by both political adversaries and his own
troops. Alexander is well-known for his lack of sexual activity. Caesar and
Alexander have distinctly specific and unique character flaws. Caesar takes
incredible care to prevent Alexander's biggest weakness: heavy drinking. Despite
his own weaknesses, Caesar gained from the worst qualities of Alexander's
personality in certain respects. Caesar is intimately connected to Alexander. The
clearest argument for Caesar comparing himself to Alexander stems from his
service as a quaestor in Spain. He ended up at a Hercules sanctuary in present
Cadiz. He was overheard groaning and discussing how Alexander captured the
globe at his age, but Caesar believed he had accomplished little. This
demonstrates that Caesar was aware of Alexander's achievements. He was also
reported to have been studying Alexander's biography about the same time. After
his quaestorship expired, he got engaged in a lot of conspiracies to topple the
government. Both Caesar's statements and gestures indicate that he is thinking
back at Alexander9.
8
Penn, T., & Mcnair, S. (2016). 2016 Summer McNair Scholar Articles Development. The
Penn State McNair Journal, 16, 108.
9
Penn, T., & Mcnair, S. (2016). 2016 Summer McNair Scholar Articles Development. The
Penn State McNair Journal, 16, 108.
6
Comparison of campaigns
Alexander’s Persian campaign
The most recognized aspect of Alexander the Great is that he was a warrior
who never lost a fight. Alexander's insatiable desire was among the most
fundamental characteristics that fuelled his brilliance. Alexander grew restless
while others were restricted, thinking he was destined to win. His persistence on
fighting at the Granicus River is a clear illustration of his desire. Alexander had
just conquered the Hellespont, and this was his initial significant fight in his
invasion of Asia. The western Persian vassals lined their men on the other side of
the Nile, whereas Alexander's forces stretched out on the west side. Alexander's
army was organized with infantry on the flanks and phalanx in the centre.
Alexander was in charge of the right, whereas Parmenio, his trusty lieutenant,
was in charge of the left. The Persian army formed a line in front of the recruited
Greek soldiers. Alexander began the battle by deploying his troops across the
Granicus from his right flank, pushing the Persians to confront the Macedonians
on that wing. After a brief fight to gain footing, soldiers arrived. Intense closequarters warfare ensued10.
The Persian army fortifications were thrown off by Alexander's first sortie.
Alexander decided to take advantage of this weakness by sending two army
contingents into battle. Alexander demonstrated his bravery by being cut off from
his warriors and coming close to being killed. The ploy was successful, and the
Persian army withdrew. Parmenio launched the opposite wing simultaneously
time. The Macedonians were able to surprise the Persian soldiers and slaughter
them. The Macedonians won thanks to Alexander's mix of strategies, desire, and
courage. According to standard warfare tactics, Alexander should not cross the
bridge and instead attack the Persians in a small region where their strengths
would be much less favorable. Ignoring these traditions, Alexander displayed his
capacity to win regardless of the situation. The Macedonians won the Granicus
thanks to a combination of Alexander's leadership skills. Alexander's desire and
its importance in his glory are further demonstrated in the Battle of Gaugamela.
Two years prior, Alexander had beaten Darius at Issus and then conquered the
whole of Phoenicia and Egypt11.
Alexander was eventually able to go near enough just to Darius to
undertake a fight after that period. In modern-day Iraq, the location of Gaugamela
10
Lonsdale, David. (2011). The Campaigns of Alexander the Great.
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608638.003.0002.
11
Lonsdale, David. (2011). The Campaigns of Alexander the Great.
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608638.003.0002.
7
is an empty field. Alexander had 47,000 soldiers, although Arrian claims Darius
had up to 1,000,000. Curtius addressed the crowd that Alexander was meant to
deliver before the war. Another crucial leadership attribute he demonstrates in his
speech is his capacity to motivate men. He presents two extremely strong
arguments12.
According to Alexander, the fight will decide who will rule Asia. Clearly,
this issue has a great deal of weight. Furthermore, Alexander claims that his
troops were destined to battle valiantly, and that they do not need to be martyrs
to do their job. Alexander motivates his men by affirming his faith in their
inherent abilities and emphasizing their responsibilities. Based on the numbers,
it's still astonishing that Alexander could motivate his soldiers to triumph.
Regardless of the fact that historical documents frequently exaggerate manpower,
Alexander was most certainly outnumbered by at least two-to-one. It's important
to keep in mind the emotional impact of conflict13.
Alexander stood unbeaten in front of the men he speaks, having severed
the Gordian knot and asserting holiness. Alexander's self-assurance was crucial
in allowing him to be bold and motivate his men. Alexander's statements were
similar to those given by others. Faced with Alexander, the Persians were
organized as follows: Mazaios led the infantry on the right, Darius in the center,
and the scythe carriages on the left. Bessos is in charge of the troops on
Alexander's right. Alexander commanded the right flank, while Parmenio
commanded the left. The accompanying infantry was led by Philotas, Parmenio's
son. Alexander began by shifting the right wing to harsher terrain, making it even
more difficult for Bessos' men. Bessos tried to seize Alexander's wing, but the
Macedonians triumphed14.
The scythe chariots were then freed by Darius. The impact of these horses
on Alexander's front was minor. Mazaios sent his troops on Parmenio in an
attempt to surround him. Philotas and Alexander pushed through the Persian core
as the conflict continued on the left flank, forcing Darius to escape. Their leader
abandoned the middle and left the Persians folding. The Persian victory against
Parmenio created a vacuum in the Macedonian cavalry charge, which the
surviving Persians attacked. They plundered until they were stopped by the rear
division. Parmenio, on the other hand, was trapped and requested Alexander's
assistance. Alexander halted his chase of Darius and shifted his focus to defeating
12
Foster, N. E. (2005). The Persian Policies of Alexander the Great: From 330-323 BC.
Lonsdale, David. (2011). The Campaigns of Alexander the Great.
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608638.003.0002.
14
Foster, N. E. (2005). The Persian Policies of Alexander the Great: From 330-323 BC.
13
8
Mazaios. The Macedonians beat the Persians, and Alexander again demonstrated
his military superiority. He struggled on a field that was preferable to his
adversary, had less men under his leadership, and had to contend with the Persian
drive on his wagons. Gaugamela embodied all of Alexander's best qualities:
military skill, desire, creativity, and self-confidence15.
Caesar’s Gallic campaign
Caesar's first big military victories occurred on the Gallic border. When
Caesar was appointed senator in 59 BC, he achieved the pinnacle of Roman
governmental elites. He was given the regions of Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine
Gaul, and Illyricum once his mandate expired. These territories provided Caesar
with the two items he really required: the opportunity to show himself materially
and the money necessary to pay off his debts. Caesar demonstrated his capacity
to lead a military during his time in Gaul, integrating the remainder of Gaul into
the Roman world. The War of Alesia, which was pivotal in Caesar's subjugation
of Gaul, exemplifies Caesar's true military superiority. The battle, which took
place in September 52 BC, successfully positioned Gaul under Roman
authority16.
Caesar accompanied the Gallic troops to the citadel at Alesia after a brutal fight
a few days earlier. The Romans killed many of the enemy's reserve force while
pursuing them. The Romans planned a blockade of the city after determining that
the city's residents and troops only had enough food for one month. Caesar
commanded the Romans to construct a barrier all around town because his rival
Vercingetorix was inside. This fortification would completely isolate the town17.
The united German and Gallic troops had a significant edge in terms of
infantry numbers. The barbarians promised to transfer out horses under the dark
of night to gather more forces as the Romans erected the barrier. They demanded
a specific share from each of the citizens who opposed Rome. To defend the
Romans from the troops that would put Caesar between the town and the freshly
assembled armies, Caesar authorized the creation of a second barrier. The overall
number of forces gathered was 250,000 soldiers and 80,000 cavalry. Aside from
the barrier, the Romans constructed a few more barriers. The Romans built
15
Penn, T., & Mcnair, S. (2016). 2016 Summer McNair Scholar Articles Development. The
Penn State McNair Journal, 16, 102-107.
16
Nice, Alex. (2006). Caesar, The Gallic War Commentaries.
Radin, M. (1916). The International Law of the Gallic Campaigns. The Classical Journal,
12(1), 8–33.
17
9
shoreline five rows deep from of local branches, filled a ditch with spiked logs,
and redirected one of the two bodies of water. These logs were positioned at an
inclination to rip skin and shred steel. They excavated holes up to eight feet deep,
some with hooks and others without18.
The barrier had twenty-three forts, as well as towering mud barriers and
battle towers. These defenses surrounded the city for 11 kilometres. For three
days in a row, Germans and Gauls fought from within and without, intensifying
their attacks each day. Approximately 90,000 Gallic troops died as a result of the
battle. The Gauls did burst through the fortifications at times, causing the narrow
Roman barrier to become narrower. When his commanders faltered, Caesar (like
Alexander the Great) directly directed forces against the Gauls at certain weak
spots. Caesar exhibited characteristics that indicated he was a skilled strategist.
Caesar built on his earlier triumph by putting more pressure on the enemies.
Caesar used the machine gun emplacements to deny the Gauls the numerical
edge. During each election cycle, Caesar encountered recurrent Gaulish uprisings
and insurgencies19.
Caesar not only defeated these assaults, but he also established a new
Roman state. This is a significant distinction among Alexander and Caesar.
Alexander was up against a powerful civilisation. Caesar was establishing Roman
power in Gaul, which was a loose coalition of individuals. Even during Civil
Wars, Caesar also outmanoeuvred Pompey at the War of Pharsalus.
Notwithstanding having a significant numerical deficit in cavalry, Caesar decided
to fight this fight inland, limiting Pompey's maritime capacity to supply his force.
Pompey deployed men to utilize this perceived benefit, but Caesar sent six legions
to the vulnerable flank discreetly before the combat even began. Caesar was able
to outmanoeuvred Pompey and beat him as a consequence20.
During the chaos of combat, Caesar used his cool temperament to his
advantage. He was equipped to see the battleground clearly and understand the
finest selections possible. He also demonstrated that he was capable of adjusting
after his loss in Dyrrhachium. Caesar also demonstrated excellence in his capacity
to motivate men. Caesar went on his own quest to retrieve provisions after
18
Radin, M. (1916). The International Law of the Gallic Campaigns. The Classical Journal,
12(1), 8–33.
19
Radin, M. (1916). The International Law of the Gallic Campaigns. The Classical Journal,
12(1), 8–33.
20
Radin, M. (1916). The International Law of the Gallic Campaigns. The Classical Journal,
12(1), 8–33.
10
Dyrrchachium. He would do it without the army because they were so disturbed.
Men who were ultimately defeated were so motivated to plead for yet another
opportunity to show themselves triumphant. This also demonstrates that Caesar
was capable of defeating an opponent who possessed the very same expertise as
him. While Caesar's scientific edge in Gaul was analogous to Alexander's edge
against Persians, Alexander did not encounter this issue throughout his invasion21.
21
Penn, T., & Mcnair, S. (2016). 2016 Summer McNair Scholar Articles Development. The
Penn State McNair Journal, 16, 109-114.
11
Conclusion
It's the year 69 just before birth of Christ. Gaius Julius Caesar, currently thirty
years old, is based in Cadiz, the historical Punic Gades. The Roman travels about
the sanctuary devoted to Hercules, the fabled Greek warrior who had travelled so
far beyond, a move back from the renowned Gates, where the Mediterranean
pours in into ocean. Caesar comes to a halt before a monument of another halfgod, Alexander the Great, who perished in June 323 BC at the age of 3322.
The occurrence is described by Plutarch in the "Parallel Lives" and Suetonius in
his "Lives of the Caesars." Caesar explained that he couldn't conceal his grief
before the image of Macedonus because he couldn't conceal his sorrow. On the
one hand, he observed that Alexander, who died at the age of 32, has left behind
a massive empire which he had built. Caesar, on the other hand, thought he had
still not finished a significant task23.
For such two famous Ancients, Alexander and Caesar, outstanding symbols of
that particular era, the 30 year marked the conclusion of their lives for the one
and the commencement of an unusual vital journey for the second. When Philip
II's son was killed, he left an empire where the sun came up on the River indus
and set sinking into the Adriatic in the grip of hungry heirs. Perdiccas, Antigonus,
Ptolemy, Seleucus, and the other Macedonian commanders split Alexander's
huge territory between individuals like ravenous animals fighting over a sliver of
new meat24.
When all that can be taken had already been captured, Death snatched the Great:
Greeks, Macedonians, Phoenicians, Syropalestinians, Egyptians, Armenians,
Persians, Indians... In the darkness of the regal cloak of the Casa di Pella, a
plethora of men and women of many ethnicities and dynasties resided peace25.
The Alexandrian military served as the major vehicle for the Greekization of
different planets (realms which the Hellenic people referred to as "barbarians").
The flood of Hellenic speech, traditions, and mental institutions combined with
22
Oliver, D. (2018). Military Leadership in Plutarch’s Parallel Lives.
23
Oliver, D. (2018). Military Leadership in Plutarch’s Parallel Lives.
24
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 1).
25
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 2).
12
countries rich in history, forming that epochal phenomena we name "Hellenism,"
due to the Macedonians' endless achievements26.
It wasn't a coercive application in which people have been forced to adopt the
dominator's traits. Instead, it was established through an astonishing osmotic
mechanism of reciprocal absorption, wherein the victors' and vanquished's
customs, rules, and clothes mingled. This innovation introduced a new world,
allowing the Hellenistic period to thrive27.
Alexander already had demonstrated his brilliant strategist before he left mortal
life in Babylon at the age of 32 and embraced the cosmic narrative. Granico (334
BC), Isso (333 BC), and Guagamela (331 BC) are three of the most important
conflicts in humanity's civilization28.
The powerful Persian King Darius III Codomannus, the world's worst opponent,
was tied to Alexander's cart due to them and the effectiveness of Macedonian
weaponry. The Achaemenids' magnificent bloodline was annihilated29.
Alexander, the child of Olympias and a great Aristotelian pupil, had commanded
the Macedonian vast armies to triumph at the age of 22 to 25 years: a marvel of
precocity30.
No living being who has conveyed the impression of belonging more towards the
genus of angels than to the genus of humans as Alexander has... As a result, he
became regarded as god31.
26
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 3).
27
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 4).
28
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 5).
29
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 6).
30
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 7).
31
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
13
In comparison, the wounded Caesar of Cadiz appeared to be terminally stalled on
his way to inexorable greatness at the time. He had become a couple of years
older than the young fellow who, at the age of about twenty, had conquered Asia's
stark and dusty lands and introduced a new civilization. But, at 32, Caesar was
still a long way from commanding his forces into one of the epic conflicts that
would immortalize his name. He didn't make the blade scream loud and broad for
the ecumene by 40 years32.
The Roman has not had the chance to demonstrate his diplomatic and social
prowess. Fate and Fortuna, on the other hand, had huge plans for him. So Caesar
started where Alexander left off. Well before Roman, fate had another five years
to live, which he was able to totally use with a vigor, ability, and intellectual
clarity that a few men in history have indeed been able to demonstrate33.
The Triumvirate, Gallia's expeditions and are against the Pompeians, Cleopatra's
tribulations in Egypt... the latter years of his life being filled of epic occurrences.
Caesar lived for a reasonably long period: half a century, the second period of
which was robust and full of life, just in a period when the typical human lifespan
hardly exceeded forty-five years34.
He had enough time to complete most of his objectives. It appears to us to be a
simple logical game to speculate on what more Caesar might have planned (and
implemented) if he could have further opportunity before the assassins' swords
drastically dropped the veil on his existence35.
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 8).
32
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society (pp. 9).
33
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 10).
34
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 11-13).
35
Overtoom, N. (2020). Triumvirate during the Late Republic, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
attempted to emulate Alexander’s qualities and fame while duplicating his successes,
touching on how they were compared to Alexander within their own society, (pp. 14).
14
His performances were truly exceptional, and none of his predecessors could have
pulled them off. Here is his inexhaustible might... Despite this, his works was
deeply emotional, with sensible aims and sentiments36.
On the other hand, Alexander mirrors the holy in himself and seems to us as a
chronological and physical embodiment fashioned by heavenly influences. In the
perspective of mere mortals, he is practically an oblivious instrument of higher
wills. Pella's young person pursued his worldly duty for 32 years, motivated by
unfathomable passion, unshakeable ideals, and unattainable ambitions37.
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