UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
Week 7- The Physical Self
PHYSICAL SELF
Physical Self
• refers to the body that includes basic parts
such as head, neck, arms and legs.
• made up of other organs such as the brain,
heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, and
muscles.
“Adolescence is when the very worst and best
impulses in human soul struggle against each
other for possession.”
G. Stanley Hall
LIFE SPAN
• Development from conception to death.
ELIZABET H B. HURLOCK’s
•Outlined the stages in the life span.
• Divided the stages into 10 parts.
In general, the body performs its functions least
well during infancy and old age.
Physical efficiency generally peaks in early
adulthoodand declines into the middle age.
Physical development and growth during
childhood continues at a slow rate compared with
rapid rate of growth in babyhood.
Adolescence
• Begins with the onset of puberty.
• One of the most crucial stage of
development.
• This stage is characterized by rapid
physical changes that includes the
maturation of the reproductive system
Boys
FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENT
Nature versus Nurture
✔ External genitalia - Penis ↑
Nurture. Sociologist, anthropologists and others in
the social sciences argue that human behavior is
learned and shape through interaction.
✔ Body -Shoulders broaden, muscle mass ↑
✔ Hair - beard, back, chest, anus
✔ Mental - More aggressive, sexual interest
awakens
✔ Voice vocal cords ↑ in size and/or length;
voice deepens
✔ Primary - genitalia, kasama nung pinanganak
(determine girl or boy)
✔ Secondary - sexual (breast, hair) development of
external genetalia
✔ Kaya mabuhok ang lalaki kasi ng testosterone
Girls
✔ External genitalia ↑ Size breast, vagina
✔ Internal genitalia ↑ Size uterus
✔ Body Shoulders are narrow, hips broad,
thighs converge
✔ Hair More scalp hair, less body hair
✔ Voice unchanged
Nature. Socio-biologist, psychologist and others in
the natural sciences argue that behavior traits can
be explained by genetics.
FACTORS AFFECT ING PHYSICAL GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENT
Nature
1. Heredity.
● Biological process of transmission of traits
from parents to offspring.
● the sex and other physical traits are
determined by the combination of (1)
chromosomes and (2) genes during
fertilization (the union of the two cells: Egg
and Sperm).
Habang nasa sisipunan or dna, nakaimprint sa
dna ang lifestyle,
✔ Recessive Genes
• The trait is not expressed when the
dominant form of the trait is present.
✔ Dominant Genes
• The expressed form of the trait when
present.
2. Chromosomes.
• Thread like tissues that carries the genes and
are usually found in pairs.
• 23 pairs of chromosomes
• Two types:
o Autosomes –trait chromosomes (22 pairs)
o Gonosomes – sex chromosomes ( X and
Y)
o Each number may represent, Nagdedetermine
ng kasarian, Walang y chromosome ang babae
xx- babae, xy - lalaki
FACTORS AFFECT ING PHYSICAL GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENT
Nurture
1. Environment
• Refers to the factors to which the individual
is exposed after conception to death.
Includes learning and experience of an
individual.
• Factors such as diet, nutrition, and
diseases play an important role in physical
development.
BODY IMAGE
Refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel
about their body and physical appearance.
APPEARANCE
everything about a person that others can observe
such as height, weight, skill color, clothes, and
hairstyle.
WE WERE ALL FEMALES!
In mammals, the default chromosome is always
female. We don’t have sex not until 2 months in
thewomb. Some features already formed by this
time like the nipples for instance that are why men
have them. After the sex of the baby is formed; the
body willstart to pump sex hormones
(testosterones,estrogen, etc.)
3. Genes
• Basic carries of heredity traits.
• Can be classified into:
o Dominant (strong genes) observable
o Recessive (weak genes) hindi observable pero
SELF-CONCEPT
A general term used to refer to how someone
thinks about, evaluates or perceives themselves.
To be aware of oneself is to have a concept of
oneself.- awareness of ourself
SELF-ESTEEM
A person’s overall evaluation of his or her own
worth – value natin
younger women and girls tend to have poor body
image.
Body image can affect both the adolescent’s
physical and psychological well-being.
napapasa
CAUSES OF POOR BODY IMAGE
1. Emphasis on ideal body.
2. Bullying and peer pressure.
3. Media
EFFECTS OF POOR BODY IMAGE
1. Body Dissatisfaction. We look at ourselves
and we don’t like what we see.
2. Depression. We look at ourselves and we don’t
like what we see.
3. Low self-esteem. Poor body has a correlation
in building a person’s self-worth.
4. Mental illnesses. Poor body image can
develop serious Mental disorders like Bulimia
Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa & Body
5. Body Modification. A person who has poor
body image may tend to alter a part of his or her
body that he or she finds unsatisfactory.
• Tattooing
• Permanent make-up
• Body piercing
• Cosmetic surgery
Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder.
David Hume's Essays, Moral and Political,
“Beauty in things exists merely in the mind
which contemplates them. “
Benjamin Franklin, in Poor Richard's Almanac
wrote: “Beauty, like supreme dominion Is but
supported by opinion”
Beauty by numbers
Our attraction to another person’s body increases
if that body is symmetrical and in proportion.
We perceive proportional bodies to be healthier.
If a face is in proportion, we are more likely to
notice it and find it beautiful.
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In Egyptian art, beauty is portrayed in
women with slim, high waist, narrow hips,
and long black hair.
Women with full figure and rounded hips
were considered beautiful during the
Renaissance period.
Some tribes (e.g., Africa) during the
medieval age consider chubby, fat, or plum
women beautiful.
Plum women in Africa is considered as a
“trophy” of their husband due to the belief
of wealthiness is associated with
chubbiness.
Force feeding is often done to a woman to
become wife material before marriage.
Some tribes in Malaysia, Philippines and
Indonesia considered flat noses to be most
attractive.
Standards of beauty change over time
based on changing cultural values.
STANDARDS OF BEAUTY
1. Clear and unblemished skin.
2. Thick, skinny hair.
3. Well-proportioned bodies.
4. Symmetrical faces.
●
Beauty is considered important throughout
history. This is because these features
indicate youth, health, good genes, and
fertility.
●
Beauty is important in all societies.
Attractive people have a lot of advantages
in life.
The bias in favor of physically attractive people is
robust, with attractive people being perceived as
more sociable, happier and more successful than
unattractive people (Dion, Berscheid & Walster,
1972; Eagly, Ashmore, Makhijani & Longo, 1991;
Hatfield & Sprecher, 1986; Watkins & Johnston,
2000).
“ABOVE ALL T HINGS PHYSICAL, IT IS MORE
IMPORTANT TO BE BEAUT IFUL IN THE
INSIDE”
Week 8- The Sexual Self
SEXUAL SELF
Physical Development
The beginning of adolescence is marked by rapid
physical changes including:
a) Maturation of the reproductive system.
b) Development of difference sex
characteristics.
PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Women
• Physical characteristics that are present at birth.
In women, these characteristics include the
vagina, uterus, and ovaries.
Primary Sex characteristics (women)
● Identifier if male or female
● Kapag nagmature secondary sex charac.
na
● Labia majora -skin nakapaligid
● Opening of urethra - lumabalabas ang
waste
● Opening vagina- lumabas ng baby
●
●
Hymen- napupunit if sex
Perineum- skin din
•
•
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Female reproductive system
• Two ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina, and;
• Clitoris- most sensitive
Men
A system of sex organs designed for
reproduction or sexual function.
• Physical characteristics that are present at birth.
In men, the primary sex characteristics include
penis, testes, scrotum, and prostate gland.
●
●
Labas yun parts
2 degree Celsius lower para
makapagproduce
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male reproductive system
• Penis
• Testes
• Prostate gland
• Seminal Vesicles
• Vas deferens
• Scrotum
• Epididymis
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Develop during the onset of puberty.
For women, the earliest evidences of puberty are
the enlargement of the breasts, menstrual cycle,
widening of hips, enlargement of buttocks, and
growth of pubic hair.
Men. Testicular growth, sperm production,
appearance of facial, pubic and other body hair,
and deepening of the voice are some of first
signs of puberty in men.
Mas madami sa babae estrogen, sa lalaki
testosterone
Sex Hormones
• Natural substance that is produced in the
body.
Influences the way the body grows or
develops.
Types of sex hormones.
1. Testosterone-increase sex drive (naturally mas
mataas sa lalaki kesa babae,libugin)
2. Estrogen - di constant pinoporduce, every
month may peak, main ingredient ng ovulation or
pagbuo ng egg cells
3. Progesterone
Magstart sa ovaries to fallopian tube (dinudurog
yun egg cells kaya dinudgo) tas nasakit puson
kasi namamaga yun lining ng urethra, kelangan
ilabas kasi nabubulok. Kapag may nakapasok na
sperm cells……………
Kaya may namemenopause kasi limited lang yun
egg cells
HORMONES: MALES
• Androgen production by the testes is constant,
men are capable of sexual activities without regard
to biological cycle.
• Testosterone and other androgens stimulate the
development of primary and secondary sex
characteristics and increase sex drive.
• Sperm production starts at puberty.
HORMONES: FEMALES
• In women, the ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone as well as small amount of
testosterone.
• Hormones are not produced consistently; it
follows a cyclical pattern. The greatest output
occurs during ovulation.
• Estrogen promotes female reproductive capacity
and secondary sex characteristics.
• The production of female sex hormones follows
a cyclical pattern, on an approximately 28-day
monthly cycle.
• The greatest production occurs during ovulation
period, when an egg is released from the ovaries.
• Soon after a baby girl is born, she’ll have half
formed versions of all the eggs she’s ever going
to have in her entire life and in puberty, once a
month one of those will be finished forming and
will be released.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
• Hormonal disorder common among women of
reproductive age.
• Women with PCOS may have infrequent or
prolonged menstrual periods or excess male
hormone (androgen) levels.
kaya nagiging irreg kasi di pantay ang
testosterone sa estrogen. Can be minimize ang
symptoms
WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON
It's possible for a guy to have multiple orgasms?
FACT: If a guy is tuned in on his level of arousal,
he can bring himself close to that point and
experience some of the pleasure of an orgasm
without fully climaxing … as long as he doesn't
ejaculate.
The clitoris has twice as many nerve endings as
the penis.
FACT: The head of the clitoris has approximately
8,000 nerve endings, the largest concentration in
the entire body. The penis has only 4,000. Edging
is the practice of engaging in sexual stimulation to
the point of ejaculation before stopping and
starting again.
The bigger a guy's feet are, the bigger his penis.
BLUFF: It's impossible to tell the size of a guy's
penis by the size of his hands and feet.
Do guys have a G-Spot?
FACT: The prostrate gland. It is called the “Pspot.” touching the space between the testes and
the anus can stimulate the prostrate gland and/or
going inside the anus.
Mahirap iturn on ang babae sa lalaki kasi sa lalaki
mataas ang sex drive or testorone while babae
mahirap iturn on pero tuloy tuloy
Theory- Most guys tumitingin sa physical
attributes
Sa ladies sa personality pero di ginegeralize
1. Genitals
2. Mouth
3. Breast
4. Ears
5. Anus
6. To lesser degree, the entire surface
of the body
One of the most basic sexual stimulations is
masturbation that causes sexual pleasure or
orgasm.
Masturbation is a normal and healthy sexual
activity with few side effects. Many bizarre claims
surround masturbation, such as going blind, and
most of these claims are untrue
. ---alleviate stress, release sexual tension,
stimulate same experience of sex…….kapag di
nalalabas yun sperm cell inaabsorb pwede daw
maging protein,, or maging prostate cancer
Other sexual activities such as intimate kissing,
cuddling, necking, petting, or touching the
erogenous zones may be uniquely important to
sexual arousal.
In many species, sexual arousal is closely tied to
variations in hormonal levels (e.g., mating season
in dogs); in humans, however, hormones play less
of a role.
-sa hayop wala silang ability to imagine, they
follow season kahit saan sila
Sa aso twice a year madatnaan, tas nagaattract
niya
-kaya natin labanan ang hormones if hindi a
person may commit rape
-consented dapat
In one sense, the brain is where sexual desire
originates and where sexual behavior is controlled.
Cognitive factors thus play an important role in
sexual arousal in humans.
HUMAN SEXUAL AROUSAL
Human sexual arousal may be produced by direct
stimulation of the body’s erogenous zones.
According to Freud, erogenous zones are areas of
the body that provides pleasure.
Should we blame rape victims for being raped?
Culture also influences the expression of sexual
desire.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson used
the term sexual-response cycle to describe
the changes that occur in the body as men
and women become sexually aroused.
1. Desire phase- naguumpisa, fantasies, sexual
cues, hinimas ka
2. Excitement/Arousal phase- may physiological
na sa katawan (erection) kaya tumtigas gawa ng
dugo.. Kapag female Vasco gestion (pagkakaroon
ng basa sa vaginal lining, pagerect ng nipples)
3. Plateau phase- anal sex , oral sex
4. Orgasmic phase- chemical sa brain-----dopamine (kapag napasobra nagiging addict sa
sex), serotonin (lighten ng mood), endorphin
(natural pain killer) extosine (feel secure,, cuddle
phase na maconfuse sa love)
5. Resolution phase- decrease of arousal
common sa lalaki
SEX. Primarily refers to physical attributes – body
characteristics notable sex organ which are
distinct in majority of individuals—define as girl or
boy (notable sa organ). Constant (kasi internal di
na pede baguhin ang genitalia)
GENDER. is the composite of attitudes and
behavior of men and women—yun pagkababae or
pagkalalaki mo, natutunan natin. Nagkakaroon ng
variation sa culture
Sexual Response Cycle (changes sa katawan
kapag sexually aroused)
--bago pa lang (before pre colonial) may
pangatlong gender na tincturing nila community
leader yun 3rd gender para makausap ang Diwata
or Espiritu. Nabago yun paniniwala natin kasi
nasakop tayo
Not All Body are Equal
Sexual orientation is different from gender identity
–
Men usually achieve one intense orgasm.
In women, orgasm involves the contraction of the
pelvic muscles that surround the vaginal walls and
can happen multiple times.
However, some women does reach orgasm.
Hence, resolution phase is not always reached.
Sexual orientation- refers to a person's sexual
and romantic interest to either people of the
opposite sex or people of the same sex. Interest
sa opposite sex or same sex
1. Heterosexual – refers to a person’s sexual and
romantic interest towards opposite sex—norm,
naattract sa opposite sex
2. Homosexual – attracted to and interested in
relationship with people of the same sexattractive sa same sex
LESBIAN
SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY
AND EXPRESSION
⮚ BUTCH
• Lesbians with more masculine traits- panlalaki
ang kilos
• degree of masculinity displayed by a female
individual beyond what would be considered
typical of a tomboy. —(tomboy- sa west lalaki
gumalaw pero di attracted sa babae)
⮚ FEMME
• not "read" as lesbians unless they are with a
butch partner, because they conform to traditional
standards of femininity—hindi natatransition as
lalaki pero yun romantic ay sa babae
GAY MEN (male attracted to male)
A gay tribe is, in fact, a social grouping of gay men
based solely on their body type key physical
characteristics.—tanggap yun katawan wala gusto
ipabago pero attracted sa lalaki
● Daddy
• Chub
• Twink
• Effem
• Jock
• Closeted/Discreet
• Bear
• Gee
BISEXUAL
• Attracted to both men and women (isolated
in the two, not in the other members of the
gender spectrum e.g., transgender, queer,
etc
• Bisexual flag - pink represent female,
purple represent attraction, blue represent
male
GENDER IDENTITY
- isa a persons internal feelings of being a woman,
man, both or neither.—
- May or may not correspond to a person's sex.
Maari lalaki pero femine ang galaw pero it doesn’t
affect sexual orientation
- Internal and not necessarily visible to others.
You decide your own Identity
•
•
•
is not concerned on whom you’re
interested in, it is concerned about you.
can be expressed in many ways: through
our clothes, speech. activities, hobbies,
and our behaviors.
it is okay for any of these things to change
at different times, or in different situations,
depending on what feels comfortable.
o
o
o
o
o
o
Gender- The state of being male or female
in typically regarding to social construct
rather than physical attributes-- behavior
attitude na maexpress or hindi yun gender
Transgender- Refers to someone who
does not identify with the gender they were
assigned at birth--- they feel they are
trapped sa di mo gustong body
Cisgender- Refers to someone who
identifies with the gender they were
assigned at birth-- nagcoconform sa
society pero they are attracted to same sex
Non binary- Refers to someone who does
not identify as exclusively male or female-ayaw idenfine yun sarili
Gender fluid- Refers to someone whose
gender identify changes over time from
one end to the spectrum to another--- part
ng personality and it is not constant, hindi
noticeable,
Genderqueer Refers to someone whose
gender identify falls on the spectrum of
male or female----lalaki pero di sila totally
nagawa na kasi kunwari lalaki pero
nagsskin care likewise sa girl
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Lesbian- a woman who is primarily
attracted to woman
Gay- A man who is primarily attracted to
men; sometimes a broad term for
individuals primarily attracted to the same
sex.
Bisexual- An individual attracted to people
of their own and opposite gender.
Transgender- A person whose gender
identity differs from their assigned sex at
birth -- they feel di talaga lalaki yun gender
identity pero lalaki padin kumukilos at
damit ng lalaki
Transexual- An outdated term that
originated in the medical and psychological
communities for people who have
permanently changed their gender identity
through surgery ---transition na talaga
(nainom ng pills nagpapaiba or
nagpapaturok na)
---------Transwoman – kapag nabago na
talaga
Queer- An umbrella term to be more
inclusive of the many identities and
variations that make up the LGBTQ +
community. ---pwede magfall sa sexuality
or gender
Questioning-The process of exploring and
discovering one’s own sexual orientation,
gender identity and or gender expression.-nagdidiscover kasi iba yun kinalahikan
nagkaroon ng confusion (gender
inisiphoria- iniiwasan)
Intersex- An individual whose sexual
anatomy or chromosmoes do not fit with
the traditional markers of “female and
“male” --di inexxpress yun masculity or
sexuality. If lalaki di tinutubuon ng buhok,
di ka manly pero lalaki,
Ally- Typically a non queer person who
suppoets and advocates the queer
community-- not queer na sinusupport yun
community
---Yun benefit ng marriage di narereceive
ng queer dito
Asexual- An individual who generally
does not feel sexual desire or attraction to
any group off people. --aromantic (does not
feel romantic feeling parang acquaintance
lang) di nakakaramdam ng sexual
attraction
Pansexual- A person who experience
sexual, romantic and physical attraction to
member of all gender identities--kahit alin
jan lahat pwede sa mainlove
GENDER EXPRESSION (pinapakita natin sa
ibang tao)
gender expression, or gender presentation, is a
person’s behavior, mannerisms, interests, and
appearance that are associated with gender in a
particular cultural context, specifically with the
categories of femininity or masculinity—hindi
nagcorespond sa sexual identity (maari mas
comfortable siya don or di sanay sa kinalikahan)
•
A person’s chosen name and pronoun are
also common ways of expressing gender.
•
Gender expression includes using facilities
(like washrooms and change rooms) that
match up with your own sense of gender.
•
Society often thinks of these cues as being
male/masculine and female/feminine. But
what ‘s thought to be masculine and
feminine changes over time and within
different cultures
Homophobia - dislike of or prejudice against gay
people
SEXUAL
ORIENTATION
“who you have
crush on”
GENDER IDENTITY
“who you are”
(boy, girl, both,
neither)
On Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
●
core attractions that form the basis for
adult sexual orientation typically emerge
between middle childhood and early
adolescence.--- kinocontain ntin yun sarili
natin at naglilimit satin
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual
attraction may arise without any prior
sexual experience.
While categories continue to be widely
used, research has suggested that sexual
orientation does not always appear in such
definable categories and instead occurs on
a continuum (e.g., Kinsey, Pomeroy,
Martin, & Gebhard, 1953; Klein, 1993;
Klein, Sepekoff, & Wolff, 1985; Shiveley &
DeCecco, 1977)
Research indicates that sexual orientation
is fluid for some people; this may be
especially true for women (e.g., Diamond,
2007; Peplau & Garnets, 2000).
There is no consensus among scientists
about the exact reasons that an individual
develops a heterosexual, bisexual, gay, or
lesbian orientation.
possible genetic, hormonal,
developmental, social, and cultural
influences—dito alam kung san nanggaling
jan kung bakit dahil complex tayo
nature and nurture both play complex roles
the report finds that human DNA cannot predict
who is gay or heterosexual. Sexuality cannot be
pinned down by biology, psychology or life
experiences
Triangular Theory of Love
Love is essential to our well-being. Though
most have experienced it in their lives,
defining love is challenging.
Triangular Theory of Love by Robert Sternberg
American psychologist known for his theories on
love, intelligence, and creativity.
Served as the president of APA in 2003.
Passion - refers to the drives that lead to
romance, physical attraction, and sexual
consummation.
Intimacy - which involves feelings of closeness,
connectedness, and bondedness.
Commitment - which involves feelings that lead a
person to remain with someone and move toward
shared goals; a decision to love and maintain that
love.
Types of Love
By: Robert Sternberg
8 types of love
The three components of love interact in a
systematic manner. The presence of a component
of love or a combination of two or more
components create seven kinds of love
experiences. These types of love may vary over
the course of a relationship as well.
1. Non love
The complete absence of all three components is
categorized as non-love.
2. Liking/Friendship
This type of love is when the intimacy or liking
component is present, but feelings of passion or
commitment in the romantic sense are missing.
Friendship love can be the root of other forms of
love.
3. Infatuation
Infatuation is characterized by feelings of lust and
physical passion without liking and commitment.
There has not been enough time for a deeper
sense of intimacy, romantic love, or consummate
love to develop.
4. Empty Love
Empty love is characterized by commitment
without passion or intimacy. At times, a strong love
deteriorates into empty love. The reverse may
occur as well. E.g. arranged marriages.
5. Romantic Love
Romantic love bonds people emotionally through
intimacy and physical passion. Partners in this
type of relationship have deep conversations that
help them know intimate details about each other.
They enjoy sexual passion and affection.
6. Companionate Love
● Companionate love is intimate, but a nonpassionate sort of love. It includes the
intimacy or liking component and the
commitment component of the triangle. It is
stronger than friendship, because there is
a long-term commitment, but there is
minimal or no sexual desire.
● This type of love is often found in
marriages where the passion has died, but
the couple continues to have deep
affection or a strong bond together.
7. Fatuous Love
● In this type of love, commitment and
passion are present while intimacy or liking
is absent. Fatuous love is typified by a
whirlwind courtship in which passion
●
motivates a commitment without the
stabilizing influence of intimacy.
Often, witnessing this leaves others
confused about how the couple could be
so impulsive.
8. Consummate Love
● Consummate love is made up of all three
components and is the total form of love. It
represents an ideal relationship. Couples
who experience this kind of love have great
sex several years into their relationship.
● They cannot imagine themselves with
anyone else.
Your Relationship is Unique
● According to Dr. Sternberg, the importance
of each component of love may differ from
person to person and couple to couple.
● All three components are required for the
ideal romantic relationship, but the amount
of each component required will differ from
one relationship to another, or even over
time within a relationship.
● Knowing how the components interact may
help highlight areas that may need
improvement.
Love is a Verb an Action Word
According to Dr. Sternberg, consummate love may
be harder to maintain than it is to achieve, as the
components of love must be put into action.
Without behavior and expression, passion is lost,
and love may revert to the companionate type.
“Falling in love is easy, staying in love is difficult.”
Marriage and Family
Courtship: Old Fashioned, Modern Day
Mate Selection: Old Fashioned Courtship
● When the man proves himself worthy of a
son-in-law, the parents would give their
permission to marry their daughter.
● During the old times and in the rural areas
of the Philippines, Filipino men would make
harana (serenade) the women at night and
sing songs of love and affection. This is
basically a Spanish influence.
●
And if a guy wants to be acceptable to the
girl’s family, he must give pasalubong
(gifts) every time he drops by her family’s
house. It is said that in the Philippines,
courting a Filipina means courting her
family as well.
Our Old-Fashioned Courtship: ‘Dalaw,’
‘Sundo,’ ‘Hatid’Philip M. Lustre Jr.
The rule was simple: if you wanted to win a young
woman’s heart to become your girlfriend, wife or
whatever, you had to find ways to introduce
yourself, gain her trust and confidence, and take
your chances to get her sweet “yes.” Again, this
was not easy. It was tedious and laborious.
“... Hatid, or escorting her to specific locations.”
“...dalaw, or regular visits.”
“...sundo or fetching her from a meeting place.”
Was my strategy to show my interest to a damsel,
who was not necessarily in distress. It was a
perfect way to communicate with her.”
Mate Selection: Modern Day Courtship
● These days courtship is just one click only
because of the modern days. With the use
of modern technology like gadgets or
computers there are many people who fall
in love with their partners through online
dating.
● No need to see each other in person and
no need to know each other well before
they can be together as a couple.
1. Ludus
A Ludic lover sees love as a game and doesn’t
want to be dependent on love or on one lover.
● They will take pride in having multiple
conquests and will find it extremely hard to
commit to one person, after all they’re all
about the game and excitement that comes
along with a new partner.
Is He a Player? 5 Ways to Tell if He’s Genuine
or Just Playing You
● He is dishonest
● He avoids commitment
● He uses vague language
● He engages in suspicious behavior
● He has a wandering behavior
Players can and sometimes do change, but that
change happens when they want to change. No
matter how great you are, a player won’t change
for you; they’ll change when they feel the time is
right.
2. Pragma
Pragmatic lover sees love as a means to
economic security.
● Pragmatic love may be described as
convenient, and the kind of relationship in
which everything must instantly slot into
place, with little need for adjusting.
● The “Practicals”
● No to inter-racial, LDR or extreme age
discrepancies.
3. Eros
Erotic lover is consumed by both passionate and
romantic feelings.
● Erotic love. A primary type of love that is
passionate and erotic, being rooted in
sexual attraction.
4. Mania
Manic lover is possessive, extremely jealous,
insecure, and controlling.
● They need constant attention, affection,
and togetherness.
● Control can be in a form of emotional
manipulation - gaslighting, guilt tripping,
and a like.
● Love is very intense.
● They frequently put love to the test for the
sake of reassurance.
● Defensiveness, hypersensitivity and
sometimes violence are typical reactions if
criticized by their partner.
● Reaction to separation - instant panic.
5. Storge
A Storgic lover respects and values friendship and
can love in a non passionate way.
● Storge love develops slowly.
● It grows out from mutual understanding,
rapport, respect, companionship, sharing
and concern.
● It is not characterized by high levels of
ecstasy and excitement (like eros).
● Stable and enduring love.
● Reaction to criticism from their partner give and take, compromise, constructive
problem solving.
● Reaction to separation - feelings of
emptiness and loss.
6. Agape
Agapic lover is non-expecting, nurturing and
caring. They are concerned for other’s welfare.
● Kind, unselfish love.
● Agapic lover gets more pleasure in giving
in a relationship than giving.
● Very forgiving, patient, understanding, loyal
and willing to make sacrifices for his or her
partner.
Marriage
State of being united to a person in a consensual
and contractual relationship recognized by the law.
Types of Marriage Depending on group
1. Endogamy
● Marrying within one’s own group.
● Endogamy among different classes in
China were practiced, the upper class like
the Shi class married among themselves.
2. Exogamy
● Marrying outside one’s own group.
● Inter-racial marriages are examples.
Residential Patterns of Married Couples
1. Patrilocal - same household as husband’s
family.
2. Matrilocal - same household as wife’s
family.
3. Neolocal - own residence, apart from
parents.
4. Bilocal - shift from patrilocal to matrilocal
and vice versa.
Forms of Marriage
1. Monogamy
● Marriage between two partners.
● Most practiced form of marriage.
2. Polygamy
● A person is allowed to marry two or more.
Polygamy Types
Polygyny - man marries two or more women
1. Only about 2% of the global population
lives in polygamous households, and in the
vast majority of countries, that share is
under 0.5%.
2. Polygamy is most often found in subSaharan Africa, where 11% of the
population lives in arrangements that
include more than one spouse.
3. Many of the countries that permit polygamy
have Muslim majorities, and the practice is
rare in many of them.
Fluids (magkakasugat yun internal pero di
makikita, mahapdi lang, papasok sa microlesion)
Which ones are considered infectious?
Polyandry - woman marries two or more men.
Polyandry is, in fact, a rare phenomenon, if not as
rare as once thought, and understanding of the
variables that define the term is evolving. The two
best-known areas in which polyandry was studied
and continued to be practiced into the 21st century
are the Plateau of Tibet (a region shared by India,
Nepal, and the Tibet Autonomous Region of
China) and the Marquesas Islands in the South
Pacific.
Sexual Self - STD
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Used to refer to a condition passed from one
person to another through sexual contact.
• STDs used to be called venereal diseases or VD.
They are among the most common contagious
diseases.
• You can get a STD from vaginal, anal, or oral sex
(but not limited to).
• STDs are serious illnesses that require
treatment.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Semen
Vaginal fluid
Blood
Fluid in sores or blisters
Saliva
Tears
Sweat
Urine
Ear wax
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION:
Low Risk or No Risk
• Abstaining
• Hugging
• Kissing
• Holding hands
• Dancing
• Sitting on toilets
• Sharing lip balm
• Mutual monogamy
• Massage
• Sharing forks, knives, etc.
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION:
High Risk
• Sexual Intercourse
o vaginal
o anal
o oral
• Blood-to-blood contact
• Sharing needles or other drug-use
equipment
• Tattoo or body piercing
• Infected mother to her baby
Bacterial vs. Virus STD’s
• Bacterial STD’s (treatment – di totally or worse,
nanjan pa rin pero di nararamdaman) include
Chlamydia, LGV, gonorrhea & syphilis
• Can be treated and cured with antibiotics
• Untreated infection can cause PID, infertility, &
epididymitis
• Virus STD's include HPV, HIV, Herpes
• There is NO cure
• Medication available to treat symptoms only
• Can pass onto others for the rest of your life
Common STDs
•
STDS: BACTERIA
✔ Chlamydia
• The most common bacterial STD
• Greatest number of diseases found in
people 15 to 24 years old.
• Untreated, it can affect the cervix and
urethra, and occasionally the rectum,
throat and eye
• 50% have NO symptoms - men and
women
• Can be treated with antibiotics
Chlamydia symptoms in men include:
•
•
•
•
White, cloudy or watery discharge from the
tip of the penis;
Pain, discomfort or a 'burning sensation'
when urinating.
Inflammation, tenderness, and pain in and
around the testicles.
may nana, sa girl mabahong amoy, makati
sa loob
NOTE: These are likely to appear within 1 to 3
weeks of initial exposure. The male symptoms of
chlamydia aren't limited to the genitals as
chlamydia can also occur in the throat, eyes and
rectum (depending on how it is transmitted).
Chlamydia symptoms in women include:
• Abnormal vaginal discharge that may have
an odor
• Bleeding between periods
• Painful periods
• Abdominal pain with fever
• Pain when having sex
• Itching or burning in or around the vagina
• Pain when urinating
✔
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
GONORRHEA signs & symptoms
Increased vaginal discharge
Painful urination
Lower abdominal pain
Bleeding after sex and between periods
Pain during sex
greater frequency or urgency of urination
a pus-like discharge (or drip) from the
penis (white, yellow, beige, or greenish)
swelling or redness at the opening of the
penis
swelling or pain in the testicles
a persistent sore throat
involuntary (tulo), pus like (naknak),
mahirap idetect sa babae, may cases na
nawawala na lang kasi mataas immune
system
NOTE: Many women don’t develop any overt
symptoms of gonorrhea. When women do develop
symptoms, they tend to be mild or like other
infections, making them more difficult to identify.
Gonorrhea infections can appear much like
common vaginal yeast or bacterial infections.
A bacterial infection that progresses in stages.
•
•
•
Primary: (3 days – 3 months) starts as a
small, painless sore called a canker; goes
away on it’s own
Secondary: (2 – 24 weeks) rash on the
body, palms of hands & soles of feet, hair
loss, feeling sick
Latent: lesions or rashes can recur.
✔ SYPHILIS
Untreated syphilis may lead to tertiary syphilis,
which can damage:
o The cardiovascular system (heart & blood
vessels)
o The neurological system
o Other major organs of the body
o Complications may lead to death
NOTE: Syphilis cannot be spread through casual
contact, such as with toilet seats, doorknobs,
swimming pools, hot tubs, bathtubs, shared
clothing, or eating utensils. singaw pero painless
STDS: VIRUS
Genital Herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus - HSV)
• Two types: HSV-1 (mouth, butlig sa lips
thru kissing) , causing cold sores, and
HSV-2, (genital area) causing genital
herpes
• It is a viral infection causing outbreaks of
painful sores and blisters
• Spread through direct vaginal, oral or anal
sexual contact with an infected partner
• Also transmitted by receiving oral sex from
a partner with a history of cold sores
• Symptoms can be treated with antiviral
medications, but NO CURE
HSV – Signs & Symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prior to an outbreak, the person may feel a
tingling or burning sensation where the
virus first entered the skin
Painful sores (external or internal)
Inflammation and redness
Fever
Muscular pain
Tender lymph nodes
✔ Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) or
Genital Warts
• One of the most common STDs
• About 75% of people will have at least
one HPV infection during their lifetime
• There are over 100 types of HPV
• Low-risk HPV types cause genital warts
• High-risk HPV types may cause cancer
of the cervix
• There is NO CURE, but vaccination is
available to prevent certain types of
HPV
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) or Genital Warts
Should I worry about pearly about pinile papules?
Pearly penile papules are small pink-white growths
that develop around the head of the penis. Any
male can develop pearly penile papules, but they
are not considered harmful.
Doctors do not know what causes pearly penile
papules. They are considered a normal
occurrence. They are not a sexually transmitted
infection. They are not caused by infection or
disease and are not
contagious. sobrang balat
✔ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a
virus that attacks the body’s immune
system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome).
• Aids severe case ng HIV
• There is currently no effective cure. Once
people get HIV, they have it for life.
• But with proper medical care, HIV can be
controlled. People with HIV who get
effective HIV treatment can live long,
healthy lives and protect their partners.
HIV: Where did it come from?
•
•
•
•
HIV infection in humans came from a type
of chimpanzee in Central Africa.
The chimpanzee version of the virus
(called simian immunodeficiency virus, or
SIV) was probably passed to humans
when humans hunted these chimpanzees
for meat and came in contact with their
infected blood.
Studies show that HIV may have jumped
from chimpanzees to humans as far back
as the late 1800s.
Over decades, HIV slowly spread across
Africa and later into other parts of the
world. We know that the virus has existed
in the United States since at least the mid
to late 1970s.
HIV: Signs & Symptoms
• Some people have flu-like symptoms within 2 to
4 weeks after infection (called acute HIV infection).
di makikita lagnat lang. These symptoms may last
for a few days or several weeks. Possible
symptoms includes:
HIV: Stages 1, 2, and 3
Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection
• People have a large amount of HIV in their
blood. They are very contagious.
• Some people have flu-like symptoms. This
is the body’s natural response to infection.
• But some people may not feel sick right
away or at all.
• If you have flu-like symptoms and think you
may have been exposed to HIV, seek
medical care and ask for a test to diagnose
acute infection.
• Only antigen/antibody tests or nucleic acid
tests (NATs) can diagnose acute infection.
Stage 2: Chronic HIV Infection
• This stage is also called asymptomatic HIV
infection or clinical latency.
• HIV is still active but reproduces at very
low levels.
• People may not have any symptoms or get
sick during this phase.
• Without taking HIV medicine, this period
may last a decade or longer, but some may
progress faster.
• People can transmit HIV in this phase.
• At the end of this phase, the amount of HIV
in the blood (called viral load) goes up and
the CD4 cell count goes down. The person
•
may have symptoms as the virus levels
increase in the body, and the person
moves into Stage 3.
People who take HIV medicine as
prescribed may never move into Stage 3.
•
•
Stage 3: Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
• The most severe phase of HIV infection.
• People with AIDS have such badly
damaged immune systems that they get an
increasing number of severe illnesses,
called opportunistic infections.
• People receive an AIDS diagnosis when
their CD4 cell count drops below 200
cells/mm, or if they develop certain
opportunistic infections.
• People with AIDS can have a high viral
load and be very infectious.
• Without treatment, people with AIDS
typically survive about three years.
Global HIV Prevalence= 0.7 %
GET TESTED IF:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Once you become sexually active, you
need a check-up & STD tested once a year
You also need an STD test if:
You didn’t use a condom, or the condom
broke
Your partner has an STD
Your partner is having sex with someone
else
You have ever injected drugs
You or your partner have any STD
symptoms
You have been raped
HIV: Treatments
• HIV treatment involves taking medicine
that reduces the amount of HIV in your
body.
• HIV medicine is called antiretroviral
therapy
(ART).
• There is no effective cure for HIV. But with
proper medical care, you can control HIV.
• Most people can get the virus under control
within six months.
• Taking HIV medicine does not prevent
transmission of other sexually transmitted
diseases.
• Getting and keeping an undetectable viral
load (or staying virally suppressed) is the
•
best way to stay healthy and protect
others.
Taking your HIV medicine as prescribed
will help keep your viral load low and your
CD4 cell count high.
If you have an undetectable viral load, you
have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV
to an HIV negative partner through sex.
Having an undetectable viral load also
helps
prevent transmission from mother to baby.
Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
• PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is
medicine people at risk for HIV take to
prevent getting HIV from sex or injection
drug use.
• PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV from
sex by about 99% when taken as
prescribed.
• PrEP is safe but some people experience
side effects like diarrhea, nausea,
headache, fatigue, and stomach pain.
These side effects usually go away over
time.
• Tell your health care provider about any
side effects that are severe or do not go
away.
Why is it so hard to make an HIV Vaccine?
1. HIV vaccine have been hampered by the
2. diversity of the virus itself.
⮚ Developing a single vaccine able to
eradicate over 60 dominants strains as well
as the multitude of recombinant strains—
and on a global level—becomes all the
more
challenging when conventional vaccines
can only protect against a limited number
of viral strains.
3. Fighting HIV demands a robust response
from the immune system, and this again
where systems fail. CD4 T-cells initiate the
response by signaling killer cells to the site
of the infection. HIV hobbles the body’s
ability to defend itself as the CD4
population is systematically depleted,
resulting in the eventual breakdown of
defenses called immune exhaustion.
4. Finally, the eradication of HIV is thwarted
by the virus’ ability to hide from the body’s
immune defenses.
The immune system POV:
1. Turns against itself (own cells) as it fights
the viral infection.
2. Cannot fight what it cannot see
FAMILY
Responsible Parenthood and Family Planning
Family - basic unit of society
Key Terms
Parent
● A person who has a child.
● A person who brings up and cares for
another.
Parenthood
● The state of being a parent.
Responsible Parenthood
(Directional plan of POPCOM n./d)
● The will and ability of the parents to
respond to the needs and aspirations of
the family and the children.
● A shared responsibility of the marital
couple to determine and achieve the
desired number, spacing, timing of their
children according to;
1. Aspirations
2. Psychological preparedness
3. Health status
4. Socio-cultural
5. Economic
Planning
● An act or process of deciding to achieve or
do something.
● Importance of planning are the following:
● Increase efficiency
● Reduce risks
● Proper organization
● Right direction
Family Planning And its significance
A program that enables parents to deliberately and
responsibly decide the number and spacing of
their children.
An expression of responsible parenting based on
informed choices and decisions of couples based
on their social and economic capacity.
“Just because you can, means you must!”
Family planning is important because:
1. Prevent unwanted (unplanned) pregnancy.
2. Informed decision on the desired number
of children.
3. Child spacing.
To individuals:
1. Improved maternal and infant health.
2. Expanded opportunities for women’s
education, employment and social
participation.
3. Reduced exposure to health risks; and
4. Reduced resource to abortion.
To families:
1. Reduced competition and dilution of
resources;
2. Reduction in households’ poverty; and
3. More possibility of shared decision-making.
To society:
1. Standards of living and human welfare;
2. Economic productivity;
3. Natural resources;
4. Environment.
Why is family planning important in the
Philippines?
Philippine Statistics Authority (NSO)
1. 8% among 1.7 million babies born in 2004
were born to mothers 15-19 years old.
2. Almost one of every 10 babies is born to
teenage mothers.
3. Almost 10% of the babies born from young
mothers are malnourished.
Population Institute of the University of the
Philippines
1. More than 46% of teenage pregnant
women resort to induced abortion.
2. 2 of every 5 teenage pregnancies are
unwanted ones.
According to the new data, 59% of Filipinos
believed that early adolescent pregnancy was the
most important problem - a landslide number
compared to the next most important problems:
physical violence at 11% and unexpected
pregnancy at 11%.
Sexual and emotional violence each ranked 7% on
the list. Meanwhile, 4% thought that the most
important issue for women was that they cannot
access family planning information and services.
Offered Solution?
Reproductive Health Act
RH Law
Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Act of 2012 (R.A. 10353), informally known as the
Reproductive Health law or RH law, is a law
which guarantees universal access to methods on
contraception, fertility control, sexual education
and maternal care.
Becoming a parent…
The question is…
Are you ready for it?
If not…
Contraception (birth control)
Birth control is any method used to prevent
pregnancy. There are many different methods of
birth control.
ZZ Teenage Pregnancy
UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
1. Teenage pregnancy has a huge rate
among the poor.
2. 2 out of 3 who give birth before the age of
20 belong to the low-class society.
Old Methods of Birth Control
● Chinese women drink lead and mercury to
control fertility.
● Herbs, olive oil, ginger, tobacco juices to
kill semen.
● 1600: French prostitutes used acidic
douches.
● Greek women jump seven times backward
after intercourse.
Traditional Contraceptives
1. Periodic Abstinence
● Calendar Method
● Cervical Mucus
2. Withdrawal
3. Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
Periodic Abstinence
● Fertility awareness method
● No sexual intercourse during fertile phase
If you have not started your period by the day you
put the ring on the last brown bead, your cycle is
longer than 32 days. Contact provider.
If you start your period before you put the ring on
the darker brown bead, your cycle is shorter than
26 days. Contact provider.
When you start your next period, move the ring
directly to the red bead and start again.
1. On the day you start your period, move the
ring to the red bead.
2. Every morning move the ring to the next
bead. Always move the ring from the
narrow to wide end.
3. On brown bead days you can have
intercourse with a very low chance of a
pregnancy.
4. On white bead days you can get pregnant.
Avoid unprotected intercourse to prevent a
pregnancy.
Cervical Mucus
Dry Phase (not fertile)
Days 1-3 after period
Dry or a hint of moisture. Dry is a relative term.
Sticky Phase (not fertile)
Days 4-6
White or cloudy in color, forms small sticky globs.
Creamy Phase (semi fertile)
Days 7-9
Creamy or cloudy in color, abundant and thick.
Clear Phase (fertility magic)
Days 10-14
Like raw eggwhite stretchy and slippery.
Withdrawal
● Ejaculation outside the vagina.
● High failure rate due to pre-ejaculation.
How Effective is Pulling Out?
A method’s effectiveness comes down to how you
go about using that method, and it’s a very
individual thing. However, pulling out is
consistently tricky to time, and even when used
perfectly there is still some risk that cannot be
reduced.
https://www.naturalcycles.com/cyclematters/howeffective-is-pulling-out
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
● Contraceptive method based on
breastfeeding.
● Effective up to 6 months after childbirth.
● Exclusively breastfeeding, menstrual cycle
not yet returned.
Modern Contraceptives
1. Hormonal
● Pills
● Injectables
● Implants
2. Barrier Methods
● Spermicides
● Male and Female Condoms
● Diaphragm
● Cervical Cap
● Intrauterine Devices
3. Emergency Contraceptives
4. Surgical Contraceptives
Hormonal Methods
● Estrogen and progestin
● Works by preventing the ovary from
releasing an egg, thickening the cervical
mucus making it difficult for the sperm to
reach the egg, and changing the lining of
the uterus making implantation difficult.
Hormonal Methods (types)
Pills
●
●
99% effective when taken properly.
Stops ovulation, thins uterus lining,
thickens cervical mucus.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Prevents pregnancy
Breast tenderness
Eases menstrual cramps
Nausea
Shortens & regulates period
Increase in
headaches
Decreases acne
Moodiness
Decreases the incidence of
ovarian cysts
Weight change
Prevents ovarian and uterine
cancer
Spotting
Injectables
● 99.7% effective.
● 3-6 months effectivity.
●
Stops ovulation, thins uterine lining,
thickens cervical mucus.
Implants
● Placed in the body filled with hormones
that prevent pregnancy.
● Physically inserted in a simple 15 minute
outpatient procedure.
● Plastic capsules the size of paper
matchsticks inserted under the skin in the
arm.
● 99.95% effectiveness rate.
Barrier Method
● Prevents pregnancy by blocking the egg
and the sperm from meeting.
● Barrier methods have higher failure rates
than hormonal methods due to design and
human error.
● Accurate but not precise.
Emergency Contraceptives
● Must be taken within 72 hours of the act of
unprotected intercourse or failure of
contraception method.
● Floods the ovaries with high amounts of
hormone and prevents ovulation.
● Alters the environment of the uterus,
making it disruptive to the egg and sperm.
Plan B?
Your Guide to Emergency Contraception
Copper IUD
● 99% effective up to 5 days after
unprotected sex and for up to 12 years
after that.
● Requires a medical professional to insert.
● Not for women with heavy periods/cramps
or who are allergic to copper.
Ella
Barrier Method Types
Spermicides
● Chemicals kill sperm in the vagina.
● Jelly, foam, film suppository.
● 76% effective when used alone.
Male Condoms
● Most common and effective barrier method
when used properly.
● Prevention of pregnancy and spread of
STD.
Female Condoms
● Alternative to male condoms if the partner
refuses.
● Physically inserted to vagina.
Diaphragm
● Latex barrier placed inside the vagina
during intercourse.
● Inserted up to 18 hours before intercourse
and can be left in for a total of 24 hours.
Cervical Cap
● Caps around the cervix with suction.
● Can be left in the body for a total of 48
hours.
● Must be left in place six hours after sexual
● intercourse.
Intrauterine Devices (IUD)
● T-shaped object placed in the uterus to
prevent pregnancy.
● Must be in a monogamous relationship (if
not, high risk in STD).
●
●
●
You need a prescription to buy Ella.
Works up to 5 days after unprotected sex.
Prevents 6-7 out of 10 unplanned
pregnancies.
Progestin-only Pills (Plan B)
● You can buy it without an ID or
prescription.
● Prevents 7 out of 8 unplanned pregnancies
when taken ASAP after unprotected sex.
● Works best up to 3 days after unprotected
sex, but you can take it up to 5 days after.
Surgical Contraceptives
Tubal Ligation
● Surgical procedure performed on a
woman.
● Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized,
and prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
Vasectomy
● Male sterilization procedure.
● Ligation of vas deferens tube.
● Faster and easier recovery than tubal
ligation.
flaws, red flags. Everything we do
to must be good.
LESSON 1: Philosophical View
of the Self
Socrates - “The only true wisdom is in knowing
you know nothing” self knowledge. There’s still
have a lot to learn
●
●
●
●
●
Know Thyself
Question Everything- Mindless, few people
cant realize kung ano kulang and kung ano
improve, identifying the bad limits (red
flag).
Only the Pursuit of Goodness Bring
Happiness - nagresesemble ng ating
nakaraan
Socratic Method: Question and Answer; part ng pagtatanong ang pagseseek ng
knowledge. Curious.(mas curious sa
ibang tao)
Leads us to think for ourselves
Aristotle- Knowing yourself is the
beginning of all wisdom”⚫ Contributed the foundation of both symbolic
logic and scientific thinking
⚫ The best way to gain knowledge was
through “natural philosophy,” which is what
we would now call science.
⚫ Happiness, which is dependent in an
individual’s virtues are the central
purpose of human life and a goal in itself.
.
St. Augustine- “The truth is like a lion. You don’t
have to defend it. Let it lose. It will defend
itself.”—thru importance of christianity
”Do unto others, what you want others do unto
you”
•
•
Plato- “The first and greatest victory is to
conquer yourself (student ni Socrates)
Tripartite Soul
●
●
●
The Rational part desires to exert reason
and attain rational decisions (RULING
CLASS) --- we all have the ability to
rationalize. We seek for reason why this
happens to us. --- Omniscient
The Spirited part desires supreme honor
(MILITARY CLASS) -- desire to take
control situation/ manipulative, we have
control, we have influence
The Appetite part of the soul desires bodily
pleasures such as food, drink, sex, etc.
(COMMONER)
“For a man to conquer himself is the first and
noblest of all victories.
•
•
According to Plato, man was omniscient
before he came to be born to this world. With
his separation from the paradise of truth and
knowledge and his long exile on earth, he
forgot most of the knowledge he Had.
However, by constant remembering through
contemplation and doing good, he can regain
his former perfections.
- we have godlike abilities. We struggle to
be goods. Dun natin malalaman yun
maling nagawa coz we are imperfections,
we have
•
•
An important figure in the
development of Western Christianity
His philosophy of man brings together
wisdom of the Greek philosophy and the
divine truths contained in the scripture.
The absolute and immutable is the Living
God, the Creator of the entire universe.
To love God means to love one’s
fellowmen, and to love one’s fellowmen
means never to do any harm to another.
Philosiphy is a scripture - all written by
god (susundin mo na lang) Kapag
nagsubmit ka sa will ni lord you find
contentment
René Descartes- “I doubt therefore I think, I think
therefore I am” -- a brain has a mind, its just not a
part of brain. May consciousness, morality
The Self is defined as a subject that
thinks. -- Kahit ano free will if its faith, don
ka babagsak/ outcome. Nawawala yun
ability natin to think
The self that has full competence in the
powers of human reason
Having distanced the self from all sources
of truth from authority and tradition, the
self can only find its truth and authenticity
within its own capacity to think
John Locke- “No man’s knowledge here can go
beyond his experience”
“Our concept of personal identity must derive
from inner experience”
•
Personal identity is a matter of
•
•
•
psychological continuity. – We do not
stop discovering ourselves
Personal identity (or the self) is
founded on consciousness.-- Kapag
aware sa sarili that’s identity
Identity over time is fixed by
awareness of the past. -- we are
shaped by our experience.
Locke posits an “empty” mind, a tabula
rasa, which is shaped by experience,
and sensations and reflections being
the two sources of all our ideas.
distinct from the actions of the body, but
are one and the same.
●
His form of Philosophical Behaviorism
(the belief that all mental phenomena can
be explained by reference to publicly
observable behavior) became a standard
view for several decades.
●
He concluded that adequate descriptions
of human behavior need never refer to
anything but the operations of human
bodies.
David Hume- “A wise man proportion his belief to
the evidence.”—worthless ang mga philosophy nila
“The self is a bundle of impression”
He rejects the notion of identity over
time. – illusion lang
There are no “persons” that continue to
exist over time, there are merely
impressions.
he things you are thinking about towards
yourself are individual impressions or
perceptions of towards you
Sigmund Freud
“The child is the father of the man.”
- Sigmund Freud
“Out of your vulnerabilities will come your
strength.”
- Sigmund Freud
● The self continues from childhood to
adulthood.
● Personality is determined by
childhood experiences.
● Personality is largely unconscious.
● Structure of the self
Id: animalistic self; pleasure principle
Ego: executive self; reality principle
Superego: conscience; morality
principle
Gilbert Ryle
“I made it, and so I am”
- Gilbert Ryle
Immanuel Kant- “To be is to do.”
“Something to do, someone to love,
someone to hope”
•
•
Maurice Merleau-Ponty- “The body is to be
compared, not to a physical object, but rather to a
work of art.”
“We know not through our intellect but through
our experience”
•
“In search for the self, one cannot simultaneously be
the hunter and the hunted.”
- Gilbert Ryle
●
Rejects the theory that mental states are
separable from physical states.
●
He argued that philosophers do not need
a “hidden” principle to explain the supramechanical capacities of humans,
because the workings of the mind are not
Consciousness is the central feature of
the self.
The consciousness is divided into:
o Internal self - composed of
psychological states and
informed decisions;
remembering our own state,
how can we combine the new
and old ideas with our mind.
● Self is memory and
imagination.
● External Self – made up of
ourselves and the physical
world where the
representation of objects.
•
His work is commonly associated with the
philosophical movement called
existentialism and its intention to begin
with an analysis of the concrete
experiences, perceptions, and difficulties,
of human existence. (our job to find our
own meaning, they feel empty na di
mapunan, one of major influences ay
decision sa life)
Our perception of the self is a collection of
our perceptions of our outside world. - We
just create the meaning of life pero di
dinismiss yun idea ng ng nihilism It’s a
matter of perception, FOCUS ON
MEANING . Nihilism- life is meaningless,
aspect of dust, na mamatay lahat, no one is
important (acc nihilism) may mga tao ang
narealize/ embrace then come up sa
existentialism
•
•
•
LESSON 2: Sociological
Views of the Self
Sociological Perspectives of the Self:
Overview
⚫ Self as Product of Modern Society
⚫ Self as a Necessary Fiction
⚫ Post-Modern View of the Self
⚫ Self as Artistic Creation
⚫ Self Creation and Collective Identity
Self as Product of Modern Society
Modernization – evolve drastically
(internet)
“Delocalized” Self – to free from to free or
remove from the restrictions of locality;
free of localism, provincialism, or the like:
( identify base sa pinanggalingan)
Free to seek own identity; free from
customary constraints (nagcreate ng
sense of identity)
Self as a Necessary Fiction
Necessary Fictions are beliefs that
cannot be proven to be true and
sometimes can be proven false, but are,
nonetheless, necessary to sustain life—(
malapit sa impression of david hume)
EXAMPLE:
A persona (person) derives from the Greek
actors' mask, worn to re-represent a character in
a Greek play.
And like the actors, we are all actors on the worlds
stage playing out the various roles we imagine
ourselves to be or wish to appear to others. The
self is the representation of these fictions. A
figment of imagined roles.
Meron tayo ugali na most of the time
hindi talaga tayo..
You simply have persona na
dinedepende sa environment na
ginagalawan natin ( maskara)
Post-Modern View of the Self
•
•
Self is a narrative, a text written and
rewritten
Thus, “History repeats itself” Information
•
technology dislocates the self, (galing
ninuno; may hawig sa galaw or decision)
thus, self is “digitalized” in
cyberspace.)
Post-modern selves are “pluralized”
selves.” May behavioral pattern
This can be observed through
behavioral patterns portrayed in social
media.
Global migration produces
multicultural identities
Self as Artistic Creation
•
•
•
Self is not discovered. It is made through
the socialization process.
An individual is an active, strategizing
agent that negotiates for the definition of
himself.
Like art, it is a free choice; an
ownership choice, of what constitutes
his or her
According to Mead, there are three (3)
activities through which the self is
developed:
L A N G U A G E PLAY GAME
Language
•
Self Creation and Collective Identity
Self-creation is formed within “imagined
communities”
•
•
•
Anderson (1983) argues that the nation
is an imagined political community that is
inherently limited in scope and sovereign
in nature. (may collectivity identity)
In addition, the crucial defining feature of
this type of comradeship is the willingness
on the part of its adherents to die for this
Community (as a part of group Malaki
possible magsacrifice)
Memories play significant role in creating
the self and identity
In conclusion
Search for self-identity is a product of modern
society but this is complicated by the sociocultural sensibilities of postmodernity, new
information technologies and globalization.
allows individuals to take on the
“role of the other” and allows people to
respond to his or her own gestures in
terms of the symbolized attitudes of
others.
Verbal, Non-verbal, Music, Dance, Art, etc
Play
• During play, individuals takes on the
roles of other people and pretend t be
those people, in order to express the
expectations of significant others.
• This process of role-playing is key to the
generation of self- consciousness and to
the general development of the self.
•
•
Similar kay gilbert nagsusubmit sa
enviroment
May expectaion ang society sa atin
Game
• In the “game,” the individual is required to
internalize the roles of all others who are
involved with him or her in the game and
must comprehend the rules of the game
George Herbert Mead is also well-known for
his concept.
“I” self and “Me” self
Mead and the Social Self
“Me”
•
George Herbert Mead-He is well- known
for his theory of the social self, which is
based on the central argument that the self
is a social emergent. (we are born to
socialize)
Mead’s Social Emergence
●
●
●
●
Properties that appear only at a certain level
of complexity. (nadidiscover kapag
nakakasalimuha; kapag tumatanda)
The self a rises in the process of social
experience and activity.
The self is a product of social interaction
not the logical or biological preconditions
of that interaction.
The concept of self it is not initially there at
birth
Mind arises out of the social act of
communication.
represents the expectations and attitudes
of others (the generalized other)
nagcocomply sa majority
It is the organized set of attitudes of
others that the individual assumes.
It is the socialized aspect of the individual.
It represents the learned behavior,
attitudes, and expectations of others and
the society.
2. egocentric.
The self is viewed as an autonomous and
distinct individual with inherent
characteristics.
Egocentric thinking occurs when an individual is
unable to understand or assume any perspective
other than one's own.
Me is the image of self-seen when one takes the
role of the other.
“I”
is the response to the “me,” or the
person’s individuality.
It allows us to still express creativity and
individualism and understand when to
possibly bend and stretch the rules that
govern social interactions.
The spontaneous, driving force that fosters
all that is novel, unpredictable, and
unorganized in the self.
Example America
Arnold Van Gennep’s -French ethnographer and
folklorist, best known for his studies of the rites of
passage of various cultures.
3
Rites of Passage
●
●
Lesson 3: The Self
Embedded in Culture
●
●
●
Anthropology holds a holistic view of
human nature. It is concerned with how
cultural and biological processes interact to
shape the self.
It also considers human experience as an
interplay of “nature” referring toinheritance
which sets the individual’s potentials and
“nurture” which refers to sociocultural
environment .
These
influences
both
have
significant
influence
in
the
development of self.
2
ways in which the concept of
self is viewed in different societies:
1. sociocentric.
The self is viewed as dependent on the
situation or social setting.
Sociocentric thinking occurs when a person puts
the needs and concerns of a social group ahead of
his or her own needs and concerns. Thus, society
is at the center.
Example Japan & China
A ceremonial event, existing in all
historically known societies, that marks the
passage from one social or religious status
to another.
prepares individuals for new roles from
one stage of life to another
1. SEPARATION PHASE - people detach from
their former identity to another. Example:in a
wedding, the bride walking down the aisle to be
“given away” by the parents to the groom implies
the separation from one’s family to become part
of a new one. (symbol sa ginawang celebration)
2. LIMINALITY PHASE -people detach from their
former identity to another. Example: the wedding
ceremony itself is the process of transition of the
bride and groom from singlehood to married life.
3. INCORPORATION PHASE-the change
in one’s status is officially incorporated
Example: the wedding reception and parties that
celebrate the wedding serve as the markers that
officially recognize the brideand groom’s change
towards being husband and wife.
1. Self-identification may be attained by:
kinship, family membership, gender, age,
language, religion, ethnicity, personal
appearance, and socioeconomic status. kinship,
gender, and age are almost universally used to
differentiate people. ethnicity, personal
appearance, and socioeconomic status are not
always used in every society.
2. Family membership could be the most
significant feature to determine the person’s
social identity.
3. Another important identity determinant that is
often viewed as essential for the maintenance of a
group identity is language.
4. In other societies, religious affiliation is an
important marker of group identity.
5. A name is an important device to
individualize a person and to have an
identity.
6. One’s identity is not inborn. It is something
people continuously develop in life.
Keep in Mind In retrospect
John Locke’s Tabula Rasa- Implies that at birth,
all individuals are basically the same in their
potential for character development and that their
adult personalities are exclusively the products of
their postnatal experiences, which differ from
culture to culture.
CULTURE-It is the customary beliefs, social forms,
and material traits of a racial, religious, or social
group. A system of inherited conceptions
expressed in symbolic forms by means of which
men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their
knowledgeabout and their attitudes toward life”
( pinagpapasa natin/ hindi namamatay)
(Clifford Geertz 1973).
“Without men, no culture, certainly; but equally and
more significantly, without culture, no men”
3 components of Culture
1. Material Component- Pertains to all tangible
materials that are inherited from previous
Generation. (Beeper, Floppy disk, and typewriter.)
2. Cognitive Component- Pertains to all
body of knowledge, skills, and other capabilities
handed down from one generation to another.
(Superstitious belief and “pagkain nang nakakamay)
3. Normative Component- Pertains to prescription
or standards of behavior that govern the
relationship of individuals in the society. This
standard of behavior is
known as societal norms.
A. Formal Social norms -These are
established, written rules. It is made to
maintain the balance and order amongst
people. (Employee manual, entrance
examinations, Law, “No running” signs, etc)
B. Informal Social norms- These are casual
behaviors that are generally and widely conformed
to. Learned through observation, imitation, and
general socialization. (Not talking when mouth is
full, showing
hospitality to strangers, saying “excuse me” to
show politeness, etc. )
Culture and its Characteristics
1. Culture is learned. It is not biological; we do not
inherit it. Much of learning culture is unconscious.
We learn culture from families, peers, institutions,
and media. ( di natin namamalayan natutunan)
2. Culture is shared. Because we share culture
with other members of our group, we can act in
socially appropriate ways as well as predict how
others will act.
3. Culture is based on symbols. A symbol is
something that stands for something else.
They only have meaning when people in a culture
agree on their use. (sa religion kapag naniniwala
sa diyos it symbolized faith)
4. Culture is all-encompassing and dynamic.
Because most cultures are in contact with other
cultures, they exchange ideas and symbols. All
cultures change, otherwise, they would have
problems adapting to changing environments.
(nagshare ng culture kahit completely opposite)
5. Culture is integrated. This is known as holism,
or the various parts of a culture being
interconnected. All aspects of a culture are
related to one another and to truly understand a
culture, one must learn about all its parts, not only
a few. ( you have to experience para matutunan
mo)
Cultural Challenges
Cultural Lag (Generation Gap)
The time elapses between the introduction of a
new item to the culture and the acceptance of it as
part of the new culture
Cultural borrowing Happens when one
society meets another society and
ends up adopting it as its own. Excessive
usage of borrowed culture results to
Xenocentrism.
✔ Xenocentrism. Culturally-based
tendency to value other cultures
highly than one’s own. Very much alike
with colonial mentality.
✔ Xenophobia. fear and hatred of
strangers or foreigners or of anything that
is strange or foreign.
✔ Culture shock is a sense of anxiety,
depression, or confusion that results from
being cut off from your familiar culture,
environment, and norms when living in a
foreign country or society.
“Culture is also not a force or causal agent in
the world, but a context in which people live
out their lives.”
LESSON 4 THE SELF IN
VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES:
PSYCHOLOGY
“Me-self”
● The empirical self
● Refers to describing the person’s
personal experiences and further
divided into sub-categories.
o Material self
It consists of things that
belong to us or that we
belong to. Things like
family, clothes, our body,
and money.
o Social self
people change how they
act depending on the social
situation that they are in.
Configured based upon our
interactions with society
and
peoples’ reaction to us.
o Spiritual self
subjective and most
intimate self.
It includes one’s personality,
core
SELF is the sense of personal identity and of who
we are as individual – Jhangiani and Tarry (2014)
The definition of the self-varies and changes; from
philosophical perspective,
sociological perspective, perspective of
anthropology, and in psychology.( It
doesn’t create a
accurate definition
Self- always changes.
Hindi nagiging
stagnant)
“A man’s self is the sum of all that he ca
his, not only his body, but his clothes and his
house.” – William James (Lahat na pwede irelate it
makes become us)
values, and
conscience that do not typically change
throughout their lifetime.
DAVID LESTER’S
- Multiple versus United Self
Multiple selves – is basically our own different
identities and roles that we play.
William James’ concept of the selves:
“I-self”
●
Refers to the self that knows who he or she
is.
● Thinking, acting, and feeling self.
- Reflects the soul of a person or what is now
thought of as the mind is called the pure
ego; soul na hindi
namamatay.
(Lateral
mindnakahiwaly yun concept ng sarili sa katawan (dualism)
Multiple selves
- Coping with different selves constitutes a
formidable task among adolescents.
- These challenges contribute heavily to
the young person’s struggle for a unified
self.
- You can be
o
o
o
o
o
A student
A son or a daughter
A friend
An older brother or sister
A parent figures, all at the same time
Unified self
Means of referring to the “composite"
persona, or to the "self" that contains all the
other personas that exist within a person's
interactional style.
- Sometimes referred to as the response to
our Multiple selves.
- Our goal is to integrate our Multiple selves
into one, however, integration is a task for the
later part of life.
- Self actualization; nagiging mature
Donald Winnicott’s
TRUE SELF VERSUS FALSE SELF
● TRUE SELF
o also known as real self,
authentic self, original self and
vulnerable self.
● FALSE SELF
o known as fake, ideal, perfect,
superficial, and pseudo self
Donald Winnicott’s
- Winnicott argued that the function of the false
self is to hide and protect the true self.
- True self can sometimes be shown to
people we trust.
- People tend to display a false self to
impress others.
Week 5- The Self in Eastern and
Oriental Thought
WESTERN THOUGHTS
•
•
•
Emphasized the importance of scientific
methods of investigation to provide
satisfactory answers to understand the
self.
Conducted scientific investigations in effort
to understand the self and developed
theories and differences among them.
Individualistic rather than relational.
• More on egocentric (selfembedded culture
• Very analytical in thinking pag taga western —
maraming tanong, gusto specific
• Nagaaadhere sa scientific method
• Individualistic - naniniwala sa kanya kanyang
strengths, di masyado umaasa sa iba. They are
fully responsible for their action
• Sila ay More on line seeking reason, logical.
• Very specific, straight to the point, analytic.
• Focus on one side
Thales, Greek Mathematician - The Self is
primarily composed of water. Everything was
water. The primary composition of everything was
water.
Anaximander, Philosopher -The Self has a
source and that real source of everything must be
a powerful eternal one. He further added that the
Self must have come from animal of the rare kind.
Socrates - The Self is a composite of matter and
reason.
Boethius - The Self is believed to be a substance
with a reasoning power and a questioning nature.
Aristotle - The Self is a rational soul that is
capable of feeling, sensing, thinking, and
reasoning, and equipped with the gift of
language.
THE INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF
• The individual identifies primarily with self,
with the needs of the individual being
satisfied before those of the group.
• Individualism states that everyone is acting
on his or her own, making their own
choices
• Independence and self-reliance are greatly
stressed and valued. In general, people
tend to distance themselves
psychologically and emotionally from each
other.
THE INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF:
TRAITS
• "I" identity.
• Promotes individual goals, initiative and
achievement.
• Individual rights are seen as being the
most important. Rules attempt to ensure
self-importance and individualism.
• Independence is valued; there is much
less of a drive to help other citizens or
communities than in collectivism.
• Relying or being dependent on others is
frequently seen as shameful.
• People are encouraged to do things on
their own; to rely on themselves
• people strive for their own successes
EASTERN THOUGHTS
• Raise question about the ultimate meaning
of human life. (mas important ang meaning
of life kaysa finding the truth, we find joy in
suffering)
• Develop theories of self as they have
investigated what it means to be a human
being.
• Focused on ultimate meaning of life.
THE COLLECTIVISTIC SELF
• Collectivism views the group as the
primary entity, with the individuals lost
along the way. (nakisocialize para
sumabay not to stand out)
• The survival and success of the group
ensures the well-being of the individual, so
that by considering the needs and feelings
of others, one protects oneself. (utang na
loob, must establish harmony and balance
• Harmony and the interdependence of
group members are stressed and valued
THE COLLECTIVISTIC SELF:
TRAITS
• Each person is encouraged to be an active
player in society, to do what is best for
society rather than themselves.-- ambag
• The rights of families, communities, and
the collective supersede those of the
individual.—majority wins
• Rules promote unity, brotherhood, and
selflessness.
• Working with others and cooperating is the
norm; everyone supports each other.
•
As a community, family or nation more
than as an individual
EASTEERN THOUGHTS
• Aim at transformation in:
o Consciousness- everything beyond
eyes can see (supernatural beings)
o Emotions- from our instincts comes our
emotion
o Relationship to other people and the
world
o Feelings
BUDDHISM - Comes from the root word “budh”
meaning awake. Siddharta Gautama, known as
Buddha is the founder of Buddhism. Man is just a
title
5 PARTS THAT COMPOSE AN INDIVIDUAL:
1. Matter
2. Sensation- identify things navigate world
3. Perception- interpret things
4. Mental construct- tumatak sa isipan para lutasin
yun first encounter
5. Consciousness- awareness sa sarili
●
●
●
The ideal is to experience Nirvana, a
state of transcendence devoid of self
reference. (temporary lang ang lahat sa
mundo, learn to accept and find peace)
This state of transcendence can be
achieved through meditation.
Reincarnation (mabubuhay pero kailangan
magadhere sa darma)
HINDUISM
✔ The religion of an ancient people known as
the Aryans.
✔ Aryan, name originally given to a people
who were said to speak an archaic IndoEuropean language and who were thought
to have settled in prehistoric times in
ancient Iran and the northern Indian
subcontinent.
✔ 3rd world’s largest religion with 1.2 billion
followers.
✔ The goal of man is to have knowledge of
the true reality (cycle may nanalo at
natatalo) Lord Bhrama, the creator
✔ Believe in balance
✔ Triamborate -consist of 3 god vishnupreserve of universe , shiva- destroy the
universe (kapag may nasira may
mabubuo) destroy and create
LORD BRAHMA, THE CREATOR - The goal of
man is to have knowledge of the true reality.
LAW OF KARMA
• It’s the most important doctrine of
Hinduism.
• Hindus believe that Atman (Sanskrit; Soul)
being an immortal soul continues to be
reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime until it
is freed from the cycle of rebirth and reach
a state of nirvana or non-birth.
• Birth, death, rebirth
• Karma doesn’t end with a body’s death; its
influence may extend through incarnation
of the soul.
CONFUCIANISM
System of thought and behavior originating in
ancient China. Most of the time, it is characterized
as a system social and ethical philosophy, rather
than religion.
“Do not do others what you would not want others
to do you.” – THE GOLDEN RULE
CONFUCIANISM
• Another important feature is the
individual’s greatest mission of attaining
self-realization wherein self-cultivation is
instrumental.
• self-cultivation can be accomplished by
knowing one’s role in the society and act
accordingly
RECTIFICATION OF NAMES
• A person or thing should be true to its name
• “Let the leader be the leader; The follower be the
follower; the father be the father; the son be the
son...”
• Adhering the role sa society
RECTIFICATION OF NAMES - A person has two
options if a person fails to be true to his or her
name
• Change his way (behavior)
• Change his title