Lecture №7. Networks and Telecommunications
Glossary
A computer network set of nodes (computers, terminals, peripherals) having the possibility
of information exchange with each other using a special communication hardware and software
Peer network with respect to peer access control to data paths in these networks is
distributed among the nodes.
Network analyzer interception method as they move along the lines intranet connection
Any part of the network resource or a network of computers (such as disk, directory,
printer, etc.) that can be used by the application during operation
1. Basic concept
A computer network (computer network or telecommunications - TBC) is an exchange
network and distributed data processing, formed by a plurality of interconnected subscriber
systems and communications; means of transmission and processing of information focused it on
the collective use of the network-wide resources - information, software, hardware.
The subscriber system (AS), a set of subscriber (the object generating and consuming
information), and a work station (MS).
Workstation (PC) - a system of end-user network equipment including network computer
with peripheral input-output means and software, means of communication with the
communication network subnet, perform application processes.
Communication subnet (or telecommunications system - TCS) - a combination of physical
communication media, hardware and software, interoperable speakers
Application Process - a variety of input procedures, storage, processing and output of
information, performed for the benefit of users and applications described.
Computer networks can be operated in different modes of data exchange between the AU,
the request and delivery of information, data collection, batch processing to users' queries from
remote terminals, online. Thus, with the advent of the COP allowed two very important issues:
ensuring, in principle, unrestricted access to users' computers, regardless of geographic location
and the possibility of rapid movement of large volumes of information at any distance, enabling
timely data to make certain decisions.
2. Information, hardware and software maintenance of the COP
The possibilities of a COP are determined by its information, hardware and
software.Information support of the network is a single information collection oriented solved in
a network problem and containing general application database, available to all users on the
network, the database for personal use, intended for individual subscribers, knowledge of general
and individual use, automated database - local and distribution, general and individual purpose.
Hardware constitute computers of different types of subscriber equipment systems, means
of regional communication systems (including communication centers), communication
equipment and coordination of networks of the same level or different levels. Used in computers
networks is usually the generic type, having the ability to perform a virtually unlimited range of
user needs. In order to increase computing capacity of the network it can connect to data centers
or data processing centers to which users can handle requests from its subscriber systems or other
jobs. Such centers are provided with computers in a wide range in their characteristics, from
personal computers to supercomputers.
Software (SW) networks are highly variable, both in its composition and on the list of tasks.
In general, a network software features are as follows: planning, organization and implementation
of collective user access to network-wide resources - telecommunications, computing,
information, software; automatic programming information processing tasks; dynamic allocation
and reallocation of network-wide resources to improve the efficiency and reliability to meet user
requests, etc.
As part of the stand was visited by the following groups:
• network-wide software as core elements include the distribution of the operating system
(ROS) and a set of network maintenance program (CMP) of the entire network and its individual
units and subsystems, including TCS;
• special software, which includes application software: integrated and functional application
packages (RFP), general purpose, application network program (PPP), library of standard
programs and applications for special purposes, reflecting the specific domain users in the
implementation of its tasks;
• basic software user computer systems, including computer operating systems,
programming automation, control and diagnostic test program.
The most important function of the network performs a distributed operating system: it
controls the operation of the network in all its modes, ensures quick and reliable satisfaction of
user requests, dynamic allocation of network-wide resources, coordination of the network links.
ROS has a hierarchical structure corresponding to the standard seven-layer Open Systems
Interconnection model (OSI). It is a software system implementing the processes of interaction
between the AU and with a common architecture and communication protocols. ROS provides
asynchronous interaction of parallel processes in the network, followed by the use of means of
communication between both implemented processes and tools to synchronize these processes.
As part of the network has a set of ROS located at the functional level model OSI control
and service programs, which are the main features are as follows:
- Network-wide allocation of resources to meet user requests, ie, access individual
applications to the resources;
- Provision of inter-access methods, ie organization of communication between the
individual applications of the complex custom programs implemented in various AC network;
- Synchronization of the user programs at the same time they appeal to the same networkwide resource;
- Remote entry jobs with any AC network and the implementation of any other AC network
online or batch mode;
- Sending text messages to users in the exercise of functions based e-mail, newsgroups,
electronic bulletin boards, distance learning;
- The exchange of files between the AU network access to files stored on remote computers,
and processing;
- Protection of information and network resources from unauthorized access, ie, realization
of functions of network security services;
- Issuance of certificates describing the state of the network and its resources;
- Planning the use of network-wide resource.
Creation and implementation of a computer network are difficult complex task that requires
a coordinated decision number of issues. These include: the formation of a rational structure of the
network, consistent with its intended purpose and meets certain requirements; design of
telecommunication network systems, select the type of lines and communication channels,
evaluation of their capacity, etc .; providing user access to network-wide resources capacity, in
particular, due to the optimal solution of routing problems; distribution of information, hardware
and software resources on the links in the network; development security information in the
network system; development of measures to ensure the required level of ergonomics networks,
etc. All these issues are resolved, taking into account the requirements for the network on the main
indicators.:
- Time - to assess the efficiency and timeliness to meet user requests;
- reliability - to assess the reliability of the network operation;
- Economic - to assess the economic efficiency of capital investments in the creation and
implementation of the network and operating costs in the operation and use.
3. Classification of computer networks
The level of detail, taking into account the characteristics of employment ergotis elements
in a study of efficiency of functioning of the network depends on the type of CCF and the presence
of reliable data on these characteristics.
Classification of computer networks is carried out on the most characteristic features,
structural, functional, information.
According to the degree of territorial dispersal of the main elements of the network
(subscriber systems, communications centers) distinguish between global, regional and local
computer networks.
Global computer network (GCS) were combined subscriber system, scattered over a large
area covering a variety of countries and continents. They solve the problem of integration of
information resources of all humanity and provide access to them. AC interaction is carried out on
the basis of various regional networks (TCC), which uses telephone lines, radio, satellite
communication systems.
Regional Networking (RCC) were combined subscriber systems located within a single
region - the town, the administrative district; It operates in the interest region and organizations
and users tend to have access to the SCS. Interaction subscriber systems also performed using
DMS.
Local area network (LAN) combined subscriber system, located within a small area (floor
of the building, several buildings of the same enterprise). This class includes the LCS network of
enterprises, firms, banks, offices, schools, etc. The principal difference from other classes of LCS
network is the presence of its regular data transmission system.
Separate class represent corporate computer networks (CCF), which are the technical base
of companies, corporations, organizations, etc. The network plays a leading role in the
implementation of the planning tasks, organization and implementation of industrial and economic
activities of the corporation.
Combining LKS, RCC, CCF, SCS allows to create complex hierarchies multihued.
According to the control method distinguishes a centrally managed network, when the
network has one or more control bodies, decentralized (each speaker has the means to manage the
network) and mixed control, in which a certain combination to implement the principle of
centralized and decentralized management (for example, under centralized management the
problem can only be solved with the highest priority associated with the processing of large
amounts of data).
According to arrange distinguish network selection information and routing information.
The first are based on mono channels, the interaction of the AU made a choice (selection) data
blocks addressed to them (staff): all speakers are available online all the frames transmitted in the
network, but a copy of the frame is removed only speaker to whom they are intended. The second
uses the routing mechanism for the transmission of frames (packets) from the sender to the
recipient in one of the alternative routes. According to the type of organization data transmission
network routing information is divided into the circuit switched network, switched and packetswitched communications. In operation there are networks that use mixed transmission systems
are used.
In topology, ie, Configuration elements in the network, broadcast networks are distinguished
(Figure 1) and consistent (Figure 2). Broadcast networks and a significant part of successive
configurations (ring, star with the "intellectual center") characteristic of the LKS. For global and
regional networks of the most common is an arbitrary (mesh) topology.
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Picture1. Broadcast network configuration: а – global bus; б – tree; в – star with a passive
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Picture 2. Serial configuration Networks: а – arbitrary (cellular); б – hierarchical; в – ring;
г – chain; д – star with "intelligent" center; е – snowflake
Computer networks can be either homogeneous (homogeneous), which are used in softwarecompatible computers, and heterogeneous (heterogeneous) including software and incompatible
computer. Global and regional networks, because of their length and a large number of computers
used in them are often patchy.
Lecture № 8.
Cyber security
Glossary:
Information security - the security of the information and supporting infrastructure against
accidental or intentional actions aimed at harming.
Data protection - the use of special tools, techniques and measures in order to prevent the
loss of data stored on ODS.
Software - software specifically designed to perform functions related to information
security.
Legal support - a set of laws, legal documents, regulations, instructions, manuals, which
are mandatory requirements within the scope of their activities in information security.
Safe and secure system - a system with remedies that have successfully and effectively
confront threats to security.
Trojan horse - a program, which contains some destructive function that is activated upon
the occurrence of certain triggering conditions.
Worms - is a virus that spread over wide area networks, affecting the entire system, rather
than separate programs.
Encryption - converting this data into unreadable form using the encryption-decryption
keys.
Cybersecurity is a set of tools, policies, security principles, security guarantees which are
used protect the cyber environment, resources organizations and users.
Information security is the protection of information and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction in order to provide
confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Data protection is a set of measures aimed at ensuring information security.
Information Security Threats
Information Security Risk (IS) is a potential event, action, process or phenomenon that can
cause damage to anyone’s interests.
An attempt of threatening activities is called an attack.
Classification of IS threats can be made according to several criteria:
 By the information security aspect (availability, integrity, confidentiality);
 By the IS components at which threats are aimed (data, software, equipment, supporting
infrastructure);
 By the implementation method (accidental action of natural of artificial origin);
 By location of the threat source (inside of the IS
Methods of information security
Here are the exemples of methods classification used for information security:
 An obstracle is a methods of physical blockage of a malefactor’s way to the information;
 Access management is a security method of regulation using the information system
resources;
 Masking is in information security method of cryptographic transformation;
 Regimentation is an information security method creating conditions of the automated
handling under which possibilities of unauthorized access are minimized; Coercion is a security
method of forcing the personnel to follow the rules of information handling, transfer and use;
 Motivation is a security method of inducing the user not to break the modes of
information handling, transfer and use due to respect for ethical and moral standards.
Means of Information Systems Security
Security means can be classified into:
 Technical means are various electric, electronic and computer devices;
 Physical means are means, which are implemented in the from of self-contained units
and systems;
 Software means are software intended for accomplishment of information security
functions;
 Cryptographic means are mathematical algorithms providing transformation of data for
the solution of information security issues;
 Organizational means is asset of technical-organizational and legal-organization
measures;
 Moral and ethical means are means, which ae implemented in the form of the
regulation developed in the process of distributing the COMPUTER and information
technologies;/
 Legislative means is a set of the legal acts regulating the use of IS, handling and transfer
of information.
Lecture №9. Internet technologies
Glossary:
Information technology - generic name for technologies that concentrate around the
problems of processing, storage and data management.
Internet technologies - the common name for telecommunication technologies that are
based on the network architecture, and exchange protocol TCP / IP data.
Transferring files via FTP and corresponding system FTP file archives (FTP-service) - 1)
distributed depository, text file, software, movies, graphics, music, etc., are stored as files on
different computers around the world; 2) a special protocol and client software to access these
files.
Concepts Online
Internet has become firmly established in our lives. He combined a huge number of
computers and other devices located around the globe in a single unit. With it, people can
communicate with each other using e-mail, the system of electronic bulletin boards and even
videoconferencing. With the development of Internet technology will increase the number of
people employed telework, which is also a positive development.
Modern experts specializing in the field of information technology and communications,
must possess an adequate knowledge of Internet technologies, particularly Web technologies,
including the creation of HTML and CSS tools Web sites. Mastering these technologies in addition
to the possibility of placing their own information on the Internet will at a higher level to use
numerous information resources located on the World Wide Web.
Internet and Web technologies
Internet technologies
Web technologies
Network, Subnet and internetwork;
the topology of the Internet; principles of
HTML; CSS; JavaScript; DOM.
the protocols; routing; TCP / IP; HTTP;
SMTP; POP3.
Word Internet (Internet) is composed of two parts and the Inter net - the network. Thus, the
Internet - a network of networks, therefore, the study of Internet technologies is natural to begin
by considering the basics of computer networks. Computer network - a set of interconnected
autonomous computers. Computer networks can be classified by various grounds (Table 2.):
Classification of computer networks
table 2
Classification signs
Values classifications
By type of sewer signal
Cable; wireless
Broadcast; with the transmission
As data transmission technology
from node to node
By coverage
Local; municipalities; global
Wireless network
Wireless networks - a network in which to communicate information not used any signal
sewage means (coaxial cable, twisted pair, fiber-optic line).
The broadcast network and a transmission network from node to node. In constructing the
network uses two types of data transmission technology:
broadcast network;
transmission from a network node to node.
The broadcast uses a single communication channel used by all machines in a network.
Transmission network from node to node consists of a large number of machines connected
in pairs. In such networks to packet to reach the destination, you need to go through a number of
intermediate cars.
Local Area networks
Local area networks (LANs or LAN) - it is the network that are located within the same
group or adjacent buildings. They are usually used to connect computers and workstations in
company offices and provide shared access to resources used:.. Printers, scanners, databases, etc.
Examples of local networks are widely used Ethernet.
Regional networks
Regional networks (MAN) - is a network uniting local computers within the same city. The
most common example of regional networks are networks built on the basis of networks of cable
television infrastructure. Regionaln through the input device connected to the Internet network.
Global network and internetwork
Global network covers a large geographical area: region, country or even a continent. It
brings together the machines that perform custom applications, which are called hosts. Hosts
connected to communications subnets, for brevity, called subnets.
Global networks are usually the union of several local networks. Such networks are called
internetwork association, t. E., The combined networks.
TCP / IP
TCP / IP is the major Internet protocol stack, which implements the packet switched model.
It contains four layers: application, transport, and physical firewall + plus data.
Fig.2. Reference Model TCP / IP
Universal Resource Identifier (URI), and its purpose components
URI (Uniform Resource Identifier, Uniform Resource Identifier) (RFC 2396, August 1998)
- a compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical resource URI is used to
uniquely identify any resource.
Some subsets of URI:
URL (Uniform Resource Locator, Universal Resource Locator), - a subset of URI schemes
that identifies a resource by the method of access thereto (e.g., its "location on the network")
instead of having to identify it by name or other attribute of that resource.
Sample URL:
http://www.ipm.kstu.ru/index.php
ftp://www.ipm.kstu.ru/
URN (Uniform Resource Name, Universal Resource Name) - a private URI-scheme "urn:"
a subset "namespace", which must be unique and immutable, even in the case where the resource
does not exist or is unavailable.
The DNS service
Domain Name Service (DNS) refers to the application layer TCP / IP reference model. It is
difficult to translate perceived human IP-addresses in a more readable text format, as well as
ensures the independence from the physical IP-address of the host.
DNS The idea is to break the entire address space into several disjoint regions (domains),
which are divided into subzones (subdomains).
The whole Internet is divided into 200 top-level domains, the number of which is constantly
increasing. The domain is the set of hosts, combined into a logical group. Each top-level domain
is divided into subdomains, which can also consist of other domains, and so on. d.
Figure 3. Domain Name Service (DNS)
Web-technologies: HTTP, DHTML, CSS, JavaScript.
HTTP
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) - Hypertext Transfer Protocol. He is the main protocol
of the World Wide Web (World Wide Web) and describes the format of messages that can be
exchanged between the client and servers.
HTTP protocol is designed so that it can be used not only in the Web technologies but also
in other object-oriented applications.
First we need to understand the basic concepts of web technologies: web site and web page.
Web page - this is the minimum logical unit of the World Wide Web, which is a document that
clearly identified a unique URL. Website - a collection of thematically related web pages located
on the same server, and belonging to one owner. The World Wide Web is a collection of all web
sites.
The basis of the entire World Wide Web is a hypertext markup language HTML - Hyper
Text Markup Language. It is used for logical (semantic) markup document (web page).
Figure 4. Web Technology
To make web pages dynamic (pull-down menus, animations) are used scripting languages.
The standard scripting language on the Web is a JavaScript. The core JavaScript language is
ECMAScript.
HTML, CSS, JavaScript - is a language that can be used to create arbitrarily complex Web
sites. Browser object model unique to each model, and thus there are problems when creating
cross-browser applications. Therefore, Web Consortium offered the Document Object Model
(DOM), which is the standard way of presenting web pages with the help of a set of objects.
The set of HTML, CSS, JavaScript and DOM is often called dynamic HTML - Dynamic
HTML, or DHTML.
Syntax modern HTML is described using the Extensible Markup Language XML Extensible Markup Language. XML will allow to create your own markup language, similar to
HTML in a DTD. There are many such languages to represent mathematical and chemical
formulas, knowledge, and so on.
Email. Message Format. Protocols SMTP, POP3, IMAP
E-mail (e-mail) is one of the most common services implemented on the basis of the
Internet. The standard TCP / IP model, it refers to the application layer and its implementation are
commonly used SMTP and POP3.
There are two widely used format e-mail: e-mail basic format of RFC 822 (Table 3.) And
the extension of the multipurpose Internet mail (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension - MIME)
(Table 4, 5.).
Fields RFC 822 message format
Table 3
Field
Description
To:
Address (es) of the primary recipient (s)
Cc:
Address (es) of the additional recipient (s)
Bcc:
Address "blind" copies
From:
The author (authors) Posts
Sender:
sender Address
Agent ID, date and time of receipt and
Received:
other information. Adds each transfer agent
all along the route
Return-Path:
The composition of all the fields Received
Title
MIME-Version:
Content-Description:
Content-Id:
Content-Transfer-Encoding:
Content-Type:
Fields MIME standard
Description
MIME version
Description of the content in clear text
Unique identificator
Posts coding method
The type and content of the message
format
There are several protocols receiving mail transfer between the multi-user system:
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - is a network protocol for e-mail transmission in
TCP / IP networks, the transfer must always be initiated by the transmission system itself.
POP, POP2, POP3 (Post Office Protocol) - three fairly simple non-interchangeable protocol
processed mail to be delivered to the user from a central mail-server's, it is removed from it, and
to identify the user name / password. Mail messages can be obtained in the form of headers,
without the entire letter.
IMAP2, IMAP2bis, IMAP3, IMAP4, IMAP4rev1 (Internet Message Access Protocol)
IMAP provides storage of mail on the server's file in directories, and provides the client with
the ability to search for strings in e-mail messages on the server's.
IMAP2 - is used in rare cases.
IMAP3 - incompatible with nothing Solutions, is not used.
IMAP2bis - IMAP2, allows the server's MIME-in the structures (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions) messages, is still in use.
IMAP4 - processed IMAP2bis, which can be used anywhere.
IMAP4rev1 - IMAP is expanded more features, including those, which was then used in the
DMSP (Distributed Mail System for Personal Computers).
Lecture №10. Cloud and mobile technologies
Glossary
Cloud computing — information technology concept, which implies providing universal
and convenient network access on demand to a common pool of configurable computing resources
(eg, data networks, servers, storage devices, applications and services - both together and
separately) that can be provided quickly and released with minimal operating costs or calls to the
ISP (Internet Service Provider).
The mobile technology has sustainably invaded our lives, and dramatically improved the
process of production, and the process of information consumption. The usage of mobile
technology keeps you informed about all developments in the world at a minimum effort. In
addition, mobile technology can reduce production costs for consumers by optimizing processes,
reducing production costs and non-operating expenses. The first mobile systems were based on
the principle of analog communication systems. The first cell phones were used only as an
alternative to the usual analog terminals. Over time, the mobile technology have been
complemented by some basic services.
1. Cloud technology. Unlike traditional storage devices like hard drives or CDs, where
information is stored in a physical format, all the data in the cloud is stored virtually on servers.
Furthermore, you can access everything that is on the cloud from any computer that has an internet
connection.
The first major difference between cloud storage and traditional storage means is
accessibility. While hard disks offer local access to information, cloud storage offers unlimited
access to data, if the users can provide the necessary passkeys and if the computer has internet
access.
Working with a cloud storage service has many advantages, as well as disadvantages.
Probably the most obvious advantage that pops into mind is that you won’t need to clutter up your
hard drive with useless information. Furthermore, cloud storage services usually employ advanced
information compression functions, which means greater indexing capability.
This, in turn, translates to faster search speeds. However, using a cloud storage service is
not without disadvantages. Being a hosting entity, the cloud relies heavily on Internet connection
speed. So, what is cloud storage?
What Is Cloud Storage?
Cloud computing is an on-demand computing model which relies on a stable Internet
connection to share and access data across multiple devices such as computers or smartphones.
If we took a step back to see the bigger picture, cloud computing allows users to access all
the information stored in a third-party data center. This is achieved using minimal resources and
minimal supervision.
Types of cloud storage.
Now that we’ve briefly talked about what is cloud storage, let’s take a closer look at the
classification of cloud storage service. As the need for cloud-based solutions increased, so has the
nature of the service become more complex.
Presently, we can discuss three major types of cloud storage services: private, public and
hybrid cloud storage services.
1. Private Cloud. Private clouds are tailored to accommodate and handle data requests from
small home-based companies or larger companies. Typically, this type of cloud service is the best
solution for a company that wants to migrate all data by employing the services of a third-party
cloud provider. Alternately, cloud service clients can opt for two types of private clouds. An onpremise cloud uses a server or a machine that can be found in the same building. This server hosts
the cloud. The other option is externally-hosted cloud storage. The host server is not in the same
building as the company. On-premise private clouds are easier to supervise. The machine that
handles all the requests is in the same building as the company. Thus, staff can easily check if
something goes wrong. However, keep in mind that this type of service is better suited for bigger
companies. For smaller businesses, it may be a bit pricey, as the maintenance costs can be quite
high.
2. Public Clouds. With public cloud, you won’t need to concern about maintenance or data
security, since all the data is externalized. Public clouds are easier to access and maintain than
private clouds. Furthermore, anyone having the right credentials can submit access to the cloud,
from either a computer terminal connected to the Internet or from other devices such as a tablet or
a Smartphone.
3. Hybrid Clouds. A hybrid cloud combines some of the features of private and public
clouds. One of the greatest advantages of using hybrid clouds is the greater number of
customization options. Add, delete or edit the current applications running on your cloud. If you
wish to share sensitive information, you can always opt for the private cloud feature with better
security. Alternately, you can migrate some of your non-sensitive data on the public side of the
cloud
Advantages Of Cloud Storage
1. Cost. Companies and individuals using cloud-based services are more likely to cut back
on operating costs than those who still use in-house hosting solutions or external hard drives.
Furthermore, according to the recent online polls on cloud storage, the average cost of one gigabyte
of storage space is around 3 cents. Consider migrating your data to a third-party cloud storage
service to avoid cluttering and to ease operations.
2. Accessibility. As we mentioned in our introductory remarks, you can access all files,
folder, photos and videos in the cloud from anywhere in the world. Of course, provided you have
the necessary credentials and internet access.
3. Recovery. One of the greatest advantages of using cloud storage is that you’ll always
have a backup solution in case something goes wrong. If something happens to the files on a
computer, you can always access the cloud and retrieve any data that may have been damaged of
lost.
4. Syncing. If you’ve committed any changes to one or more files, the cloud will
automatically sync the changes across all affiliated devices.
5. Increased Security. Most cloud storage providers tend to add extra layers of security
protocols. They do this in order to prevent your files and folders from either ending up in the wrong
hands or from being lost.
Disadvantages Of Using Cloud Storage
1. Dependent On Internet Connection. Since cloud-based solutions depend on the speed
of your Internet upload and download speed, having a low latency can impede you from accessing
the data in real time. Also, there are still many areas around the globe where you can’t connect to
the Internet.
2. Costs. For a corporation or a small business, cloud storage services are sound solutions.
However, for home devices, these costs may be too high to handle.
3. Hard Drives. Although the goal of cloud-based services is to minimize our dependency
on physical storage devices, a large number of business cloud storage services require the presence
of a physical hard drive as well.
4. Customer Support. Customer support is not one of the stronger points of cloud storage
vendors. Cloud storage providers usually instruct clients to take a closer look at the FAQ or follow
online forums.
5. Privacy Issues. After migrating the data to a third-party cloud storage provider, there is
a bit of an issue concerning who owns the information. Is it the company, as a client, or the cloud
storage provider?
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Mobile technology. Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication.
Mobile code division multiple access (CDMA) technology has evolved rapidly over the past few
years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more
than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device, an embedded web
browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld game console. Many experts argue that the
future of computer technology rests in mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile
computing by way of tablet computers are becoming more popular. Tablets are available on the
3G and 4G networks.
What can you tell about …
 Types of Mobile phones
 Mobile apps
 Most popular mobile operating systems
 Advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology
 A place where mobile phones are prohibited
Benefits of Mobile Technology
 Portability
 Accessibility
 Ease of use
 Apps
 Built in Features: Camera, Email, etc
 Personalization
 Convenience