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SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
RFCS MINI PROJECT REPORT
ASSISTED BY: RAMYA RADHKRISHNAN MA’AM
SUBMITTED BY:
Vinutha(P22EC001) & Pawan Maurya(P22EC010)
Class: M.tech 1st year(1st semester)
Branch: Communication system
Year:2022-2023
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TITLE OF THE PROJECT
Triangular Shorting Pin as in Shorted 60 degree sector and
complement sector 60
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
To study and observe the S Parameters, Return loss, Farfield 3D
Radiation Pattern, Polar Plot and gain obtained by the design of
Equiletral Triangular Microstrip-Patch Antenna with and
without shorting pins.
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INTRODUCTION
Antenna plays an important role in the field of communication.
Microstrip Antenna is also called Printed antenna.It has a metal
foil(Patch)on the surface of the printed circuit board and another metal
foil(ground) on the other side of the board. Microstrip antenna is used in
wireless communication because of it’s advantages like low profile, light
weight, low fabrication cost, versatility, easy integration in MMIC’s,
high beamwidth and other exceptional features.
Earlier MICs were used. Microstrip Antennas are being used from the
year 1953 due to it’s advantages. It could be used to synthesize required
radiation pattern and scanning the beam of the antenna array. The
performance of a microstrip patch antenna and array antenna strongly
depends on several factors such as type of substrate, feeding technique,
the thickness of dielectric and dielectric constant of substrate
respectively.
Dielectric constant should be small and thickness should be large for
Microstrip Antennas. If the patch is very thin, fringing fields are small.
If the thickness of the patch is increased there will be more fringing
fields.
Disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are narrow bandwidth, low power
handling capability, less gain and broad beam width. To increase the
bandwidth, directivity and gain, the most common method is using
multi-elements which are known as array. Selection of dielectric
substrate materials and their thickness are the main parameters in terms
of size and compactness a RMP antenna. Compactness comes with a
trade-off in bandwidth, directivity and gain.
Most common type of MSA is Patch Antenna.It is formed by etching out
a patch of conductive material on a dielectric surface. The dielectric
material is mounted on a ground plane, where the ground plane supports
the whole structure. Also, the excitation to the antenna is provided using
feed lines connected through the patch. Normally we use coaxial feed.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE AND APPLICATIONS
Triangular microstrip antenna is used in wireless communication. It has
an omnidirectional pattern. It includes a ground plane, substrate and a
patch printed on the other side. Ground is not etched out. Substrate used
is Arlon with dielectric constant 2.5 which has low loss tangent i.e,
dielectric loss is small. Arlon is a variation of glass. Cost is high.
Feed is given in the central axis. The structure is not perfectly
symmetrical. Hence cross polar is more in triangular patch antenna.
Equilateral triangle is shown in the fig. H is calculated using Pythagoras
theorem. Zero field point is at centroid.
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For Fundamental TM10 mode,
Resonant frequency is:
,
Where Se is the Electrical length of the radiating side and Sp is the
physical length of the radiating side.
Taken S=40mm, H=24.6mm, h=1,59mm, f0=3GHz.
60 degree sector and complement 60 sector is formed using the
equilateral triangle. Position of the shorting pins are calculated and
placed at the positions appropriately. By giving feed the performance of
the antenna is analyzed.
Microstrip antennas are cost-efficient due to simple two dimensional
physical geometry. Due to their size, antennas can be directly tied to the
wavelength at the resonant frequency like UHF and high frequency.
From the signal patch antenna we can get maximum directive gain near
about 6-9 dBi. Using Lithographic techniques it is comparatively easy to
print an array of patches on a large single substrate. Microstrip patch
arrays comparatively can provide much higher gains as a single patch at
additional charge. At another side phase adjustment and matching also
performed with printed microstrip structure, in the same operations that
form the radiating patches.
Microstrip patch antennas have more advantages like low fabrication
cost, supports both, linear as well as circular polarization, as compared
to the conventional antennas.
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DESIGN FOR IMPLEMENTATION
For fo=3GHz, ϵo=2.5 , h=0.159 cm
Calculated values:S=4 cm, H=3.46 cm ,y= 0.352cm, t=0.035mm
STEPS TO CREATE PROJECT IN CST:
1.New template
2.Chose an application Area
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3.Select Antennas
4.Select Patch
5.Select Time domain
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6.Name the project
DESIGN STEPS FOR ETMSA WITHOUT SHORTING PIN
Step 1- Formation of Ground plane
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Step 2-Formation of substrate.
Step 3- Formation of patch
Step4-Creating ground cut
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Step 5-Creating conductors and add inner conductor with GND, outer
conductor with Patch
Step 6-Creating Ring
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Step 7-Final setup
Step 8-Giving Coaxial Feed
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RESULTS
1.S-Parameter
fH=3.0153GHz and fL=2.973GHz
Bandwidth is fH-fL= 42.3MHz.
Antenna is resonating at 2.9952 GHz.
Return loss at Resonant frequency is -27.641dB
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2.Power flow
3.E Field
4.H Field
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5.Surface Current
6.Far field (constant phi)
7.Constant Theta
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8.Radiation pattern
9.Smith Chart
10.VSWR v/s Frequency
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DESIGN STEPS FOR SECTOR 60 ANTENNA
Step-1.Creating ground plane
Step-2.Creating Substrate
Step-3.Creating sector 60 patch
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Step-4.Creating ground cut
Step-5.Creating conductors and add inner conductor with GND,
outer conductor with Patch
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Step-6.Creating Ring
Step-7.Creating short pins
Step-8. Final Set up:
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Step-9.Giving Coaxial feed:
Select pick face, select the rings 🡪 waveguide
port🡪OK🡪Simulation🡪Frequency🡪Enter the frequency
range🡪Home🡪Start Simulation
RESULTS
1.S parameter
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2.E-Field
3.H Field
4.Surface Current
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5.Constant phi
6.Constant theta
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7.Radiation Pattern
8. Axial ratio
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9. Smith Chart
10. VSWR v/s frequency
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DESIGN STEPS FOR COMPLEMENT 60
SECTOR
Step-1.Creating ground
Step-2.Creating Substrate
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Step-3.Creating complement 60 sector patch
Step-4.Creating ground cut
Step-5.Creating conductors and add inner conductor with GND,
outer conductor with Patch
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Step-6.Creating Ring
Step-7.Creating short pins
Step-8.Final Set up
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Step-9.Giving feed
Select pick face, select the rings 🡪 waveguide
port🡪OK🡪Simulation🡪Frequency🡪Enter the frequency
range🡪Home🡪Start Simulation
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RESULTS
1.S Parameter
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2.E Field
3.H Field
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4.Surface Current
5.Power Flow
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6.Constant phi far field
7.Constant theta far field
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8.Radiation Pattern
9.Smith Chart
10.VSWR v/s frequency
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OBSERVATION TABLE
Patch type
fo(GHz)
S11(dB)
VSWR
B.W
(MHz)
Impedance
Matching(Ohm)
Area(cm2)
ETMSA without
shorting pin
2.99
-27.64
1.102
42
50.57
6.92
TMSA with
shorted 60o
Sector-
3.0157
-26.71
1.148
35.8
50.76
2.78
TMSA with
Compliment
shorted 60o
Sector-
3.077
-25.02
1.152
33.7
50.8
4.14
ADVANTAGES
1. Light weight, Low cost, low profile and conformal.
2. Easy to fabricate and can be integrated with other microstrip
components.
3. This antenna is compatible with modular design.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Narrow bandwidth.
2. Low power handling capacity
3. Poor isolation b/w Feed and Radiating element.
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APPLICATIONS
1. Bluetooth application.
2. Wifi- application.
3. Cellular application.
CONCLUSION
1. The triangular patch antenna without shorting pins is resonating at
2.99 GHz with 42.3MHz bandwidth and -27.641dB return
loss,VSWR 1.1026.
2. TMSA with shorted 60o Sector is resonating at 3.0157GHz with
bandwidth 35.8MHz.
3. TMSA with complimented shorted 60 sector is resonating at 3.077GHz
with bandwidth 33.7MHZ.
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REFERENCES
1. Dual-band circularly polarized equilateral
triangular-patch array antenna for mobile satellite
communications.
Antenna, Prof.Girish kumar Youtube videos
Dual-band circularly polarized equilateral triangular-patch array
antenna for mobile satellite communications.
December 2005
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation 53(11):3477 - 3485
DOI:1 0.1109/TAP.2005.858849
Source
IEEE Xplore
Project: Antennas for Satellite Communication
2. Antennas, Prof. Girish kumar