CASSABIO BAG
An Undergraduate Research Project
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Trades and Technology
Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology
Naga City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
In
Project Development
Abarico, Jhon Ryan B.
Oliver, Larry Jr. C.
Sinogba, Densil Rose V.
BETECH-EET 3A
JUNE 2022
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Bioplastic can be produced entirely or partially from renewable biomass sources
like sugar cane and corn as well as microbes like yeast. Under the right circumstances
certain bioplastic are biodegradable or even compostable. Bioplastics made from
renewable materials can be naturally recycled by biological processes, reducing fossil fuel
consumption and preserving the environment. As a result, Bioplastic are long lasting, often
biodegradable and biocompatible. Bioplastic are also used in variety of manufacturing
applications including plastic bags and food packaging while people using it on daily basis
when manufactured are from non renewable materials. These plastics are non
biodegradable and in landfills they can take a hundreds of years to decompose, while
Bioplastics is made from starch that is environmentally friendly and biodegrades easily.
Since land pollution is a major issue in our country, to contribute to environmental
preservation and to reduce the production of non-bioplastics, the study will focus on
reduction of green house gas emissions and will benefit the people by using local resources
and providing more employment opportunities to those who are currently unemployed.
Bioplastics are critical in assisting consumer goods firms in presenting their brands
in a positive light to make the goods more environmentally friendly to the eyes of people.
Philippines ranks as the world’s third biggest plastic polluter in the world with 2.7 million
metric tons of plastic waste generated each year after China and Indonesia. Lack of disposal
facilities is one of the main problem of plastic pollution and the low rate of recycling
activities in the country.
1
To reduce and lessen the plastic consumes every year, there are several ways to
make it happen. One of the best examples is using the bioplastics as alternative for the
common non bio-degradable plastic that consumer use in the market.
This research aims to create “CassaBio Bag”. The objective of said matter is to
replace the existing plastics that inorganic and harmful and contribute to the global
warming. Researchers are encourage to explore bioplastic research with this option in
mind.
Statements of the Objectives
The objective of the study is to produce a “CassaBio Bag” that aims to:
1. Design and develop an environmental friendly packaging/ bags to reduce
the production of non biodegradable material.
2. Steps in developing bioplastic bags with embedded tomato seed using
cassava starch.
3. Evaluate the satisfactoriness of the Bioplastic bags with regards to:
a) Biodegradability
b) Color
c) Elasticity
d) Texture
e) Durability
Scope and Delimitation.
2
The study focuses on the production of “CassaBio Bag”. The method use is
extraction of starch from the cassava with the addition of glycerin and vinegar. The set-up
was composed of three samples were biodegradability, color, elasticity, and texture was
assessed. Ruler was used to measure elasticity. The biodegradability set up in, soil, it was
assumed that the plastic was thrown away and has different weather condition are beyond
the control of the researcher. The production of the bioplastic was conducted in a household
kitchen, most of the materials needed in the research are accessible which were bought in
any supermarket except for glycerin which bought at new trading, Naga City. The
researchers limited this research to the production of “CassaBio Bag” only.
The production of the “CassaBio Bag” will assessed by biodegradability, color,
elasticity, and texture. There are fifteen (15) respondents, compose of ten (10) randomly
selected students, and five (5) faculty teachers from Bicol State College of Applied
Sciences and Technology.
Definition of Terms
3
The following terms are defined operationally and contextually for the better
understanding of the terms use in the study.
Biodegradable - Capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living
organisms."Consumers have forced a shift to more biodegradable products"
Biomass - plant-based material used as fuel to produce heat or electricity. Examples are
wood and wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry,
farms and household.
Bioplastic – A biodegradable materials that come from renewable sources and can be used
to reduce the problem of plastic waste that is suffocating the planet and contaminating the
environment.
Color - the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as
a result of the way the object reflects or emits light.
Compostable - (of organic matter, especially kitchen waste) able to be made into compost.
"Compostable waste and recycling will be picked up weekly"
Decompose - to break down or be broken down into simpler parts or substances especially
by the action of living things (as bacteria and fungi)
Elasticity - ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when
the forces causing the deformation are removed
Extraction - The action of removing something. Extraction is the process of separating out
something from a chemical mixture or compound.
Fossil Fuel - are made from decomposing plants and animals. These fuels are found in the
Earth's crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy. Coal, oil,
and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels.
4
Glycerine - Common ingredient in pharmaceutical drugs, including heart medication,
suppositories, cough remedies and anesthetics.
Greenhouse gas emission - often measured in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. To
convert emissions of a gas into CO2 equivalent, its emissions are multiplied by the gas's
Global Warming Potential (GWP). The GWP takes into account the fact that many gases
are more effective at warming Earth than CO2, per unit mass.
Landfills - contain both household and commercial rubbish. Household waste that gets
sent to landfill consists of mostly organic waste, for example food, paper, cardboard or
wood. Other household rubbish contains plastic or tin packaging. A lot of our individual
rubbish is known as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Microbes - An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms
include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living
organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms
Non- Biodegradable - material can be defined as a kind of substance which cannot be
broken down by natural organisms and acts as a source of pollution. Unlike biodegradable
wastes, non-biodegradable cannot be easily handled.
Non-renewable materials - not renewable a nonrenewable service contract especially:
unable to be replaced or replenished once used … most of the natural resources that we
exploit for energy and minerals are non-renewable.
Preservation - the action of preserving something: to keep safe from injury, harm, or
destruction
5
Recycle - to pass again through a series of changes or treatments: such as. a: to process
(something, such as liquid body waste, glass, or cans) in order to regain material for human
use.
Starch - A soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, or other
solvents. The basic chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C6H10O5)n. Starch is a
polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers joined in α 1,4 linkages.
Texture - The visual or tactile surface characteristics and appearance of something.
Weather condition - The atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere
in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation.
References
Retrieved from
6
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/?fbclid=IwAR1O2_FXkMOcliPqJ7MZjYraUsQ3ty5zzlpftSdcvrZhJw7BEEXfTE14tE
Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/elasticity-physics
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
7
This chapter presents the related literature and studies from both foreign and local
sources. Different materials, such as internet sites, websites, journals, magazines, and
articles are gathered to support the further development and innovation of the selected
topic. This chapter also includes the conceptual framework.
Cassava (manihot esculenta) is one of the most important calories producing crops
in the tropics. Beside human use, cassava has attractive uses as a food for the production
of living things, starch and alcohol. If cassava growers choose hybridization work, the male
sterile genotype should be used. Two types of male infertility are common in cassava.
Different Studies Developed on Bioplastic
Bioplastics are regarded to be less harmful to the environment since they can be
destroyed by living organism, carbon dioxide (Co2), biomass or water. Biodegradable
plastics that could be used for food packaging or carrier bags by applying ozone gas to the
cassava starch. The ozone (03) gas changes the molecular characteristics of the nonvegetable starch, resulting in a bioplastic that is 30% more durable than those derive from
potato, rice and corn (Anas, 2019.)
When it comes to biodegradability, bioplastic made from cassava starch is
preferable to polyethylene plastic since it decompose in just 45days and does not pollute
the environment. Polyethylene plastics tensile strength was superior when it comes to water
resistance, research shows that cassava bioplastics dissolves in water while polyethylene
does not. In terms of strong acid resistance, the data demonstrate that bioplastic dissolves
in HCL whole polyethylene plastic does not. (Hassam E.V Illut 2019)
8
The ecological effects of large amounts of non-biodegradable waste increase
exploration to promote new biodegradable materials such as biomass, plants and
microorganism. New improvements in bioplastic in the future may increase the
effectiveness of creating and lead to the development of new uses and opportunities for
bioplastic.
Bioplastics are created from renewable materials like starches and vegetable oils,
which may be organically recycled by biological processes, reducing the usage of fossil
fuels while also safeguarding the environment. Bioplastics are thus long-lasting, mostly
biodegradable, and biocompatible. Because plastic is a plant-based product, petroleum
usage for its manufacture is predicted to drop by 15–20 percent by 2025. Asia and Europe
will hold the highest proportion of the bioplastics market by 2025. Asia will account for
32% of the total market, with Europe accounting for 31% and the United States accounting
for 28%. Bioplastics are currently growing at a rate of 10% per year, accounting for 10–
15% of the entire plastics market. By 2020, this figure is expected to increase to 25–30
percent. Syed Ali Ashter (2016)
Starch is a readily available, renewable, and inexpensive biopolymer that is
commonly utilized in the food sector for packaging. In 2019, starch-based polymers
accounted for 21.3 percent of global bioplastic production capacity. European Bioplastics
(2019)
Polylactic acid (PLA), a plastic replacement derived from fermented plant starch,
is used to make corn starch plastic. It's becoming a popular substitute for traditional plastic
made from petroleum-based compounds. Liné Cowley(2020)
9
Corn starch plastic is made from Polylactic Acid (PLA), which is a plastic
substitute, made from fermented plant starch. It's becoming a popular substitute for
traditional plastic made from petroleum-based compounds. Corn starch plastic is a nonpetroleum-based alternative to petroleum-based plastic. Corn plastic, on the other hand, is
manufactured from corn starch polymers, a biodegradable and renewable resource.
(Cowley, 2020)
Conceptual Framework
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Reference materials:



Internet
Journals
Articles



Planning
Gathering data
Experimentation
10
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art
Based on the related literature and studies gathered, bioplastics are less harmful to
the environment when it comes to biodegradability. Bioplastics made from cassava is
preferable since it decompose in just 45 days and does not pollute the environment.
11
Bioplastics are renewable materials which is originally recycled by biological process
which reduces the usage of fossil fuels.
The current study is another innovation of bioplastic that can be used as a packaging
for food or any materials. The design is suited for the needs of the consumer in order for
them to reduce the production of non-biodegradable plastics and help the environment.
References
Hassan R.V. Illut, Martina Avina P. Mangure, Vinz John P. Ramino; “Biodegradable
Plastic from Cassava (Manihotesculenta) Starch”; Ascendens Asia Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts, Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019):
12
IzathulShafinaSidek, SarifahFauziah Syed Draman, SitiRozaimah Sheikh Abdullah,
NornizarAnuar(2019) Current Development On BioplasticsAnd Its Future
Prospects: An Introductory Review. I TECH MAG, Vo 1: 03-08.
Emily A. Masinde, BernadettaKimata, Joshua O. Ogendo, Richard M. S. Mulwa, Geoffrey
Mkamilo, Midatharahally N. Maruthi, Developing dual‐resistant cassava to the two
major viral diseases, Crop Science, 10.1002/csc2.20374, 61, 3, (1567-1581),
(2021).
James H. Cock, David J.Connor, Chapter 19 – Cassava, Editor(s): Victor O. Sadras, Daniel
F. Calderini, Crop Physiology Case Histories for Major Crops, Academic Press,
2021, Pages 588-633, ISBN 9780128191941, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12819194-1.000190.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128191941000190)
Liné
Cowley What is Corn Starch Plastic? September
https://ecoworldonline.com/what-is-corn-starch-plastic/
4,
2020
13
CHAPTER III
METHODS AND MATERIALS
This chapter presents the methods and materials of the researchers in developing of
“CassaBio Bag”. It also includes the planning, the design, the materials and the tool and
equipment, are discussed in this chapter.
Methods
The researchers made us of the current study followed the Research and
Development (R&D) method in which specific activities are carried out to innovate a
product. Planning, designing, canvassing, and assessment are all parts of this methods.
The researcher will use Experimental method to validate the applicability of the
“CassaBio Bag” in terms of durability, elasticity, and biodegradability. In order to evaluate
the product, the researchers provided respondents with an evaluation sheets. The
acceptance of the product was evaluated by the evaluation findings.
a)
Planning
The researchers gathered up all the information needed in developing the “CassaBio
Bag” listed all the materials and cost.
The study was consisting of seven (8) steps to attain its goal. The succeeding
procedure are title proposal, planning, designing, canvassing, construction, evaluation and
proposal defense
14
Table 3.1 The time frame of developing the “CassaBio Bag”.
January
February
March
April
May
June
Remarks
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Title proposal
Planning
Designing
Canvassing
Construction
Evaluation
Proposal
defense
Planned
Actual
Planned
Actual
Planned
Actual
Planned
Actual
Planned
Actual
Planned
Actual
Planned
Actual
Table 3.1 Shows the Gantt chart of the work activities which involve the title proposal,
planning, designing, canvassing, construction, evaluation, and proposal defense with
corresponding time frame.
Design of the Study
The design of “CassaBio Bag” is like the common plastic bags that use in the
market. It is made from cassava starch with added tomato seed.
15
Figure 2: Front View
16
Figure 3: Top View
Figure 4: Rear View
17
Figure 5. Side View
18
b) Project Development
The study aims to develop a “CassaBio Bag”. Listed here was the process in
developing the bioplastic.
Peeling ofcassava
Refining of cassava
Extraction of starch
Drying of starch
Bioplastic
production
Embedding tomato
seed to the bioplastic
Drying of bioplastic
Testing and
evaluation
Figure 6: Block Diagram of the “CassaBio Bag”
19
c) Trials and Revisions
At Naga City's Peoples Mall, fifteen (15) kilos of fresh cassava were purchased.
These were completely cleaned with tap water. One (1) kilo of uncooked flesh and one (1)
kilo of cooked flesh were used. Uncooked peelings accounted for five (5) kilos, while
cooked peelings accounted for five (5) kilos. At New TH Trading, one (1) liter of glycerin
was purchased.
For around fifteen (15) minutes, half of the cassava was cooked. After that, the
cassava was peeled away. Separate bowls of water were used to soak the raw and cooked
cassava peelings. The cooked and uncooked cassava flesh was grated in separate bowls
with a grater and then soaked in separate bowls of water. The starch was extracted from
the uncooked and cooked flesh and peelings by straining them into a dish. To allow the
starch to settle, the filtered liquid was allowed for around ten (10) minutes. The bottom of
the container created a white coating, suggesting that the starch had settled. After that, the
liquid was decanted into a new container, leaving the starch behind. The container with the
starch was dried overnight until it turns to powder.
A non-stick pan was used to cook the cassava. The mixture was constantly mixed
until it became sticky and bubbles began to appear. Following that, it was poured into the
tray. Dried tomato seeds will be attached to the bio plastic before it took around three (3)
days to dry.
20
d) Validation and Evaluation
The researchers looked at biodegradability, color, elasticity, and texture. Each was
divided into nine (9) equal pieces, six (6) of which were used for the biodegradability and
elasticity tests. Sensory evaluation was used to assess color and texture.
In the biodegradability test, each of the four (4) samples will placed in the soil and
exposed to the air. Each sample consisted of six (6) bioplastics of equal size, three of which
were placed in the soil and three of which were exposed to the air. For a month, data was
collected once a week. Sensory evaluation was used to assess them.When the bioplastic is
stressed, the length of elongation in centimeters is measured before it breaks with a ruler
for elasticity.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The rating for the evaluation will be determined through computed-weighted mean
of the individual scores of the raters.
The formula of the weighted mean is:
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 =
∑𝒇(𝒙)
𝒏
Where:
∑ is the summation of
x is the number of scores
n is the total number of samples
21
Materials
Cost of Supplies and Materials
Table 2. Cost of materials of the “CassaBio Bag”.
Quantity
Unit
Description
15
Kilos
Cassava
1
Litre
Glycerine
1
Litre
Vinegar
1
Kilo
Tomato
5
Sachet
Food color (optional)
1
pc
Knife /peeler
1
pc
Grater
3
pcs
Container
1
pc
Strainer
3
pcs
Measuring spoon
1
pc
Non-stick pan
2
pcs
Mixing bowl
3
pcs
Food tray
1
pc
Ruler
1
pc
Spatula
1
pc
Blender
1
pc
Stove
Unit Price
30
158
50
30
5
20
25
30
15
30
339
119
40
20
86
649
1500
Total Amount:
Total Price
450
158
50
30
5
20
25
30
15
30
339
238
120
20
86
649
1500
3765 Php
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Tools and Equipments
Table 3. The Tools and Equipment of the “CassaBio Bag” and its uses
Name of tools
Pictures
Knife /peeler
Function
To peel the
cassava
Grater
To grate the
cassava
Container
To contain the
cassava mixture
23
Strainer
Use for separating
the cassava starch
from water
Measuring
spoon
To measure the
cassava starch
and water
Non-stick pan
Use for making
the mixture
Mixing bowl
To contain the
cassava mixture
24
Food tray
To contain the
cassava mixture
Ruler
Used to measure
the elasticity of
disposable
biodegradable
plastic
Spatula
Used to scrape the
cassava mixture
from the
container
25
Stove
Used for boiling
the cassava
Blender
Used to refine the
cassava starch
26
References
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27
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from
https://assets.epicurious.com/photos/5e67b358df5de60008b1d3f7/1:1/w_1548,h_
1548,c_limit/winco-strainer.jpg
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