2020
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GEED 001
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
e- Education Approach
Prepared by:
TACIANA V.SAN JOSE, RGC, RPm, MP
( WEEK 2-3)
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this section, you are expected to:
1.Discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from
various
disciplinal perspectives.
2. Examine the different influences, factors and forces that shape the self.
3. Compare and contrast how the self has been represented across the different
disciplines
and perspectives.
4. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of
one's self and
identity by developing a theory of the self.
INTRODUCTION
PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is a training guide for your mind, showing how
you think in clear, analytic, and powerful ways.
Studying philosophy in a serious and reflective way will
change you as a person. Learning to think philosophically will inspire you to be more
thoughtful, more open-minded, more attuned to the complexities and subtleties of
life, more willing to think critically about yourself and all of life’s important issues,
and less willing to accept superficial interpretations and simplistic answers. And will
help you develop the understanding and insight you will need to make intelligent
choices and fulfill your potential as an individual.
This is the special power of philosophy: to provide the conceptual tools
required to craft a life inspiring in its challenges and rich in its fulfillment.
Philosophy is not intended to limit your options or dictate your choices. Your
responsibility as a student is to explore, to reflect, to think critically- and then to
create yourself in the image you have envisioned.
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LESSON PROPER
PHILOSOPHY OF THE SELF
Philosophy is often called the mother of all disciplines simply because all
fields of study began as philosophical discourses.
What is Philosophy? study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking
and inquiries that involves in answering questions regarding the nature and
existence of man and the world we live in.
What is Self? It is defined as “a unified being, essentially connected to
consciousness, awareness and agency (or, at least, with the faculty of rational
choice).
PHILOSOPHERS
Philosopher
Theory
Concept about Self
SOCRATES
(470-399 BC)
Greek Philosopher
1st philosopher who engaged in a systematic questioning about the self.
Know Thyself
An Unexamined Life is
not worth living
For Socrates, it is ridiculous to
investigate unimportant
things when he has not
known his self yet.
by going around Athens, most
Athenian men were not fully
aware of who they were and
the virtues that they were
supposed to attain in order to
preserve their souls for
afterlife. Socrates thought
that this is the worst that can
happen to anyone: TO LIVE
BUT DIE INSIDE.
Accepting self that doesn’t
To know is to know that know anything, one should
you know nothing, that is pursue in continuing a search
for knowledge.
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the meaning of true
knowledge
Philosopher
Theory
Concept about Self
ST. AUGUSTINE
(1227-1274)
Mother- a Christian
Father – remains a pagan. he takes different philosophy before he became
a Christian at the age of 35
Man is bifurcated in nature.
The body is bound to die on
earth and the soul is to
anticipate living eternally in a
Knowledge is acquired on realm of spiritual bliss in
account of divine
communion with God.
illumination
The goal of every human
person is to attain the
communion and bliss with the
Divine by living his life on
earth in virtue.
Introspection
Philosopher
Theory
He introduced and used the
method of Introspection.
Concept about Self
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
(354 - 430 BC)
13th century Scholar, A medieval philosopher.
Aquinas combined the science
of mind and religion to
explain the idea of
immortality.
Man is composed of 2 parts:
Matter and Form.
Human Person is a soulbody unity
MATTER (hyle in Greek), and
FORM (morphe in
Greek).What makes a human
person, PERSON, is his SOUL.
To him, the soul is immortal,
it is what animates the body,
it is what makes us humans.
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Philosopher
Theory
Concept about Self
RENE DESCARTES
(1649)
Founder of Modern Philosophy
In his early realization of the nature of the world Descartes was struck with
extreme skepticism doubting everything’s “existence” even his own which
then resulted in his theories.
Because of his extreme skepticism he devised a way to figure out “truths”
wherein he discarded all his beliefs and tried building a better foundation of
beliefs.
Formulated the theory of mind and body interaction.
Mind and body
interaction
The mind exists.
Not far from the mind of
man, so man exists.
SELF has a combination of 2
distinct entities:
COGITO – the thing that
thinks (mind)
EXTENZA – or the extension
of the mind(body)
“Cogito Ergo Sum”(I Think
Therefore I am)
The body is nothing else but
a machine that is attached
to mind. But it is not what
makes a man, MAN – It is
his MIND.
Reflex theory
( WEEK 2-3)
pg. 5
SELF is a thinking thing. – a
thing that doubts,
understands, conceives,
affirms, denies, refuses,
imagines and perceives.
Whatever I think who or
what I am, it is ME..
He proposed a mechanism
for automatic reaction in
response to external events
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where he stated that mind,
like machine can be studied.
Philosopher
Theory
Concept about Self
DAVID HUME
Scottish Philosopher
There should be proof to believe
Empiricism is the theory that says all knowledge comes from the senses.
The mind is not separated from perception
The entire contents of the mind are transmitted daily to the human condition.
EMPIRICISM is the school of thought that espouses the idea that KNOWLEDGE
CAN ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF IT IS SENSED AND EXPERIENCED.
To know other person’s existence is to see, hear and touched him/her.
Perception – view, opinion
Knowledge should be experienced.
Mind is connected to perception and transpired in behavior
Self is a bundle of
impressions.
if one tries to examine
experiences it should be
analyzed
through
2
categories:
IMPRESSION – are the basic
objects of our experience or
sensation. The core of our
thoughts. - are vivid(bright)
because they are products of
our direct experience with the
world.
IDEA – are copies of
impressions.
The man is a collection of
different
successive
perception which is always
changing and moving.
The qualities that we feel are
only part of something.
A wise man therefore
proportions his belief to
the evidence
( WEEK 2-3)
pg. 6
Philosopher Gilbert Ryle
countered the idea of the self
itself saying were all just a
bundle of behaviors.
David Hume argued that an
orderly universe does not
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necessarily prove or mean
that there is a God that exist
with which the order comes
from.
Philosopher
Theory
Concept about Self
IMMANUEL KANT
German Philosopher
Somewhat countering Socrates belief of Virtue being the only good with which
being the object of our desires for happiness Kant said that Morality is the way
in which we make ourselves worthy of happiness.
Interesting moral theory by Immanuel Kant are Categorical Imperative. Which
aligns itself with Moral absolutism.
Rationalism – reason
Empiricism - by the senses
-It also explains how we get
knowledge.
The path to true
knowledge
The consciousness is divided
into:
Internal
Self
(noumena)composed of psychological
states and informed decisions;
remembering our own state,
how can we combine the new
and old ideas with our mind
External Self(phenomena) made up of ourselves and the
physical world where the
representation of objects
There is a MIND or SELF that
organizes the impressions that
men get from the external world.
Self is the seat of
knowledge acquisition
for all human persons
Without the SELF, one cannot
organize it in relation to his own
existence.
---It is an actively engaged
intelligence in man that
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synthesizes all knowledge and
experience
Correction Space-time is real
being which Synthetic a priori
things that exist independent of
us. That of which is an illusion is
our perception of the flow of
time.
Philosopher
Theory
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
The body is our general
medium for having a
world.
Concept about Self
Mind and body are so
intertwined that they cannot
be separated from one
another.
Once cannot experience that
is
not
an
embodied
experience. ALL EXPERIENCE
IS EMBODIED.
One body is his opening
toward his existence to the
world.
Because of these bodies, men
are in the world.
For him, the LIVING BODY, his
thoughts, emotions, and
experiences are ALL ONE.
We need to have meanings in
life – our goals, aspirations,
and goodness etc , that will
provide us our legacy.
Because we are in the
world, we are
condemned to meaning,
and we cannot do or say
anything without its
acquiring a name in
history
Meaning in philosophy is very
dicey as some even claim that
it does not exist at all that we
are just creatures who cry and
cry out into the wilderness
recieving no response but we
cry anyway. Some claim we
make meaning such as
existentialists.
We are creatures that if left
alone to our devices are
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naturally drawn to these
questions of meaning.
Saying something such as
mind and body being
intertwined raises questions
such as how would such an
abstract non physical thing
such as the mind interacts
with the physical we call
body.
Philosopher
Theory
Concept about Self
GILBERT RYLE
He deny the concept of an
internal, non-physical self.
In searching for the self,
one cannot
simultaneously be the
hunter and the hunted
He suggests that the SELF is
not an entity one can locate
and analyze but simply the
convenient name that people
use to refer to ALL the
behaviors that people make.
Ghost(mind) in the
machine(body)
Our MIND controls our BODY.
It is our interpretation to a
situation that provokes us to
decide and make our actions.
Problems arise in such theories
I made it, and so I am or I when we ask certain questions
ACT therefore I Am
if there is no self then what
are we what makes us
different from a machine or a
simple insect other than being
more complicated behaviors
roled into one.
( WEEK 2-3)
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Philosopher
Theory
Concept about Self
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
The SELF as a BRAIN. There
To understand the mind, isn’t a special thing called the
one must understand the mind, the mind is just the
brain
brain.
Mental states are
processes and activities
of the brain. – what
activities and level of
description still to be
seen
Philosopher
Theory
Whatever our mind does, it is
the processes and activities of
our brain. – this activities
should be seen and described.
Concept about Self
JOHN LOCKE
(1690)
Introduced the idea that all experiences may be analyzed.
In contrast with PLATO who says that knowledge as a higher form of
awareness, because it is gained from REASON rather than from sense
experience.
KNOWLEDGE CAME FROM REASON (rational) that manages the action of a
person.
Idea of tabula-rasa
At birth the mind is like a
blank sheet that gathers its
contents from experiences
that an individual encounters
during his lifetime.
Experience is more important
than knowledge. Experience is
an applied knowledge.
No mans knowledge can People are given intelligence
go beyond his experience (ability to think) but becomes
useless if it is not being
utilized. Some choose to be
uneducated having low selfesteem and others are
satisfied with what or who he
is.
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PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES
SOCRATES
-
First martyr of education, knowledge and philosophy
-
charged with corruption of minors
-
died as a martyr that fought against ignorance and narrowmindedness
-
his philosophy underlies in the importance of the notion "knowing
oneself"
-
for him, men's goal in life is to obtain happiness
-
happiness motivates us to act towards or avoid things that could have
negative effects in our lives. As such, by fully knowing oneself a person
will be able to achieve happiness.
-
possession of knowledge is a virtue; ignorance is a depravity (evil,
corruption, wickedness)
-
a person's acceptance of ignorance is the beginning of acquisition of
knowledge
-
knowing ourselves, lies in our own abilities, and wisdom
-
understanding ourselves is through internal questioning or
introspection (understanding our strengths and weaknesses, like vs.
Dislike)
-
use Socratic Method or Socratic conversation (role of both the teacher
and the student is known to the world; asking and answering questions
to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying
presumptions)
ST. AUGUSTINE
( WEEK 2-3)
-
A saint and a philosopher of the church
-
follows that idea that God encompasses us all, that everything will be
better if we are with God
-
believed that God and his teachings affects various aspects in life (that
everything is better if we devote ourselves in mending our relationship
with God.
-
his idea of a man and how to understand who we are as a person is
related to our understanding of who we are and how we question
ourselves
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-
relates our existence to God being modelled in his likeness though
being alive means that we are still far from god and has yet to be truly
with him
-
rejected the doubtfulness of the academy in which one cannot or
should not accept ideas from others
-
emphasized that we may not be able to give our agreement to
everything other people tell us but we can still agree to those who we
are from our own perception
-
teaching of the church and establishing our sense of self with God
identifies the essence of our existence and role in the world (the
reason for this is because our bodies are limited)
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
-
The most eminent thirteenth century scholar and stalwart of the medieval
philosophy.
-
Appended something to this Christian view.
-
Adopting some ideas from Aristotle
-
The cells in man’s body are more or less akin to the cells of any other living,
organic being in the world.
-
To Aquinas, just in Aristotle, the soul is what animates the body; it is what
makes us humans
RENE DESCARTES
-
-
( WEEK 2-3)
French philosopher known to be the father of modern philosophy
because of his radical use of systematic and early scientific method to
aid his ideas and assumptions
believed in modern dualism or the existence of body and mind and its
importance to on e's existence were presented with the evidences
from experiments as well as philosophical reasoning
-
known to be the proponent of the "methodical doubt" (Continuous
process of questioning)
-
doubting, asking questions are part of one's existence
-
defined the roles of the mind and body to the notion of one's existence
and sense of self
-
known for the statement "cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am)
-
according to him, a person is comprised of mind (thinks and questions
what the body has experienced) and body (perceives from the
different senses)
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-
body and its perceptions cannot fully be trusted or can easily be
deceived (for example:
there are times that we feel that a dream is real before actually
waking up or having different perception of size based on an objects
distance from the viewer)
-
we should focus on the mind in order to perceive as who we are or the
essence of our existence because we cannot always trust our senses
-
explained that the more we think and doubt what we perceived from
our senses and the answer that came from such thin king or doubting
leads to better understanding of ourselves
-
being in constant doubt regarding one's existence is proof that a
person actually exists
DAVID HUME
-
Scottish philosopher
-
focused his work in the field of empiricism, skepticism, and
Naturalism
-
Self is accumulation of different impressions, and does not exceed the
physical realm - There is no permanent self because impressions of
things are based from our experiences where we can create our ideas
and knowledge. Thus, it may improve or totally be replaced
IMMANUEL KANT
( WEEK 2-3)
-
German philosopher that is known for his works on empiricism and
rationalism
-
established that the collection of impressions and different contents is
what it only takes to define a person
-
Awareness of different emotions that we have, impressions and
behavior is only a part of ourselves
-
to fully understand the self, a certain level of consciousness or sense
that uses our intuition which synthesizes all the experiences,
impressions and perceptions of ourselves will pave the way to define
and know who we are really are.
-
argued that the sense called "transcendental apperception" is an
essence of our consciousness that provides basis for understanding
and establishing the notion of self by synthesizing one's accumulation
of experiences, intuition and imagination
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MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU- PONTY
-
French philosopher
-
known for his works on existentialism and phenomenology
-
regarded that the body and mind are not separate entities but rather
those two components is one and the same
-
coined the idea of phenomenology of perception (unity of the function
of the mind and the body) which is divided into three division
-
idea of perception follows the idea of Gestalt psychology (gives
importance on the whole rather than the sum of its parts)
perception guides our action based from our experiences
-
the body perceives while our consciousness provide the meaning or
interprets the various perception we have in the world and the self
could be established by the perceptions we have in the world
-
one's actions, behavior and language used could be said to be the
reflection of our united perception of the world.
GILBERT RYLE
( WEEK 2-3)
-
used behavioristic approach to self
-
self is the behavior presented by the person
-
behavior that we show, emotions, and actions are the reflection of our
mind and as such is the manifestation of who we are
-
does not believe that the mind and body are two separate entities
which is said to be evident in the unexplainable phenomenon or
abilities of the mind where the soul is considered; however, to some
they can co-exist
-
self is exemplified in his "ghost in the machine" view (man is a complex
machine with different functioning parts, and the intelligence, and
other characteristic or behavior of man is represented by the ghost in
the said machine
-
his idea is saying that the things that we do, how we behave and react
and all other components like the way we talk, walk and look is
generally who we are as a person
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CHURCHLAND
-
Canadian philosopher whose focus is on the idea that people should
improve our association and use of worth in identifying the self
-
The self is defined by the movement of our brain
-
main is philosophy is the idea of "eliminative materialism"
-
understanding the different neural pathways, how they work, and
what implications are those movement to people is a measurable
classification on one's behavior
-
constant movement of the brain can be the basis of who the person is
(emphasized by Churchland and his wife in the statement "the brain
as the self")
JOHN LOCKE
-
English philosopher and physician
-
considered to be the Father of Classical Liberation
-
His works paved the way to several revolutions to fight the absolute
powers of monarchs and rulers of his time that led to the development
of governance, politics and economic system that we now know.
-
Work on the self is most represented by the concept "tabula rasa"
(blank
-
The experiences and perceptions of a person is important in the
establishment of who that person can become
-
He does not disregard the experiences of the person in the
identification and establishment of who we are as a person
-
Stated that a person is born with knowing nothing and that is
susceptible to stimulation and accumulation of learning from the
experiences, failures, references, and observations of the person
Slate).
( WEEK 2-3)
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SUMMARY
The philosophical framework for understanding the self was first introduced
by the ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. In particular,
Socrates: “Know thyself”. But what exactly does “know thyself” mean that is self
and the qualities that define it. The different views of prominent philosophers
regarding the nature of the self are discussed and while there are disagreements
in how philosophers view of the self, most of them agree that self-knowledge is a
prerequisite to a happy and meaningful life.
( WEEK 2-3)
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ASSIGNMENT
*Please see attached to your Class Record
RECITATION
Write your philosophy in life. Express your ideas as completely and clearly as you
can. Think deeply and beyond superficialities and refuse to be satisfied with the
first idea that you have.
Guide questions:
1. What do you most value in life? Why?
2. What gives your life meaning?
3. What is the purpose of your life?
4. What do you hope to achieve in your life?
( WEEK 2-3)
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Prepared by:
TACIANA V. SAN JOSE, RGC, RPm, MP
Instructor
( WEEK 2-3)
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( WEEK 2-3)
pg. 20