B6.1 Vaccinations
16/09/22
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Vaccination
• After fighting an infection, some
lymphocytes remain in the body as
memory cells
• If there is a secondary infection
the memory cells can create a
large amount of the correct
specific antibody quickly
Natural immune Response
Task:
• SKETCH graph into
books
• EXPLAIN graph
using keywords:
•
•
•
•
•
Lymphocytes
Memory cells
Quickly
Large amount
Antibodies
How do you
think this might
link with
vaccines?
Natural immune Response
The secondary response is
much more rapid and a higher
concentrations of antibody
are made, they also remain in
the bloodstream for a longer
period of time.
You fight the infection so
quickly that you do not show
symptoms.
Vaccination
• Vaccinations copy the natural primary immune response but give a
weakened/ dead/ inactive form of the disease so no symptoms
• Sometimes vaccines do not contain the pathogen at all - just the
antigens!
Vaccine
• Dead/inactive pathogen given in vaccine
• Lymphocytes attach to antigens and produce antibodies
• Those lymphocytes stay in the body as memory cells
• When pathogen attacks again antibodies are made quickly and a lot
of them, stops symptoms
Herd Immunity
Herd immunity – when a large proportion of the population is
immune to a disease so the spread of the pathogen is much reduced
and the disease may even disappear.
Herd Immunity
• https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=8BUCi5Tuzms
• Why is herd immunity
important?
• To protect vulnerable people
Vaccine Success Stories
Why do think the cases of Mumps are so high but 79% of the
population in 2003 got the MMR vaccination (measles, mumps,
rubella)
Not enough of the population were vaccinated to reach herd immunity
MMR Vaccine Disaster
•
• What two main reasons are people following the anti-vax movement?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzvfpyyZO9o
COVID
What do you think?
#1 The COVID vaccine has been rushed
• Progression of drug development relies on funding, resources and
scientific input
• COVID has been prioritised – it has led to world-wide collaboration,
unlimited funding removing previous hurdles that slow down
progression such as convincing funders it’s a worthy cause / finding
man power / access to resources
What do you think?
#2 The COVID vaccine has not been tested enough
• Clinical trials usually take longer due to low volunteer numbers of not
only healthy people, but people who actually have the disease
• This has not been a problem with COVID
• Pfizer vaccine: 43,000 volunteers
• Oxford vaccine: 24,000 volunteers
• Moderna vaccine: 30,000 volunteers
Recap, Recall, Revise – complete the question wall = 15 points
By what process does How are the small
minerals enter to the
intestines adapted to
1
root
their job?
point
What is the difference Name a viral disease,
between adult and
its symptoms, how it is
embryonic stem cells? transmitted and how
it’s prevented
Which processes are
passive and what
does passive mean?
Where is amylase
produced?
2
Give an example of
diffusion in the body
What is the function of How are alveoli
HCl and of bile?
adapted to their
function?
What do you call a
stem cell becoming a
specialised cell?
What is a heart
attack?
What are the purpose
of valves and which
vessel has them,
name two
points
How are muscle cells
specialised to their
function?
3
points
Name the 4
components of blood
and their functions
What cells in plants
How do lymphocytes
help to produce
protect against
clones and what is the disease?
4
ads/dis of plant
points
cloning?
B6: Preventing and Treating Disease
By what process does
minerals enter to the root –
active transport
1
How are the small intestines
adapted to their job? Vili (large
SA), thin walls, large blood
supply
What is the difference between
adult and embryonic stem
cells? ESC – any type of cell,
embryo. ASC – some cells,
some places in the body
Name a viral disease, its
symptoms, how it is
transmitted and how it’s
prevented
Which processes are passive
and what does passive mean?
Without energy, osmosis and
diffusion
Where is amylase produced?
Salivary glands, small intestine
and pancreas
What is a heart attack?
Blocked coronary artery, from
build up of fatty deposits,
preventing red blood cells
carrying O2 from getting to the
heart muscles, so it dies.
What are the purpose of
valves and which vessel has
them? Stop backflow, veins.
Vena cava, pulmonary vein
Give an example of diffusion in
the body
O2 and CO2 in alveoli
What is the function of HCl and
of bile? HCl – kill bacteria,
optimum pH for protease. Bile
– optimum pH, emulsify fats
How are alveoli adapted to
their function? Thin walls,
moist layer, ventilation, large
blood supply, shape (large 3SA)
Name the 4 components of
blood and their functions. RBC
– oxygen. WBC – immune.
Platelets – clotting. Plasma –
carry dissolved AAs + CO2
point
2
points
points
What do you call a stem cell
becoming a specialised cell?
Differentiated
How are muscle cells
specialised to their function?
Contractile proteins, lots of
mitochondria
What cells in plants help to
produce clones and what is the
ads/dis of plant cloning?
Meristem. Help endangered
plants, quick, cheap. Dis –
susceptible to disease
4
points
How do lymphocytes protect
against disease? Antibodies
complementary to antigens (on
pathogens)
Antitoxins complementary to
toxins (from bacteria)